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title="Exchangeable image file format">Exchangeable image file format</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a format for storing metadata in image and audio files. For information about filename and directory structures of digital cameras, see <a href="/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">Design rule for Camera File system</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Exchangeable image file format</b> (officially <b>Exif</b>, according to JEIDA/JEITA/CIPA specifications)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a standard that specifies <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">formats</a> for <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, and ancillary tags used by <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>), <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanners</a> and other systems handling image and sound files recorded by digital cameras. The specification uses the following existing encoding formats with the addition of specific <a href="/wiki/Metadata_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadata (computing)">metadata</a> tags: <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> lossy coding for compressed image files, <a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a> Rev. 6.0 (<a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> or <a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a>) for uncompressed image files, and <a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> for audio files (linear <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> or ITU-T <a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> μ-law PCM for uncompressed audio data, and <a href="/wiki/Interactive_Multimedia_Association" title="Interactive Multimedia Association">IMA</a>-<a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a> for compressed audio data).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not support <a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a> or <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> encoded images. </p><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Exif</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epepeotes_uncinatus_@_Kanjirappally_Exif_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Epepeotes_uncinatus_%40_Kanjirappally_Exif_02.png/300px-Epepeotes_uncinatus_%40_Kanjirappally_Exif_02.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Epepeotes_uncinatus_%40_Kanjirappally_Exif_02.png 1.5x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="198"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Exif of a file in <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> (compact form)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><div class="monospaced"> <code>.JPG</code>, <code>.TIF</code>, <code>.WAV</code>, <code>.PNG</code>,<sup id="cite_ref-Extensions_to_the_PNG_1.2_Specification,_Version_1.5.0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extensions_to_the_PNG_1.2_Specification,_Version_1.5.0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><code>.WEBP</code><sup id="cite_ref-The_Metadata_in_WEBP_(.webp)_files_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Metadata_in_WEBP_(.webp)_files-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronic_Industries_Development_Association" title="Japan Electronic Industries Development Association">JEIDA</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronics_and_Information_Technology_Industries_Association" title="Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association">JEITA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camera_%26_Imaging_Products_Association" title="Camera & Imaging Products Association">CIPA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">1995<span class="noprint">; 29 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3.0<sup id="cite_ref-exif30-iptc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exif30-iptc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>May 2023<span class="noprint">; 1 year ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2023-05</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-exif30-iptc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exif30-iptc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>, <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">DCF</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This standard consists of the Exif image file specification and the Exif audio file specification. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Version_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Version history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Technical"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Technical</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Geolocation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geolocation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Program_support"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Program support</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Problems"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Problems</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Technical_2"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Technical</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Privacy_and_security"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy and security</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Related_standards"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Related standards</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Exif_fields"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Exif fields</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Example"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Time_Tags"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Time Tags</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#FlashPix_extensions"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">FlashPix extensions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Exif_audio_files"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Exif audio files</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#MakerNote_data"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">MakerNote data</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background"><span class="anchor" id="1.0"></span><span class="anchor" id="1.1"></span><span class="anchor" id="2.0"></span><span class="anchor" id="R98"></span><span class="anchor" id="2.1"></span><span class="anchor" id="2.2"></span><span class="anchor" id="2.21"></span><span class="anchor" id="2.3"></span><span class="anchor" id="3.0"></span>Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Exif is supported by almost all camera manufacturers. </p><p>The metadata tags defined in the Exif standard cover a broad spectrum: </p> <ul><li>Camera settings: This includes static information such as the camera model and make, and information that varies with each image such as orientation (rotation), <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">shutter speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">metering mode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ISO_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO speed">ISO speed</a> information</li> <li>Image metrics: Pixel dimensions, resolution, colorspace, and filesize</li> <li>Date and time information, digital cameras will record the current date and time and save this in the metadata</li> <li>Location information</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail" title="Thumbnail">thumbnail</a> for previewing the picture on the camera's LCD screen, in file managers, or in photo manipulation software</li> <li>Descriptions</li> <li>Copyright information</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Version_history">Version history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Version history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: changes. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronic_Industries_Development_Association" title="Japan Electronic Industries Development Association">Japan Electronic Industries Development Association</a> (JEIDA) produced the initial definition of Exif. Version 2.1 of the specification is dated 12 June 1998.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronics_and_Information_Technology_Industries_Association" title="Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association">JEITA</a> established Exif version 2.2 (a.k.a. "<b>Exif Print</b>"), dated 20 February 2002 and released in April 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Version 2.21 (with <a href="/wiki/Adobe_RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe RGB">Adobe RGB</a> support) is dated 11 July 2003, but was released in September 2003 following the release of DCF 2.0. Version 2.3 was released on 26 April 2010, and revised to 2.31 in July 2013 and revised to 2.32 on 17 May 2019, was jointly formulated by <a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronics_and_Information_Technology_Industries_Association" title="Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association">JEITA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camera_%26_Imaging_Products_Association" title="Camera & Imaging Products Association">CIPA</a>. The latest version, 3.0, was released in May 2023, and brings, among other things, support for UTF-8 to allow text data in non-ASCII encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-exif30-iptc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exif30-iptc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Versions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th>Release Date </th> <th>Changes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.0 </td> <td>October 1995 </td> <td>Removed dependencies to io package </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.1 </td> <td>May 1997 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.0 </td> <td>November 1997 </td> <td>License change to MIT license </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.1 </td> <td>December 1998 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.2 </td> <td>April 2002 </td> <td>Added <a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC</a> support </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.21 </td> <td>September 2003 </td> <td>Addition of "Exif Print" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.21 (unified version) </td> <td>September 2009 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.3 </td> <td>April 2010 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.3 (revised) </td> <td>December 2012 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.31 </td> <td>July 2016 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.32 </td> <td>May 2019 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.0 </td> <td>May 2023 </td> <td>UTF-8 data type </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Technical">Technical</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The Exif tag structure is borrowed from TIFF files. On several image specific properties, there is a large overlap between the tags defined in the <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format">TIFF</a>, Exif, <a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">TIFF/EP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">DCF</a> standards. For descriptive metadata, there is an overlap between Exif, <a href="/wiki/IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model" title="IPTC Information Interchange Model">IPTC Information Interchange Model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">XMP</a> info, which also can be embedded in a JPEG file. <a href="/wiki/Metadata_Working_Group" title="Metadata Working Group">The Metadata Working Group</a> has guidelines on mapping tags between these standards.<sup id="cite_ref-mwg_guidance_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwg_guidance-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Exif is employed for <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> files, the Exif data are stored in one of JPEG's defined utility <i>Application Segments</i>, the APP1 (segment marker 0xFFE1), which in effect holds an entire TIFF file within. When Exif is employed in TIFF files (also when used as "an embedded TIFF file" mentioned earlier), the TIFF Private Tag 0x8769 defines a sub-Image File Directory (IFD) that holds the Exif specified TIFF Tags. In addition, Exif also defines a <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> sub-IFD using the TIFF Private Tag 0x8825, holding location information, and an "Interoperability IFD" specified within the Exif sub-IFD, using the Exif tag 0xA005. </p><p>Formats specified in Exif standard are defined as folder structures that are based on Exif-JPEG and recording formats for memory. When these formats are used as Exif/DCF files together with the DCF specification (for better interoperability among devices of different types), their scope shall cover devices, recording media, and application software that handle them. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geolocation">Geolocation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geolocation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></div> <p>The Exif format has standard tags for location information. As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, many cameras and mobile phones have a built-in GPS receiver that stores the location information in the Exif header when a picture is taken. Some other cameras have a separate GPS receiver that fits into the flash connector or <a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a>. Recorded GPS data can also be added to any digital photograph on a computer, either by correlating the time stamps of the photographs with a <a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS tracking">GPS record</a> from a hand-held GPS receiver or manually by using a map or mapping software. Some cameras can be paired with cellphones to provide the geolocation. The process of adding geographic information to a photograph is known as <a href="/wiki/Geotagged_photograph" title="Geotagged photograph">geotagging</a>. Photo-sharing communities like <a href="/wiki/Panoramio" title="Panoramio">Panoramio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Locr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locr (page does not exist)">locr</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> equally allow their users to upload geocoded pictures or to add geolocation information online. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Program_support">Program support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Program support" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Exif data are embedded within the image file itself. While many recent <a href="/wiki/Graphics_software" title="Graphics software">image manipulation programs</a> recognize and preserve Exif data when writing to a modified image, this is not the case for most older programs. Many image gallery programs also recognise Exif data and optionally display it alongside the images. </p><p>Software libraries, such as libexif<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and Adobe XMP Toolkit<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Exiv2<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, Metadata Extractor<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_Imaging_Library" title="Python Imaging Library">PIL/Pillow</a> for <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LEADTOOLS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEADTOOLS (page does not exist)">LEADTOOLS</a> or <a href="/wiki/ExifTool" title="ExifTool">ExifTool</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, parse Exif data from files and read/write Exif tag values. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Problems">Problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Problems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_2">Technical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Technical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Exif format has a number of drawbacks, mostly relating to its use of legacy file structures. </p> <ul><li>The derivation of Exif from the TIFF file structure using offset pointers in the files means that data can be spread anywhere within a file, which means that software is likely to corrupt any pointers or corresponding data that it does not decode/encode. For this reason most image editors damage or remove the Exif metadata to some extent upon saving.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The standard defines a MakerNote tag, which allows camera manufacturers to place any custom format metadata in the file. This is used increasingly by camera manufacturers to store camera settings not listed in the Exif standard, such as shooting modes, post-processing settings, serial number, focusing modes, etc. As the tag contents are proprietary and manufacturer-specific, it can be difficult to retrieve this information from an image or to properly preserve it when rewriting an image. Manufacturers can encrypt portions of the information; for example, some Nikon cameras encrypt the detailed lens data in the MakerNote data.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Exif is very often used in images created by scanners, but the standard makes no provisions for any scanner-specific information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Photo manipulation software sometimes fails to update the embedded thumbnail after an editing operation, possibly causing the user to inadvertently publish compromising information.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, someone might blank out a licence registration plate of a car (for privacy concerns), only to have the thumbnail not so updated, meaning the information is still visible.</li> <li>Exif metadata are restricted in size to 64 kB in JPEG images because according to the specification this information must be contained within a single JPEG APP1 segment. Although the <a href="#FlashPix_extensions">FlashPix extensions</a> allow information to span multiple JPEG APP2 segments, these extensions are not commonly used. This has prompted some camera manufacturers to develop non-standard techniques for storing the large preview images used by some digital cameras for <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a> review. These non-standard extensions are commonly lost if a user re-saves the image using image editor software, possibly rendering the image incompatible with the original camera that created it. (In 2009, CIPA released the <a href="/wiki/JPEG#JPEG_Multi-Picture_Format" title="JPEG">Multi Picture Object</a> specification which addresses this deficiency and provides a standard way to store large previews in JPEG images.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>There is no way to record time-zone information along with the time, thus rendering the stored time ambiguous. However, time-zone information has been introduced recently by Exif version 2.31 (July 2016). Related tags are: "OffsetTime", "OffsetTimeOriginal" and "OffsetTimeDigitized".</li> <li>There is no standard field to record readouts of a camera's <a href="/wiki/Accelerometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerometers">accelerometers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a>. Such data could help to establish the relationship between the image sensor's XYZ coordinate system and the gravity <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_vector" title="Euclidean vector">vector</a> (i.e., which way is down in this image). It could also establish relative camera positions or orientations in a sequence of photos. Some software records this information using the GPSImgDirection tag along with custom GPSPitch and GPSRoll tags.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The XResolution and YResolution tags provide the number of pixels per length unit for the width and height of the image, respectively. (The length unit itself is specified by the tag ResolutionUnit.) By default, these tags in combination are set to 72 <a href="/wiki/Pixel_density" title="Pixel density">pixels per inch</a> (ppi).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tags were inherited from the TIFF 6.0 standard and are required<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though for images produced by digital cameras, image resolution values such as ppi are meaningless.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privacy_and_security">Privacy and security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Privacy and security" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Since the Exif tag contains metadata about the photo, it can pose a privacy problem. For example, a photo taken with a <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>-enabled camera can reveal the exact location and time it was taken, and the unique ID number of the device - this is all done by default - often without the user's knowledge. Many users may be unaware that their photos are tagged by default in this manner, or that specialist software may be required to remove the Exif tag before publishing. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">whistleblower</a>, journalist or <a href="/wiki/Political_dissident" class="mw-redirect" title="Political dissident">political dissident</a> relying on the protection of anonymity to allow them to report <a href="/wiki/Misfeasance" title="Misfeasance">malfeasance</a> by a corporate entity, criminal, or government may therefore find their safety compromised by this default data collection. </p><p>In December 2012, <a href="/wiki/Anti-virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-virus">anti-virus</a> businessman <a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> while fleeing from alleged persecution<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a></i> magazine had published an exclusive interview on their website with McAfee "on the run"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that included a photo of McAfee with a <i>Vice</i> reporter taken with a phone that had geotagged the image.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photo's metadata included GPS coordinates locating McAfee in Guatemala, and he was captured two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McAfee later claimed to have edited the Exif data from his phone to provide a false location.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to documents leaked by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> is targeting Exif information under the <a href="/wiki/XKeyscore" title="XKeyscore">XKeyscore</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The privacy problem of Exif data can be avoided by removing the Exif data using a <a href="/wiki/Metadata_removal_tool" title="Metadata removal tool">metadata removal tool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Related_standards">Related standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Related standards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p><a href="/wiki/Metadata_Working_Group" title="Metadata Working Group">Metadata Working Group</a> was formed by a consortium of companies in 2006 (according to their web page) or 2007 (as stated in their own press release). Version 2.0 of the specification was released in November 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-mwg_guidance_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwg_guidance-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving recommendations concerning the use of Exif, <a href="/wiki/IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model" title="IPTC Information Interchange Model">IPTC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">XMP</a> metadata in images. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform</a> (XMP) is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Organization_for_Standardization_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of International Organization for Standardization standards">ISO standard</a>, originally created by <a href="/wiki/ADBE" class="mw-redirect" title="ADBE">Adobe Systems Inc.</a>, for the creation, processing and interchange of standardized and custom metadata for digital documents and data sets. <a href="/wiki/IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model" title="IPTC Information Interchange Model">IPTC</a> was developed in the early 1990s by the <a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">International Press Telecommunications Council</a> (IPTC) to expedite the international exchange of news among newspapers and news agencies. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Exif_fields">Exif fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exif fields" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Not all devices use every available metadata field in the Exif standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Example" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png/220px-DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="491"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png/220px-DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png" data-width="220" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png/330px-DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png/440px-DigiKam_EXIF_information_screenshot.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/DigiKam" title="DigiKam">DigiKam</a> screenshot showing Exif data</figcaption></figure> <p>The following table shows Exif metadata for a photo made with a typical digital camera. Authorship and copyright information is generally not provided in the camera's output, so it must be filled in during later stages of processing. Some programs, such as Canon's <a href="/wiki/Digital_Photo_Professional" title="Digital Photo Professional">Digital Photo Professional</a>, allow the name of the owner to be added to the camera itself. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tag </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Manufacturer </td> <td>CASIO </td></tr> <tr> <td>Model </td> <td>QV-4000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orientation (rotation) </td> <td>top-left [8 possible values<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Software </td> <td>Ver1.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Date and time </td> <td>2003:08:11 16:45:32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>YCbCr positioning </td> <td>centered </td></tr> <tr> <td>Compression </td> <td>JPEG compression </td></tr> <tr> <td>X resolution </td> <td>72.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y resolution </td> <td>72.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Resolution unit </td> <td>Inch </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exposure time </td> <td>1/659 s </td></tr> <tr> <td>F-number </td> <td>f/4.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exposure program </td> <td>Normal program </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exif version </td> <td>Exif version 2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Date and time (original) </td> <td>2003:08:11 16:45:32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Date and time (digitized) </td> <td>2003:08:11 16:45:32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Components configuration </td> <td>Y Cb Cr – </td></tr> <tr> <td>Compressed bits per pixel </td> <td>4.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exposure bias </td> <td>0.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Max. aperture value </td> <td>2.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metering mode </td> <td>Pattern </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flash </td> <td>Flash did not fire </td></tr> <tr> <td>Focal length </td> <td>20.1 mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>MakerNote </td> <td>432 bytes unknown data </td></tr> <tr> <td>FlashPix version </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FlashPix" title="FlashPix">FlashPix</a> version 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Color space </td> <td>sRGB </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pixel X dimension </td> <td>2240 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pixel Y dimension </td> <td>1680 </td></tr> <tr> <td>File source </td> <td>DSC </td></tr> <tr> <td>Interoperability index </td> <td>R98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Interoperability version </td> <td>(null) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_Tags">Time Tags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Time Tags" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In addition to the basic date and time tags (<code>DateTime</code>, <code>DateTimeOriginal</code>, and <code>DateTimeDigitized</code>), there are three corresponding "subsecond" tags: <code>SubsecTime</code>, <code>SubsecTimeOriginal</code>, and <code>SubsecTimeDigitized</code>. The <code>SubsecTime</code> tag is defined in version 2.3 as "a tag used to record fractions of seconds for the DateTime tag;"<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <code>SubsecTimeOriginal</code> and <code>SubsecTimeDigitized</code> fields are defined similarly. The subsecond tags are of variable length, meaning manufacturers may choose the number of ASCII-encoded decimal digits to place in these tags. For <code>DateTime = 2000:01:01 00:00:00</code>, the actual time with various subsecond values would be: </p> <ul><li><code>SubsecTime = 2</code>: <code>2000:01:01 00:00:00.2</code></li> <li><code>SubsecTime = 23</code>: <code>2000:01:01 00:00:00.23</code></li> <li><code>SubsecTime = 234</code>: <code>2000:01:01 00:00:00.234</code></li> <li><code>SubsecTime = 2345</code>: <code>2000:01:01 00:00:00.2345</code></li></ul> <p>The standard does not specify which particular event during the "taking" of a picture the time tags should describe. The standard is, in fact, ambiguous. The <code>DateTimeOriginal</code> tag is defined as "The date and time when the original image data was generated." For an exposure—say, 30 seconds—longer than the granularity of the timestamp (one second for the <code>DateTimeOriginal</code> tag), the tag's time could correspond to the beginning of the exposure, the end of the exposure, or some other time. This confusion is exacerbated for the subsecond tags, where the granularity (down to 1/10000th of a second in the examples in the standard) is shorter than many common exposure durations. </p><p>As noted above, tags to specify the previously-missing timezone information were added in Exif version 2.31. These are "OffsetTime", "OffsetTimeOriginal" and "OffsetTimeDigitized". They are formatted as seven ASCII characters (including the null terminator) denoting the hours and minutes of the offset, like <code>+01:00</code> or <code>-01:00</code>. The offset is "from UTC (the time difference from Universal Coordinated Time including daylight saving time) of the time of"<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the matching tag. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="FlashPix_extensions">FlashPix extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: FlashPix extensions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>The Exif specification also includes a description of FPXR (FlashPix-ready) information, which may be stored in APP2 of <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> images using a structure similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/FlashPix" title="FlashPix">FlashPix</a> file.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These FlashPix extensions allow meta-information to be preserved when converting between FPXR JPEG images and FlashPix images. FPXR information may be found in images from some models of digital cameras by <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below is an example of the FPXR information found in a JPEG image from a <a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_V570" title="Kodak EasyShare V570">Kodak EasyShare V570</a> digital camera: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tag </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Code page </td> <td>1200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Used extension numbers </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extension name </td> <td>Screen nail </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extension class ID </td> <td>10000230-6FC0-11D0-BD01-00609719A180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extension persistence </td> <td>Invalidated by modification </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extension create date </td> <td>2003:03:29 17:47:50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extension modify date </td> <td>2003:03:29 17:47:50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Creating application </td> <td>Picoss </td></tr> <tr> <td>Extension description </td> <td>Presized image for LCD </td></tr> <tr> <td>Storage-stream pathname </td> <td>/.Screen Nail_bd0100609719a180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Screen nail </td> <td>(124,498 bytes of data containing 640×480 JPEG preview image) </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Exif_audio_files">Exif audio files</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exif audio files" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>The Exif specification describes the <a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> file format used for <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a> audio files and defines a number of tags for storing meta-information such as artist, copyright, creation date, and more in these files.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table gives an example of Exif information found in a WAV file written by the <a href="/wiki/PENTAX_Optio_WP" class="mw-redirect" title="PENTAX Optio WP">Pentax Optio WP</a> digital camera: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tag </th> <th>Value </th></tr> <tr> <td>Encoding </td> <td>Microsoft PCM </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of channels </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sampling rate </td> <td>7872 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Avg. bytes per second </td> <td>7872 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bits per sample </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Date created </td> <td>2005:08:08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exif version </td> <td>0220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Related image file </td> <td>IMGP1149.JPG </td></tr> <tr> <td>Time created </td> <td>16:23:35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Make </td> <td>PENTAX Corporation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Model </td> <td>PENTAX Optio WP </td></tr> <tr> <td>MakerNote </td> <td>(2064 bytes of data) </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="MakerNote_data">MakerNote data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: MakerNote data" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <p>The "MakerNote" tag contains image information normally in a proprietary binary format. Some of these manufacturer-specific formats have been decoded: </p> <ul><li>OZHiker (not updated since 2008): Agfa, Canon, Casio, Epson, Fujifilm, Konica/Minolta, Kyocera/Contax, Nikon, Olympus, Panasonic, Pentax/Asahi, Ricoh, Sony<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kamisaka (not updated since 2007): Canon, Casio, FujiFilm, ISL, KDDI, Konica/Minolta, Mamiya, Nikon, Panasonic, Pentax, Ricoh, Sigma, Sony, WWL<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>X3F Info: Sigma/Foveon<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExifTool" title="ExifTool">ExifTool</a>: Canon, Casio, FujiFilm, GE, HP, JVC/Victor, Kodak, Leaf, Minolta/Konica-Minolta, Nikon, Olympus/Epson, Panasonic/Leica, Pentax/Asahi, Reconyx, Ricoh, Samsung, Sanyo, Sigma/Foveon, Sony, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Olypedia: Olympus<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The proprietary formats used by many manufacturers break if the MakerNote tag data is moved (i.e. by inserting or editing a tag that precedes it). The reason to edit to the Exif data could be as simple as to add copyright information, an Exif comment, etc. There are two solutions for this problem: </p> <ul><li>When the Exif data is saved, the MakerNote data is stored at the same place as before.</li> <li>A special offset tag is added. This tag contains the information by how many bytes the MakerNote data was moved in comparison to the original index.</li></ul> <p>Microsoft has implemented the last solution in Windows 10: In the Windows explorer you can change the Exif data of an image file by the properties window. Here the tab sheet "Details" contains some Exif data like title, subject, comments etc. and these Exif data can also be changed and stored. When the image file is saved the tag "OffsetSchema" (tag ID = 0xea1d) is added and this tag contains a signed 32 bit number. With this number the original index of "MakerNote" can be restored: </p><p>Original index of "MakerNote" = Current index of "MakerNote" - Value of tag "OffsetSchema" </p><p>But the tag "OffsetSchema" was defined by Microsoft and it is not part of the official Exif standard. </p><p>In some cases, camera vendors also store important information only in proprietary makernote fields, instead of using available Exif standard tags. An example for this is Nikon's ISO speed settings tag.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APEX_system" title="APEX system">APEX system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_image_viewers" title="Comparison of image viewers">Comparison of image viewers</a> (Exif view/edit functions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system" title="Design rule for Camera File system">Design rule for Camera File system</a> (DCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXtensible_Metadata_Platform" class="mw-redirect" title="EXtensible Metadata Platform">eXtensible Metadata Platform</a> (XMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagged_photograph" title="Geotagged photograph">Geotagged photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">Image file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model" title="IPTC Information Interchange Model">IPTC Information Interchange Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_File_Interchange_Format" title="JPEG File Interchange Format">JPEG File Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_Working_Group" title="Metadata Working Group">Metadata Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format_/_Electronic_Photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography">Tag Image File Format / Electronic Photography</a> (TIFF/EP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEIDA_memory_card" title="JEIDA memory card">JEIDA memory card</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIGMA+and+FOVEON+EXIF+MakerNote+Documentation&rft.pub=x3f.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.x3f.info%2Ftechnotes%2FFileDocs%2FMakerNoteDoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exiftool.org/makernote_types.html">"Makernote Types"</a>. <i>exiftool.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=exiftool.org&rft.atitle=Makernote+Types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexiftool.org%2Fmakernote_types.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119130645/http://olypedia.de/Olympus_Makernotes">"Olympus Makernotes"</a> (in German). Olypedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olypedia.de/Olympus_Makernotes">the original</a> on 2008-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympus+Makernotes&rft.pub=Olypedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Folypedia.de%2FOlympus_Makernotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuggel2012" class="citation web cs1">Huggel, Andreas (2012-04-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exiv2.org/makernote.html">"Makernote formats and specifications"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Makernote+formats+and+specifications&rft.date=2012-04-25&rft.aulast=Huggel&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exiv2.org%2Fmakernote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExif" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Exif" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Exif">Exif</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cipa.jp/e/std/std-sec.html">CIPA Standards - Camera & Imaging Products Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/download_e.html?DC-008-Translation-2023-E">Exif standard version 3.0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-X008-Translation-2019-E.pdf">Exif standard version 2.32</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cipa.jp/std/documents/e/DC-008-2012_E.pdf">Exif standard version 2.3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digicamsoft.com/exif22/exif22/html/exif22_1.htm">Exif standard version 2.2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000146.shtml">Exif Exchangeable Image File Format, Version 2.2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111073619/http://www.exif.org/Exif2-1.PDF">Exif standard version 2.1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags/privateifd/exif.html">Exif in the TIFF Tag Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011194110/https://www.awaresystems.be/imaging/tiff/tifftags/privateifd/exif.html">Archived</a> 2017-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171124134612/http://www.metadataworkinggroup.org/">Metadata working group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exiv2.org/metadata.html">List of Exif tags including MakerNote tags</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exif&oldid=1255943210">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exif&oldid=1255943210</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Exif&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="99.146.242.37" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730979221"> <span>Last edited on 7 November 2024, at 11:33</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84" title="صيغة ملف صوري قابل للتبادل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيغة ملف صوري قابل للتبادل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_Image_File_Format" title="Exchangeable Image File Format – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exchangeable Image File Format" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%81" title="اکسیف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکسیف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%98_%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%A7%80_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D" title="교환 이미지 파일 형식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교환 이미지 파일 형식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_Image_File" title="Exchangeable Image File – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Exchangeable Image File" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D" title="എക്സിഫ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എക്സിഫ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_Image_File_Format" title="Exchangeable Image File Format – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Exchangeable Image File Format" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXIF" title="EXIF – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="EXIF" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" title="Exchangeable image file format – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exchangeable image file format" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89" title="รูปแบบไฟล์ภาพที่แลกเปลี่ยนได้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูปแบบไฟล์ภาพที่แลกเปลี่ยนได้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif" title="Exif – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Exif" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 11:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 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