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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="تنظيم اجتماعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنظيم اجتماعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_basada_en_la_comunidad" title="Organización basada en la comunidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización basada en la comunidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تشکیلات محلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تشکیلات محلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A4%EB%AE%A4%EB%8B%88%ED%8B%B0_%EC%98%A4%EA%B1%B0%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="커뮤니티 오거나이제이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="커뮤니티 오거나이제이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Համայնքային կազմակերպում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համայնքային կազմակերպում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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href="/wiki/File:Talks_with_farmers_about_preserv_and_utilization_of_fruit_local_varieties.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Image of farmers coming together to discuss innovative ideas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talks_with_farmers_about_preserv_and_utilization_of_fruit_local_varieties.JPG/247px-Talks_with_farmers_about_preserv_and_utilization_of_fruit_local_varieties.JPG" decoding="async" width="247" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talks_with_farmers_about_preserv_and_utilization_of_fruit_local_varieties.JPG/371px-Talks_with_farmers_about_preserv_and_utilization_of_fruit_local_varieties.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Talks_with_farmers_about_preserv_and_utilization_of_fruit_local_varieties.JPG/494px-Talks_with_farmers_about_preserv_and_utilization_of_fruit_local_varieties.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Farming community comes together to discuss innovative ideas</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Community organization</b> or <b>community based organization</b> refers to organization aimed at making desired improvements to a community's social health, well-being, and overall functioning. Community organization occurs in geographically, psychosocially, culturally, spiritually, and digitally bounded communities. </p><p>Community organization includes community work, community projects, <a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">community development</a>, community empowerment, community building, and <a href="/wiki/Community_mobilization" title="Community mobilization">community mobilization</a>. It is a commonly used model for organizing community within community projects, neighborhoods, organizations, voluntary associations, localities, and social networks, which may operate as ways to mobilize around geography, shared space, shared experience, interest, need, and/or concern. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Community organization is differentiated from conflict-oriented <a href="/wiki/Community_organizing" title="Community organizing">community organizing</a>, which focuses on short-term change through appeals to authority (i.e., pressuring established power structures for desired change), by focusing on long-term <i>and</i> short-term change through direct action and the <i>organizing of community</i> (i.e., the creation of alternative systems outside of established power structures). This often includes inclusive networking, interpersonal organizing, listening, reflexivity, non-violent communication, cooperation, mutual aid and social care, prefiguration, popular education, and direct democracy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_and_Girls_Engagement_for_development_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of a volunteer group having interaction and planing on development" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Women_and_Girls_Engagement_for_development_01.jpg/220px-Women_and_Girls_Engagement_for_development_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Women_and_Girls_Engagement_for_development_01.jpg/330px-Women_and_Girls_Engagement_for_development_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Women_and_Girls_Engagement_for_development_01.jpg/440px-Women_and_Girls_Engagement_for_development_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>A volunteer community having interaction and making plans on development issues</figcaption></figure> <p>Within organizations, variations exist in terms of size and structure. Some are formally incorporated, with codified bylaws and Boards of Directors (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">committee</a>), while others are much smaller, more informal, and grassroots. Community organization may be more effective in addressing need as well as in achieving short-term and long-term goals than larger, more bureaucratic organizations. Contemporary community organization, known as "The New Community Organizing",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includes <a href="/wiki/Glocalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Glocalized">glocalized</a> perspectives and organizing methods.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multiplicity of institutions, groups, and activities do not necessarily define community organization. However, factors such as the interaction, integration, and coordination of, existing groups, assets, activities, as well as the relationships, the evolution of new structures and communities, are characteristics unique to community organization. </p><p>Community organization may often lead to greater understanding of community contexts. It is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Community_building" title="Community building">community building</a>, community planning, <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> and mobilization, the promotion of community change, and, ultimately, changes within larger social systems and power structures along with localized ones.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Community organization generally functions within not-for-profit efforts, and funding often goes directly toward supporting organizing activities. Under globalization, the ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICTs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a>, has caused many organizations to face complex challenges such as mission drift and coercion by state and private funders.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These political and economic conditions have led some to seek alternative funding sources such as fee-for-service, crowd funding, and other creative avenues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1955 considered community organization as complementary to community development. The United Nations assumed that community development is operative in marginalized communities and community organization is operative in areas in where levels of living are relatively high and social services relatively well developed, but in where a greater degree of integration and community initiative is recognized as desirable. </p><p>In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Murray_G._Ross" title="Murray G. Ross">Murray G. Ross</a> defined community organization as a process by which a community identifies its needs or objectives, orders (or ranks) these needs or objectives, develops the confidence and will to work at these needs or objectives, finds the resources (internal and/or external) to deal with these needs or objectives, takes action in respect to them, and in so doing, extends and develops co-operative and collaborative attitudes and practices within the community. </p><p>In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_C._Lindeman" title="Eduard C. Lindeman">Eduard C. Lindeman</a> defined community organization as "that phase of social organization which constitutes a conscious effort on the part of a community to control its affairs democratically and to secure the highest services from its specialists, organizations, agencies, and institutions by means of recognized interrelations."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, Walter W. Pettit stated that "Community organization is perhaps best defined as assisting a group of people to recognize their common needs and helping them to meet these needs."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, Russell H. Kurtz defined community organization as "a process dealing primarily with program relationships and thus to be distinguished in its social work setting from those other basic processes, such as casework and group work. Those relationships of agency to agency, of agency to community and of community to agency reach in all directions from any focal point in the social work picture. Community organization may be thought of as the process by which these relationships are initiated, altered or terminated to meet changing conditions, and it is thus basic to all social work..." </p><p>In 1947, Wayne McMillen defined community organization as "in its generic sense in deliberately directed effort to assist groups in attaining unity of purpose and action. It is practiced, though often without recognition of its character, wherever the objective is to achieve or maintain a pooling of the talents and resources of two or more groups in behalf of either general or specific objectives."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, C. F. McNeil said "Community organization for social welfare is the process by which the people of community, as individual citizens or as representatives of groups, join together to determine social welfare needs, plan ways of meeting then and mobilise the necessary resource."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Murray_G._Ross" title="Murray G. Ross">Murray G. Ross</a> defined community organization as a process by which a community identifies needs or objectives, takes action, and through this process, develops cooperative and collaborative attitudes and practices within a community. </p><p>In 1975, Kramer and Specht stated "Community organization refers to various methods of intervention whereby a professional change agent helps a community action system composed of individuals, groups, or organizations to engage in planned collective action in order to deal with special problems within the democratic system of values." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_between_related_terms">Comparison between related terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison between related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CI_boardwalk_Sandy_sweepers_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of organized community members playing a role in community development" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CI_boardwalk_Sandy_sweepers_jeh.jpg/220px-CI_boardwalk_Sandy_sweepers_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CI_boardwalk_Sandy_sweepers_jeh.jpg/330px-CI_boardwalk_Sandy_sweepers_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CI_boardwalk_Sandy_sweepers_jeh.jpg/440px-CI_boardwalk_Sandy_sweepers_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2596" /></a><figcaption>A group of organized community members playing a role in community development</figcaption></figure> <p>Community organization and <a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">community development</a> are interrelated, and both have their roots in <a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">community social work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To achieve the goals of community development the community organization method is used. According to United Nations, community development deals with total development of a developing country, including economic, physical, and social aspects. For achieving total development, community organization is used. In community development the aspects like democratic procedures, voluntary cooperation, self-help, development of leadership, awareness and sensitisation are considered as important. The same aspects are also considered as important by community organization.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Informal associations of people focused on the common good have existed in most societies. The first formal precursor to the Community Benefit Organization was recorded in Elizabethan England to overcome the acute problem of poverty, which led to beggary. In England, Elizabethan poor law (1601) was set up to provide services to the needy. The London Society of Organizing Charitable Relief and Repressing Mendicancy and the settlement house movement followed in England during the late 1800s. </p><p>This model of community organizing was carried into the United States of America. In 1880, the Charities organization was set up to put rational order in the area of charity and relief. The first citywide <a href="/wiki/Charity_Organization_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Organization Society">Charity Organization Society</a> (COS) was established in Buffalo, New York, US, in 1877. Rev. S. H. Gurteen, an English priest who had moved to Buffalo in 1873, gave led COS to outreach in more than 25 American cities. The American Association for Community Organization was organized in 1918 as the national agency for chests and councils and it later became known as community chests and councils of America (CCC). The Cincinnati Public Health Federation, established in 1917, was the first independent health council in an American city. </p><p>In 1946, at the National Conference of Social Work met in Buffalo, where the Association of the Study of Community Organization (ASCO) was organized. The main objective was to improve the professional practice of organization for social welfare. In 1955, ASCO merged with six other professional organisations to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="National Association of Social Workers">National Association of Social Workers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Settlement_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement houses">settlement houses</a>" are historically significant examples of community organizations, participating in both organizing and development at the neighborhood level. Settlement houses were commonly located in the industrial cities of the East and Midwest during the beginning of the 20th century; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a>' <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a> in Chicago, Illinois, was a notable example. They were largely established in working-class neighborhoods by the college educated children of middle class citizens concerned by the substantial social problems that were the results of the increasing <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> of the social settlement movement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History shows that innovative methods of community organizing have risen in response to vast social problems. The social problems at the time of settlement houses included child labor, working class poverty, and housing. Settlement workers thought that by providing education services (English classes) and <a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">social services</a> (employment assistance, legal aid, recreational programs, children services) to the poor the income gap between them and the middle class would regress. The majority of funding for services came from charitable resources. </p><p>Another development in the history of American community development occurred in the wake of World War II. Of prime importance were the American Red Cross and <a href="/wiki/United_Service_Organizations" title="United Service Organizations">United Service Organizations</a> (USO), which recruited an immense number of people for volunteer services during the war. After World War II, the focus of community organization fell onto rising problems like rehabilitation of the physically and mentally challenged, mental health planning, destitution, abandoned aging population, juvenile delinquency, etc. </p><p>The historical development of community organization in the UK is divided into four phases, according to Baldock in 1974:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>First Phase</b> (1880-1920): During this period community work was mainly seen as a method of social work. It was considered a process of helping individuals enhance their social adjustments. It acted as major player to co-ordinate the work of voluntary agencies.</li> <li><b>Second phase</b> (1920-1950): This period saw the emergence of new ways of dealing with social issues and problems. The community organization was closely associated with central and state government programs for urban development. The important development in this period was its association with the community association movement.</li> <li><b>Third phase</b> (1950 onwards): This period emerged as a reaction to the neighborhood idea, which provided an ideological phase for the second phase. The professional development of social work took place during this period. Understanding the shortcomings in the existing system, it was a period where the social workers sought for a professional identity.</li> <li><b>Fourth phase</b>: The ongoing period that has marked a significant involvement of the community action. It questioned the very relationship of the community work and social work. It was thus seen as period of radical social movement and we could see the conflicts of community with authority. The association of social workers and the community are deprofessionalized during this period. Thus it was during this period the conflictual strategies that were introduced in the community work.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically community organizations fall into the following categories: community-service and action, health, educational, personal growth and improvement, social welfare and self-help for the disadvantaged.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Community-based organizations (CBOs) which operates within the given locality insures the community with sustainable provision of community-service and actions in health, educational, personal growth and improvement, social welfare and self-help for the disadvantaged its sustainability becomes healthier and possible because the community is directly involved in the action or operation wherever and whenever monetary and non-monetary support or contribution is generated. <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">Amateur</a> sports clubs, school groups, church groups, youth groups and community support groups are all typical examples of community organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In developing countries (like those in Sub-Saharan Africa) community organizations often focus on community strengthening, including HIV/AIDS awareness, human rights (like the <a href="/wiki/Karen_Human_Rights_Group" title="Karen Human Rights Group">Karen Human Rights Group</a>), health clinics, orphan children support, water and sanitation provision, and economic issues.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somewhere else social animators are also concentrating on uncommon issues, like <a href="/wiki/Chengara_struggle" title="Chengara struggle">Chengara struggle</a>, Kerala, India and Ghosaldanga Adivasi Seva Sangh which is reported in West Bengal, India.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janadesh_cameras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Janadesh_cameras.jpg/220px-Janadesh_cameras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Janadesh_cameras.jpg/330px-Janadesh_cameras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Janadesh_cameras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Janadesh_2007" title="Janadesh 2007">Janadesh 2007</a> - a social action movement for land rights in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Rothman" title="Jack Rothman">Jack Rothman</a> formulated three basic models of community organization.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Locality Development - A method of working with community organizations. Initially used by the Settlement House movement, the primary focus was community building and community empowerment. Leadership development, mutual aid, and popular education were considered essential components to this participatory process. Locality development is aimed at meeting the needs of target populations in a defined area (e.g., neighborhood, housing block, tenement housing, school, etc.).</li> <li>Social Planning - A method of working with a large population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus is in evaluating welfare needs and existing services in the area and planning a possible blue print for a more efficient delivery of services to the social problems. It is a responsive model to the needs and attitudes of the community. E.g. Housing, health insurance, affordable education, etc.</li> <li>Social Action - A strategy used by groups, sub communities, or even national organisations that feel that they have inadequate power and resources to meet their needs. They confront the dominant power structure using conflict as a method to solve their issues related to inequalities and deprivation. E.g. A structural systems change in social policies that brings disparities between people of different socioeconomic conditions in social rights like educational policies, employment policies, etc.</li></ul> <p>In the late 1990s, Rothman revisited the three community organization typologies of locality development, social planning, and social action, and reflected that they were too rigid as "community processes had become more complex and variegated, and problems had to be approached differently, more subtly, and with greater penetrability."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a broadened view of the models as more expansive, nuanced, situational, and interconnected. According to Rothman, the reframing of the typologies as overlapping and integrated ensured that "practitioners of any stripe [have] a greater range in selecting, then mixing and phasing, components of intervention."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rothman's three basic models of community organization have been critiqued and expanded upon. Feminist community organization scholar, Cheryl Hyde, criticized Rothman's "mixing and phasing" as unable to transcend rigid categorical organizing typologies, as they lacked "dimensions of ideology, longitudinal development ... commitment within community intervention and incorporati[on] [of] social movement literature."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Principles are expressions of value judgments. It is the generalized guiding rules for a sound practice. Arthur Dunham in 1958 formulated a statement of 28 principles of community organisation and grouped those under seven headings. They are: </p> <ol><li>Democracy and social welfare;</li> <li>Community roots for community programs;</li> <li>Citizen understanding, support, and participation and professional service;</li> <li>Co-operation;</li> <li>Social Welfare Programs;</li> <li>Adequacy, distribution, and organisation of social welfare services; and</li> <li>Prevention.</li></ol> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, Siddiqui in 1997 worked out a set of principles based on the existing evidence based indigenous community organization practices. </p> <ol><li><i>Objective</i> movement</li> <li>Specific <i>planning</i></li> <li>Active peoples <i>participation</i></li> <li><i>Inter-group</i> approach</li> <li><i>Democratic</i> functioning</li> <li>Flexible <i>organisation</i></li> <li>Utilisation of available <i>resources</i></li> <li><i>Cultural</i> orientation</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_globalization">Impact of globalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact of globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a> is fundamentally changing the landscape of work, organizations, and <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>. Many of the challenges created by globalization involve <a href="/wiki/Divestment" title="Divestment">divestment</a> from local communities and neighborhoods, and a changing landscape of work. Paired with the transition to post-industrialization, both challenges and opportunities for grassroots community organizations are growing. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Grace Lee Boggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a> are noted for their visionary understandings of community organization in this changing context. At the core of these understandings is the acknowledgement that "communities" exist in the context of local, national, and global influences. These and other scholars emphasize the need to create new social, economic, and political systems through community organization, as a way to rebuild local wealth in this changing landscape. Related concepts include visionary organizing, community wealth projects, employee-owned firms, anchor institutions, and place-based education.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the era of globalization smaller community organizations typically rely on donations (monetary and in-kind) from local community members and sponsorship from local government and businesses. In Canada, for example, slightly over 40% of the community organizations surveyed had revenue under C$30,000. These organizations tend to be relationship-based and people-focused. Across all sizes, Canadian community organizations rely on government funding (49%), earned income (35%), and others through gifts and donations (13%).<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-based_program_design" title="Community-based program design">Community-based program design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_engagement" title="Community engagement">Community engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_management" title="Community management">Community management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_rural_appraisal" title="Participatory rural appraisal">Participatory rural appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Economic_Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign">Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_audit" title="Social audit">Social audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_economics" title="Trickle-down economics">Trickle-down economics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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"A Feminist Response to Rothman's <i>The Interweaving of Community Intervention Approaches</i>". <i>Journal of Community Practice</i>. <b>3</b> (3–4): 127–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2Fj125v03n03_05">10.1300/j125v03n03_05</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1070-5422">1070-5422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+Practice&rft.atitle=A+Feminist+Response+to+Rothman%27s+The+Interweaving+of+Community+Intervention+Approaches&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=127-145&rft.date=1996-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2Fj125v03n03_05&rft.issn=1070-5422&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garalperovitz.com">"What Then Must We Do"</a>. Chelsea Green Publishing. February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Then+Must+We+Do&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garalperovitz.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graceleeboggs.com">"The Next American Revolution"</a>. University of California Press. February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Next+American+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graceleeboggs.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunity+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cox, F.M. et al. (Ed). (1987): Strategies of Community Organization: A book of Readings, 4th ed. Itasca, 12, FE Peacock.</li> <li>J. Phillip Thompson (2005). Seeking Effective Power: Why Mayors Need Community Organizations. <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>, 3, pp 301–308.</li> <li>Jack Rothman (2008). Strategies of Community Intervention. Eddie Bowers Publishing Co.</li> <li>Siddiqui, H.Y. (1997). "Working with Communities". Hira Publications, New Delhi.</li> <li>Hardcastle, D. & Powers, P. (2011). Community practice: Theories and skills for social workers. Oxford University Press. New York.</li> <li>Ledwith, M. (2005), Community Development</li> <li>Murray G. Ross (1955). Community Organization. Harper and Row Publishers. New York.</li> <li>Herbert J. Ruhim and Irene S. Ruhim 2001, Community organising and development, Allyn and Bacon, Massachusetts.</li> <li>Roger Hadlye, Mike Cooper, 1987, A Community social worker's handbook, Tavistock publication, London.</li> <li>Michael Jacoby Brown (2007). Building Powerful Community Organizations. Long Haul Press.</li> <li>Harper E.B. and Dunham, Arthur (1959), Community Organisation in Action, Association Press, New York.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_organization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J125v15n04_02">Community intervention</a></li> <li>ISHR (nd), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319024930/http://hrcolumbia.org/peacebuilding/cbos_manual_en.pdf">Project and Organizational Development for NGOs and CBOs</a>, New York: Columbia University</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;font-weight:normal;">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-oppressive_practice" title="Anti-oppressive practice">Anti-oppressive practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_intervention" title="Crisis intervention">Crisis intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_practice" title="Community practice">Community practice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Community organization</a></li> <li><a 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social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_rehabilitation" title="Psychiatric rehabilitation">Rehabilitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_social_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="School social worker">School social worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work_in_the_military" title="Social work in the military">Social work in the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_work#Social_group_work" title="Group work">Social group worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology#Applied_sociology" title="Public sociology">Social planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_social_work" title="Clinical social work">Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Qualifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qualifications_for_professional_social_work" title="Qualifications for professional social work">Qualifications for professional social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree#New_bachelor's_degrees" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor of Social Work (BA, BSc or BSW) degree</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socionom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socionom">Socionom</a></i> (Scandinavia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Social_Work" title="Master of Social Work">Master of Social Work degree (MA, MSc or MSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Social_Work" title="Doctor of Social Work">Doctor of Social Work degree (Ph.D or DSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Schools_of_Social_Work" title="International Association of Schools of Social Work">International Association of Schools of Social Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Social_Work_Education" title="Council on Social Work Education">Council on Social Work Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_social_work" title="Category:Schools of social work">Schools of social work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social workers<br />by nationality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_social_workers" title="Category:American social workers">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Argentine_social_workers" title="Category:Argentine social workers">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_social_workers" title="Category:Austrian social workers">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_social_workers" title="Category:Australian social workers">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladeshi_social_workers" title="Category:Bangladeshi social workers">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belgian_social_workers" title="Category:Belgian social workers">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_social_workers" title="Category:British social workers">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_social_workers" title="Category:Canadian social workers">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_social_workers" title="Category:Dutch social workers">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_social_workers" title="Category:French social workers">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_social_workers" title="Category:German social workers">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guyanese_social_workers" title="Category:Guyanese social workers">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hong_Kong_social_workers" title="Category:Hong Kong social workers">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_social_workers" title="Category:Indian social workers">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_social_workers" title="Category:Indonesian social workers">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israeli_social_workers" title="Category:Israeli social workers">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_social_workers" title="Category:Japanese social workers">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepalese_social_workers" title="Category:Nepalese social workers">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_social_workers" title="Category:New Zealand social workers">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norwegian_social_workers" title="Category:Norwegian social workers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_social_workers" title="Category:Pakistani social workers">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_social_workers" title="Category:Polish social workers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swedish_social_workers" title="Category:Swedish social workers">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trinidad_and_Tobago_social_workers" title="Category:Trinidad and Tobago social workers">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ugandan_social_workers" title="Category:Ugandan social workers">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Social_Workers" title="International Federation of Social Workers">International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Professional_Social_Workers" title="National Alliance of Professional Social Workers">National Alliance of Professional Social Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="National Association of Social Workers">National Association of Social Workers (American)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="Australian Association of Social Workers">Australian Association of Social Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="British Association of Social Workers">British Association of Social Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medical_Social_Workers" title="Institute of Medical Social Workers">Institute of Medical Social Workers (British)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Social_Workers" title="Canadian Association of Social Workers">Canadian Association of Social Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Children%27s_Reporter_Administration" title="Scottish Children's Reporter Administration">Scottish Children's Reporter Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Social_Workers%27_Association" title="Professional Social Workers' Association">Professional Social Workers' Association (PSWA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biographies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Lishman" title="Joyce Lishman">Joyce Lishman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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