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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Opening moves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_counteroffensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_counteroffensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>UN counteroffensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_counteroffensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_forces_pull_back" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_forces_pull_back"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>UN forces pull back</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_forces_pull_back-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korean_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korean_defeat"> <div 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of P'ohang-dong</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of P'ohang-dong</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">Battle of Pusan Perimeter</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Koreans_at_Pusan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lines of troops marching along a road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/South_Koreans_at_Pusan.jpg/300px-South_Koreans_at_Pusan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/South_Koreans_at_Pusan.jpg/450px-South_Koreans_at_Pusan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/South_Koreans_at_Pusan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="466" /></a></span><br />South Korean troops march toward the front lines of the Pusan Perimeter</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>5–20 August 1950</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/P%27ohang-dong" class="mw-redirect" title="P'ohang-dong">P'ohang-dong</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">South Korea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> United Nations victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="South Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">South Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Walton_Walker" title="Walton Walker">Walton Walker</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Bradley" title="Joseph S. Bradley">Joseph S. Bradley</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Choe_Yong-gon_(army_commander)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choe Yong-gon (army commander)">Choi Yong-kun</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chaek" title="Kim Chaek">Kim Chaek</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 58,000 (est.)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 21,500 (est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> </td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~3800 killed<br />181 captured</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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title="Battle of Kaesong–Munsan">Kaesong–Munsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongjin_Peninsula" title="Battle of Ongjin Peninsula">Ongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uijeongbu_(1950)" title="Battle of Uijeongbu (1950)">Uijeongbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Seoul" title="First Battle of Seoul">1st Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suwon_Airfield" title="Battle of Suwon Airfield">Suwon Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Battle_of_South_Korea" title="Air Battle of South Korea">Air Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andong" title="Battle of Andong">Andong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chumonchin_Chan" title="Battle of Chumonchin Chan">Chumonchin Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osan" title="Battle of Osan">Osan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongtaek" title="Battle of Pyongtaek">Pyongtaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chonan" title="Battle of Chonan">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chochiwon" title="Battle of Chochiwon">Chochiwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taejon" title="Battle of Taejon">Taejon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sangju_(1950)" title="Battle of Sangju (1950)">Sangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongdong" title="Battle of Yongdong">Yongdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hwanggan" title="Battle of Hwanggan">Hwanggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadong_Ambush" title="Hadong Ambush">Hadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Notch" title="Battle of the Notch">Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter"><b>Pusan Perimeter</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masan" title="Battle of Masan">Masan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P'ohang-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taegu" title="Battle of Taegu">Taegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="First Battle of Naktong Bulge">1st Naktong Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bowling_Alley" title="Battle of the Bowling Alley">Bowling Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Battle_Mountain" title="Battle of Battle Mountain">Battle Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyongju" title="Battle of Kyongju">Kyongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haman" title="Battle of Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_River" title="Battle of Nam River">Nam River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ka-san" title="Battle of Ka-san">Ka-san</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabu-dong" title="Battle of Tabu-dong">Tabu-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongsan" title="Battle of Yongsan">Yongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="Second Battle of Naktong Bulge">2nd Naktong Bulge</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Battle_of_Inchon_(September_1950)" title="Korean War">United Nations Command counteroffensive</a><br /><small>(15 September – 30 October 1950)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon"><b>Inchon</b></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pusan_Perimeter_offensive" title="Pusan Perimeter offensive">Pusan Perimeter offensive</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Second Battle of Seoul">2nd Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_September_1950_counteroffensive" class="mw-redirect" title="UN September 1950 counteroffensive">UN September 1950 counteroffensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_282" title="Battle of Hill 282">Hill 282</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_offensive_into_North_Korea" title="UN offensive into North Korea">UN offensive into North Korea</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sariwon" title="Battle of Sariwon">Sariwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongyang_(1950)" title="Battle of Pyongyang (1950)">Pyongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongyu" title="Battle of Yongyu">Yongyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kujin" title="Battle of Kujin">Kujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chongju_(1950)" title="Battle of Chongju (1950)">Chongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchon_tunnel_massacre" title="Sunchon tunnel massacre">Sunchon tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#China_intervenes_(October–December_1950)" title="Korean War">Chinese Intervention</a><br /><small>(25 October 1950 – January 1951)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Onjong" title="Battle of Onjong">Onjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Unsan" title="Battle of Unsan">Unsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pakchon" title="Battle of Pakchon">Pakchon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Phase_Offensive" title="Second Phase Offensive">Second Phase Offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River" title="Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River"><b>Ch'ongch'on River</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wawon" title="Battle of Wawon">Wawon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir"><b>Chosin Reservoir</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Faith" title="Task Force Faith">Task Force Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_retreat_from_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="UN retreat from North Korea">UN retreat from North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungnam_evacuation" title="Hungnam evacuation">Hungnam evacuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Third Battle of Seoul">3rd Seoul</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uijeongbu_(1951)" title="Battle of Uijeongbu (1951)">Uijeongbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_and_Second_Battles_of_Wonju" class="mw-redirect" title="First and Second Battles of Wonju">1st and 2nd Wonju</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohang_Operation" title="Pohang Operation">Pohang</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Fighting_around_the_38th_parallel_(January–June_1951)" title="Korean War">Fighting around the 38th parallel</a><br /><small>(January – June 1951)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaegunghyon" title="Battle of Chaegunghyon">Happy Valley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1951)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1951)">Thunderbolt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Twin_Tunnels" title="Battle of the Twin Tunnels">Twin Tunnels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roundup_(1951)" title="Operation Roundup (1951)">Roundup</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hoengsong" title="Battle of Hoengsong">Hoengsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chipyong-ni" title="Battle of Chipyong-ni">Chipyong-ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Wonju" title="Third Battle of Wonju">3rd Wonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chuam-ni" title="Battle of Chuam-ni">Chuam-ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Wonsan" title="Blockade of Wonsan">Wonsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Killer" title="Operation Killer">Killer</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ripper" title="Operation Ripper">4th Seoul (Operation Ripper)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maehwa-san" title="Battle of Maehwa-san">Maehwa-san</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Courageous" title="Operation Courageous">Courageous</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tomahawk" title="Operation Tomahawk">Tomahawk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rugged" title="Operation Rugged">Rugged</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dauntless" title="Operation Dauntless">Dauntless</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spring_offensive" title="Chinese spring offensive"><b>Spring offensive</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Imjin_River" title="Battle of the Imjin River">Imjin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yultong" title="Battle of Yultong">Yultong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hwacheon" title="Battle of Hwacheon">Hwacheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kapyong" title="Battle of Kapyong">Kapyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Soyang_River" title="Battle of the Soyang River">Soyang River</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_May%E2%80%93June_1951_counteroffensive" title="UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive">UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Stalemate_(July_1951_–_July_1953)" title="Korean War">Stalemate</a><br /><small>(July 1951 – 27 July 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Ridge" title="Battle of Bloody Ridge">Bloody Ridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Minden" title="Operation Minden">Minden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Punchbowl" title="Battle of the Punchbowl">Punchbowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heartbreak_Ridge" title="Battle of Heartbreak Ridge">Heartbreak Ridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Commando" title="Operation Commando">Commando</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Maryang-san" title="First Battle of Maryang-san">1st Maryang-san</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haktang-ni" title="Battle of Haktang-ni">Haktang-ni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polecharge" title="Operation Polecharge">Polecharge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Maryang-san" title="Second Battle of Maryang-san">2nd Maryang-san</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rat_Killer" title="Operation Rat Killer">Rat Killer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_Eerie" title="Battle of Hill Eerie">Hill Eerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Baldy" title="Battle of Old Baldy">Old Baldy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blaze" title="Operation Blaze">Blaze</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_(1952)" title="Battle of Bunker Hill (1952)">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Outpost_Kelly" title="Battle of Outpost Kelly">Outpost Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill" title="Battle of White Horse Hill">White Horse Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrowhead_Hill" title="Battle of Arrowhead Hill">Arrowhead Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triangle_Hill" title="Battle of Triangle Hill">Triangle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson_Heights" title="Battle of Jackson Heights">Jackson Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Noris" title="Battle of the Noris">Noris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="First Battle of the Hook">1st Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="Second Battle of the Hook">2nd Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chatkol" title="Battle of Chatkol">Chatkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Outpost_Vegas" title="Battle for Outpost Vegas">Outpost Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pork_Chop_Hill" title="Battle of Pork Chop Hill">Pork Chop Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Little Switch">Little Switch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nevada_Complex" title="Battle of the Nevada Complex">Nevada Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="Third Battle of the Hook">3rd Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_Harry" title="Outpost Harry">Outpost Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumsong" title="Battle of Kumsong">Kumsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlin_Outposts_and_Boulder_City" title="Battle of the Berlin Outposts and Boulder City">Berlin Outposts and Boulder City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Samichon_River" title="Battle of the Samichon River">Samichon River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Switch" title="Operation Big Switch">Big Switch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration" title="Panmunjom Declaration">Panmunjom Declaration</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Aerial_warfare" title="Korean War">Air operations</a><br /><small>(1950 – 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Battle_of_South_Korea" title="Air Battle of South Korea">Air Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiG_Alley" title="MiG Alley">MiG Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sunchon_(air)" title="Battle of Sunchon (air)">Sunchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Strangle_(Korean_War)" title="Operation Strangle (Korean War)">Strangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Sui-ho_Dam" title="Attack on the Sui-ho Dam">Sui-ho Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_North_Korea" title="Bombing of North Korea">Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Naval_warfare" title="Korean War">Naval operations</a><br /><small>(1950 – 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Naval_engagements_of_the_Korean_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Naval engagements of the Korean War"><span class="wrap">Naval engagements of the Korean War</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><i>For further information, see also:</i><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_War" title="Template:Korean War"><span class="wrap">Korean War (template)</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pusan_Perimeter" title="Template:Campaignbox Pusan Perimeter"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pusan_Perimeter" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pusan Perimeter"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pusan_Perimeter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pusan Perimeter"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter"><span class="wrap"> Battle of Pusan Perimeter </span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>August</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masan" title="Battle of Masan">Masan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Gulch_massacre" title="Bloody Gulch massacre">Bloody Gulch massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Battle_Mountain" title="Battle of Battle Mountain">Battle Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="First Battle of Naktong Bulge">1st Naktong Bulge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P'ohang-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taegu" title="Battle of Taegu">Taegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bowling_Alley" title="Battle of the Bowling Alley">Bowling Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_303_massacre" title="Hill 303 massacre">Hill 303 massacre</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>September</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Naktong_Offensive" title="Great Naktong Offensive">Great Naktong Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyongju" title="Battle of Kyongju">Kyongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabu-dong" title="Battle of Tabu-dong">Tabu-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ka-san" title="Battle of Ka-san">Ka-san</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="Second Battle of Naktong Bulge">2nd Naktong Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongsan" title="Battle of Yongsan">Yongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haman" title="Battle of Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_River" title="Battle of Nam River">Nam River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusan_Perimeter_offensive" title="Pusan Perimeter offensive">Pusan Perimeter offensive</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Background</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter order of battle">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter_logistics" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter logistics">Logistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of P'ohang-dong</b> was an engagement between the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> (UN) and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> forces early in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, with fighting continuing from 5–20 August 1950 around the town of <a href="/wiki/P%27ohang-dong" class="mw-redirect" title="P'ohang-dong">P'ohang-dong</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. It was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">Battle of Pusan Perimeter</a>, and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously. The battle ended in a victory for the UN after their forces were able to drive off an attempted offensive by three North Korean <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA) divisions in the mountainous eastern coast of the country. </p><p>Forces of the South Korean <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">Republic of Korea Army</a> (ROKA), supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> (USAF), defended the eastern coast of the country as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusan Perimeter">Pusan Perimeter</a>. When several divisions of the KPA crossed through mountainous terrain to push the UN forces back, a complicated battle ensued in the rugged terrain around P'ohang-dong, which contained the vital supply line to the main UN force at <a href="/wiki/Taegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Taegu">Taegu</a>. </p><p>For two weeks KPA and ROK units fought in several bloody back-and-forth battles, taking and retaking ground in which neither side was able to gain the upper hand. Finally, following the breakdown of the KPA supply lines and amidst mounting casualties, the exhausted North Korean troops were forced to retreat. </p><p>The battle was a turning point in the war for KPA forces, which had seen previous victories owing to superior numbers and equipment, but the distances and demands exacted on them at P'ohang-dong rendered their supply lines untenable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_war">Outbreak of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outbreak of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Task_Force_Smith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers carrying their bags off of a train in a Korean train station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Task_Force_Smith.jpg/250px-Task_Force_Smith.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Task_Force_Smith.jpg/375px-Task_Force_Smith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Task_Force_Smith.jpg/500px-Task_Force_Smith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2831" /></a><figcaption>Task Force Smith arrives in South Korea.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the invasion of South Korea by North Korea and the subsequent outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> decided to enter the conflict on behalf of South Korea. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> subsequently committed ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and to prevent South Korea from collapsing. However, US forces in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> had been steadily decreasing since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> five years earlier, and at the time the closest forces were the US <a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="24th Infantry Division (United States)">24th Infantry Division</a>, headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied-occupied Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Var3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Var3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexander52_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander52-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advance elements of the 24th Division were badly defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osan" title="Battle of Osan">Battle of Osan</a> on 5 July, the first encounter between US and KPA forces.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first month after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Force Smith">Task Force Smith</a>, 24th Division was repeatedly defeated and forced south by superior KPA numbers and equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Var4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Var4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alex90_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex90-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regiments of the 24th Division were systematically pushed south in engagements around <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chochiwon" title="Battle of Chochiwon">Chochiwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chonan" title="Battle of Chonan">Chonan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongtaek" title="Battle of Pyongtaek">Pyongtaek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Var4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Var4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 24th Division made a final stand in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taejon" title="Battle of Taejon">Battle of Taejon</a>, where it was almost completely destroyed but delayed KPA forces until July 20.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex105_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex105-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time the 8th Army's force of combat troops were roughly equal to KPA forces attacking the region, with new UN units arriving every day.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr103_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr103-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the 24th Infantry Division was fighting on the Korean western front, the KPA <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(North_Korea)" title="5th Division (North Korea)">5th</a> and <a href="/wiki/12th_Division_(North_Korea)" title="12th Division (North Korea)">12th Infantry Divisions</a> advanced steadily on the eastern front.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple104_105_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple104_105-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KPA, 89,000 men strong, had advanced into South Korea in six columns, catching the ROK by surprise, resulting in a complete rout. The smaller ROK suffered from widespread lack of organization and equipment, and it was unprepared for war.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerically superior, KPA forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38,000 ROK soldiers on the front before it began moving steadily south.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korean_advance">North Korean advance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North Korean advance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pusan_Perimeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of a perimeter on the southeastern tip of a land mass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Pusan_Perimeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="572" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Tactical map of the Pusan Perimeter in August 1950. The fight at P'ohang-dong occurred between North and South Korean forces on the northeastern line</figcaption></figure> <p>With Taejon captured, KPA forces began surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusan Perimeter">Pusan Perimeter</a> from all sides in an attempt to envelop it. The KPA <a href="/wiki/4th_Division_(North_Korea)" title="4th Division (North Korea)">4th</a> and <a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(North_Korea)" title="6th Division (North Korea)">6th Infantry Divisions</a> advanced south in a wide <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking maneuver</a>. The two divisions attempted to envelop the UN's left flank, but became extremely spread out in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple222_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple222-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the KPA 5th and 12th Divisions pressured the ROK on the right flank.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple182_188_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple182_188-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They advanced on UN positions with armor and superior numbers, repeatedly defeating UN forces and forcing them further south.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple222_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple222-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 July the KPA 12th Division was ordered by KPA <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(North_Korea)" title="II Corps (North Korea)">II Corps</a> to capture <a href="/wiki/P%27ohang-dong" class="mw-redirect" title="P'ohang-dong">P'ohang-dong</a> by 26 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple187_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though they were steadily pushed back, ROK forces on the right flank increased their resistance further south, hoping to delay KPA units as much as possible. KPA and ROK units sparred for control of several cities, inflicting heavy casualties on one another. The ROK forces defended <a href="/wiki/Yeongdeok" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeongdeok">Yongdok</a> fiercely before being pushed back. They also performed well in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andong" title="Battle of Andong">Battle of Andong</a>, forcing the KPA 12th Division to delay its attacks on P'ohang-dong until early August.<sup id="cite_ref-Catch22_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catch22-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple188_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple188-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ROK had also undergone significant reorganization, and after receiving a large number of recruits by 26 July, the ROK had reached an effective strength of 85,871 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple188_190_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple188_190-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_corridor">Eastern corridor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eastern corridor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along the ROK front of the perimeter, on the eastern corridor, the terrain made moving through the area incredibly difficult. A major road ran from Taegu 50 mi (80 km) east to P'ohang-dong on Korea's east coast. The only major north-south road intersecting this line moves south from <a href="/wiki/Andong" title="Andong">Andong</a> through <a href="/wiki/Yongch%27on" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongch'on">Yongch'on</a>, midway between Taegu and P'ohang-dong.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple319_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple319-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only other natural entry through the line lies at the town of An'gang-ni, 12 mi (19 km) west of P'ohang-dong, which is situated near a valley through the natural rugged terrain to the major rail hub of <a href="/wiki/Kyongju" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyongju">Kyongju</a>, which was a staging area for moving supplies to Taegu.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple319_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple319-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gen.<a href="/wiki/Walton_Walker" title="Walton Walker">Walton Walker</a>—commanding the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">Eighth United States Army</a>—chose not to heavily reinforce the area, as he felt the terrain made meaningful attack impossible, preferring to respond to attack with reinforcements from the transportation routes and air cover from <a href="/wiki/Pohang_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohang Airport">Yonil Airfield</a>, which was south of P'ohang-dong.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of the valley between Taegu and P'ohong-dong, the terrain along the line was extremely rough and mountainous thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Taebaek_Mountains" title="Taebaek Mountains">Taebaek Mountains</a>, which ran from north to south down Korea's east coast. Northeast of P'ohong-dong along the South Korean line the terrain was especially treacherous, and movement in the region was extremely difficult. Thus, the UN established the northern line of the Pusan Perimeter using the terrain as a natural defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple253_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple253-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rough terrain also made communication difficult, particularly for the ROK forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple255_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple255-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Philippine_Sea_(CVA-47)_underway_off_Korea_on_3_May_1953_(80-G-629442).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large ship with a flight deck containing aircraft at sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USS_Philippine_Sea_%28CVA-47%29_underway_off_Korea_on_3_May_1953_%2880-G-629442%29.jpg/250px-USS_Philippine_Sea_%28CVA-47%29_underway_off_Korea_on_3_May_1953_%2880-G-629442%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USS_Philippine_Sea_%28CVA-47%29_underway_off_Korea_on_3_May_1953_%2880-G-629442%29.jpg/375px-USS_Philippine_Sea_%28CVA-47%29_underway_off_Korea_on_3_May_1953_%2880-G-629442%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/USS_Philippine_Sea_%28CVA-47%29_underway_off_Korea_on_3_May_1953_%2880-G-629442%29.jpg/500px-USS_Philippine_Sea_%28CVA-47%29_underway_off_Korea_on_3_May_1953_%2880-G-629442%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Philippine_Sea_(CV-47)" title="USS Philippine Sea (CV-47)">USS <i>Philippine Sea</i></a> during the Korean War.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">ROK Army</a>—a force of 58,000—<sup id="cite_ref-Catch20_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catch20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was organized into two <a href="/wiki/Corps_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps (military)">corps</a> and five divisions along the line; from east to west, <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Korea)" title="I Corps (South Korea)">I Corps</a> controlled the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Infantry Division (South Korea)">8th Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_Division_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Division (South Korea)">Capital Divisions</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(South_Korea)" title="II Corps (South Korea)">II Corps</a> controlled the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="1st Infantry Division (South Korea)">1st Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="6th Infantry Division (South Korea)">6th Infantry Division</a>. A reconstituted <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="3rd Infantry Division (South Korea)">3rd Division</a> was placed under direct ROK Army control.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple253_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple253-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fehr109_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr109-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morale among the UN units was low due to the large number of defeats at that point in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple255_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple255-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fehr108_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr108-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ROK Army had lost an estimated 70,000 men up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple262_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple262-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fehr113_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr113-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time forces of the <a href="/wiki/US_Fifth_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="US Fifth Air Force">US 5th Air Force</a> supplied 45 <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">P-51 Mustang</a> fighters to provide cover from Yonil Airfield, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> had several ships providing support by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple330_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple330-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evacuation of wounded and surrounded troops was carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Valley_Forge_(CV-45)" title="USS Valley Forge (CV-45)">USS <i>Valley Forge</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Philippine_Sea_(CV-47)" title="USS Philippine Sea (CV-47)"><i>Philippine Sea</i></a>. The <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Helena_(CA-75)" title="USS Helena (CA-75)">USS <i>Helena</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Toledo_(CA-133)" title="USS Toledo (CA-133)"><i>Toledo</i></a> also provided fire support for troops operating in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Catch27_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catch27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KPA troops were organized into a <a href="/wiki/Mechanized_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanized warfare">mechanized</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_arms" title="Combined arms">combined arms</a> force of ten <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, originally numbering some 90,000 well-trained and well-equipped men, in July, with hundreds of <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart225_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart225-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, defensive actions by UN forces had delayed the KPA significantly in their invasion of South Korea, costing them 58,000 casualties and the destruction of a large number of tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart226_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart226-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to recoup these losses, the North Koreans had to rely on less experienced replacements and conscripts, many of whom had been taken from the conquered regions of South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KPA forces suffered from a shortage of men and equipment; their divisions were far understrength.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr113_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr113-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple263_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple263-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposing the ROK, from west to east, were the <a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(North_Korea)" title="8th Division (North Korea)">8th</a>, 12th, and 5th Divisions and the <a href="/wiki/766th_Independent_Infantry_Regiment_(North_Korea)" title="766th Independent Infantry Regiment (North Korea)">766th Independent Infantry Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple255_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple255-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 August the 8th Division was estimated to have 8,000 men, the 5th Division had 6,000, the 12th Division had 6,000 and the 766th Independent Regiment had 1,500, giving these units a total strength of at least 21,500.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple263_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple263-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%27ohang-dong_Map_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing three large divisions of troops advancing through a line of opposing troops to the south" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/P%27ohang-dong_Map_1.jpg/350px-P%27ohang-dong_Map_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/P%27ohang-dong_Map_1.jpg/525px-P%27ohang-dong_Map_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/P%27ohang-dong_Map_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>North Korean forces advance on UN lines, 10 August 1950.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early August the three KPA divisions mounted offensives against the three passes through the ROK line. The 8th Division attacked Yongch'on, the 12th Division attacked P'ohang-dong and the 5th Division, in conjunction with the 766th Independent Infantry Regiment, attacked toward An'gang-ni at Kigye, 6 mi (9.7 km) north of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple319_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple319-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ROK forces had far less training and were poorly equipped, so they presented the weakest line on the Pusan Perimeter. The North Koreans knew they could be most successful there.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_moves">Opening moves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opening moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The KPA 8th Division's attack stalled almost immediately. The division drove for Yongch'on from <a href="/wiki/Uiseong" class="mw-redirect" title="Uiseong">Uiseong</a>. However, the attack failed to reach the Taegu-P'ohang corridor after being surprised and outflanked by the ROKA 8th Division. The 8th Division's 3rd Regiment was nearly destroyed by ROKA forces immediately, forcing its 2nd Regiment to attempt to relieve it, resulting in at least 700 casualties for the 2nd Regiment. At least six tanks were also destroyed by USAF F-51 Mustangs and mines.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple321_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple321-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This fighting was so heavy that the KPA 8th Division was forced to hold its ground a week before trying to advance. When it finally broke out, it was only able to advance briefly before it was stalled again by ROKA resistance. The division was forced to halt a second time to wait for reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple321_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple321-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the other two attacks were more successful, catching the UN forces by surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple319_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple319-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KPA quickly pushed ROKA forces back.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex134_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex134-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East of the KPA and ROKA 8th Divisions, the KPA 12th Division crossed the <a href="/wiki/Naktong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Naktong River">Naktong River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Andong" title="Andong">Andong</a>, moving through the mountains in small groups to reach P'ohang-dong.<sup id="cite_ref-Catch27_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catch27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division was far under strength and at least one of its artillery batteries had to send its guns back north because it had no ammunition for them.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple321_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple321-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UN planners had not anticipated that the 12th Division would be able to do this effectively, and thus were unprepared when its forces infiltrated the region so heavily.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr135_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr135-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 August troops from the ROKA 25th Regiment, Capital Division, probed through the mountains from Kigye to establish contact with the ROKA 3rd Division south of <a href="/wiki/Yeongdeok_County" title="Yeongdeok County">Yongdok</a>. It advanced 2.5 mi (4.0 km) north before encountering fierce KPA resistance, which pushed it almost 5 mi (8.0 km) south. It was apparent to the UN forces that the ROKA 3rd Division was being outflanked. It held the road 20 mi (32 km) north of P'ohang-dong but there were no defenses inland in the mountains and KPA units had penetrated there.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple321_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple321-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, the ROKA 3rd Division was heavily engaged with the KPA 5th Division along the coastal road to P'ohang-dong. The divisions' clashes centered on the town of Yongdok, with each side capturing and recapturing the town several times. On 5 August the KPA launched their attack, again taking the town from the ROKA forces and pushing them south. At 19:30 on 6 August, the ROKA launched a counterattack to retake the hill.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleman_1998_324_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleman_1998_324-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US aircraft and ships pounded the town with rockets, <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a> and shells before ROKA troops from the 22nd and 23rd regiments swarmed the town. However, KPA 5th Division forces were able to infiltrate the coastal road south of Yongdok at Hunghae. This effectively surrounded the ROKA 3rd Division, trapping it several miles above P'ohang-dong.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleman_1998_324_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleman_1998_324-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The KPA 766th Independent Regiment advanced around the ROKA 3rd Division and took the area around P'ohang-dong.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple326_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple326-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to severe manpower shortages, ROKA commanders had assigned a company of <a href="/wiki/Student_Volunteer_Forces" title="Student Volunteer Forces">student volunteer soldiers</a> to defend P'ohang-dong Girl's Middle School to delay the KPA advance into the town. On August 11 the squad held their ground and confronted the more numerous KPA forces. Out of an initial 71 squad members, 48 died in the 11-hour-long fight. This part of the battle is depicted in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/71:_Into_the_Fire" title="71: Into the Fire">71: Into the Fire</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_counteroffensive">UN counteroffensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: UN counteroffensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 August Eighth Army organized <i>Task Force P'ohang</i>, consisting of the ROKA 17th, 25th and 26th Regiments as well as the ROKA 1st Anti-Guerrilla Battalion, Marine Battalion and a battery from the US 18th Field Artillery Battalion. The task force was given the mission to clear out KPA forces in the mountainous region.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple322_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple322-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time the Eighth Army formed <i>Task Force Bradley</i>, consisting of elements of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Regiment (United States)">8th Infantry Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a> under the command of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Bradley" title="Joseph S. Bradley">Joseph S. Bradley</a>, the 2nd Division's assistant commander.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Task Force Bradley</i> was tasked with defending P'ohang-dong from the KPA 766th Independent Regiment, which was infiltrating the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple326_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple326-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 August <i>Task Force Bradley</i> struck out from Yonil Airfield to counterattack the KPA forces around P'ohang-dong while <i>Task Force P'ohang</i> attacked from An'gang-ni area. Both forces immediately met resistance from KPA units. By that time the KPA had captured P'ohang-dong.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple327_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple327-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What followed was a complicated series of fights through the large region around P'ohang-dong and An'gang-ni as ROKA forces, aided by US air power, engaged groups of KPA units operating all around the vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple327_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple327-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KPA 12th Division was operating in the valley west of P'ohang-dong and was able to push back <i>Task Force P'ohang</i> and the ROKA Capital Division. At the same time the KPA 766th Infantry Regiment and elements of the KPA 5th Division fought <i>Task Force Bradley</i> at and south of P'ohang-dong. US naval fire was able to drive KPA troops from the town, but it became a bitterly contested <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a> as fighting moved to the hills around the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple327_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple327-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_forces_pull_back">UN forces pull back</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: UN forces pull back"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%27ohang-dong_Map_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing troops moving north and destroying opposing formations there" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/P%27ohang-dong_Map_2.jpg/350px-P%27ohang-dong_Map_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="469" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/P%27ohang-dong_Map_2.jpg/525px-P%27ohang-dong_Map_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/P%27ohang-dong_Map_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>South Korean units push North Korean forces northward after intense fighting, August 11–20.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 13 August KPA troops were operating in the mountains west and southwest of Yonil Airfield. USAF commanders—wary of enemy attack—evacuated the 45 P-51s of the <a href="/wiki/39th_Flying_Training_Squadron" title="39th Flying Training Squadron">39th</a> and <a href="/wiki/40th_Flight_Test_Squadron" title="40th Flight Test Squadron">40th Fighter Squadrons</a> from the airstrip, despite complaints from UN commander General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>. However, the airstrip remained under the protection of UN ground forces and never came under direct KPA fire.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squadrons were moved to <a href="/wiki/Tsuiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuiki">Tsuiki</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>, Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr136_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr136-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alex135_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex135-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the battles at P'ohang-dong raged to the south, the ROK 3rd Division faced increasing pressure from the KPA 5th Division,<sup id="cite_ref-Catch27_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catch27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which continued to attack the ROK unit hoping it would collapse, and the KPA troops were able to slowly erode the ROK division's defenses, forcing it into a smaller and smaller pocket. The ROK 3rd Division was forced further south to the village of Changsa-dong, where US Navy planners began preparations to evacuate the division by <a href="/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank" title="Landing Ship, Tank">LSTs</a> and <a href="/wiki/DUKW" title="DUKW">DUKWs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex135_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex135-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The division would sail 20 miles (32 km) south to Yonil Bay to join other UN forces in a coordinated attack to push the KPA out of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple330_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple330-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fehr136_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr136-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evacuation was carried out on the night of 16 August under heavy support from the US Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Catch27_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catch27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, 9,000 men of the division were evacuated south, as well as 1,200 <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Agency_(South_Korea)" title="National Police Agency (South Korea)">National Police</a> and 1,000 laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple330_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple330-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now at the height of their advance, the KPA divisions had pushed the line to within 12 mi (19 km) of Taegu.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex134_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex134-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korean_defeat">North Korean defeat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North Korean defeat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 14 August large forces from the KPA 5th and 12th Divisions, as well as the 766th Independent Regiment, were focused entirely on taking P'ohang-dong. However they were unable to hold it because of US air superiority and naval bombardment on the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple330_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple330-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More importantly, the supply chain had completely broken down for the division, and more food, ammunition and supplies were not available. Captured KPA prisoners claimed the units received no food after 12 August and had been so exhausted that they were completely unable to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr136_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr136-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple333_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple333-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opposing them were the ROK Capital Division and Task Forces <i>P'ohang</i> and <i>Bradley</i> which had joined forces to prepare for a final offensive to push the KPA out of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple331_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple331-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UN forces began their final counteroffensive against the stalled KPA on 15 August. Intense fighting around P'ohang-dong ensued for several days, as each side suffered extensive casualties in back-and-forth battles.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple331_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple331-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 17 August UN forces were able to push KPA troops out of the Kyongju corridor and An'gang-ni, putting the supply road to Taegu out of immediate danger. The KPA 766th Independent Regiment—now down to 1,500 men—was forced to withdraw north to prevent being surrounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple332_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple332-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The KPA 12th Division, also down to just 1,500, evacuated P'ohang-dong after this, having been exhausted from heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Catch27_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catch27-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two units merged and received replacements, with the KPA 12th Division re-forming with 5,000 men. By 19 August the KPA had completely withdrawn from the offensive and retreated into the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr136_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr136-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alex135_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex135-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Troops of the ROK Capital Division advanced to 2 mi (3.2 km) north of Kigye, while the ROK 3rd Division retook P'ohang-dong and advanced north of the town the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple332_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple332-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ROK line had been pushed back several miles, but it had managed to repel the KPA.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex135_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex135-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fight at P'ohang-dong was the final breaking point for KPA units already on the verge of exhaustion from continuous combat. KPA supply lines were overextended to the point of breaking down, causing a collapse in resupply that is seen as a primary factor in turning the tide of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Alex135_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alex135-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apple333_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple333-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, US air superiority was also crucial to the engagement, since repeated attacks by US aircraft prevented the KPA from reaching and holding their objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Fehr135_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fehr135-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poor organization among both KPA and ROK units made it extremely difficult to estimate total casualties for both sides. Several units were completely destroyed in the fighting, making precise casualty counting difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple263_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple263-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memo from the ROK claimed 3,800 KPA killed and 181 captured in the P'ohang area from 17 August onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple333_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple333-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, casualty numbers are likely far higher. The KPA 12th Division alone likely suffered at least 4,500 casualties on top of that number, reporting a strength of 6,000 on 5 August<sup id="cite_ref-Apple263_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple263-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only 1,500 on 17 August.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple332_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple332-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/71:_Into_the_Fire" title="71: Into the Fire">71: Into the Fire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Var3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Var3_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarhola2000">Varhola 2000</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexander52-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexander52_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Var4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Var4_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Var4_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVarhola2000">Varhola 2000</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex90-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alex90_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex105-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alex105_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehr103-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fehr103_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehrenbach2001">Fehrenbach 2001</a>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple104_105-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple104_105_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, pp. 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple222-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple222_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple222_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple182_188-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple182_188_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, pp. 182–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple187-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple187_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catch22-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catch22_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple188-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple188_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple188_190-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple188_190_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, pp. 188, 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple319-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple319_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple319_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple319_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple319_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple253-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple253_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple253_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple255-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple255_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple255_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple255_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catch20-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catch20_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehr109-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fehr109_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehrenbach2001">Fehrenbach 2001</a>, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehr108-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fehr108_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehrenbach2001">Fehrenbach 2001</a>, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple262-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple262_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehr113-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr113_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr113_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehrenbach2001">Fehrenbach 2001</a>, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple330-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple330_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple330_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple330_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple330_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catch27-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catch27_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catch27_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catch27_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catch27_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catch27_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCatchpole2001">Catchpole 2001</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart225-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart225_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2005">Stewart 2005</a>, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart226-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart226_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2005">Stewart 2005</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehrenbach2001">Fehrenbach 2001</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple263-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple263_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple263_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple263_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple263_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple321-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple321_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple321_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple321_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple321_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 321</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex134-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alex134_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex134_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehr135-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr135_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr135_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehrenbach2001">Fehrenbach 2001</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appleman_1998_324-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appleman_1998_324_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appleman_1998_324_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple326-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple326_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple326_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF강은나래2011">강은나래 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple322-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Apple322_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple327-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple327_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple327_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple327_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fehr136-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr136_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr136_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr136_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fehr136_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFehrenbach2001">Fehrenbach 2001</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alex135-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alex135_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex135_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex135_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex135_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alex135_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexander2003">Alexander 2003</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple333-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple333_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple333_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple333_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple331-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple331_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple331_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Apple332-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Apple332_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple332_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Apple332_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppleman1998">Appleman 1998</a>, p. 332</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bevin_Alexander" title="Bevin Alexander">Alexander, Bevin</a> (2003), <i>Korea: The First War We Lost</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocrene_Books" title="Hippocrene Books">Hippocrene Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1019-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-1019-7"><bdi>978-0-7818-1019-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+The+First+War+We+Lost&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-1019-7&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Bevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleman1998" class="citation cs2">Appleman, Roy E. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018234909/https://history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm"><i>South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu: United States Army in the Korean War</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001918-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001918-0"><bdi>978-0-16-001918-0</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm">the original</a> on 2019-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-22</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+to+the+Naktong%2C+North+to+the+Yalu%3A+United+States+Army+in+the+Korean+War&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-16-001918-0&rft.aulast=Appleman&rft.aufirst=Roy+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fkorea%2F20-2-1%2Ftoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatchpole2001" class="citation cs2">Catchpole, Brian (2001), <i>The Korean War</i>, <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinson Publishing">Robinson Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84119-413-4"><bdi>978-1-84119-413-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War&rft.pub=Robinson+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84119-413-4&rft.aulast=Catchpole&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEcker2004" class="citation cs2">Ecker, Richard E. (2004), <i>Battles of the Korean War: A Chronology, with Unit-by-Unit United States Casualty Figures & Medal of Honor Citations</i>, <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1980-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-1980-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Korean+War%3A+A+Chronology%2C+with+Unit-by-Unit+United+States+Casualty+Figures+%26+Medal+of+Honor+Citations&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1980-7&rft.aulast=Ecker&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbach2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/T._R._Fehrenbach" title="T. R. Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach, T.R.</a> (2001), <i>This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History – Fiftieth Anniversary Edition</i>, Potomac Books Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-334-3"><bdi>978-1-57488-334-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Kind+of+War%3A+The+Classic+Korean+War+History+%E2%80%93+Fiftieth+Anniversary+Edition&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-334-3&rft.aulast=Fehrenbach&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGugeler2005" class="citation cs2">Gugeler, Russell A. (2005), <i>Combat Actions in Korea</i>, University Press of the Pacific, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-2451-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-2451-4"><bdi>978-1-4102-2451-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combat+Actions+in+Korea&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-2451-4&rft.aulast=Gugeler&rft.aufirst=Russell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2005" class="citation cs2">Stewart, Richard W. (2005), <i>American Military History Volume II: The United States Army in a Global Era, 1917–2003</i>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of the Army">Department of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-072541-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-072541-8"><bdi>978-0-16-072541-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Military+History+Volume+II%3A+The+United+States+Army+in+a+Global+Era%2C+1917%E2%80%932003&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-16-072541-8&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarhola2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Varhola" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael J. Varhola">Varhola, Michael J.</a> (2000), <i>Fire and Ice: The Korean War, 1950–1953</i>, <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-882810-44-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-882810-44-4"><bdi>978-1-882810-44-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+and+Ice%3A+The+Korean+War%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-882810-44-4&rft.aulast=Varhola&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF강은나래2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">강은나래 (2011-10-04), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/local/2011/10/04/0812000000AKR20111004172100062.HTML">"<'포화 속으로' 학도병들..61년 만의 군번 수여식>"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonhap News">Yonhap News</a></i> (in Korean), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170927111000/http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/local/2011/10/04/0812000000AKR20111004172100062.HTML">archived</a> from the original on 2017-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News&rft.atitle=%3C%27%ED%8F%AC%ED%99%94+%EC%86%8D%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C%27+%ED%95%99%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%91%EB%93%A4..61%EB%85%84+%EB%A7%8C%EC%9D%98+%EA%B5%B0%EB%B2%88+%EC%88%98%EC%97%AC%EC%8B%9D%3E&rft.date=2011-10-04&rft.au=%EA%B0%95%EC%9D%80%EB%82%98%EB%9E%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Flocal%2F2011%2F10%2F04%2F0812000000AKR20111004172100062.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+P%27ohang-dong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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