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<span>Historical examples of marches and marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_examples_of_marches_and_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frankish_Empire_and_successor_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frankish_Empire_and_successor_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Frankish Empire and successor states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frankish_Empire_and_successor_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Frankish Empire and successor states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Frankish_Empire_and_successor_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marca_Hispanica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marca_Hispanica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Marca Hispanica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marca_Hispanica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marches_set_up_by_Charlemagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marches_set_up_by_Charlemagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marches set up by Charlemagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marches_set_up_by_Charlemagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_and_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_and_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Germany and Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_and_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_medieval_marches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_medieval_marches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Later medieval marches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_medieval_marches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habsburg_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habsburg_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Habsburg Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habsburg_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Iberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Isles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Isles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>British Isles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Isles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbasid_Caliphate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Abbasid Caliphate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbasid_Caliphate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>The Balkans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Byzantine Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persia_(Sassanid_Empire)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persia_(Sassanid_Empire)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Persia (Sassanid Empire)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persia_(Sassanid_Empire)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.9</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">March (territory)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(gewes)" title="Mark (gewes) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mark (gewes)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%85_(%D8%A5%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A)" title="تخم (إقطاع أوروبي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخم (إقطاع أوروبي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Марка (адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльная адзінка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марка (адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльная адзінка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Марка (териториална единица) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марка (териториална единица)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marz" title="Marz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(territori)" title="Marca (territori) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marca (territori)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_(%C3%BAzem%C3%AD)" title="Marka (území) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marka (území)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrevskab" title="Markgrevskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Markgrevskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(Territorium)" title="Mark (Territorium) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mark (Territorium)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(territoorium)" title="Mark (territoorium) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mark (territoorium)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(territorio)" title="Marca (territorio) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marca (territorio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markio_(imperio)" title="Markio (imperio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Markio (imperio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche_(juridiction)" title="Marche (juridiction) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marche (juridiction)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marg_(cr%C3%ADoch)" title="Marg (críoch) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marg (críoch)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(territorio)" title="Marca (territorio) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marca (territorio)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%EA%B2%BD" title="변경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մարկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_(teritorij)" title="Marka (teritorij) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marka (teritorij)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier-lando" title="Frontier-lando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frontier-lando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(wilayah)" title="March (wilayah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="March (wilayah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(circoscrizione)" title="Marca (circoscrizione) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marca (circoscrizione)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="მარკა (ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარკა (ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(her%C3%AAm)" title="Mark (herêm) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mark (herêm)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchia" title="Marchia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marchia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka" title="Marka – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marka" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/March" title="March – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="March" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(gebied)" title="Mark (gebied) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mark (gebied)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrevskap" title="Markgrevskap – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Markgrevskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grensemark" title="Grensemark – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grensemark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcha_(juridiccion)" title="Marcha (juridiccion) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marcha (juridiccion)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka" title="Marka – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marka" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchia" title="Marchia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marchia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(territ%C3%B3rio)" title="Marca (território) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marca (território)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%C4%83_(teritoriu)" title="Marcă (teritoriu) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcă (teritoriu)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Марка (административная единица) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марка (административная единица)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82)" title="Марка (погранична област) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марка (погранична област)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka_(pograni%C4%8Dna_oblast)" title="Marka (pogranična oblast) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marka (pogranična oblast)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markgrevskap" title="Markgrevskap – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Markgrevskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99" title="อาณาจักรชายแดน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักรชายแดน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)" title="Марка (адміністративна одиниця) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марка (адміністративна одиниця)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B_(%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F)" title="馬克 (領土) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬克 (領土)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territorial_entity)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March (territorial entity)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval European borderland or buffer zone</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Marches" redirects here. For the commune in France, see <a href="/wiki/Marches,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Marches, Drôme">Marches, Drôme</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/March_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="March (disambiguation)">March (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marche_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marche (disambiguation)">Marche (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>, a <b>march</b> or <b>mark</b> was, in broad terms, any kind of <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borderland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911689_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911689-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to a state's "heartland". More specifically, a march was a border between <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">realms</a> or a neutral <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a> under joint control of two states in which different laws might apply. In both of these senses, marches served a political purpose, such as providing warning of <a href="/wiki/Invasion" title="Invasion">military incursions</a> or regulating cross-border trade. </p><p>Marches gave rise to the titles <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a> (masculine) or marchioness (feminine). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "march" derives ultimately from a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *<i>mereg-</i>, meaning "edge, boundary". The root *<i>mereg-</i> produced <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>margo</i> ("margin"), <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i>mruig</i> ("borderland"), <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>bro</i> ("region, border, valley") and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Marz_(country_subdivision)" title="Marz (country subdivision)">marz</a></i> ("borderland"). The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*marko</i> gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> word <i>mearc</i> and <a href="/wiki/Frankish_language" title="Frankish language">Frankish</a> <i>marka</i>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>mǫrk</i> meaning "borderland, forest",<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Derivation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Derivation (linguistics)">derived</a> from <i>merki</i> "boundary, sign",<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> denoting a borderland between two centres of power. </p><p>In Old English, "mark" meant "boundary" or "sign of a boundary", and the meaning only later evolved to encompass "sign" in general, "impression" and "trace". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> took its name from <a href="/wiki/West_Sexaon_dialect_(Old_English)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sexaon dialect (Old English)">West Saxon</a> <i>mearc</i> "marches", which in this instance referred explicitly to the territory's position on the Anglo-Saxon <a href="/wiki/Offa%27s_Dyke" title="Offa's Dyke">frontier</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Romano-Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Britons">Romano-British</a> to the west. </p><p>During the Frankish <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>, usage of the word spread throughout Europe. </p><p>The name "Denmark" preserves the Old Norse cognates <i>merki</i> ("boundary") <i>mǫrk</i> ("wood", "forest") up to the present. Following the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, the Nazi German government revived the old name <a href="/wiki/Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">"Ostmark"</a> for Austria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples_of_marches_and_marks">Historical examples of marches and marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical examples of marches and marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_marches" title="List of marches">List of marches</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frankish_Empire_and_successor_states">Frankish Empire and successor states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frankish Empire and successor states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marca_Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marca Hispanica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a></div> <p>In the early ninth century, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> issued his new kind of land grant, the <i><a href="/wiki/Aprisio" class="mw-redirect" title="Aprisio">aprisio</a></i>, which redisposed land belonging to the Imperial <i><a href="/wiki/Fisc" title="Fisc">fisc</a></i> in deserted areas, and included special rights and immunities that resulted in a range of independence of action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1965_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1965-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians interpret the <i>aprisio</i> both as the basis of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> and in economic and military terms as a mechanism to entice settlers to a depopulated border region. Such self-sufficient landholders would aid the counts in providing armed men in defense of the Frankish <a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontier</a>. <i>Aprisio</i> grants (the first ones were in <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>) emanated directly from the Carolingian king, and they reinforced central loyalties, to counterbalance the local power exercised by powerful marcher counts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After some early setbacks, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> ventured beyond the province of <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a> and eventually took <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> in 801. Thus he established a foothold in the borderland between the Franks and the Moors. The Carolingian "Hispanic Marches" (<i><a href="/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a></i>) became a buffer zone ruled by a number of feudal lords, among them the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Barcelona" title="Count of Barcelona">count of Barcelona</a>. It had its own outlying territories, each ruled by a lesser <i>miles</i> with armed retainers, who theoretically owed allegiance through a count to the emperor or, with less <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a>, to his Carolingian and Ottonian successors. Such territory had a <i>catlá</i> ("castellan" or lord of the castle) in an area largely defined by a day's ride, and the region became known, like Castile at a later date, as "Catalunya". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Counties in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> that appeared in the 9th century, in addition to the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Barcelona" title="County of Barcelona">County of Barcelona</a>, included <a href="/wiki/Cerdanya" title="Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urgell" title="Urgell">Urgell</a>. </p><p>Communications were arduous, and the power centre was far away. Primitive <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> entities developed, self-sufficient and agrarian, each ruled by a small hereditary military elite. The sequence in the County of Barcelona exhibits a pattern that emerges similarly in marches everywhere: the count is appointed by the king (from 802), the appointment settles on the heirs of a strong count (Sunifred) and the appointment becomes a formality, until the position is declared hereditary (897) and then the count declares independence (by Borrell II in 985). At each stage the <i>de facto</i> situation precedes the <i>de jure</i> assertion, which merely regularizes an existing fact of life. This is <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> in the larger landscape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some counts aspired to the characteristically Frankish (Germanic) title "<a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">Margrave</a> of the Hispanic March", a "margrave" being a <i>graf</i> ("count") of the march.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The early <a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">history of Andorra</a> provides a fairly typical career of another such march county, the only modern survivor in the Pyrenees of the Hispanic Marches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marches_set_up_by_Charlemagne">Marches set up by Charlemagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marches set up by Charlemagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Danish_March" title="Danish March">Danish March</a> (sometimes regarded as just a series of forts rather than a march) between the <a href="/wiki/Eider_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Eider River">Eider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schlei" title="Schlei">Schlei</a> rivers, against the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordalbingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordalbingen (page does not exist)">Nordalbingen</a> march between the <a href="/wiki/Eider_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Eider River">Eider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> rivers in modern <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringian March">Thuringian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sorbian_March" title="Sorbian March">Sorbian march</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> river, against the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a> dwelling behind the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> sorabicus</i>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia">March of Lusatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Meissen">March of Meissen</a>, <a href="/wiki/March_of_Merseburg" title="March of Merseburg">March of Merseburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/March_of_Zeitz" title="March of Zeitz">March of Zeitz</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franconian_march&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franconian march (page does not exist)">Franconian march</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Avar_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Avar march">Avar march</a> between <a href="/wiki/Enns_(river)" title="Enns (river)">Enns</a> river and <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Woods" title="Vienna Woods">Wienerwald</a> (the later <a href="/wiki/Eastern_March_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern March (Austria)">Eastern March</a> that became the Margraviate of Austria);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">Pannonian march</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (divided into <i>Upper</i> and <i>Lower</i>);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantanian march</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styria_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Styria (duchy)">Steiermark (Styria)</a>, established under Charlemagne from a part of <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (duchy)">Carinthia</a>), erected as a border territory against the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> and Slavs;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Marca_Hispanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Hispanica">Marca Hispanica</a> against the Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of France">province of France</a> called <b><a href="/wiki/County_of_Marche" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Marche">Marche</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">la Marcha</i>), sometimes <i>Marche Limousine</i>, was originally a small border district between the Duchy of Aquitaine and the domains of the Frankish kings in central France, partly of <a href="/wiki/Limousin_(province)" title="Limousin (province)">Limousin</a> and partly of <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911689–690_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911689–690-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its area was increased during the 13th century and remained the same until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Marche was bounded on the north by <a href="/wiki/Berry_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berry (province)">Berry</a>, on the east by <a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais" title="Bourbonnais">Bourbonnais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auvergne_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergne (province)">Auvergne</a>; on the south by Limousin itself and on the west by Poitou. It embraced the greater part of the modern <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Creuse" title="Creuse">Creuse</a>, a considerable part of the northern <a href="/wiki/Haute-Vienne" title="Haute-Vienne">Haute-Vienne</a>, and a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Indre" title="Indre">Indre</a>, up to <a href="/wiki/Saint-Beno%C3%AEt-du-Sault" title="Saint-Benoît-du-Sault">Saint-Benoît-du-Sault</a>. Its area was about 1,900 square miles (4,900 km<sup>2</sup>) its capital was <a href="/wiki/Charroux,_Vienne" title="Charroux, Vienne">Charroux</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ret" title="Guéret">Guéret</a>, and among its other principal towns were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorat,_Vienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorat, Vienne (page does not exist)">Dorat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellac" title="Bellac">Bellac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confolens" title="Confolens">Confolens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century when <a href="/wiki/William_III,_duke_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="William III, duke of Aquitaine">William III, duke of Aquitaine</a>, gave it to one of his vassals named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boso,_Count_of_Marche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boso, Count of Marche (page does not exist)">Boso</a>, who took the title of <a href="/wiki/Count" title="Count">count</a>. In the 12th century it passed to the family of <a href="/wiki/Lusignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusignan">Lusignan</a>, sometimes also <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Angoulême">counts of Angoulême</a>, until the death of the childless <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_Hugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count Hugh (page does not exist)">Count Hugh</a> in 1303, when it was seized by King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a>. In 1316 it was made an <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> for his youngest son <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles</a> and a few years later (1327) it passed into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Family_of_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Family of Bourbon">family of Bourbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family of <a href="/wiki/Armagnac_(party)" title="Armagnac (party)">Armagnac</a> held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons, and in 1527 it was seized by King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute-Marche (i.e. "Upper Marche") and Basse-Marche (i.e. "Lower Marche"), the estates of the former being in existence until the 17th century. From 1470 until the Revolution the province was under the jurisdiction of the <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">parlement</a></i> of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several communes of France are named similarly: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marches,_Dr%C3%B4me" title="Marches, Drôme">Marches, Drôme</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B4me" title="Drôme">Drôme</a> <i>département</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Marche,_Ni%C3%A8vre" title="La Marche, Nièvre">La Marche</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A8vre" title="Nièvre">Nièvre</a> <i>département</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_and_Austria">Germany and Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany and Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Germanic tribes that Romans called <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a>, who battled the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries, were simply the "men of the borderlands". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/220px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/330px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png/440px-Limes.saxoniae.wmt.png 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae" title="Limes Saxoniae">Limes Saxoniae</a></i></span> was an unfortified <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> or border between the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> and the Slavic <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a>, established about 810</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Marches</b> were territorial organisations created as borderlands in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and had a long career as purely conventional designations under the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In modern German, "Mark" denotes a piece of land that historically was a borderland, as in the following names: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_medieval_marches">Later medieval marches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later medieval marches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Nordmark</a>, the "Northern March", the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonian empire">Ottonian empire</a>'s territorial organisation on the conquered areas of the <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a>. In 1134, in the wake of a German crusade against the Wends, the German magnate <a href="/wiki/Albert_the_Bear" title="Albert the Bear">Albert the Bear</a> was granted the <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Lothar_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar II, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothar II</a>.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Billungs" class="mw-redirect" title="March of the Billungs">March of the Billungs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic coast</a>, stretching approximately from <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> (Szczecin) to <a href="/wiki/Schleswig" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marca_Geronis" title="Marca Geronis">Marca Geronis</a> (<i>march of Gero</i>), a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon Eastern March</a>, later divided into smaller marches (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a>, which later was reestablished as <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusatian March">Lusatian March</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Meissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Meissen">Meißen March</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Free state of Saxony</a>; the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Zeitz" title="March of Zeitz">March of Zeitz</a>; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merseburg_March&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merseburg March (page does not exist)">Merseburg March</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Milceni" title="Milceni">Milzener March</a> around <a href="/wiki/Bautzen" title="Bautzen">Bautzen</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Austria">March of Austria</a> (<i>marcha Orientalis</i>, the "Eastern March" or "Bavarian Eastern March" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ostmark</i>) in modern lower Austria);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_March" title="Hungarian March">Hungarian March</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania march</a> or <a href="/wiki/March_of_Styria" title="March of Styria">March of Styria</a> (Steiermark);</li> <li>the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drau_March&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drau March (page does not exist)">Drau March</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Marburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pettau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pettau">Pettau</a>);</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Mark_an_der_Sann" title="Mark an der Sann">Sann March</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celje" title="Celje">Cilli</a>);</li> <li>the Krain or <a href="/wiki/March_of_Carniola" title="March of Carniola">March of Carniola</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Windic_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Windic march">Windic march</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Carniola" title="White Carniola">White Carniola</a> (<i>White March</i>), in modern <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>.</li> <li>three marches were created in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>: <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ename" title="Ename">Ename</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>, its ruler designated <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Markgraf</i></span> (margrave, literally "march-count"). It was further divided into regions also designated "Mark": <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altmark" title="Altmark">Altmark</a> ("Old March"), the western region of the former margraviate, between <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelmark" title="Mittelmark">Mittelmark</a> ("Central March"), the area surrounding Berlin. Today, this region makes up for the bulk of the German <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">federal state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, and thus in modern usage is referred to as Mark Brandenburg.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neumark_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neumark (region)">Neumark</a> ("New March") since the 1250s was Brandenburg's eastern extremity between <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>. Since 1945, the area is a part of Poland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a>, the Brandenburg–Pomeranian borderland. The name is still in use for the region as well as for a <a href="/wiki/Uckermark_(district)" title="Uckermark (district)">Brandenburgian district</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (county)">Mark</a>, a medieval territory that is recalled in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4rkischer_Kreis" title="Märkischer Kreis">Märkischer Kreis</a> district (formed in 1975) of today's <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. The northern portion (north of the <a href="/wiki/Lippe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe River">Lippe River</a>) is still called <b>Hohe Mark</b> ("Higher Mark"). The former "Lower Mark" (between Ruhr and Lippe rivers) is the present <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr area">Ruhr area</a> and is no longer called "Mark". The title, in the form "Count of the Mark", survived the territory as a subsidiary title of the Dukes of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Eduard,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Eduard, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Ostmark</a> ("Eastern March") is a modern rendition of the term <i>marchia orientalis</i> used in Carolingian documents referring to the area of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> that was later a <i>markgraftum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margraviate</a> or "county of the mark"). <i>Ostmark</i> has been variously used to denote Austria, the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Eastern_March" title="Saxon Eastern March">Saxon Eastern March</a>, or, as <i> <a href="/wiki/Ostmarkenverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostmarkenverein">Ostmarkenverein</a></i>, the territories Prussia gained in the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habsburg_Empire">Habsburg Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Habsburg Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Military_Frontier" title="Croatian Military Frontier">Croatian Military Frontier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavonian_Military_Frontier" title="Slavonian Military Frontier">Slavonian Military Frontier</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Militargrenze,_Wojwodowena_und_Banat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Militargrenze%2C_Wojwodowena_und_Banat.jpg/400px-Militargrenze%2C_Wojwodowena_und_Banat.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Militargrenze%2C_Wojwodowena_und_Banat.jpg/600px-Militargrenze%2C_Wojwodowena_und_Banat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Militargrenze%2C_Wojwodowena_und_Banat.jpg/800px-Militargrenze%2C_Wojwodowena_und_Banat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a> against incursions from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the middle of the 19th century (marked with a red outline)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the modern Italian region, see <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>.</div> <p>From the Carolingian period onwards the name <i>marca</i> begins to appear in Italy, first the <a href="/wiki/Marca_Fermana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marca Fermana">Marca Fermana</a> for the mountainous part of <a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum</a>, the Marca Camerinese for the district farther north, including a part of <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, and the Marca Anconitana for the former <a href="/wiki/Pentapolis" title="Pentapolis">Pentapolis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a>). In 1080, the <i>marca Anconitana</i> was given in investiture to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>, to whom the <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Countess Matilda</a> ceded the marches of <a href="/wiki/Camerino" title="Camerino">Camerino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermo" title="Fermo">Fermo</a>. </p><p>In 1105, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Henry_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Henry IV">Emperor Henry IV</a> invested <a href="/wiki/Werner_II_of_Spoleto" title="Werner II of Spoleto">Werner</a> with the whole territory of the three marches, under the name of the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Ancona" title="March of Ancona">March of Ancona</a>. It was afterwards once more recovered by the Church and governed by papal legates as part of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. The Marche became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1860. After <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> in the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> still controlled territory Italian nationalists <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">still claimed as part of Italy</a>. One of these territories was <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a>, which Italian nationalists began to call the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> because of its positioning and as an act of defiance against the hated Austro-Hungarian empire. </p><p><i>Marche</i> were repeated on a miniature level, fringing many of the small territorial states of pre-<a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> Italy with a ring of smaller dependencies on their borders, which represent territorial <i>marche</i> on a small scale. A map of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a> in 1702 (Braudel 1984, fig 26) reveals the independent, though socially and economically dependent arc of small territories from the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Castiglione" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Castiglione">principality of Castiglione</a> in the northwest across the south to the duchy of <a href="/wiki/Mirandola" title="Mirandola">Mirandola</a> southeast of <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>: the lords of <a href="/wiki/Bozzolo" title="Bozzolo">Bozolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabioneta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosolo" title="Dosolo">Dosolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guastalla" title="Guastalla">Guastalla</a>, the count of <a href="/wiki/Novellara" title="Novellara">Novellare</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hungary">Hungary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_13th_cent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/220px-Hungary_13th_cent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/330px-Hungary_13th_cent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hungary_13th_cent.png/440px-Hungary_13th_cent.png 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="1307" /></a><figcaption>Local autonomies (including <a href="/wiki/Kuns%C3%A1g" title="Kunság">Cumania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Transylvanian Saxons</a>) in the late 13th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In medieval <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> the system of <i>gyepű</i> and <i>gyepűelve</i>, effective until the mid-13th century, can be considered as marches even though in its organisation it shows major differences from Western European feudal marches. For one thing, the <i>gyepű</i> was not controlled by a Marquess. </p><p>The <i>Gyepű</i> was a strip of land that was specially fortified or made impassable, while <i>gyepűelve</i> was the mostly uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land beyond it. The <i>gyepűelve</i> is much more comparable to modern <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zones</a> than traditional European marches. </p><p>Portions of the <i>gyepű</i> were usually guarded by tribes who had joined the Hungarian nation and were granted special rights for their services at the borders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>. A ban on settlement north of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in the twelfth century helped to establish uninhabited marchland between the empire's territory and Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungarian <i>gyepű</i> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <i>yapi</i> meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a></i>. During the 17th and 18th centuries these borderlands were called Markland in the area of Transylvania that bordered with the Kingdom of Hungary and was controlled by a Count or Countess.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iberia">Iberia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Carolingian <i>Marca Hispanica</i>, Iberia was home to several marches set up by the native states. The future kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> were founded as marcher counties intended to protect the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Cordoban Emirate</a>, to the south and east respectively. </p><p>Likewise, Córdoba set up its own marches as a buffer to the Christian states to the north. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_March" title="Upper March">Upper March</a> (<i>al-Tagr al-A'la</i>), centered on <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, faced the eastern <i>Marca Hispanica</i> and the western <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, and included the Distant or Farthest March (<i>al-Tagr al-Aqsa</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Central_March" title="Central March">Middle March</a> (<i>al-Tagr al-Awsat</i>), centred on <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Medinaceli" title="Medinaceli">Medinaceli</a>, faced the western Pyrenees and Asturias. The <a href="/wiki/Lower_March" title="Lower March">Lower March</a> (<i>al-Tagr al-Adna</i>), centred on <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a>, facing León and Portugal. These too would give rise to Kingdoms, the <a href="/wiki/Taifa" title="Taifa">Taifas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Zaragoza" title="Taifa of Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo" title="Taifa of Toledo">Toledo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz" title="Taifa of Badajoz">Badajoz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> means "the march of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish people">Danes</a>". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Norse</a>, "mark" meant "borderlands" and "forest"; in present-day Norwegian and Swedish it has acquired the meaning "ground", while in Danish it has come to mean "field" or "grassland". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Markland" title="Markland">Markland</a> was the Norse name of an area in North America discovered by Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a>. </p><p>The forests surrounding Norwegian cities are called "Marka" – the marches. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Marka,_Oslo" title="Marka, Oslo">forests surrounding Oslo</a> are called <a href="/wiki/Nordmarka" title="Nordmarka">Nordmarka</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stmarka" title="Østmarka">Østmarka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vestmarka" title="Vestmarka">Vestmarka</a> – i.e. the northern, eastern and western marches. </p><p>In Norway, there are – or have been – the counties: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>, "the borderlands of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a>" (known to the <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Finn_(ethnonym)" title="Finn (ethnonym)">Finns</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedmark" title="Hedmark">Hedmark</a>, "the borderlands of <a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">heath</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>, "the borderlands of the <a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Þela tribe</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In Finland, <i>mark</i> occurs in the following placenames in <a href="/wiki/Satakunta" title="Satakunta">Satakunta</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noormarkku" title="Noormarkku">Noormarkku</a> (Swedish: Norrmark), a former municipality of Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomarkku" title="Pomarkku">Pomarkku</a> (Swedish: Påmark), a municipality of Finland</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B6%C3%B6rmarkku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Söörmarkku (page does not exist)">Söörmarkku</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6%C3%B6rmarkku" class="extiw" title="fi:Söörmarkku">fi</a>]</span> (Swedish: Södermark), a village in Noormarkku, Finland</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordmark_Hundred" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordmark Hundred">Nordmark Hundred</a> was the frontier area near the border to Norway. Almost all of it is now a part of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85rj%C3%A4ng_Municipality" title="Årjäng Municipality">Årjäng Municipality</a>. In the Middle Ages the area was called <i>Nordmarkerna</i> and was a part of <a href="/wiki/Dalsland" title="Dalsland">Dalsland</a> and not of Värmland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Isles">British Isles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/March_(territory)" title="Special:EditPage/March (territory)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Marches" title="Scottish Marches">Scottish Marches</a></div> <p>The name of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdom in the midlands of England was <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>. The name "Mercia" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> for "boundary folk", and the traditional interpretation was that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> and the Anglo-Saxon invaders, although P. Hunter Blair has argued an alternative interpretation that they emerged along the frontier between the Kingdom of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">River Trent</a> valley. </p><p>Latinizing the Anglo-Saxon term <i>mearc</i>, the border areas between England and Wales were collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a> (<i>marchia Wallia</i>), while the native Welsh lands to the west were considered Wales Proper (<i>pura Wallia</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> lords in the Welsh Marches were to become the new <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher Lords</a>. </p><p>The title <i><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_March" title="Earl of March">Earl of March</a></i> is at least two distinct <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal titles</a>: one in the northern marches, as an alternative title for the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Dunbar" title="Earl of Dunbar">Earl of Dunbar</a> (c. 1290 in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage of Scotland</a>); and one, that was held by the family of <a href="/wiki/Mortimer" title="Mortimer">Mortimer</a> (1328 in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a>), in the west <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Marches" title="Scottish Marches">Scottish Marches</a> is a term for the border regions on both sides of the border between England and Scotland. From the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest">Norman conquest</a> of England until the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King James VI of Scotland">King James VI of Scotland</a>, who also became <a href="/wiki/King_James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King James I of England">King James I of England</a>, border clashes were common and the monarchs of both countries relied on <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lords">Marcher Lords</a> to defend the frontier areas known as the Marches. They were hand-picked for their suitability for the challenges the responsibilities presented. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Dunbar,_8th_Earl_of_Dunbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Dunbar, 8th Earl of Dunbar">Patrick Dunbar, 8th Earl of Dunbar</a>, a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Earls_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Earls of Northumbria">Earls of Northumbria</a> was recognized in the end of the 13th century to use the name March as his earldom in Scotland, otherwise known as Dunbar, Lothian, and Northumbrian border. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March">Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> of England together with <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a> during the minority of her son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>, was a usurper who had deposed, and allegedly arranged the murder of, King Edward II. He was created an earl in September 1328 at the height of his <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> rule. His wife was <a href="/wiki/Joan_de_Geneville,_2nd_Baroness_Geneville" title="Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville">Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville</a>, whose mother, <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_of_Lusignan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne of Lusignan">Jeanne of Lusignan</a> was one of the heiresses of the French <a href="/wiki/Count_of_La_Marche" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of La Marche">Counts of La Marche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Angouleme" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Angouleme">Angouleme</a>. </p><p>His family, <a href="/wiki/Mortimer" title="Mortimer">Mortimer</a> Lords of <a href="/wiki/Wigmore_Castle" title="Wigmore Castle">Wigmore</a>, had been border lords and leaders of defenders of Welsh marches for centuries. He selected <i>March</i> as the name of his earldom for several reasons: Welsh marches referred to several counties, whereby the title signified superiority compared to usual single county-based earldoms. Mercia was an ancient kingdom. His wife's ancestors had been Counts of La Marche and Angouleme in France. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, a hybrid system of marches existed which was condemned as barbaric at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish marches constituted the territory between English and Irish-dominated lands, which appeared as soon as the English did and were called by King John to be fortified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 14th century, they had become defined as the land between <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">The Pale</a> and the rest of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELydon1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELydon1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Anglo-Irish and Gaelic chieftains who acted as powerful spokespeople were recognised by the Crown and given a degree of independence. Uniquely, the keepers of the marches were given the power to terminate indictments. In later years, wardens of the Irish marches took Irish tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtway-Ruthven[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtway-Ruthven[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis">Marquis</a>, marchese and <a href="/wiki/Margrave" title="Margrave">margrave</a> (<i>Markgraf</i>) all had their origins in feudal lords who held trusted positions in the borderlands. The English title was a foreign importation from France, tested out tentatively in 1385 by <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a>, but not naturalized until the mid-15th century, and now more often spelled "<a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Related concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:March_(territory)" title="Talk:March (territory)">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbasid_Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Abbasid Caliphate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Awasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Awasim">Al-'Awasim</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Armenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Armenia">subdivisions of Armenia</a> are each called <i><a href="/wiki/Marz_(country_subdivision)" title="Marz (country subdivision)">marz, մարզ</a></i> (pl. "marzer, մարզեր"), a loanword from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Balkans">The Balkans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Balkans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Krajina" title="Krajina">Krajina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_Frontier" title="Military Frontier">Military Frontier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Byzantine Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Akritai" title="Akritai">Akritai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kleisoura_(Byzantine_district)" title="Kleisoura (Byzantine district)">Kleisoura (Byzantine district)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chinese concept of March is called <i>Fan</i> (藩), referring to feudatory domains and petty kingdoms on the borderlands of the empire. </p><p>In their initial development during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zhou" title="Eastern Zhou">later Zhou dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">commanderies</a> (<i>jùn</i>, 郡) functioned as marches, ranking below the <a href="/wiki/Duke_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke (China)">dukes</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Wang_(Chinese_title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang (Chinese title)">kings</a>' <a href="/wiki/Chinese_feudalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese feudalism">original fiefs</a> and below the more secure and populous <a href="/wiki/County_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (China)">counties</a> (<i>xiàn</i>). As the commanderies formed the front lines between the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Warring States">major states</a>, however, their military strength and strategic importance were typically much greater than the counties'. Over time, however, the commanderies were eventually developed into regular provinces and then discontinued entirely during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> reforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Han_system" title="Han system">Han system</a></div> <p>The European concept of <i>marches</i> applies just as well to the fief of <a href="/wiki/Matsumae_clan" title="Matsumae clan">Matsumae clan</a> on the southern tip of Hokkaidō which was at Japan's northern border with the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Ezo" title="Ezo">Ezo</a> at the time. In 1590, this land was granted to the Kakizaki clan, who took the name Matsumae from then on. The Lords of Matsumae, as they are sometimes called, were exempt from owing rice to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōgun">shōgun</a></i> in tribute, and from the <i><a href="/wiki/Sankin-k%C5%8Dtai" title="Sankin-kōtai">sankin-kōtai</a></i> system established by <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>, under which most lords (<i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a></i>) had to spend half the year at court (in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a>). </p><p>By guarding the border, rather than conquering or colonizing Ezo, the Matsumae, in essence, made the majority of the island an Ainu reservation. This also meant that Ezo, and the <a href="/wiki/Kurile_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurile Islands">Kurile Islands</a> beyond, were left essentially open to Russian colonization. However, the Russians never did colonize Ezo, and the marches were officially eliminated during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in the late 19th century, when the Ainu came under Japanese control, and Ezo was renamed Hokkaidō, and annexed to Japan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persia_(Sassanid_Empire)"><span id="Persia_.28Sassanid_Empire.29"></span>Persia (Sassanid Empire)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Persia (Sassanid Empire)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marzban" title="Marzban">Marzban</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Limes_Romanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Limes Romanus">Limes Romanus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Krai" title="Krai">Krai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zasechnaya_cherta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zasechnaya cherta">Zasechnaya cherta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukraine-Dyke_Pole.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ukraine-Dyke_Pole.png/250px-Ukraine-Dyke_Pole.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ukraine-Dyke_Pole.png/375px-Ukraine-Dyke_Pole.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ukraine-Dyke_Pole.png/500px-Ukraine-Dyke_Pole.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</a> in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></i>, from the Moscow-centric Russian viewpoint, functioned as a "borderland" or "march" and arguably could have gained its current <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Ukraine" title="Name of Ukraine">name</a>, which is derived from a Slavic term that can take on the same meaning (see above for similar in Slovenia, etc.), ultimately from this function.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This, though, was merely a continuation of a semi-formal arrangement with the Poles, before escalating feuds, political infighting in Poland, and religious differences (mainly Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic) saw a loose coalition of Ukrainian lords and independent landowners collectively known as the Cossacks shift to ally with the Russian Empire. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> became a significant part of Russian military history in their role as military border/buffer-troops in the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Fields" title="Wild Fields">Wild Fields</a> of Ukraine. The <a href="/wiki/Tatar_slave_raids_in_East_Slavic_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar slave raids in East Slavic lands">Tatar slave raids in East Slavic lands</a> brought considerable devastation and depopulation to this area prior to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a>. As settlement advanced and the borders moved, the Tsars transferred or formed Cossack units to perform similar functions on other borderlands/marches further south and east in (for example) the Kuban and in Siberia, forming (for example) the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Cossack_Host" title="Black Sea Cossack Host">Black Sea Cossack Host</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossack Host</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Cossacks" title="Amur Cossacks">Amur Cossack Host</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Frontier" class="mw-redirect" title="American Frontier">American Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marches" title="List of marches">List of marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marz_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marz (territorial entity)">Marz (territorial entity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">No man's land</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In distant Westminster, where it was impossible to imagine the stress of life in the Irish marches, march law (like Irish law, which Edward I had once described as 'detestable to God and contrary to all laws') was outrightly condemned," notes James F. Lydon <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELydon199881_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELydon199881-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The styling <i>marquis</i> or <i>marquess</i> is a peculiarity of each title.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911689-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911689_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 689.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mark">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dmark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1965-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1965_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1965">Lewis 1965</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911689–690-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911689–690_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, pp. 689–690.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911690_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 690.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Paul (2004). <i>Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77017-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77017-3"><bdi>0-521-77017-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium%27s+Balkan+Frontier%3A+A+Political+Study+of+the+Northern+Balkans%2C+900-1204&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-77017-3&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carleton, D., & Phillipps, T. (1841). Sir Dudley Carleton's State Letters, during his Embassy at the Hague, AD 1627. first edited by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillipps" title="Thomas Phillipps">Thomas Phillipps</a>. Typis Medio-Montanis, impressit C. Gilmour.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Bugge1918" class="citation web cs1">Alexander Bugge (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slekt.org/books/aars/1918tele_gren.htm">"Navnet Telemark og Grenland"</a> [The name Telemark and Grenland].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navnet+Telemark+og+Grenland&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Alexander+Bugge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slekt.org%2Fbooks%2Faars%2F1918tele_gren.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELydon199881-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELydon199881_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLydon1998">Lydon 1998</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeville[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeville">Neville</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELydon1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELydon1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLydon1998">Lydon 1998</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGwyn[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGwyn[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGwyn">Gwyn</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore">Moore</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOtway-Ruthven[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOtway-Ruthven[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2014]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2014)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOtway-Ruthven">Otway-Ruthven</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=March_(territory)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwyn" class="citation book cs1">Gwyn, Stephen. <i>The History of Ireland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ireland&rft.aulast=Gwyn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1965" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). "Chapter 5:Southern French and Catalan Society (778-828)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/lewis/sfc5.htm"><i>The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050</i></a> (Prin ed.). University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3ASouthern+French+and+Catalan+Society+%28778-828%29&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Southern+French+and+Catalan+Society%2C+718-1050&rft.edition=Prin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Archibald+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Flewis%2Fsfc5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLydon1998" class="citation book cs1">Lydon, James F. (1998). <i>The Making of Ireland: from ancient times to the present</i>. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Ireland%3A+from+ancient+times+to+the+present&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lydon&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Thomas. <i>The History of Ireland from the Earliest Kings</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ireland+from+the+Earliest+Kings&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville" class="citation book cs1">Neville, Cynthia J. <i>Violence, custom and law: the Anglo-Scottish border lands in the later Middle Ages</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence%2C+custom+and+law%3A+the+Anglo-Scottish+border+lands+in+the+later+Middle+Ages&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtway-Ruthven" class="citation book cs1">Otway-Ruthven, J.A. <i>A History of Medieval Ireland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Ireland&rft.aulast=Otway-Ruthven&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution:</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Marche_(France)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Marche (France)">Marche</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 689–690.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marche&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=689-690&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarch+%28territory%29" class="Z3988"></span> Endnote: <ul><li>A. Thomas, <i>Les États provinciaux de la France centrale</i> (1879).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template talk:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designations for types of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li> <li>Territorial unit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">Autonomous territorial unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in <i>italics</i>. <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic-language_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions">Slavic administrative divisions</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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