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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical group or choir group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about musical/choir group. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Glee_club_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Glee club (disambiguation)">Glee club (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miami_University_Men%27s_Glee_Club_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Miami_University_Men%27s_Glee_Club_1907.jpg/400px-Miami_University_Men%27s_Glee_Club_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Miami_University_Men%27s_Glee_Club_1907.jpg/600px-Miami_University_Men%27s_Glee_Club_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Miami_University_Men%27s_Glee_Club_1907.jpg/800px-Miami_University_Men%27s_Glee_Club_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Miami_University_Glee_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami University Glee Club">Miami University Glee Club</a> in 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>glee club</b> is a musical group or choir group, historically of male voices but also of female or mixed voices, which traditionally specializes in the singing of short songs by trios or quartets. In the late 19th century it was very popular in most schools and was made a tradition to have in American high schools from then on. </p><p>Glee clubs were named after a form of English <a href="/wiki/Part_song" title="Part song">part song</a>, called a <a href="/wiki/Glee_(music)" title="Glee (music)">glee</a>, which they typically sang. The first named Glee Club held its initial meeting in the Newcastle Coffee House in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1787.<sup id="cite_ref-firstgleeclub_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firstgleeclub-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glee clubs were very popular in Britain from then until the mid-1850s but by then they were gradually being superseded by larger choral societies. By the mid-20th century, proper <i>glee</i> clubs were no longer common. </p><p>Testifying to the importance of glee clubs in 19th Century America, Henry Stone, a Union veteran of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, recalled that "A glee club came down from Chicago, bringing with them the new song, "We'll rally 'round the flag, boys" (<a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom" title="Battle Cry of Freedom">Battle Cry of Freedom</a>), and it ran through the camp like wildfire. The effect was little short of miraculous. It put as much spirit and cheer into the army as a victory." </p><p>The term remains in contemporary use, for <a href="/wiki/Show_choir" title="Show choir">show choirs</a> established in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">colleges</a>, <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a>, and high schools, although most American glee clubs are choruses in the standard sense, and rarely perform <i>glees</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oldest_United_States_collegiate_glee_clubs">Oldest United States collegiate glee clubs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glee_club&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Oldest United States collegiate glee clubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoover_with_Harvard_Glee_Club,_4-8-29_LCCN2016843635.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hoover_with_Harvard_Glee_Club%2C_4-8-29_LCCN2016843635.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Hoover_with_Harvard_Glee_Club%2C_4-8-29_LCCN2016843635.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hoover_with_Harvard_Glee_Club%2C_4-8-29_LCCN2016843635.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Hoover_with_Harvard_Glee_Club%2C_4-8-29_LCCN2016843635.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Hoover_with_Harvard_Glee_Club%2C_4-8-29_LCCN2016843635.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Hoover_with_Harvard_Glee_Club%2C_4-8-29_LCCN2016843635.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4959" data-file-height="3987" /></a><figcaption> President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Glee_Club" title="Harvard Glee Club">Harvard Glee Club</a> on April 8, 1929</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest <a href="/wiki/List_of_collegiate_glee_clubs" title="List of collegiate glee clubs">collegiate glee clubs in the United States</a> are, by year of foundation: </p> <ul><li>1858: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Glee_Club" title="Harvard Glee Club">Harvard Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1859: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Men%27s_Glee_Club" title="University of Michigan Men's Glee Club">University of Michigan Men's Glee Club</a></li> <li>1861: <a href="/wiki/Yale_Glee_Club" title="Yale Glee Club">Yale Glee Club</a></li> <li>1862: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_University" title="Wesleyan University">Wesleyan University Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1862: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Pennsylvania_Glee_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club">The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1865: <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College_Glee_Club" title="Amherst College Glee Club">Amherst College Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1868: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Glee_Club" title="Cornell University Glee Club">Cornell University Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1869: <a href="/wiki/Union_College_Men%27s_Glee_Club" title="Union College Men's Glee Club">Union College Men's Glee Club</a></li> <li>1869: Lehigh University Glee Club</li> <li>1871: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Glee_Club" title="Virginia Glee Club">Virginia Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-uvaiv_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uvaiv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1872: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Glee_Club" title="Rutgers University Glee Club">Rutgers University Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1873: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Glee Club<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1874: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Glee_Club" title="Princeton Glee Club">Princeton Glee Club</a></li> <li>1874: Worcester Polytechnic Institute Men's Glee Club</li> <li>1875: <a href="/wiki/The_Ohio_State_University_Men%27s_Glee_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ohio State University Men's Glee Club">The Ohio State University Men's Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1877: The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> Glee Club<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1886: The University of Illinois Varsity Men's Glee Club<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1888: Penn State Glee Club<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1890: <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Men%27s_Glee_Club" title="Pitt Men's Glee Club">Pitt Men's Glee Club</a></li> <li>1890: The University of Kansas <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205183349/https://rockchalkcentral.ku.edu/organization/kumensglee">Men's Glee Club</a></li> <li>1892: The <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a> Men's Glee Club<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1892: Wabash College Glee Club<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1893: University of Michigan Women’s Glee Club<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1893: <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Varsity_Glee_Club" title="Purdue Varsity Glee Club">Purdue Varsity Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1893: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Singing_Cadets" title="Texas A&M Singing Cadets">Texas A&M Singing Cadets</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1897: Case Men's Glee Club (Case Institute of Technology and Western Reserve University)</li> <li>1901: The University of Oklahoma Men's Glee Club</li> <li>1902: The <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a> Women's Glee Club <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1903: West Point Glee Club<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Glee_Club" title="Georgia Tech Glee Club">Georgia Tech Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_Men%27s_Glee_Club" title="Wheaton College Men's Glee Club">Wheaton College Men's Glee Club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Miami_University_Glee_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami University Glee Club">Miami University Glee Club</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College_Glee_Club" title="Morehouse College Glee Club">Morehouse College Glee Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1914: University of Pittsburgh Treble Choral Ensemble</li></ul> <ul><li>1915: University of Notre Dame Glee Club</li> <li>1916: Tiger Glee Club (<a href="/wiki/LSU_School_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="LSU School of Music">Louisiana State University</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The oldest non-collegiate glee club in the United States is the <a href="/wiki/Mendelssohn_Glee_Club" title="Mendelssohn Glee Club">Mendelssohn Glee Club</a>, founded in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-mgc-papers_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mgc-papers-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glee_club&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)" title="Glee (TV series)"><i>Glee</i> (TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_collegiate_glee_clubs" title="List of collegiate glee clubs">List of collegiate glee clubs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glee_club&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-firstgleeclub-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-firstgleeclub_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBacon1820" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mackenzie_Bacon" title="Richard Mackenzie Bacon">Bacon, Richard Mackenzie</a> (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bbYPAAAAYAAJ&q=history+of+%22glee+clubs%22&pg=PA324">"The Catch and Glee Clubs"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Musical Magazine and Review</i>. <b>II</b> (VII). London: 328ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Musical+Magazine+and+Review&rft.atitle=The+Catch+and+Glee+Clubs&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=VII&rft.pages=328ff&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Richard+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbbYPAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2B%2522glee%2Bclubs%2522%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvardgleeclub.org/info/history/">"History of the Harvard Glee Club"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Harvard+Glee+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardgleeclub.org%2Finfo%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Slobin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mark Slobin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506102246/http://www.wesleyan.edu/communications/images/magazine_assets/10-2_musicalcampus.pdf">"A Remarkably Musical Campus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wesleyan</i> (11): 32–35. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesleyan.edu/communications/images/magazine_assets/10-2_musicalcampus.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wesleyan&rft.atitle=A+Remarkably+Musical+Campus&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=32-35&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mark+Slobin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyan.edu%2Fcommunications%2Fimages%2Fmagazine_assets%2F10-2_musicalcampus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/timeline.html">"The University of Pennsylvania Archives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Pennsylvania+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.upenn.edu%2Fhisty%2Fgenlhistory%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628181822/https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/music/performances/glee_club">"Amherst Glee Club Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amherst.edu/academiclife/departments/music/performances/glee_club">the original</a> on June 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amherst+Glee+Club+Website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amherst.edu%2Facademiclife%2Fdepartments%2Fmusic%2Fperformances%2Fglee_club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107054252/http://www.gleeclub.com/about/history.php">"Glee Club History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gleeclub.com/about/history.php">the original</a> on January 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glee+Club+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gleeclub.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uvaiv-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uvaiv_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Alexander_Bruce" title="Philip Alexander Bruce">Bruce, Philip Alexander</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ns0zAAAAIAAJ&q=%22cabell+house%22+virginia&pg=PA127"><i>History of the University of Virginia, 1818-1919</i></a>. Vol. IV. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">MacMillan</a>. pp. 127–128, 841.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+University+of+Virginia%2C+1818-1919&rft.pages=127-128%2C+841&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Philip+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dns0zAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522cabell%2Bhouse%2522%2Bvirginia%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100717141631/http://eden.rutgers.edu/~rugc/history.html">"RU Glee Club History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eden.rutgers.edu/~rugc/history.html">the original</a> on July 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RU+Glee+Club+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feden.rutgers.edu%2F~rugc%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624203051/https://www.cc-seas.columbia.edu/student-group/glee-club">"Glee Club"</a>. <i>Columbia College and Columbia Engineering</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cc-seas.columbia.edu/student-group/glee-club">the original</a> on June 24, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+College+and+Columbia+Engineering&rft.atitle=Glee+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cc-seas.columbia.edu%2Fstudent-group%2Fglee-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mgc.osu.edu/about/">"Official webpage of the Ohio State University Men's Glee Club"</a>. January 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+webpage+of+the+Ohio+State+University+Men%27s+Glee+Club&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmgc.osu.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040040/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/music/choral">"Choral Ensembles"</a>. <i>Mount Holyoke College</i>. November 15, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/music/choral">the original</a> on January 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mount+Holyoke+College&rft.atitle=Choral+Ensembles&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fmusic%2Fchoral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://music.illinois.edu/ensemble/varsity-mens-glee-club">"Varsity Men's Glee Club | Music at Illinois"</a>. <i>music.illinois.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=music.illinois.edu&rft.atitle=Varsity+Men%27s+Glee+Club+%7C+Music+at+Illinois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusic.illinois.edu%2Fensemble%2Fvarsity-mens-glee-club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pennstategleeclub.com/about/history-of-the-penn-state-glee-club/">"Penn State Glee Club history"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penn+State+Glee+Club+history&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennstategleeclub.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory-of-the-penn-state-glee-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pomona.edu/choral/history/mens-glee-club-1892-1982">"The Men's Glee Club (1892–1982)"</a>. <i>Pomona College Choir and Glee Club</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pomona_College" title="Pomona College">Pomona College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pomona+College+Choir+and+Glee+Club&rft.atitle=The+Men%27s+Glee+Club+%281892%E2%80%931982%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pomona.edu%2Fchoral%2Fhistory%2Fmens-glee-club-1892-1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wabash.edu/academics/music/ensembles">"Academics"</a>. <i>Wabash College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wabash+College&rft.atitle=Academics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wabash.edu%2Facademics%2Fmusic%2Fensembles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umwgc.org">"University of Michigan Women's Glee Club"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Michigan+Women%27s+Glee+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umwgc.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.purdue.edu/pmo/ensembles/purdue-varsity-glee-club/">"Purdue Varsity Glee Club History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purdue+Varsity+Glee+Club+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.purdue.edu%2Fpmo%2Fensembles%2Fpurdue-varsity-glee-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130424041721/https://singingcadets.tamu.edu/history/overview/">"The History of the Fightin' Texas Aggie Singing Cadets"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://singingcadets.tamu.edu/history/overview/">the original</a> on April 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Fightin%27+Texas+Aggie+Singing+Cadets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsingingcadets.tamu.edu%2Fhistory%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pomona.edu/choral/history/womens-glee-club-1902-1982">"The Women's Glee Club (1902–1982)"</a>. <i>Pomona College Choir and Glee Club</i>. Pomona College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pomona+College+Choir+and+Glee+Club&rft.atitle=The+Women%27s+Glee+Club+%281902%E2%80%931982%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pomona.edu%2Fchoral%2Fhistory%2Fwomens-glee-club-1902-1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westwebone.net/usma_glee/history.html">"The United States Military Academy Glee Club"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Military+Academy+Glee+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westwebone.net%2Fusma_glee%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801031401/https://gleeclub.gatech.edu/about.html">"About the Georgia Tech Glee Club"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gleeclub.gatech.edu/about.html">the original</a> on August 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Georgia+Tech+Glee+Club&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgleeclub.gatech.edu%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114233610/http://www.wheaton.edu/Academics/Departments/Conservatory/Ensembles/Mens-Glee-Club">"Wheaton College Men's Glee Club"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wheaton.edu/Academics/Departments/Conservatory/Ensembles/Mens-Glee-Club">the original</a> on November 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheaton+College+Men%27s+Glee+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheaton.edu%2FAcademics%2FDepartments%2FConservatory%2FEnsembles%2FMens-Glee-Club&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcgclub.com/">"The Official Morehouse Glee Club Website"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Morehouse+Glee+Club+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcgclub.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsu.edu/cmda/music/resources/student/ensembles/choir.php">"Choir at LSU"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Choir+at+LSU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lsu.edu%2Fcmda%2Fmusic%2Fresources%2Fstudent%2Fensembles%2Fchoir.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mgc-papers-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mgc-papers_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="citation web cs1">New York Library for the Performing Arts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nypl.org/sites/default/files/archivalcollections/pdf/musmende.pdf">"Mendelssohn Club Papers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mendelssohn+Club+Papers&rft.au=New+York+Library+for+the+Performing+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farchivalcollections%2Fpdf%2Fmusmende.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlee+club" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glee_club&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. Lloyd Winstead (2013) <i>When Colleges Sang: The Story of Singing in American College Life</i> University of Alabama Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1790-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1790-4">978-0-8173-1790-4</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glee_club&oldid=1228643632">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glee_club&oldid=1228643632</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glee_clubs" title="Category:Glee clubs">Glee clubs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_musical_groups" title="Category:Types of musical groups">Types of musical groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Student_organizations" title="Category:Student organizations">Student organizations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2023">Use mdy dates from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2023" title="Category:Use American English from July 2023">Use American English from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 June 2024, at 10:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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