CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>John Curtin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"93129e7e-aa92-4f00-be24-94275fd9096e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"John_Curtin","wgTitle":"John Curtin","wgCurRevisionId":1282235159,"wgRevisionId":1282235159,"wgArticleId":155377,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Australian English from September 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English","Use dmy dates from July 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","1885 births","1945 deaths","Anti–World War I activists","20th-century Australian journalists","Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia","Leaders of the opposition (Australia)","Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom","Australian politicians convicted of crimes","Australian monarchists","Australian people of Irish descent","Australian people of World War II","Australian Marxists","Marxist journalists","Australian democratic socialists","Left-wing populists","Australian feminists","Brunswick Football Club players","Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery","Ministers for defence of Australia","Former Roman Catholics","Leaders of the Australian Labor Party","Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Fremantle","Members of the Australian House of Representatives","Members of the Cabinet of Australia","People from Creswick, Victoria","Prime ministers of Australia","20th-century prime ministers of Australia","World War II political leaders","People from Brunswick, Victoria","Westralian Worker","Australian MPs 1928–1929","Australian MPs 1929–1931","Australian MPs 1934–1937","Australian MPs 1937–1940","Australian MPs 1940–1943","Australian MPs 1943–1946"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"John_Curtin","wgRelevantArticleId":155377,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q23375","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/JohnCurtin.jpg/1200px-JohnCurtin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1718"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/JohnCurtin.jpg/800px-JohnCurtin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1145"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/JohnCurtin.jpg/640px-JohnCurtin.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="916"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="John Curtin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-John_Curtin rootpage-John_Curtin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+Curtin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+Curtin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+Curtin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+Curtin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life and education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_and_family_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_and_family_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Birth and family background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_and_family_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Childhood and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_working_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_working_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early working life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_working_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Leader of the Opposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prime minister</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime minister subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_in_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>War in the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Military policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homefront_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homefront_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Homefront policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homefront_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1943_re-election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1943_re-election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>1943 re-election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1943_re-election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranking_as_a_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranking_as_a_Prime_Minister_of_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ranking as a Prime Minister of Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranking_as_a_Prime_Minister_of_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Curtin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86" title="جون كيرتن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون كيرتن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%91%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джон Кёрцін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Кёрцін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جون کارتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جون کارتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%BB%A4%ED%8B%B4" title="존 커틴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 커틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Քերթին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Քերթին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन कर्टिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन कर्टिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'ון קרטין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון קרטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन कर्टीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन कर्टीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86" title="جون كيرتن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون كيرتن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="जोन कर्टिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जोन कर्टिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・カーティン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・カーティン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84" title="Кэртин, Джон Джозеф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кэртин, Джон Джозеф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="จอห์น เคอร์ติน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น เคอร์ติน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джон Кертін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Кертін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Curtin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%BB%B7" title="約翰·柯廷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·柯廷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23375#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Curtin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/John_Curtin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/John_Curtin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&oldid=1282235159" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=John_Curtin&id=1282235159&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Curtin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_Curtin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=John_Curtin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Curtin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Curtin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23375" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of Australia from 1941 to 1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Curtin (disambiguation)">John Curtin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Curtin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnCurtin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/JohnCurtin.jpg/220px-JohnCurtin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/JohnCurtin.jpg/330px-JohnCurtin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/JohnCurtin.jpg/440px-JohnCurtin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2680" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1942</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 October 1941 – 5 July 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governors‑General</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hore-Ruthven,_1st_Baron_Gowrie" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Baron Gowrie">Lord Gowrie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">The Duke of Gloucester</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Australia">Deputy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Frank Forde</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_(Australia)" title="Minister for Defence (Australia)">Minister for Defence</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 October 1941 – 5 July 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Beasley" title="Jack Beasley">Jack Beasley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party#Leader" title="Leaders of the Australian Labor Party">Leader of the Labor Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/1935_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1 October 1935</a> – 5 July 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Frank Forde</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 October 1935 – 7 October 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Joseph Lyons</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a><br />Robert Menzies<br />Arthur Fadden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Frank Forde</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Arthur Fadden</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian Parliament</a></span><br />for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fremantle" title="Division of Fremantle">Fremantle</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">15 September 1934</a> – 5 July 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watson (Australian politician)">William Watson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley_Sr." title="Kim Beazley Sr.">Kim Beazley Sr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_federal_election" title="1928 Australian federal election">17 November 1928</a> – <a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_federal_election" title="1931 Australian federal election">19 December 1931</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watson (Australian politician)">William Watson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William Watson</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Joseph Ambrose Curtin</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1885-01-08</span>)</span>8 January 1885<br /><a href="/wiki/Creswick,_Victoria" title="Creswick, Victoria">Creswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Colony of Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-07-05)</span> (aged 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Karrakatta_Cemetery" title="Karrakatta Cemetery">Karrakatta Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party" title="Victorian Socialist Party">Victorian Socialist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Curtin" title="Elsie Curtin">Elsie Needham</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="21 April 1917">1917</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Curtin" title="Claude Curtin">Claude Curtin</a> (nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Curtin_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Curtin's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_Curtin_Signature.svg/128px-John_Curtin_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_Curtin_Signature.svg/192px-John_Curtin_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/John_Curtin_Signature.svg/256px-John_Curtin_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="49" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border: 4px double #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#F00011; color:#FFF; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg/75px-Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg/113px-Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg/150px-Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#F00011; color:#FFF; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px; width:100%;"><span style="font-size:0.75em;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></span><br /><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">John Curtin</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_education">Early life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Introduction_to_the_labour_movement">Early political career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party" title="Victorian Socialist Party">Victorian Socialist Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><small><b>Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fremantle" title="Division of Fremantle">Fremantle</a> (1928–1931)</b></small></li></ul> <ul><li><small><b>Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fremantle" title="Division of Fremantle">Fremantle</a> (1934–1945)</b></small></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1935_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1935 Labor leadership spill</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Curtin_government" title="Curtin government">Prime Minister of Australia</a></b> </p> <hr /> <p><b>Term of government (1941–1945)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Post-War_Reconstruction" title="Department of Post-War Reconstruction">Department of Post-War Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Homefront_policies">Domestic policies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#War_in_the_Pacific">WWII leadership</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Ministries</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Curtin_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Curtin Ministry">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Curtin_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Curtin Ministry">Second</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Elections</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_federal_election" title="1937 Australian federal election">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Australian_federal_election" title="1940 Australian federal election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">1943</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" title="Government of Australia"><img alt="Government of Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Curtin_sidebar" title="Template:John Curtin sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Curtin_sidebar" title="Template talk:John Curtin sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Curtin_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Curtin sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Curtin</b> (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was an Australian politician who served as the 14th <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Australia">prime minister of Australia</a> from 1941 until his death in 1945. He held office as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (ALP), having been most notable for leading the country through the majority of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, including all but the last few weeks of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="War in the Pacific">war in the Pacific</a>. Curtin's leadership skills and personal character were acclaimed by his political contemporaries, and he is frequently <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of Australia">ranked as one of Australia's greatest prime ministers</a> and political leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-age1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin left school at the age of 13 and became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_labour_movement" title="Australian labour movement">labour movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. He joined the Labor Party at a young age and was also involved with the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party" title="Victorian Socialist Party">Victorian Socialist Party</a>. He became state secretary of the <a href="/wiki/CFMEU" class="mw-redirect" title="CFMEU">Timberworkers' Union</a> in 1911 and federal president in 1914. Curtin was a leader of the "No" campaign during the <a href="/wiki/1916_Australian_conscription_referendum" title="1916 Australian conscription referendum">1916 referendum</a> on overseas conscription, and was briefly jailed for refusing to attend a compulsory medical examination. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> the following year to become the editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Westralian_Worker" title="Westralian Worker">Westralian Worker</a></i>, and later was state president of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journalists%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journalists' Association">Australian Journalists' Association</a>. </p><p>After three unsuccessful attempts, Curtin was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_federal_election" title="1928 Australian federal election">1928 federal election</a>, winning the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fremantle" title="Division of Fremantle">Division of Fremantle</a>. He is the only prime minister to have represented a constituency in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. He remained loyal to the Labor government during the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1931" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1931">party split of 1931</a>. He lost his seat in Labor's landslide defeat at the <a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_federal_election" title="1931 Australian federal election">1931 election</a>, but won it back in 1934. The following year, Curtin was <a href="/wiki/1935_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Australian Labor Party leadership election">elected</a> party leader in place of <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>, defeating <a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a> by a single vote. The party gained seats at the <a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_federal_election" title="1937 Australian federal election">1937</a> and <a href="/wiki/1940_Australian_federal_election" title="1940 Australian federal election">1940 elections</a>, with the latter resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">hung parliament</a>. The ALP eventually formed a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> in October 1941, when the <a href="/wiki/Fadden_government" title="Fadden government">Fadden government</a> lost a confidence motion. </p><p>The Japanese attacks on <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">British Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> occurred two months after Curtin became prime minister, and Australia entered the war against Japan. Bombing raids on northern Australia soon followed. Curtin led the nation's war effort and made significant decisions about how the war was conducted. He placed Australian forces under the command of the American general <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, with whom he formed a close relationship, and successfully negotiated the issue of overseas conscription that had split his party during World War I. The ALP won almost two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives at the <a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">1943 election</a>, which remains a party record. Curtin died in office in July 1945, after months of ill health attributed to the stresses of the war. Many of his post-war reconstruction plans were implemented by his successor <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a>, who <a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_federal_election" title="1946 Australian federal election">in 1946</a> led the ALP to consecutive victories for the first time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_family_background">Birth and family background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth and family background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curtin was born in <a href="/wiki/Creswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Creswick">Creswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, on 8 January 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199915_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199915-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was christened "John Joseph Ambrose", although his middle names were not recorded on his birth certificate and he stopped using them in later life. Within his family he was known as "Jack".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199916_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199916-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin was the oldest of four children – his younger brother George was born in 1887, followed by his younger sisters Molly and Hannah in 1889 and 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199915_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199915-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were both born in <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">County Cork</a>, Ireland. His father, John Curtin Sr., had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> in 1873, with two of his brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay19993_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay19993-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brothers settled in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, but he moved on to <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> and found work as a warder at <a href="/wiki/Pentridge_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentridge Prison">Pentridge Prison</a>. He later joined the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Police" title="Victoria Police">Victoria Police</a>, where in thirteen years he never rose above the rank of a constable; he received reprimands for indecent assault and using excessive force against children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay19994_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay19994-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883, he married Catherine Agnes Bourke (known as "Kate"), who had arrived in Melbourne in 1875. She was the sister of one of his police colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199914_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199914-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnCurtin1908.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JohnCurtin1908.JPG/170px-JohnCurtin1908.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JohnCurtin1908.JPG/255px-JohnCurtin1908.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/JohnCurtin1908.JPG/340px-JohnCurtin1908.JPG 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>John Curtin in 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>Curtin was born with congenital <a href="/wiki/Strabismus" title="Strabismus">strabismus</a> of the left eye, which remained noticeable throughout his life. It was largely a cosmetic defect, but he was quite self-conscious about it. According to his biographer <a href="/wiki/David_Day_(historian)" title="David Day (historian)">David Day</a>, it had "a considerable psychological effect" on him, and likely exacerbated his natural shyness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199931_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199931-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin lived in Creswick until 1890, when his father retired from the police. His father suffered from chronic <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">rheumatoid arthritis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, and was assessed as medically unable to resume his police duties. He was offered a choice between an annual pension and a lump-sum pay-out, and opted for the latter. He subsequently moved his family to inner <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, taking over the lease of a pub on <a href="/wiki/Little_Lonsdale_Street" title="Little Lonsdale Street">Little Lonsdale Street</a> and moving into rented accommodation in <a href="/wiki/Brunswick,_Victoria" title="Brunswick, Victoria">Brunswick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199924–26_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199924–26-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin began his education at St Francis' Boys School, a <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers</a> school attached to <a href="/wiki/St_Francis%27_Church,_Melbourne" title="St Francis' Church, Melbourne">St Francis' Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199929_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199929-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later briefly attended St Bridget's School in <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria" title="Fitzroy, Victoria">Fitzroy</a>. He also attended Macedon Primary School in <a href="/wiki/Macedon,_Victoria" title="Macedon, Victoria">Macedon</a>. In 1894, Curtin and his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Charlton,_Victoria" title="Charlton, Victoria">Charlton</a>, a small country town in north-west Victoria. His father had failed to prosper in Melbourne, which was in the middle of an economic downturn. In Charlton, he took over the lease of a pub owned by his brother-in-law, John Bourke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199933_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199933-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin was enrolled in the local state school, as a Catholic school had not yet been established. He excelled academically, and was seen as a potential "scholarship boy".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199937_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199937-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he and his family left Charlton in 1896. Struggling financially, they spent the following two years moving around country Victoria, as his father managed pubs in <a href="/wiki/Dromana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromana">Dromana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drouin,_Victoria" title="Drouin, Victoria">Drouin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Macedon,_Victoria" title="Mount Macedon, Victoria">Mount Macedon</a>. Curtin attended the local state schools, ending his formal education in 1898 at the age of 13.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199942–44_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199942–44-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_working_life">Early working life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early working life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1899, Curtin began working as an office boy at a weekly magazine called <i>The Rambler</i>, earning five shillings per week. His employer was the artist and writer <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lindsay" title="Norman Lindsay">Norman Lindsay</a>, who had also grown up in Creswick and knew his family.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magazine did not last long, and over the following years Curtin held down a series of short-term jobs, including as a <a href="/wiki/Copy_boy" title="Copy boy">copy boy</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>, a potter's apprentice, and a houseboy at a <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">gentlemen's club</a>. These were interspersed with periods of unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199949–50_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199949–50-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not secure a permanent job until he was 18, taking up a position as an estimates clerk with the Titan Manufacturing Company in <a href="/wiki/South_Melbourne" title="South Melbourne">South Melbourne</a> in September 1903. By that time he was the family's primary breadwinner, as his father was a virtual invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199972_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199972-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a youth, Curtin was a talented sportsman. Between 1903 and 1907, he played as a half-forward flanker for the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Football_Club" title="Brunswick Football Club">Brunswick Football Club</a> in the semi-professional <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Football Association">Victorian Football Association</a> (VFA). His teammates gave him the nickname "Bumble".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His nephew <a href="/wiki/Claude_Curtin" title="Claude Curtin">Claude</a> played for <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Football_Club" title="Fitzroy Football Club">Fitzroy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Football_League_(1897%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Football League (1897–1989)">Victorian Football League</a> (VFL).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin also played cricket for the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Cricket_Club" title="Brunswick Cricket Club">Brunswick Cricket Club</a>, where he had a reputation as a solid <a href="/wiki/Batting_(cricket)" title="Batting (cricket)">batsman</a>. He remained involved in both sports throughout the remainder of his life, as an administrator and supporter. He was said to have an encyclopaedic knowledge of cricket statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Curtin_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/John_Curtin_cartoon.jpg/170px-John_Curtin_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/John_Curtin_cartoon.jpg/255px-John_Curtin_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/John_Curtin_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Curtin in 1914 (<i><a href="/wiki/Truth_(Melbourne_newspaper)" title="Truth (Melbourne newspaper)">Truth</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>From a young age, Curtin was active in both the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party" title="Victorian Socialist Party">Victorian Socialist Party</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> organisation. While a member of the Victorian Socialist Party Curtin held strong anti-imperialist and anti-militarist views, and in opposition to the mainstream of the Labor movement, opposed racism due to his belief that racial hatred was used as a tool of the "exploiting class".<sup id="cite_ref-socialistdillema_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialistdillema-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labor historian Graeme Osborne describes Curtin's stance as "anticipating <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> in the view that imperialism was capitalism in its last stage".<sup id="cite_ref-socialistdillema_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socialistdillema-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote for radical and socialist newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_dn_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit_dn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1911 until 1915, Curtin was employed as state secretary of the <a href="/wiki/CFMEU" class="mw-redirect" title="CFMEU">Timberworkers' Union</a>. He was elected federal president of the union in 1914. During World War I he was a militant anti-conscriptionist; he was briefly imprisoned in December 1916 for refusing to attend a compulsory medical examination,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though he knew he would fail the exam due to his very poor eyesight.<sup id="cite_ref-AuDB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AuDB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stood (unsuccessfully) as the Labor candidate for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Balaclava" title="Division of Balaclava">Balaclava</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1914_Australian_federal_election" title="1914 Australian federal election">1914 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strain of this period led him to drink heavily and regularly, a vice which blighted his career for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201721–22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201721–22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposed to <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Curtin" title="Elsie Curtin">Elsie Needham</a> on <a href="/wiki/St_Kilda_Beach,_Victoria" title="St Kilda Beach, Victoria">St Kilda Beach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AuDB_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AuDB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were married on 21 April 1917 in the dining room of a private home in <a href="/wiki/West_Leederville,_Western_Australia" title="West Leederville, Western Australia">West Leederville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin moved to <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth, Western Australia</a>, in 1917 to become an editor for the <i><a href="/wiki/Westralian_Worker" title="Westralian Worker">Westralian Worker</a></i>, the official trade union newspaper. He settled in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Cottesloe,_Western_Australia" title="Cottesloe, Western Australia">Cottesloe</a> where his residence is now heritage-listed as "<a href="/wiki/John_Curtin%27s_House" class="mw-redirect" title="John Curtin's House">John Curtin's House</a>". He enjoyed the less pressured life of Western Australia and his political views gradually moderated. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journalists%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journalists' Association">Australian Journalists' Association</a> (AJA) in 1917 and was elected its Western Australian President in 1920. He wore his AJA badge (WA membership #56) every day he was prime minister. In addition to his stance on labour rights, Curtin was also a strong advocate for the rights of women and children. In 1927, the Federal Government convened a Royal Commission on Child Endowment, and Curtin was appointed as a member of that commission.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nla.pic-an23301715-v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nla.pic-an23301715-v.jpg/170px-Nla.pic-an23301715-v.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nla.pic-an23301715-v.jpg/255px-Nla.pic-an23301715-v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Nla.pic-an23301715-v.jpg/340px-Nla.pic-an23301715-v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>John Curtin in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>Curtin stood for <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a> a second time in <a href="/wiki/1925_Australian_federal_election" title="1925 Australian federal election">1925</a>, this time for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fremantle" title="Division of Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, although he lost heavily to the incumbent <a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watson (Australian politician)">William Watson</a>. Watson retired in <a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_federal_election" title="1928 Australian federal election">1928</a>, and Curtin ran again, this time winning on the second count. Re-elected in Labor's sweeping election victory <a href="/wiki/1929_Australian_federal_election" title="1929 Australian federal election">the following year</a>, he expected to be named as a member of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>'s Cabinet, but disapproval of his heavy drinking habit meant that he remained on the backbench. William Watson chose to briefly come out of retirement in <a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_federal_election" title="1931 Australian federal election">1931</a>, and easily defeated Curtin in an election that saw Labor collapse to just 14 seats in Parliament. After the loss, Curtin became the advocate for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">Western Australian Government</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Grants_Commission" title="Commonwealth Grants Commission">Commonwealth Grants Commission</a>. He stood for his old seat in <a href="/wiki/1934_Australian_federal_election" title="1934 Australian federal election">1934</a> after Watson announced his retirement for the second time, and was able to win it back.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_dn_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit_dn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader_of_the_Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Leader of the Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935, when Scullin resigned as Labor Leader, Curtin stood in <a href="/wiki/1935_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Australian Labor Party leadership election">the election</a> to replace him, although he was not expected to win. His opponent was <a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a>, the deputy leader of the party since 1931 who had been closely associated with the economic policies of the Scullin government. This led left wing factions and trade unions to support Curtin, in an attempt to block Forde from getting the leadership. With their support, Curtin was able to defeat Forde by just one vote to become <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Leader of the Labor Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a>. The groups that had supported Curtin did so on the basis that he promise to give up alcohol, which he subsequently did. Although Labor made little progress at the <a href="/wiki/1937_Australian_federal_election" title="1937 Australian federal election">1937 election</a>, by 1939 Labor's position had vastly improved. Curtin led Labor to a five-seat swing in the <a href="/wiki/1940_Australian_federal_election" title="1940 Australian federal election">1940 election</a>, which resulted in a hung parliament. In that election, Curtin's own seat of Fremantle had been in doubt. <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a> challenger Frederick Lee appeared to have won the seat on the second count after most of independent Guildford Clarke's preferences flowed to him, and it was not until the final counting of preferential votes that Curtin knew he had won the seat.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1939, the Second World War commenced when <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> invaded Poland. In line with the king's declaration of war, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> declared war on Germany and announced Australia's support for the British war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, Menzies travelled to Britain to discuss Australia's role in the war strategy, and to express concern at the reliability of Singapore's defences, only to be drawn into <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s disastrous <a href="/wiki/Greek_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek campaign">Greek campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017228–229_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017228–229-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was in Britain, Menzies lost the support of his own party, and was forced to resign as prime minister. The Coalition elected <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a>, as Menzies' replacement, even though the UAP was the senior partner in the Coalition. Curtin adroitly refused calls from his own caucus to bring about the defeat of the government through a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017258–261_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017258–261-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_minister">Prime minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Curtin_austerity_speech_SLNSW_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_Curtin_austerity_speech_SLNSW_1942.jpg/250px-John_Curtin_austerity_speech_SLNSW_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_Curtin_austerity_speech_SLNSW_1942.jpg/330px-John_Curtin_austerity_speech_SLNSW_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/John_Curtin_austerity_speech_SLNSW_1942.jpg/500px-John_Curtin_austerity_speech_SLNSW_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>John Curtin giving his austerity speech at Sydney Town Hall, October 1942<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curtin_government" title="Curtin government">Curtin government</a></div> <p>Curtin had refused Menzies' initial offer to form a wartime "<a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">national government</a>", partly because he feared that it would split the Labor Party, although he did agree to join the <a href="/wiki/Advisory_War_Council_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advisory War Council (Australia)">Advisory War Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017196–199_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017196–199-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1941, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coles" title="Arthur Coles">Arthur Coles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wilson_(Australian_politician)" title="Alexander Wilson (Australian politician)">Alexander Wilson</a>, the two independent MPs who had been keeping the Coalition in office since 1940 (first under Menzies, then under Fadden), joined forces with Labor in defeating Fadden's budget and bringing the government down. <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hore-Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">Lord Gowrie</a> was reluctant to call an election for a Parliament barely a year old, especially given the international situation. He summoned Coles and Wilson and made them promise that if he named Curtin prime minister, they would support him for the remainder of the Parliament to end the instability in government. The independents agreed, and Curtin was sworn in as prime minister on 7 October, aged 56.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017264–267_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017264–267-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the first and only prime minister to come from Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_the_Pacific">War in the Pacific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: War in the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_and_Elsie_Curtin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/John_and_Elsie_Curtin.jpg/170px-John_and_Elsie_Curtin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/John_and_Elsie_Curtin.jpg/255px-John_and_Elsie_Curtin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/John_and_Elsie_Curtin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>John Curtin and his wife Elsie (née Needham)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 December 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> broke out when Japan <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">bombed Pearl Harbor</a>. Curtin addressed the nation on the radio, saying, "Men and women of Australia...we are at war with Japan. This is the gravest hour of our history. We Australians have imperishable traditions. We shall maintain them. We shall vindicate them. We shall hold this country and keep it as a citadel for the British-speaking race and as a place where civilisation will persist."<sup id="cite_ref-John_Curtin_declares_Australia_is_at_war_with_Japan_on_australianscreen_online_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Curtin_declares_Australia_is_at_war_with_Japan_on_australianscreen_online-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 December, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)">HMS <i>Repulse</i></a> were both sunk by Japanese bombers off the Malayan coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck19702_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck19702-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin cabled the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and Churchill on 23 December, saying, "The fall of Singapore would mean the isolation of the Philippines, the fall of the Netherlands East Indies and attempts to smother all other bases. It is in your power to meet the situation... we would gladly accept United States commanders in the Pacific area. Please consider this as a matter of urgency."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin made crucial decisions linking Australia to the United States. On 28 December, the Sydney <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph (Sydney)">Daily Telegraph</a></i> published a public statement of his government's new attitude: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We look for a solid and impregnable barrier of the Democracies against the three Axis powers, and we refuse to accept the dictum that the Pacific struggle must be treated as a subordinate segment of the general conflict. By that it is not meant that any one of the other theatres of war is of less importance than the Pacific, but that Australia asks for a concerted plan evoking the greatest strength at the Democracies' disposal, determined upon hurling Japan back. The Australian Government, therefore regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the Democracies' fighting plan. Without any inhibitions of any kind, I make it clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom. We know the problems that the United Kingdom faces. We know the dangers of dispersal of strength, but we know too, that Australia can go and Britain can still hold on. We are, therefore, determined that Australia shall not go, and we shall exert all our energies towards the shaping of a plan, with the United States as its keystone, which will give to our country some confidence of being able to hold out until the tide of battle swings against the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg/170px-Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg/255px-Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg/340px-Official_Portrait_of_John_Curtin_by_Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Parliament House portrait of Curtin by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Dattilo_Rubbo" title="Antonio Dattilo Rubbo">Anthony Dattilo Rubbo</a>, 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>This speech was one of the most important in Australia's history, marking a turning point in Australia's relationship with its founding country, the United Kingdom. Many felt that Prime Minister Curtin was abandoning Australia's traditional ties to the British Isles without any solid partnership in place with the United States. This speech also received criticism at high levels of government in Australia, Britain and the US; it angered Churchill, and Roosevelt said that it "smacked of panic".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech nevertheless achieved the effect of drawing attention to the possibility that <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Japanese_invasion_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II">Australia would be invaded by Japan</a>. Before this speech, the Australian response to the war effort had been troubled by attitudes swinging from "she'll be right" to gossip-driven panic. By 1943, when the threat of Japanese invasion had passed, Curtin increasingly returned to a commitment to the British Empire. Downplaying nationalism, he said that Australia comprised "seven million Britishers". He saw the United States as a predatory economic and military power that would threaten Australia's own ambitions in the Pacific. Australia moved closer to New Zealand, and suggested a lesser role for the United States after the war. Washington was annoyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay1999522–523,_528,_537,_quote_on_page_540_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999522–523,_528,_537,_quote_on_page_540-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concurrently, the Curtin government enacted the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a>, under which Australia accepted the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status which Britain had conferred in 1930, but which the Australian federal government had not accepted until then. The Adoption Act took effect retroactively as of 3 September 1939, the outbreak of World War II. Although politically a product of the government's policy of re-orientation towards the United States, constitutionally, this marked the moment that Australia became <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">an independent nation with a separate Crown</a>, no longer subject to the supremacy of British law and the British Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_policies">Military policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Military policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aust-ww2-japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aust-ww2-japan.jpg/250px-Aust-ww2-japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aust-ww2-japan.jpg/330px-Aust-ww2-japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aust-ww2-japan.jpg/440px-Aust-ww2-japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hore-Ruthven,_1st_Earl_of_Gowrie" title="Alexander Hore-Ruthven, 1st Earl of Gowrie">The Earl Gowrie</a> signs the declaration of war against Japan, with Curtin looking on.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Curtin government agreed that the Australian Army's <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Australia)" title="I Corps (Australia)">I Corps</a> – centred on the <a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(Australia)" title="6th Division (Australia)">6th</a> and <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">7th Divisions</a> – would be transferred from North Africa to the <a href="/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command" title="American-British-Dutch-Australian Command">American-British-Dutch-Australian Command</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> for the defence of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197032–33_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck197032–33-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before they could arrive, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore fell</a> on 15 February 1942. Most of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(Australia)" title="8th Division (Australia)">8th Division</a> was taken into captivity,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197070–71_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck197070–71-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a small number, including its commander, Major General <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bennett_(general)" title="Gordon Bennett (general)">Gordon Bennett</a>, managed to escape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957383–385_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957383–385-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The fall of Singapore", Curtin announced in a radio address to the nation on 16 February, "can only be described as Australia's Dunkirk. It will be recalled that the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">fall of Dunkirk</a> initiated the Battle for Britain. The fall of Singapore opens the Battle for Australia. On its issue depends not merely the fate of this Commonwealth but the frontier of the United States of America and, indeed, all the Americas and, therefore, in a large measure the fate of the British-speaking world."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese threat was further underlined on 19 February, when Japan <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">bombed Darwin</a>, the first of many <a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_Australia,_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese air attacks on Australia, 1942–43">air raids on northern Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197070–71_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck197070–71-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill attempted to divert I Corps to reinforce British troops in Burma, without Australian approval. Curtin insisted that it return to Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197077–87_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck197077–87-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt supported Churchill, offering to send an American division to Australia instead, while the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_(Australia)" title="Chief of Army (Australia)">Chief of the Australian General Staff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(Australia)" title="Lieutenant general (Australia)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Sturdee" title="Vernon Sturdee">Vernon Sturdee</a>, threatened to resign if his advice was ignored and the troops were diverted to Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay1999453–454_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999453–454-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin prevailed, although he agreed that the main body of the 6th Division could garrison <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197077–87_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck197077–87-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">1943 Australian federal election</a> campaign the following year, Curtin was forced to publicly defend his decision. "Had we held <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>, or had we even held the district, of <a href="/wiki/Akyab" class="mw-redirect" title="Akyab">Akyab</a>", media magnate <a href="/wiki/Keith_Murdoch" title="Keith Murdoch">Keith Murdoch</a> wrote in an editorial on 13 August 1943, "we would have held the door to the vast manpower of China and the jumping-off fields for the devastation of Japanese cities. Multitudes of the finest lives of Australia, Britain, and America would have been saved; the long years of toil, death, and separation, which assuredly stretch ahead, would have been shortened."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin formed a close working relationship with the Allied Supreme Commander in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area" title="South West Pacific Area">South West Pacific Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>. Curtin realised that Australia would be ignored unless it had a strong voice in Washington, D.C., and he wanted that voice to be MacArthur's. He gave over control of Australian forces to MacArthur, directing Australian commanders to treat MacArthur's orders as if they came from the Australian Government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201818_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201818-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer John Edwards wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A lesser Australian leader might have grated against MacArthur's vanity, cavilled at his assumption of command, contradicted his grandiloquent claims, satirised his manner. Curtin did not. He seized the chance to share authority with MacArthur, refused to offend his vanity, drew him as close as he could. Of Curtin's military decisions, it was the cleverest, most fruitful, most abidingly successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201818_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201818-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtinmacarthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Curtinmacarthur.jpg/220px-Curtinmacarthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Curtinmacarthur.jpg/330px-Curtinmacarthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Curtinmacarthur.jpg/440px-Curtinmacarthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Curtin with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>By mid-1942, the results of the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">the Coral Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a> had averted the perceived threat of invasion. Despite the "beat Germany first" policy, 346,000 Americans were fighting in the Pacific in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201877–83_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201877–83-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin had previously opposed conscription for overseas service during World War I, and again in 1940 when it was introduced by Menzies, although he had supported softening it to allow conscripts to serve in Australian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018131_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018131-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin recognised that the restriction of the Australian conscripts to Australia and its territories was morally indefensible and politically unviable. To remove what was now a major obstacle to the government's re-election prospects, he moved to remove the restriction. While there was support from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia" title="Communist Party of Australia">Communist Party of Australia</a> and its sympathisers, there was trenchant opposition from the Catholic Church, represented by <a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">B. A. Santamaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018137–140_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018137–140-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the <i>Defence Act</i> was amended so that conscripts could be deployed outside of Australia to "such other territories in the South-West Pacific Area as the Governor-General proclaims as being territories associated with the defence of Australia".<sup id="cite_ref-naawah_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naawah-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stress of the war and especially this bitter internal battle within Labor took a great toll on Curtin's health, which had never been robust even at the best of times. He had suffered all of his life from stress-related illnesses, and depression;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was also a heavy smoker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay1999456–58,_468,_480,_520,_538_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999456–58,_468,_480,_520,_538-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homefront_policies">Homefront policies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Homefront policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curtin made very heavy use of newspapers and broadcast media, especially through press conferences, speeches, and newsreels. Australians gained a sense it was a people's war in which they were full participants.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackenzie_King_with_Mr_and_Mrs_John_Curtin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mackenzie_King_with_Mr_and_Mrs_John_Curtin.jpg/250px-Mackenzie_King_with_Mr_and_Mrs_John_Curtin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mackenzie_King_with_Mr_and_Mrs_John_Curtin.jpg/330px-Mackenzie_King_with_Mr_and_Mrs_John_Curtin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mackenzie_King_with_Mr_and_Mrs_John_Curtin.jpg/500px-Mackenzie_King_with_Mr_and_Mrs_John_Curtin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3013" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister of Canada</a>, hosting Prime Minister John Curtin of Australia and his wife Elsie at the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>In terms of social policy, the Curtin government enacted a wide range of progressive social reforms during its time in office. Pensions were introduced for deserted wives and widows, while the establishment of the Women's Employment Board led to increased wages for some women during the war. <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> were provided with significantly increased entitlement to welfare benefits, while maternity allowances were extended. In addition, pensions for the elderly and infirm were increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970313–314_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970313–314-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, temporary public employees became eligible to apply to join the Commonwealth superannuation scheme if they had been employed for no less than five years and were certified as having indefinite future employment, while the Commonwealth Employees' Furlough Act of 1943 provided long service leave for all temporary Commonwealth employees.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, the Universities Commission was established to exempt students from war service to undertake or continue university studies and to assist those students by exempting them from fees and, subject to a means test, by providing them with living allowances.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Asiatics" who were subjects of Australia became eligible for a pension in 1941, and eligibility was extended the following year to Pacific Islanders known as "Kanakas", and from that July that year "Aboriginal natives" of Australia became eligible for pensions if they were not subject to a state law "relating to the control of Aboriginal natives" or if they lived in a state where they could not be exempt from such laws but were of eligible for pension on the grounds of "character, standard of intelligence and development". That same year, pension became exempt from income tax. In 1943, funeral benefits were introduced, together with a Wife's Allowance for wives of incapacitated age pensioners "where she lived with him, was his legal wife and did not receive a pension in her own right".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_Curtin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_Curtin.jpg/220px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_Curtin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_Curtin.jpg/330px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_Curtin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_Curtin.jpg/440px-Eleanor_Roosevelt_and_John_Curtin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a>, with Curtin at a state luncheon in her honour at <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Old Parliament House, Canberra</a>, in September 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>From June 1942, Widows' Pension Class B was paid to widows without dependent children who were aged 50 and over. The term "widow" included de facto widows who had lived with the deceased spouse for at least three years prior to his death and had been maintained by him. Eligibility was also extended to deserted de jure wives who had been deserted for at least six months, divorced women who had not remarried and women whose husbands were in hospitals for those considered to be insane. From July that year, Widows' Pension Class B was exempted from income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, eligibility for maternity allowances was extended to Aboriginal women who were exempted from State laws relating to the control of Aboriginal natives and who were considered suitable to receive the benefits. From 1943, the income test for maternity allowances was abolished and the rate of the allowance was increased to 15 pounds where there were no other children under the age of 14 years, 16 pounds where there were one or two other children, and 17 pounds 10 shillings in cases of three or more children. These amounts included an additional allowance of 25 shillings per week in respect of the period four weeks before and four weeks after the birth, to be paid after the birth of the child.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, eligibility for Child Endowment was extended to children in Government institutions, to Aboriginal children who lived for six months per year on a mission station, and to children who were maintained from a deceased estate.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Child's Allowance was introduced in 1943, payable at the rate of five shillings per week for a first for an unendowed child under 16 years dependent on an invalid or permanently incapacitated old-age pensioner. From July 1945 onwards, Additional Benefit for Children of five shillings per week became payable in respect of the first child to any person qualified to receive unemployment or sickness benefit having the custody, care and control of one or more children under the age of 16.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Curtin ordered the preparation of the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_on_Full_Employment_in_Australia" title="White Paper on Full Employment in Australia">White Paper on Full Employment in Australia</a>. The White Paper was the defining document of the official economic policy in Australia until the 1970s. For the first time, the Australian government accepted an obligation to guarantee full employment and to intervene as necessary to implement that guarantee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943_re-election">1943 re-election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1943 re-election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JCurtin_lay_in_state.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JCurtin_lay_in_state.jpg/220px-JCurtin_lay_in_state.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JCurtin_lay_in_state.jpg/330px-JCurtin_lay_in_state.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/JCurtin_lay_in_state.jpg/440px-JCurtin_lay_in_state.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3599" data-file-height="2431" /></a><figcaption>John Curtin's coffin <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a> in Parliament House, July 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Curtin went into the <a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">1943 election</a> in a very strong position. Even allowing for the advantages that an incumbent government has in wartime, Fadden and Hughes had been unable to get the better of Curtin, and the Coalition had become almost moribund. In the election, Curtin led Labor to its greatest-ever victory, winning two-thirds of the seats in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> on a two-party preferred vote of 58.2% and a 17-seat swing. The Coalition was reduced to only 19 seats nationwide, including only one west of <a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a>. Fadden's Country Party took a particularly severe beating, winning only seven seats. Labor also won the primary vote in all states in the Senate, and thus all 19 seats, to hold a majority of 22 out of 36 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970365–370_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970365–370-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buoyed by this success, Curtin called a referendum which would give the government control of the economy and resources for five years after the war was over. The <a href="/wiki/1944_Australian_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1944 Australian referendum">1944 Australian Referendum</a> contained one referendum question: "Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Post-War Reconstruction and Democratic Rights) 1944'?" Constitution Alteration (Post-War Reconstruction and Democratic Rights) 1944 was known as the 14 powers, or 14 points referendum. It sought to give the government power, over a period of five years, to legislate on monopolies, corporations, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a>, national health, family allowances, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, religion, ex-servicemen rehabilitation, the ability to legislate for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>, and safeguards against the abuse of legislative power. The referendum was defeated, receiving a majority only in Western Australia and South Australia. Nationally overall, 54 percent voted against the question in the referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970535–540_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970535–540-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Curtin_grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Curtin_grave.JPG/170px-John_Curtin_grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Curtin_grave.JPG/255px-John_Curtin_grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Curtin_grave.JPG/340px-John_Curtin_grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>John and <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Curtin" title="Elsie Curtin">Elsie Curtin</a>'s grave at <a href="/wiki/Karrakatta_Cemetery" title="Karrakatta Cemetery">Karrakatta Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1944—a time when he was travelling to and from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> for meetings with Churchill, Roosevelt and other Allied leaders—Curtin had already developed <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018333–334_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018333–334-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a heart attack in November 1944, and did not return to work until January 1945. With the end of the war in sight, his health began to deteriorate seriously and at a rapid pace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018350–351_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018350–351-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> At 4:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>am on 5 July 1945, as Australia's 7th Division began its last operation against Japanese forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Battle of Balikpapan</a>, John Curtin died at The Lodge at the age of 60.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the second Australian prime minister to die in office within six years,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fact even contemporary commentators ascribed to the extreme stressors such an office demanded.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death he was described by beacons of the local press to be a self-sacrificial casualty of war, a sentiment echoed by Presbyterian minister Hector Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Curtin's body was laid in state at the King's Hall in <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Old Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House</a>, where a memorial service was held, conducted by Harrison, who had been one of Curtin's friends. Ben Chifley and Enid Lyons were seen to weep openly.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison seemed to include Curtin among the Australian servicemen who had made the ultimate sacrifice:</p><blockquote><p>"His Calvary was the anguish of a man of peace who loathed war with all his heart and soul. A one who spent his life in an attempt to promote human understanding, and journeyed oft in that attempt. And yet who, by a strange irony of fate, was chosen by destiny to lead the nation in her hour of direst peril... when the hosts of the North came down like a mighty flood, confident in strength and exalted in victory, he did not shrink from the hazards of the conflict but threw himself into his work with an utter devotion which at length laid him low and at last called for the supreme sacrifice. We pay him today the homage of a grateful people as one whose name will live forever more in the land he loved and among the free peoples of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Bearing his coffin from the King's Hall were Opposition Leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, and former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Earle Page</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was returned to <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> on a RAAF <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Dakota</a> escorted by a flight of nine fighter aircraft. After lying in state, he was buried at <a href="/wiki/Karrakatta_Cemetery" title="Karrakatta Cemetery">Karrakatta Cemetery</a> in Perth; the service was attended by over 30,000 at the cemetery, with many more lining the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin was initially succeeded as prime minister by his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018404–405_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018404–405-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seven days later, a party ballot installed <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a> as Labor Leader and therefore prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018410–411_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018410–411-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Curtin's <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Post-War_Reconstruction" title="Department of Post-War Reconstruction">post-war reconstruction plans</a> were implemented by his successor Chifley, who <a href="/wiki/1946_Australian_federal_election" title="1946 Australian federal election">in 1946</a> led the ALP to consecutive victories for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin's 9 years and 277 days as leader of the federal ALP would remain a record until it was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Curtin was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Curtin" title="Elsie Curtin">Elsie Needham</a> on a visit to Tasmania in April 1912. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Katz" title="Fred Katz">Fred Katz</a>, an acquaintance from the Victorian Socialist Party, had taken Curtin to visit Elsie's father Abraham Needham, a candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1912_Tasmanian_state_election" title="1912 Tasmanian state election">1912 Tasmanian state election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197732_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197732-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin proposed to her in Melbourne in 1915,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197745_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197745-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were married in Perth on 21 April 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197758_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197758-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first child, a daughter also named Elsie, was born at the end of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197759_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197759-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their second child, a son named John, was born in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin had an ambivalent relationship with religion and has been described as agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Catholic priest called at The Lodge as Curtin lay dying, but he was turned away. Curtin had refused to so much as set foot inside a Catholic church throughout his adult life, not even to attend the weddings of friends.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was known to ask his press secretary, Fred McLaughlin, to join him in prayer while prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day that Singapore fell, Curtin made time to speak at the re-consecration of a church, because, "The fatherhood of God was closely related to the brotherhood of man."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Near the end of his life, he asked his friend Hector Harrison, the Minister of the Presbyterian Church by Parliament, to conduct a Christian memorial service on his death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley_Sr." title="Kim Beazley Sr.">Kim Beazley Sr.</a>, who succeeded Curtin as the Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fremantle" title="Division of Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, didn't believe Curtin was agnostic at all, saying, "though Curtin never lost his distrust of religious institutions, faith grew within him."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jack Beadly said of Curtin that "he was one of the greatest of wartime statesmen, and the preservation of Australia from invasion will be his immemorial monument".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacArthur1964258_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacArthur1964258-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curtin is credited with leading the Labor Party to its best federal election success in history, with a record 55.1 percent of the primary half-senate vote, winning all seats, and a <a href="/wiki/Two_party_preferred" class="mw-redirect" title="Two party preferred">two-party-preferred</a> lower house estimate of 58.2 percent at the 1943 election, winning two-thirds of seats.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One legacy of Curtin was the significant expansion of social services under his leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, uniform taxation was imposed on the various states,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which enabled the Curtin government to set up a far-reaching, federally administered range of social services.<sup id="cite_ref-john.curtin.edu.au_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john.curtin.edu.au-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included a widows' pension (1942),<sup id="cite_ref-aifs.gov.au_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aifs.gov.au-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maternity benefits for Indigenous Australians (1942),<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> funeral benefits (1943),<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a second form of maternity benefit (1943), a wife's allowance (1943), additional allowances for the children of pensioners (1943), unemployment, sickness and Special Benefits (1945),<sup id="cite_ref-aifs.gov.au_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aifs.gov.au-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pharmaceutical benefits (1945).<sup id="cite_ref-john.curtin.edu.au_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john.curtin.edu.au-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substantial improvements to pensions were made, with invalidity and old-age pensions increased, the qualifying period of residence for age pensions halved, and the means test liberalised.<sup id="cite_ref-john.curtin.edu.au_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-john.curtin.edu.au-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other social security benefits were significantly increased, while child endowment was liberalised, a scheme of vocational training for invalid pensioners was set up, and pensions extended to cover Aborigines.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion of social security under John Curtin was of such significance that, as summed up by one historian: "Australia entered World War II with only a fragmentary welfare provision: by the end of the war it had constructed a 'welfare state'."<sup id="cite_ref-aifs.gov.au_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aifs.gov.au-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statues_of_Prime_Minister_John_Curtin_and_Treasurer_Ben_Chifley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Statues_of_Prime_Minister_John_Curtin_and_Treasurer_Ben_Chifley.jpg/220px-Statues_of_Prime_Minister_John_Curtin_and_Treasurer_Ben_Chifley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Statues_of_Prime_Minister_John_Curtin_and_Treasurer_Ben_Chifley.jpg/330px-Statues_of_Prime_Minister_John_Curtin_and_Treasurer_Ben_Chifley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Statues_of_Prime_Minister_John_Curtin_and_Treasurer_Ben_Chifley.jpg/440px-Statues_of_Prime_Minister_John_Curtin_and_Treasurer_Ben_Chifley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Statues of Curtin (left) and his treasurer, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a>, in Canberra</figcaption></figure> <p>Curtin defended the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a> in a speech in which he stated: "This country shall remain forever the home of the descendants of those people who came here in peace in order to establish in the South Seas an outpost of the British race."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Curtin government's October 1942 enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1942" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942</a>, reversing the stance of four previous governments, marked Australian legal independence.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law, along with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a>, is one of the key components of Australia's modern constitutional framework.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His early death and the sentiments it aroused have given Curtin a unique place in Australian political history. Successive Labor leaders, particularly <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a>, have sought to build on the Curtin tradition of "patriotic Laborism". Even some political conservatives pay at least formal homage to the Curtin legend. Immediately after his death, the parliament agreed to pay John Curtin's wife Elsie a £1,000 per annum pension until legislation was passed and enacted to pay a pension to a past prime minister or their widow after their death.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curtin is commemorated by the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Curtin" title="Division of Curtin">federal seat of Curtin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Curtin,_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Curtin, Australian Capital Territory">Curtin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a> in Perth, <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin_College_of_the_Arts" title="John Curtin College of the Arts">John Curtin College of the Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin_School_of_Medical_Research" title="John Curtin School of Medical Research">John Curtin School of Medical Research</a> in Canberra, the John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Curtin_Springs" title="Curtin Springs">Curtin Springs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Curtin" class="mw-redirect" title="RAAF Curtin">RAAF Base Curtin</a> near <a href="/wiki/Derby,_Western_Australia" title="Derby, Western Australia">Derby</a>, John Curtin House, the former headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtin_House" title="Curtin House">Curtin House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Swanston_Street" title="Swanston Street">Swanston Street</a>, Melbourne, and many other buildings, roads, parks and structures throughout Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-JCPL_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCPL-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975 Curtin was honoured on a postage stamp bearing his portrait issued by <a href="/wiki/Australia_Post" title="Australia Post">Australia Post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 August 2005, the 60th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_the_Pacific_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory in the Pacific Day">V-P Day</a>, a bronze <a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statues in Western Australia">statue</a> of Curtin in front of <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Town_Hall" title="Fremantle Town Hall">Fremantle Town Hall</a> was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia" title="Premier of Western Australia">Premier of Western Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Gallop" title="Geoff Gallop">Geoff Gallop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Curtin_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Curtin_bust.jpg/220px-John_Curtin_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Curtin_bust.jpg/330px-John_Curtin_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/John_Curtin_bust.jpg/440px-John_Curtin_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bust of John Curtin by sculptor Wallace Anderson located in the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister's Avenue">Prime Minister's Avenue</a> in the Ballarat Botanical Gardens</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/The_John_Curtin_Hotel" title="The John Curtin Hotel">The John Curtin Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carlton,_Victoria" title="Carlton, Victoria">Carlton, Victoria</a>, is named after Curtin.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranking_as_a_Prime_Minister_of_Australia">Ranking as a Prime Minister of Australia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ranking as a Prime Minister of Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a combined survey of <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a> and historians of <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">all Australian prime ministers</a>, Curtin was ranked number one in both 2010 and 2020 surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John Curtin appears as the leader of the Australian civilization in the <a href="/wiki/Firaxis_Games" title="Firaxis Games">Firaxis Games</a> title <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_VI" title="Civilization VI">Civilization VI</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His unique ability is to boost Australia's Production by 100% if in the past 20 turns (10 if the player has the Gathering Storm expansion), Australia has either liberated a city, or has had war declared on them by another player.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blakemore" title="Michael Blakemore">Michael Blakemore</a> portrayed Curtin in the television mini-series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Bastion" title="The Last Bastion">The Last Bastion</a></i> (1984).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_Donovan_(actor)" title="Terence Donovan (actor)">Terence Donovan</a> portrayed Curtin in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_a_Soldier" title="Death of a Soldier">Death of a Soldier</a></i> (1986).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McInnes" title="William McInnes">William McInnes</a> portrayed Curtin in the telemovie <i><a href="/wiki/Curtin_(2007_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtin (2007 film)">Curtin</a></i> (2007).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtin_government" title="Curtin government">Curtin government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Curtin_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Curtin Ministry">First Curtin Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Curtin_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Curtin Ministry">Second Curtin Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Military history of Australia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_of_John_Curtin" title="Residence of John Curtin">Residence of John Curtin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtin's title was Minister for Defence Co-ordination until 21 September 1943, at which point it was changed to simply Minister for Defence.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time, the Victorian government did not maintain its own system of secondary schools. Children from families who could not afford private school fees could only receive a secondary education if they won a scholarship, usually after ranking highly in a particular examination. A number of writers have compared Curtin's experiences with those of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a>, who also received his initial schooling at small state schools in country Victoria. Menzies came from a more stable family environment, and by winning a series of scholarships was able to attend an elite private school and eventually study law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a>. In contrast, it is unclear if Curtin was ever given the opportunity to sit a scholarship examination.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Lindsay's father, Robert Lindsay, had been the attending doctor at Curtin's birth.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-age1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-age1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Prime-ministers-rank-and-file/2004/12/17/1102787277290.html">"Prime ministers' rank and file"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. 18 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114084608/http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Prime-ministers-rank-and-file/2004/12/17/1102787277290.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Prime+ministers%27+rank+and+file&rft.date=2004-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2FNational%2FPrime-ministers-rank-and-file%2F2004%2F12%2F17%2F1102787277290.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrangio2021" class="citation web cs1">Strangio, Paul (2 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/who-were-australias-best-prime-ministers-we-asked-the-experts-165302">"Who were Australia's best prime ministers? We asked the experts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230816033148/https://theconversation.com/who-were-australias-best-prime-ministers-we-asked-the-experts-165302">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Who+were+Australia%27s+best+prime+ministers%3F+We+asked+the+experts&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft.aulast=Strangio&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwho-were-australias-best-prime-ministers-we-asked-the-experts-165302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrangio2013" class="citation book cs1">Strangio, Paul (2013). "Evaluating Prime-Ministerial Performance: The Australian Experience". In Strangio, Paul; 't Hart, Paul; Walter, James (eds.). <i>Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199666423" title="Special:BookSources/9780199666423"><bdi>9780199666423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Prime-Ministerial+Performance%3A+The+Australian+Experience&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prime-Ministerial+Performance%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199666423&rft.aulast=Strangio&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/ranking-australias-prime-ministers-20100624-z3bn.html">"Ranking Australia's prime ministers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. 25 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025091144/https://www.smh.com.au/national/ranking-australias-prime-ministers-20100624-z3bn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Ranking+Australia%27s+prime+ministers&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Franking-australias-prime-ministers-20100624-z3bn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199915-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199915_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199915_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199916-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199916_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay19993-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay19993_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay19994-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay19994_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199914-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199914_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199931-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199931_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199924–26-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199924–26_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199929-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199929_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199933-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199933_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199937-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199937_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199942–44-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199942–44_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, pp. 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199949–50-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199949–50_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay199972-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay199972_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/sport/bouncedown.html">"Bouncedown at Brunswick Football Club"</a>. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. 18 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423010602/http://john.curtin.edu.au/sport/bouncedown.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bouncedown+at+Brunswick+Football+Club&rft.pub=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft.date=2002-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2Fsport%2Fbouncedown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/sport/barracker.html">"A great barracker: Curtin and footy"</a>. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. 18 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423010636/http://john.curtin.edu.au/sport/barracker.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+great+barracker%3A+Curtin+and+footy&rft.pub=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft.date=2002-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2Fsport%2Fbarracker.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/sport/innings.html">"A fine innings: Curtin and cricket"</a>. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. 18 December 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423010656/http://john.curtin.edu.au/sport/innings.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+fine+innings%3A+Curtin+and+cricket&rft.pub=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft.date=2002-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2Fsport%2Finnings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-socialistdillema-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-socialistdillema_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-socialistdillema_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1978" class="citation news cs1">Osborne, Graeme (1978). "A Socialist Dilemma". <i>Labour History</i>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27508339">10.2307/27508339</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27508339">27508339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+History&rft.atitle=A+Socialist+Dilemma&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27508339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27508339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit_dn-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_dn_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_dn_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78786701">"Curtin WA's First Prime Minister"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Perth,_Western_Australia)" title="Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)">The Daily News</a></i> (Home ed.). Perth. 5 July 1945. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909145329/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/78786701">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Curtin+WA%27s+First+Prime+Minister.&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1945-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article78786701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCiaran2017" class="citation web cs1">Ciaran (24 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpml.library.curtin.edu.au/resources/johncurtin">"Biography of John Curtin"</a>. <i>John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306100619/https://jcpml.library.curtin.edu.au/resources/johncurtin/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft.atitle=Biography+of+John+Curtin&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.au=Ciaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpml.library.curtin.edu.au%2Fresources%2Fjohncurtin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AuDB-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AuDB_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AuDB_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSerle" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Serle" title="Geoffrey Serle">Serle, Geoffrey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/curtin-john-9885">"Curtin, John (1885–1945)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curtin%2C+John+%281885%E2%80%931945%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Serle&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fcurtin-john-9885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198639738">"Balaclave – Mr J. Curtin's Candidature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. No. 18541. Victoria, Australia. 22 August 1914. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132001/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/198639738">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Balaclave+%E2%80%93+Mr+J.+Curtin%27s+Candidature.&rft.issue=18541&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1914-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article198639738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article198637772">"Metropolitan Electorates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. No. 18554. Victoria, Australia. 7 September 1914. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132000/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/198637772">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Metropolitan+Electorates&rft.issue=18554&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1914-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article198637772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201721–22-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201721–22_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2017">Edwards 2017</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCiaran2018" class="citation web cs1">Ciaran (17 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpml.library.curtin.edu.au/resources/wives/elsiecurtin/">"Biography of Elsie Curtin"</a>. <i>John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library</i>. Curtin University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323022022/https://jcpml.library.curtin.edu.au/resources/wives/elsiecurtin/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Elsie+Curtin&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft.au=Ciaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpml.library.curtin.edu.au%2Fresources%2Fwives%2Felsiecurtin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58025132">"Perth Prattle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_(Perth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Times (Perth)">Sunday Times (Perth)</a></i>. No. 1008. Western Australia. 29 April 1917. p. 5 (Second Section). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220131929/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/58025132">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Times+%28Perth%29&rft.atitle=Perth+Prattle&rft.issue=1008&rft.pages=5+%28Second+Section%29&rft.date=1917-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article58025132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article148367247">"Labor Women"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Westralian_Worker" title="Westralian Worker">Westralian Worker</a></i>. Perth. 13 July 1945. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220131930/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/148367247">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Westralian+Worker&rft.atitle=Labor+Women&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1945-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article148367247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51756845">"Life in Politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a></i>. Perth. 6 July 1945. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132001/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/51756845">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Life+in+Politics&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1945-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article51756845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51756815">"Curtin, The Man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_West_Australian" title="The West Australian">The West Australian</a></i>. Perth. 6 July 1945. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132007/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/51756815">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Curtin%2C+The+Man&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1945-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article51756815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article40908629">"Britain Declares War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Mail" title="The Courier-Mail">The Courier-Mail</a></i>. No. 1874. Brisbane. 4 September 1939. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132025/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/40908629">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Mail&rft.atitle=Britain+Declares+War&rft.issue=1874&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1939-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article40908629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017228–229-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017228–229_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2017">Edwards 2017</a>, pp. 228–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017258–261-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017258–261_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2017">Edwards 2017</a>, pp. 258–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://john.curtin.edu.au/audio/00408_10web.html">"JCPML00408/10. Austerity speech by John Curtin, 3 October 1942"</a>. <i>john.curtin.edu.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=john.curtin.edu.au&rft.atitle=JCPML00408%2F10.+Austerity+speech+by+John+Curtin%2C+3+October+1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2Faudio%2F00408_10web.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017196–199-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017196–199_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2017">Edwards 2017</a>, pp. 196–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017264–267-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2017264–267_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2017">Edwards 2017</a>, pp. 264–267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slwa.wa.gov.au/federation/sec/069_curt.htm">"John Curtin"</a>. Western Australian government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402001647/http://slwa.wa.gov.au/federation/sec/069_curt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Curtin&rft.pub=Western+Australian+government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slwa.wa.gov.au%2Ffederation%2Fsec%2F069_curt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Curtin_declares_Australia_is_at_war_with_Japan_on_australianscreen_online-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Curtin_declares_Australia_is_at_war_with_Japan_on_australianscreen_online_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/titles/radio/curtin-japan-second-world-war/clip1/">"Curtin Speech: Japan Enters Second World War"</a>. <i>australianscreen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110402084044/http://aso.gov.au/titles/radio/curtin-japan-second-world-war/clip1/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=australianscreen&rft.atitle=Curtin+Speech%3A+Japan+Enters+Second+World+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faso.gov.au%2Ftitles%2Fradio%2Fcurtin-japan-second-world-war%2Fclip1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck19702-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck19702_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1970">Hasluck 1970</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article50038655">"The Hinge of Fate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Mail" title="The Courier-Mail">The Courier-Mail</a></i>. No. 4332. Brisbane. 14 October 1950. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132014/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/50038655">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Mail&rft.atitle=The+Hinge+of+Fate&rft.issue=4332&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1950-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article50038655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article248715857">"Australia Looks First to U.S."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph (Sydney)">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Vol. III, no. 7. New South Wales, Australia. 28 December 1941. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132539/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/248715857">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Australia+Looks+First+to+U.S.&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1941-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article248715857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117163315/http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2002/edwards.htm">"Another look at Curtin and MacArthur"</a>. <i>2002 History Conference – Remembering 1942</i>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2002/edwards.htm">the original</a> on 17 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2002+History+Conference+%E2%80%93+Remembering+1942&rft.atitle=Another+look+at+Curtin+and+MacArthur&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fevents%2Fconference%2F2002%2Fedwards.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999522–523,_528,_537,_quote_on_page_540-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay1999522–523,_528,_537,_quote_on_page_540_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, pp. 522–523, 528, 537, quote on page 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520090259/http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/constitution/westminster-act.htm">"Parliamentary Handbook: Constitution – Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/handbook/constitution/westminster-act.htm">the original</a> on 20 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Handbook%3A+Constitution+%E2%80%93+Statute+of+Westminster+Adoption+Act+1942&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Flibrary%2Fhandbook%2Fconstitution%2Fwestminster-act.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck197032–33-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197032–33_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1970">Hasluck 1970</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck197070–71-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197070–71_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197070–71_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1970">Hasluck 1970</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957383–385-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWigmore1957383–385_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWigmore1957">Wigmore 1957</a>, pp. 383–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2564512">"Singapore was Dunkirk of Australia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. Vol. 16, no. 4347. 17 February 1942. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132642/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/2564512">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Singapore+was+Dunkirk+of+Australia&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4347&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1942-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article2564512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck197077–87-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197077–87_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck197077–87_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1970">Hasluck 1970</a>, pp. 77–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999453–454-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay1999453–454_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, pp. 453–454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article247792140">"Curtin adopts the A.I.F."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph (Sydney)">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. Vol. VIII, no. 124. New South Wales, Australia. 13 August 1943. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132659/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/247792140">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Curtin+adopts+the+A.I.F.&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=124&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1943-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article247792140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201818-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201818_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201818_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201877–83-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards201877–83_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, pp. 77–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018131-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018131_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018137–140-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018137–140_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, pp. 137–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naawah-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naawah_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/in-office.aspx#section9">"John Curtin, The war at home"</a>. <i>Australia's Prime Ministers</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117203302/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/in-office.aspx#section9">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.atitle=John+Curtin%2C+The+war+at+home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fcurtin%2Fin-office.aspx%23section9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillard2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Gillard, Julia</a> (28 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/29/julia-gillard-the-stigma-around-mental-health-nearly-cost-australia-its-greatest-leader">"Julia Gillard: the stigma around mental health nearly cost Australia its greatest leader"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011306/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/29/julia-gillard-the-stigma-around-mental-health-nearly-cost-australia-its-greatest-leader">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Julia+Gillard%3A+the+stigma+around+mental+health+nearly+cost+Australia+its+greatest+leader&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft.aulast=Gillard&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fjun%2F29%2Fjulia-gillard-the-stigma-around-mental-health-nearly-cost-australia-its-greatest-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay1999456–58,_468,_480,_520,_538-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay1999456–58,_468,_480,_520,_538_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1999">Day 1999</a>, pp. 456–58, 468, 480, 520, 538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoatney2013" class="citation journal cs1">Coatney, Caryn (November 2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search-informit-com-au.virtual.anu.edu.au/documentSummary;dn=797959549681629;res=IELBUS">"John Curtin's Forgotten Media Legacy: The Impact of a Wartime Prime Minister on News Management Techniques, 1941–45"</a></span>. <i>Labour History</i> (105): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5263%2Flabourhistory.105.0063">10.5263/labourhistory.105.0063</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-6942">0023-6942</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132659/https://login.microsoftonline.com/e37d725c-ab5c-4624-9ae5-f0533e486437/saml2?SAMLRequest=fVLJbtswEP0VgneJMrWasGy4MYoaSBojUnLIpaCkUUSAIh2SStq%2FL71lufhCYMCZt8ybxervKNEbGCu0KvEsjDAC1epOqJcSP9Y%2FgwKvlgvLR0n3bD25QT3A6wTWIT%2BoLDv9lHgyimluhWWKj2CZa1m1vrtlNIzY3minWy0xWlsLxnmqG63sNIKpwLyJFh4fbks8OLe3jBDR7WnI1RRCN4V8OtTEQ%2FRCAjkqIAdkSnb3VU2q6h6jjdcjFHdHDxcYqV%2BECkfRGm1177SSQkHY6pFAnHc5TduAN%2F5JMpoEcw5p0EdpHENSZEmck6Ox1ftgyk8pGG03Jf5TzLNZlNK%2ByHgBeUYbiJqGFvMk7fqiT3LfZu0EW2UdV67ENPIMEQ1oVM9iRjOWZmFGi2eMdufN%2FBDqtPFra2xOTZb9qutdcHCP0dMlOd%2BAzzmxI7v5GtB1YH5JBS%2BvZWAH0TRaghsW5CvRx3n89sjbzU5L0f5Dayn1%2B40B7qDEzkyAyfI89%2F2Qlv8B&RelayState=e1s2&whr=anu.edu.au&sso_reload=true">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+History&rft.atitle=John+Curtin%27s+Forgotten+Media+Legacy%3A+The+Impact+of+a+Wartime+Prime+Minister+on+News+Management+Techniques%2C+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.issue=105&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5263%2Flabourhistory.105.0063&rft.issn=0023-6942&rft.aulast=Coatney&rft.aufirst=Caryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch-informit-com-au.virtual.anu.edu.au%2FdocumentSummary%3Bdn%3D797959549681629%3Bres%3DIELBUS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970313–314-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970313–314_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1970">Hasluck 1970</a>, pp. 313–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finance.gov.au/comcover/claims/cornwell.html">"Information Regarding Cornwell-Type Claims"</a>. Australian Government – Department of Finance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820215258/http://www.finance.gov.au/comcover/claims/cornwell.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+Regarding+Cornwell-Type+Claims&rft.pub=Australian+Government+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Finance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finance.gov.au%2Fcomcover%2Fclaims%2Fcornwell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2754550">"Labour Viewpoint"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. 25 November 1949. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Labour+Viewpoint&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1949-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article2754550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article61840856">"UNIVERSITIES COMMISSION"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Townsville_Daily_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="Townsville Daily Bulletin">Townsville Daily Bulletin</a></i>. Vol. LXV, no. 36. Queensland. 11 February 1943. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132540/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/61840856">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Townsville+Daily+Bulletin&rft.atitle=UNIVERSITIES+COMMISSION&rft.volume=LXV&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1943-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article61840856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Dale (18 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040913140000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/31911/20040914-0000/www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/aged1.htm">"Social Security Payments for the Aged, People with Disabilities and Carers 1909 to 2003 – part 1"</a>. Parliament of Australia – Parliamentary Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/aged1.htm">the original</a> on 13 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Security+Payments+for+the+Aged%2C+People+with+Disabilities+and+Carers+1909+to+2003+%E2%80%93+part+1&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+Library&rft.date=2004-06-18&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Fonline%2Faged1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Dale (8 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050312130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/31911/20050313-0000/www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/special_parta.htm">"Social Security Payments for the Unemployed, the Sick and those in Special Circumstances, 1942 to 2004"</a>. Parliament of Australia – Parliamentary Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/special_parta.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Security+Payments+for+the+Unemployed%2C+the+Sick+and+those+in+Special+Circumstances%2C+1942+to+2004&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+Library&rft.date=2004-11-08&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Fonline%2Fspecial_parta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050312130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/31911/20050313-0000/www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/children_parta.htm">"Maternity Allowance 1912 to 1978, and 1996 to 2004, Maternity Immunisation Allowance from 1998, Maternity Payment from 2004"</a>. Parliament of Australia – Parliamentary Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/children_parta.htm#maternity.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maternity+Allowance+1912+to+1978%2C+and+1996+to+2004%2C+Maternity+Immunisation+Allowance+from+1998%2C+Maternity+Payment+from+2004&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+Library&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Fonline%2Fchildren_parta.htm%23maternity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050312130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/31911/20050313-0000/www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/children_partb.htm">"Child Endowment 1941 to 1976, Family Allowance 1976 to 1992, Basic Family Payment 1993 to 1995, Family Payment 1996 to 1998, Family Allowance 1998 to 2000 and Family Tax Benefit Part A from 2000"</a>. Parliament of Australia – Parliamentary Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/children_partb.htm#childendowment.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Endowment+1941+to+1976%2C+Family+Allowance+1976+to+1992%2C+Basic+Family+Payment+1993+to+1995%2C+Family+Payment+1996+to+1998%2C+Family+Allowance+1998+to+2000+and+Family+Tax+Benefit+Part+A+from+2000&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+Library&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Fonline%2Fchildren_partb.htm%23childendowment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2004" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Dale (15 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20050312130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/31911/20050313-0000/www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/children_partb.htm">"Child's Allowance/Additional Pension or Benefit for Children 1943 to 1993"</a>. Parliament of Australia – Parliamentary Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/online/children_partb.htm#childsallowance.htm">the original</a> on 12 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child%27s+Allowance%2FAdditional+Pension+or+Benefit+for+Children+1943+to+1993&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+Library&rft.date=2004-10-15&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Fonline%2Fchildren_partb.htm%23childsallowance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970365–370-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970365–370_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1970">Hasluck 1970</a>, pp. 365–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970535–540-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasluck1970535–540_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasluck1970">Hasluck 1970</a>, pp. 535–540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018333–334-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018333–334_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, pp. 333–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018350–351-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018350–351_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, pp. 350–351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/PL1913">"Balikpapan"</a>. <i>www.awm.gov.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115021904/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/PL1913">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.awm.gov.au&rft.atitle=Balikpapan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FPL1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78786599">"JOHN CURTIN DIES"</a>. <i>Daily News</i>. 5 July 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132701/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/78786599">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=JOHN+CURTIN+DIES&rft.date=1945-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article78786599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1945/07/05/archives/john-curtin-dead-in-australia-at-60-war-leader-prime-minister-since.html">"JOHN CURTIN DEAD IN AUSTRALIA AT 60; War Leader, Prime Minister Since October, 1941, Turned to U. S. in Hour of Need JOHN CURTIN DEAD IN AUSTRALIA AT 60 Became an M. P. in 1928 Looked to United States for Aid Praised General MacArthur Denied Drift From Empire Worked in Print Shop at 12"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 5 July 1945. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115023028/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/07/05/archives/john-curtin-dead-in-australia-at-60-war-leader-prime-minister-since.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=JOHN+CURTIN+DEAD+IN+AUSTRALIA+AT+60%3B+War+Leader%2C+Prime+Minister+Since+October%2C+1941%2C+Turned+to+U.+S.+in+Hour+of+Need+JOHN+CURTIN+DEAD+IN+AUSTRALIA+AT+60+Became+an+M.+P.+in+1928+Looked+to+United+States+for+Aid+Praised+General+MacArthur+Denied+Drift+From+Empire+Worked+in+Print+Shop+at+12&rft.date=1945-07-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1945%2F07%2F05%2Farchives%2Fjohn-curtin-dead-in-australia-at-60-war-leader-prime-minister-since.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrase2008" class="citation web cs1">Crase, Simon (1 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2008/04/29/2230588.htm">"Come and see the former heads of the national parliament...or bust!"</a>. ABC Ballarat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414104529/http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2008/04/29/2230588.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Come+and+see+the+former+heads+of+the+national+parliament...or+bust%21&rft.pub=ABC+Ballarat&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.aulast=Crase&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Flocal%2Fphotos%2F2008%2F04%2F29%2F2230588.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Pathé2014" class="citation audio-visual cs1">British Pathé (13 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEV1bqAcrxk"><i>John Curtin Dies - A Great Australian (1945)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Curtin+Dies+-+A+Great+Australian+%281945%29&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft.au=British+Path%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQEV1bqAcrxk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Pathé2014" class="citation audio-visual cs1">British Pathé (13 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEV1bqAcrxk"><i>John Curtin Dies - A Great Australian (1945)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Curtin+Dies+-+A+Great+Australian+%281945%29&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft.au=British+Path%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DQEV1bqAcrxk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.curtin.edu.au/view/delivery/61CUR_INST/12191642620001951">"Memorial service for John Curtin, Parliament House Canberra, 6 July 1945"</a>. <i>catalogue.curtin.edu.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115031636/https://catalogue.curtin.edu.au/view/delivery/61CUR_INST/12191642620001951">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catalogue.curtin.edu.au&rft.atitle=Memorial+service+for+John+Curtin%2C+Parliament+House+Canberra%2C+6+July+1945.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.curtin.edu.au%2Fview%2Fdelivery%2F61CUR_INST%2F12191642620001951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/john-curtin/after-office">"John Curtin: after office"</a>. <i>National Archives of Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115033136/https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/australias-prime-ministers/john-curtin/after-office">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.atitle=John+Curtin%3A+after+office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fexplore-collection%2Faustralias-prime-ministers%2Fjohn-curtin%2Fafter-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writers2020" class="citation web cs1">Staff Writers (5 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/from-the-archives-1945-australia-s-war-time-pm-john-curtin-laid-to-rest-20200625-p55655.html">"From the Archives, 1945: Australia's war-time PM, John Curtin, laid to rest"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115040400/https://www.theage.com.au/national/from-the-archives-1945-australia-s-war-time-pm-john-curtin-laid-to-rest-20200625-p55655.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=From+the+Archives%2C+1945%3A+Australia%27s+war-time+PM%2C+John+Curtin%2C+laid+to+rest&rft.date=2020-07-05&rft.au=Staff+Writers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Ffrom-the-archives-1945-australia-s-war-time-pm-john-curtin-laid-to-rest-20200625-p55655.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78784261">"Huge Crowd Pays Homage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Perth,_Western_Australia)" title="Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)">The Daily News</a></i> (City Final ed.). Perth. 9 July 1945. p. 8<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Huge+Crowd+Pays+Homage&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1945-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article78784261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018404–405-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018404–405_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, pp. 404–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018410–411-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2018410–411_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdwards2018">Edwards 2018</a>, pp. 410–411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article35758698">"London View of Elections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)" title="The Advertiser (Adelaide)">The Advertiser</a></i>. Adelaide. 30 September 1946. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132639/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/35758698">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Advertiser&rft.atitle=London+View+of+Elections&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1946-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article35758698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article131795570">"Untitled"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. Vol. 51, no. 14, 532. 12 November 1976. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132640/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/131795570">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Untitled&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=14%2C+532&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1976-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article131795570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197732-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197732_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1977">Ross 1977</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197745-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197745_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1977">Ross 1977</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197758-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197758_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1977">Ross 1977</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss197759-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss197759_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1977">Ross 1977</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227035850/https://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/spouse.aspx">"Elsie Curtin"</a>. <i>Australia's Prime Ministers</i>. National Archives of Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/spouse.aspx">the original</a> on 27 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.atitle=Elsie+Curtin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fcurtin%2Fspouse.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/national/strange-mix-of-politics-and-faith-20100625-z9ri.html">"Strange mix of politics and faith"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 25 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115032159/https://www.smh.com.au/national/strange-mix-of-politics-and-faith-20100625-z9ri.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Strange+mix+of+politics+and+faith&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnational%2Fstrange-mix-of-politics-and-faith-20100625-z9ri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay2008" class="citation web cs1">Day, David (11 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/books/buried-treasures/2008/10/09/1223145538781.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1">"Buried treasures"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914140356/http://www.theage.com.au/news/entertainment/books/buried-treasures/2008/10/09/1223145538781.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Buried+treasures&rft.date=2008-10-11&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fburied-treasures%2F2008%2F10%2F09%2F1223145538781.html%3Fpage%3Dfullpage%23contentSwap1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>In God they Trust? The Religious Beliefs of Australia's Prime Ministers 1901–2013</i>. The Bible Society. 2013. pp. Location 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-647-51855-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-647-51855-7"><bdi>978-0-647-51855-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+God+they+Trust%3F+The+Religious+Beliefs+of+Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers+1901%E2%80%932013&rft.pages=Location+1994&rft.pub=The+Bible+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-647-51855-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLibrary2017" class="citation web cs1">Library, Act Heritage (15 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121060514/http://librariesact.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-brotherhood-of-man-fall-of.html">"Libraries ACT blog: The Brotherhood of Man – the Fall of Singapore and the re-dedication of St Ninian's Church"</a>. <i>Libraries ACT blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librariesact.blogspot.com/2017/02/the-brotherhood-of-man-fall-of.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Libraries+ACT+blog&rft.atitle=Libraries+ACT+blog%3A+The+Brotherhood+of+Man+%E2%80%93+the+Fall+of+Singapore+and+the+re-dedication+of+St+Ninian%27s+Church&rft.date=2017-02-15&rft.aulast=Library&rft.aufirst=Act+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrariesact.blogspot.com%2F2017%2F02%2Fthe-brotherhood-of-man-fall-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackWallace" class="citation web cs1">Black, David; Wallace, Lesley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-06/research-guide-john-curtin_0.pdf">"John Curtin: Guide to Archives of Australia's Prime Ministers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Archives of Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221121060511/https://www.naa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-06/research-guide-john-curtin_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Archives+of+Australia&rft.atitle=John+Curtin%3A+Guide+to+Archives+of+Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naa.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2020-06%2Fresearch-guide-john-curtin_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeazley2010" class="citation book cs1">Beazley, Kim (2010). <i>Father of the House: The Memoirs of Kim E. Beazley</i>. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459609822" title="Special:BookSources/9781459609822"><bdi>9781459609822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+of+the+House%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Kim+E.+Beazley&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=ReadHowYouWant.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781459609822&rft.aulast=Beazley&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacArthur1964258-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacArthur1964258_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacArthur1964">MacArthur 1964</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoot2007" class="citation web cs1">Goot, Murray (1 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/01/2047469.htm">"Three strikes against the polls, or the Govt is out"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211053845/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/01/2047469.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+strikes+against+the+polls%2C+or+the+Govt+is+out&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2007-10-01&rft.aulast=Goot&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2007%2F10%2F01%2F2047469.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEy2012" class="citation web cs1">Ey, Carol (4 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/2012-2013/SSPaymentsUnemployment">"Social security payments for the unemployed, the sick and those in special circumstances, 1942 to 2012: a chronology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821102308/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/2012-2013/SSPaymentsUnemployment">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+security+payments+for+the+unemployed%2C+the+sick+and+those+in+special+circumstances%2C+1942+to+2012%3A+a+chronology&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.aulast=Ey&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2Fpubs%2FBN%2F2012-2013%2FSSPaymentsUnemployment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrattan2005" class="citation web cs1">Grattan, Michelle (5 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/Reviews/Curtins-Gift/2005/03/03/1109700605488.html">"Curtin's Gift"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105203756/http://www.theage.com.au/news/Reviews/Curtins-Gift/2005/03/03/1109700605488.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Curtin%27s+Gift&rft.date=2005-03-05&rft.aulast=Grattan&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2FReviews%2FCurtins-Gift%2F2005%2F03%2F03%2F1109700605488.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-john.curtin.edu.au-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-john.curtin.edu.au_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-john.curtin.edu.au_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-john.curtin.edu.au_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/aspirations/social.html">"Social Services and Immigration"</a>. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120606212257/http://john.curtin.edu.au/aspirations/social.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Services+and+Immigration&rft.pub=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2Faspirations%2Fsocial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aifs.gov.au-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aifs.gov.au_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aifs.gov.au_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aifs.gov.au_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerscovitchStanton2008" class="citation journal cs1">Herscovitch, Andrew; Stanton, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fm2008/fm80/hs.pdf">"History of social security in Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Family Matters</i>. <b>80</b>. Australian Institute of Family Studies: <span class="nowrap">51–</span>60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611065229/http://www.aifs.gov.au/institute/pubs/fm2008/fm80/hs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Matters&rft.atitle=History+of+social+security+in+Australia&rft.volume=80&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Herscovitch&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Stanton%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aifs.gov.au%2Finstitute%2Fpubs%2Ffm2008%2Ffm80%2Fhs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1967" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Fred (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9563360"><i>Australia since federation : a narrative and critical analysis</i></a>. Nelson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821160547/http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/9563360">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia+since+federation+%3A+a+narrative+and+critical+analysis&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F9563360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2011" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Dale (21 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/SSPayments1">"Social security payments for the aged, people with disabilities and carers 1901 to 2010"</a>. Parliament of Australia – Parliamentary Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821110018/http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BN/1011/SSPayments1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+security+payments+for+the+aged%2C+people+with+disabilities+and+carers+1901+to+2010&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia+%E2%80%93+Parliamentary+Library&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2Fpubs%2FBN%2F1011%2FSSPayments1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/diary/primeminister/fulltext/fulltext%20prime%20minister_1943_9.html">"Diary of a Labour Man"</a>. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404120504/http://john.curtin.edu.au/diary/primeminister/fulltext/fulltext%20prime%20minister_1943_9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diary+of+a+Labour+Man&rft.pub=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2Fdiary%2Fprimeminister%2Ffulltext%2Ffulltext%2520prime%2520minister_1943_9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042703/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition">"Fact sheet – Abolition of the 'White Australia' Policy"</a>. Australian Government Department of Home Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/08abolition">the original</a> on 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fact+sheet+%E2%80%93+Abolition+of+the+%27White+Australia%27+Policy&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Department+of+Home+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeaffairs.gov.au%2Fabout%2Fcorporate%2Finformation%2Ffact-sheets%2F08abolition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article206827644">"Bill to Ratify statute"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a></i>. No. 27, 294. Victoria, Australia. 10 October 1942. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220132625/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/206827644">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Bill+to+Ratify+statute&rft.issue=27%2C+294&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1942-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article206827644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2016" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, David (2016). "States rights and AustraliaΓÇÖs adoption of the statute of Westminster, 1931–1942". <i>History Australia</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">258–</span>274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14490854.2016.1186001">10.1080/14490854.2016.1186001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151922305">151922305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Australia&rft.atitle=States+rights+and+Australia%CE%93%C3%87%C3%96s+adoption+of+the+statute+of+Westminster%2C+1931%E2%80%931942&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E258-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14490854.2016.1186001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151922305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78788367">"Pension For PM?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(Perth,_Western_Australia)" title="Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)">The Daily News</a></i> (First ed.). Perth. 7 July 1945. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516045216/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/78788367">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2014</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Pension+For+PM%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1945-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article78788367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/">"John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122164255/http://john.curtin.edu.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCPL-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JCPL_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Black_(historian)" title="David Black (historian)">Black, David</a> (24 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/resources/jcmemory.html">"Biography of John Curtin"</a>. John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821172451/http://john.curtin.edu.au/resources/jcmemory.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+John+Curtin&rft.pub=John+Curtin+Prime+Ministerial+Library&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohn.curtin.edu.au%2Fresources%2Fjcmemory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0011170.jpg">"John Curtin Stamp"</a>. Australian Stamp and Coin Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191023/http://www.australianstamp.com/images/large/0011170.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Curtin+Stamp&rft.pub=Australian+Stamp+and+Coin+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianstamp.com%2Fimages%2Flarge%2F0011170.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Gallop/2005/08/State%27s-tribute-to-one-of-the-nation%27s-great-Prime-Ministers.aspx">"State's tribute to one of the nation's great Prime Ministers"</a> (Press release). Western Australian government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190324054847/https://www.mediastatements.wa.gov.au/Pages/Gallop/2005/08/State%27s-tribute-to-one-of-the-nation%27s-great-Prime-Ministers.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State%27s+tribute+to+one+of+the+nation%27s+great+Prime+Ministers&rft.pub=Western+Australian+government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediastatements.wa.gov.au%2FPages%2FGallop%2F2005%2F08%2FState%2527s-tribute-to-one-of-the-nation%2527s-great-Prime-Ministers.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSakkal2022" class="citation news cs1">Sakkal, Paul (15 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/bid-to-save-historic-carlton-pub-steeped-in-labor-history-20220215-p59wr1.html">"Talks under way to save historic Carlton pub steeped in Labor history"</a>. <i>The Age</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Talks+under+way+to+save+historic+Carlton+pub+steeped+in+Labor+history&rft.date=2022-02-15&rft.aulast=Sakkal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnational%2Fvictoria%2Fbid-to-save-historic-carlton-pub-steeped-in-labor-history-20220215-p59wr1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrangio2021" class="citation news cs1">Strangio, Paul (2 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/aug/02/who-was-australias-best-prime-minister-experts-rank-the-winners-and-dunces">"Who was Australia's best prime minister? Experts rank the winners and dunces"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+was+Australia%27s+best+prime+minister%3F+Experts+rank+the+winners+and+dunces&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Strangio&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2021%2Faug%2F02%2Fwho-was-australias-best-prime-minister-experts-rank-the-winners-and-dunces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://segmentnext.com/2017/02/22/australia-newest-civilization-6-faction-led-john-curtin/">"Australia Is The Newest Civilization 6 Faction, Led By John Curtin"</a>. <i>SegmentNext</i>. 21 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090554/https://segmentnext.com/2017/02/22/australia-newest-civilization-6-faction-led-john-curtin/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SegmentNext&rft.atitle=Australia+Is+The+Newest+Civilization+6+Faction%2C+Led+By+John+Curtin&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsegmentnext.com%2F2017%2F02%2F22%2Faustralia-newest-civilization-6-faction-led-john-curtin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Biographies</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDay1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Day_(historian)" title="David Day (historian)">Day, David</a> (1999). <i>Curtin: A Life</i>. Pymble, New South Wales: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-19669-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-207-19669-9"><bdi>0-207-19669-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curtin%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Pymble%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-207-19669-9&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDowsing1969" class="citation book cs1">Dowsing, Irene (1969). <i>Curtin of Australia</i>. Acacia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-30-00121-8" title="Special:BookSources/91-30-00121-8"><bdi>91-30-00121-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curtin+of+Australia&rft.pub=Acacia+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=91-30-00121-8&rft.aulast=Dowsing&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2017" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, John (2017). <i>John Curtin's War – Volume I: The Coming of War in the Pacific, and Reinventing Australia</i>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-07347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-07347-4"><bdi>978-0-670-07347-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1081065848">1081065848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Curtin%27s+War+%E2%80%93+Volume+I%3A+The+Coming+of+War+in+the+Pacific%2C+and+Reinventing+Australia&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081065848&rft.isbn=978-0-670-07347-4&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2018" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, John (2018). <i>John Curtin's War: Volume II – Triumph and Decline</i>. Melbourne, Victoria: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14379-136-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14379-136-2"><bdi>978-0-14379-136-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1043833675">1043833675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Curtin%27s+War%3A+Volume+II+%E2%80%93+Triumph+and+Decline&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1043833675&rft.isbn=978-0-14379-136-2&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss1977" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Lloyd (1977). <i>John Curtin</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84734-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-84734-X"><bdi>0-522-84734-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Curtin&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-522-84734-X&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other works</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Black_(historian)" title="David Black (historian)">Black, David</a> (1995). <i>In His Own Words: John Curtin's Speeches and Writings</i>. Perth: Paradigm Books, Curtin University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86342-422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86342-422-6"><bdi>978-1-86342-422-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+His+Own+Words%3A+John+Curtin%27s+Speeches+and+Writings&rft.place=Perth&rft.pub=Paradigm+Books%2C+Curtin+University&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-86342-422-6&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButlin,_S.J._and_Schedvin1977" class="citation book cs1">Butlin, S.J. and Schedvin, C. B. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417322"><i>War Economy 1942-1945</i></a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Economy+1942-1945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Butlin%2C+S.J.+and+Schedvin&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC1417322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Byrne, Liam. <i>Becoming John Curtin and James Scullin: The Making of the Modern Labor Party</i> (Melbourne University Publishing, 2020)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasluck1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Hasluck, Paul</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417320"><i>The Government and the People 1942–1945</i></a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+the+People+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hasluck&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC1417320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur1964" class="citation book cs1">MacArthur, Douglas (1964). <i>Reminiscences of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur</i>. Annapolis: Bluejacket Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-483-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-483-8"><bdi>978-1-55750-483-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220661276">220661276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+General+of+the+Army+Douglas+MacArthur&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=Bluejacket+Books&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220661276&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-483-8&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWigmore1957" class="citation book cs1">Wigmore, Lionel (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C1417309"><i>The Japanese Thrust</i></a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Thrust&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wigmore&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FC1417309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWurth2006" class="citation book cs1">Wurth, Bob (2006). <i>Saving Australia: Curtin's Secret Peace with Japan</i>. Lothian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7344-0904-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7344-0904-4"><bdi>0-7344-0904-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Australia%3A+Curtin%27s+Secret+Peace+with+Japan&rft.pub=Lothian+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7344-0904-4&rft.aulast=Wurth&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Curtin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Curtin">John Curtin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Curtin" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Curtin">John Curtin</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403091009/http://epress.anu.edu.au/anzsog/auspol/mobile_devices/ch07.html">David Day, <i>Chapter 7. John Curtin: Taking his Childhood Seriously</i>, Australian Political Lives: Chronicling political careers and administrative histories</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726084256/http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/">"John Curtin"</a>. <i>Australia's Prime Ministers</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_Australia" title="National Archives of Australia">National Archives of Australia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/curtin/">the original</a> on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft.atitle=John+Curtin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fcurtin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Curtin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://john.curtin.edu.au/">John Curtin Prime Ministerial Library</a> / Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091328/http://dl.filmaust.com.au/module/1091/">John Curtin's Australian Journalists Association Badge – English and Media Literacy, Australian Biography</a> – Prime Ministers' Natural Treasures</li> <li>Listen to John Curtin declaring that <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/titles/radio/curtin-japan-second-world-war/clip1/">Australia is at war with Japan</a> in 1941 on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aso.gov.au/">australianscreen online</a></li> <li>The recording 'Curtin Speech: Japan Enters Second World War, 1941' was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Sound_Archive" title="National Film and Sound Archive">National Film and Sound Archive</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sounds_of_Australia" title="Sounds of Australia">Sounds of Australia</a> registry in 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003601">Newspaper clippings about John Curtin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watson (Australian politician)">William Watson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament <br /> for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fremantle" title="Division of Fremantle">Fremantle</a> </b><br />1928–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Watson_(Australian_politician)" title="William Watson (Australian politician)">William Watson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament <br /> for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fremantle" title="Division of Fremantle">Fremantle</a> </b><br />1934–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Edward_Beazley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Edward Beazley">Kim Beazley (senior)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1935–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a> </b><br />1941–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Leader of the Labor Party</a> </b><br />1935–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_Australia_(list)237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Template:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Australia_(list)237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime ministers of Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Barton" title="Edmund Barton">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reid" title="George Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cook" title="Joseph Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lyons" title="Joseph Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Page" title="Earle Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Fadden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEwen" title="John McEwen">McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Prime_Ministers_of_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Prime Ministers of Australia (page does not exist)">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Template:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Leaders of the Australian Labor Party">Leaders of the Australian Labor Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Watson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Fisher</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Hughes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tudor" title="Frank Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Charlton" title="Matthew Charlton">Charlton</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">Scullin</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curtin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Chifley</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">Evatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Calwell</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Keating</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Crean" title="Simon Crean">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Latham" title="Mark Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Beazley</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Gillard</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Shorten" title="Bill Shorten">Shorten</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australian_Labor_Party497" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_Labor_Party" title="Template:Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_Labor_Party" title="Template talk:Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_Labor_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian Labor Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australian_Labor_Party497" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Australian Labor Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Leaders of the Australian Labor Party"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chris_Watson" title="Chris Watson">Chris Watson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fisher" title="Andrew Fisher">Andrew Fisher</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Tudor" title="Frank Tudor">Frank Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Charlton" title="Matthew Charlton">Matthew Charlton</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Curtin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Bill Hayden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Crean" title="Simon Crean">Simon Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Latham" title="Mark Latham">Mark Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Shorten" title="Bill Shorten">Bill Shorten</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Deputy leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_McGregor" title="Gregor McGregor">Gregor McGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pearce" title="George Pearce">George Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gardiner" title="Albert Gardiner">Albert Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blakeley" title="Arthur Blakeley">Arthur Blakeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Theodore" title="Ted Theodore">Ted Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Calwell" title="Arthur Calwell">Arthur Calwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lance_Barnard" title="Lance Barnard">Lance Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Cairns" title="Jim Cairns">Jim Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Crean" title="Frank Crean">Frank Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Uren" title="Tom Uren">Tom Uren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bowen" title="Lionel Bowen">Lionel Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Howe_(politician)" title="Brian Howe (politician)">Brian Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Crean" title="Simon Crean">Simon Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Macklin" title="Jenny Macklin">Jenny Macklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Swan" title="Wayne Swan">Wayne Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Albanese" title="Anthony Albanese">Anthony Albanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Plibersek" title="Tanya Plibersek">Tanya Plibersek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marles" title="Richard Marles">Richard Marles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watson_government" title="Watson government">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1908%E2%80%931909)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1908–1909)">Fisher I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1910%E2%80%931913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1910–1913)">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_government_(1914%E2%80%931915)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisher government (1914–1915)">III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hughes_government_(1915%E2%80%931916)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hughes government (1915–1916) (page does not exist)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullin_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Scullin government">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtin_government" title="Curtin government">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forde_government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forde government (page does not exist)">Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifley_government" title="Chifley government">Chifley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keating_government" title="Keating government">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2007%E2%80%932010)" title="Rudd government (2007–2010)">Rudd I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillard_government" title="Gillard government">Gillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2013)" title="Rudd government (2013)">Rudd II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_government" title="Albanese government">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watson_ministry" title="Watson ministry">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fisher_ministry" title="First Fisher ministry">Fisher 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fisher_ministry" title="Second Fisher ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fisher_ministry" title="Third Fisher ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hughes_ministry" title="First Hughes ministry">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scullin_ministry" title="Scullin ministry">Scullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Curtin_ministry" title="First Curtin ministry">Curtin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Curtin_ministry" title="Second Curtin ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forde_ministry" title="Forde ministry">Forde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chifley_ministry" title="First Chifley ministry">Chifley 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chifley_ministry" title="Second Chifley ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Whitlam_ministry" title="First Whitlam ministry">Whitlam 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Whitlam_ministry" title="Second Whitlam ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Whitlam_ministry" title="Third Whitlam ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hawke_ministry" title="First Hawke ministry">Hawke 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hawke_ministry" title="Second Hawke ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Hawke_ministry" title="Third Hawke ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Hawke_ministry" title="Fourth Hawke ministry">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Keating_ministry" title="First Keating ministry">Keating 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Keating_ministry" title="Second Keating ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rudd_ministry" title="First Rudd ministry">Rudd 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Gillard_ministry" title="First Gillard ministry">Gillard 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Gillard_ministry" title="Second Gillard ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rudd_ministry" title="Second Rudd ministry">Rudd 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanese_ministry" title="Albanese ministry">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_of_John_Curtin" title="Frontbench of John Curtin">Curtin (1935–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_of_Ben_Chifley" title="Frontbench of Ben Chifley">Chifley (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_of_H._V._Evatt" title="Frontbench of H. V. Evatt">Evatt (1951–1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbench_of_Arthur_Calwell" title="Frontbench of Arthur Calwell">Calwell (1960–1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Gough_Whitlam_(1967%E2%80%9372)" title="Shadow Ministry of Gough Whitlam (1967–72)">Whitlam (1967–72)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Gough_Whitlam_(1975%E2%80%9377)" title="Shadow Ministry of Gough Whitlam (1975–77)">Whitlam (1975–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Bill_Hayden" title="Shadow Ministry of Bill Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Bob_Hawke" title="Shadow Ministry of Bob Hawke">Hawke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Kim_Beazley_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Shadow Ministry of Kim Beazley (1996–2001)">Beazley (1996–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Simon_Crean" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Simon Crean">Crean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Mark_Latham" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Mark Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Kim_Beazley_(2005%E2%80%9306)" title="Shadow Ministry of Kim Beazley (2005–06)">Beazley (2005–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Kevin_Rudd" title="Shadow Ministry of Kevin Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Bill_Shorten" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Bill Shorten">Shorten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Anthony_Albanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Anthony Albanese">Albanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_branches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State branches (page does not exist)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">State branches</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_Labor_Party" title="ACT Labor Party">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Labor_Party" title="New South Wales Labor Party">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_Labor_Party" title="Territory Labor Party">Northern Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Labor_Party" title="Queensland Labor Party">Queensland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Labor_Party" title="South Australian Labor Party">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Labor_Party" title="Tasmanian Labor Party">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Labor_Party" title="Victorian Labor Party">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Western Australian Labor Party">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Party institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_National_Conference" title="Australian Labor Party National Conference">National Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_National_Executive" title="Australian Labor Party National Executive">National Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Young_Labor" title="Australian Young Labor">Australian Young Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Fabian_Society" title="Australian Fabian Society">Australian Fabian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifley_Research_Centre" title="Chifley Research Centre">Chifley Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_Caucus" title="Australian Labor Party Caucus">Federal Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin_House" title="John Curtin House">John Curtin House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Right" title="Labor Right">Labor Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Left" title="Labor Left">Labor Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Labor_(Australia)" title="Independent Labor (Australia)">Independent Labor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_Left" title="Ferguson Left">Ferguson Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lang_Labor" title="Lang Labor">Lang Labor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="History of the Australian Labor Party">History of the Australian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1916" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1916">1916 split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1931" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1931">1931 split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_split_of_1955" title="Australian Labor Party split of 1955">1955 split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis" title="1975 Australian constitutional crisis">1975 Australian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceless_men" title="Faceless men">Faceless men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Labor_Party_(NSW)" title="Federal Labor Party (NSW)">Federal Labor (NSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Australian_Labor_Party)" title="Gang of Four (Australian Labor Party)">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Groups" title="Industrial Groups">Industrial Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island_Labor_Party" title="Norfolk Island Labor Party">Norfolk Island Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_light_on_the_hill" title="The light on the hill">The light on the hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Knowledge_(Australia)" title="Tree of Knowledge (Australia)">Tree of Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F00011;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Leadership votes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 Australian Labor Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1907 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1913 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1915_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1915 Australian Labor Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1916_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1916 Australian Labor Party leadership election (page does not exist)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1920_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1920 Australian Labor Party leadership spill (page does not exist)">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1922 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1928 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1931 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1945 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1951 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1954 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1956 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1959 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1960 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1966 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1967 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1968 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1976 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1977_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="May 1977 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1977 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1977_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="December 1977 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1977 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1982 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="1983 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1991_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="June 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1991 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1991_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">1991 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1996 Australian Labor Party leadership election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Australian Labor Party leadership election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spills" title="2003 Australian Labor Party leadership spills">2003 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spills" title="2003 Australian Labor Party leadership spills">2003 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="2005 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="2006 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="2010 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="2012 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2013_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="March 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2013 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_spill" title="June 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership spill">2013 (Jun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2013_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2013 Australian Labor Party leadership election">2013 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Australian Labor Party leadership election">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Western_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Australia" title="Portal:Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23375#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1692" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23375#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1692" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23375#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000091796032">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64806874">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/5916/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTq6RdJqG6GDwqh8hfv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118940910">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50018559">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16192685c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16192685c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36152430">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p316684961">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007332640905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/616124">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/curtin-john-9885">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118940910.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67s80cw">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&oldid=1282235159">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&oldid=1282235159</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1885_births" title="Category:1885 births">1885 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_deaths" title="Category:1945 deaths">1945 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti%E2%80%93World_War_I_activists" title="Category:Anti–World War I activists">Anti–World War I activists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Australian_journalists" title="Category:20th-century Australian journalists">20th-century Australian journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Labor_Party_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Australia" title="Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia">Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_opposition_(Australia)" title="Category:Leaders of the opposition (Australia)">Leaders of the opposition (Australia)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_politicians_convicted_of_crimes" title="Category:Australian politicians convicted of crimes">Australian politicians convicted of crimes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_monarchists" title="Category:Australian monarchists">Australian monarchists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_people_of_Irish_descent" title="Category:Australian people of Irish descent">Australian people of Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_people_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Australian people of World War II">Australian people of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_Marxists" title="Category:Australian Marxists">Australian Marxists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marxist_journalists" title="Category:Marxist journalists">Marxist journalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_democratic_socialists" title="Category:Australian democratic socialists">Australian democratic socialists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Left-wing_populists" title="Category:Left-wing populists">Left-wing populists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_feminists" title="Category:Australian feminists">Australian feminists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brunswick_Football_Club_players" title="Category:Brunswick Football Club players">Brunswick Football Club players</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Karrakatta_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery">Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_for_defence_of_Australia" title="Category:Ministers for defence of Australia">Ministers for defence of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Former Roman Catholics">Former Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Australian_Labor_Party" title="Category:Leaders of the Australian Labor Party">Leaders of the Australian Labor Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives_for_Fremantle" title="Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Fremantle">Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Fremantle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives">Members of the Australian House of Representatives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Category:Members of the Cabinet of Australia">Members of the Cabinet of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Creswick,_Victoria" title="Category:People from Creswick, Victoria">People from Creswick, Victoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Category:Prime ministers of Australia">Prime ministers of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="Category:20th-century prime ministers of Australia">20th-century prime ministers of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_political_leaders" title="Category:World War II political leaders">World War II political leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Brunswick,_Victoria" title="Category:People from Brunswick, Victoria">People from Brunswick, Victoria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Westralian_Worker" title="Category:Westralian Worker">Westralian Worker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_MPs_1928%E2%80%931929" title="Category:Australian MPs 1928–1929">Australian MPs 1928–1929</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_MPs_1929%E2%80%931931" title="Category:Australian MPs 1929–1931">Australian MPs 1929–1931</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_MPs_1934%E2%80%931937" title="Category:Australian MPs 1934–1937">Australian MPs 1934–1937</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_MPs_1937%E2%80%931940" title="Category:Australian MPs 1937–1940">Australian MPs 1937–1940</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_MPs_1940%E2%80%931943" title="Category:Australian MPs 1940–1943">Australian MPs 1940–1943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_MPs_1943%E2%80%931946" title="Category:Australian MPs 1943–1946">Australian MPs 1943–1946</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Australian_English_from_September_2016" title="Category:Use Australian English from September 2016">Use Australian English from September 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Australian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 March 2025, at 05:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Curtin</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>39 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5b7d47cbb-rfd5g","wgBackendResponseTime":234,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.616","walltime":"2.015","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22464,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":312229,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25258,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":391767,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1755.926 1 -total"," 26.35% 462.631 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.02% 439.313 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 13.65% 239.667 41 Template:Cite_web"," 11.71% 205.532 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 10.58% 185.837 46 Template:Sfn"," 6.52% 114.445 1 Template:John_Curtin_sidebar"," 6.40% 112.428 1 Template:Sidebar/Australia_political_leader"," 6.28% 110.340 1 Template:Sidebar"," 5.80% 101.808 26 Template:Cite_news"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.943","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13511776,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlexander1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeazley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackWallace\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Pathé2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFButlin,_S.J._and_Schedvin1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiaran2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiaran2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoatney2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrase2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2004\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowsing1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoot2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrattan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasluck1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerscovitchStanton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacArthur1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakkal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerle\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_Writers2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrangio2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrangio2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWigmore1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWurth2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Australian Labor Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AuDB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Curtin, John\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"HMS\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"John Curtin sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Leaders of the Australian Labor Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Prime Ministers of Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 4,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 46,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Australian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5b7d47cbb-fdh56","timestamp":"20250325050757","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John Curtin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Curtin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23375","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23375","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-07T00:30:23Z","dateModified":"2025-03-25T05:07:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/62\/JohnCurtin.jpg","headline":"Australian politician, 14th Prime Minister of Australia (1885-1945)"}</script> </body> </html>