CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head><meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=2" /> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://www.lpi.org/xmlrpc.php" /> <style> #wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-p404_free_top_button .ab-icon:before { content: "\f103"; color: red; top: 2px; } </style> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt-br" href="https://www.lpi.org/pt-br/exam-201-202-objectives/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.lpi.org/fr/exam-201-202-objectives/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.lpi.org/de/exam-201-202-objectives/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://www.lpi.org/es/exam-201-202-objectives/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="vi" href="https://www.lpi.org/vi/muc-tieu-ki-thi-201-202-lpic-2/" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/" />  <title>LPIC-2 Exam 201 and 202 Objectives - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)</title><link rel="preload" data-rocket-preload as="image" href="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/06/LPI-CODE_0.jpg.webp" fetchpriority="high"> <meta name="description" content="Learn more about the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) LPIC-2 Exam 201 Objectives and purchase your voucher today!" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="LPIC-2 Exam 201 and 202 Objectives" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Learn more about the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) LPIC-2 Exam 201 Objectives and purchase your voucher today!" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Linux Professional Institute (LPI)" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/LPIConnect" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-07-24T09:02:38+00:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@lpiconnect" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/","url":"https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/","name":"LPIC-2 Exam 201 and 202 Objectives - Linux Professional Institute (LPI)","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.lpi.org/#website"},"datePublished":"2023-06-19T13:22:41+00:00","dateModified":"2024-07-24T09:02:38+00:00","description":"Learn more about the Linux Professional Institute (LPI) LPIC-2 Exam 201 Objectives and purchase your voucher today!","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.lpi.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Our certifications","item":"https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"LPIC-2 Exam 201 and 202 Objectives"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.lpi.org/#website","url":"https://www.lpi.org/","name":"Linux Professional Institute (LPI)","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.lpi.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.lpi.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.lpi.org/#organization","name":"Linux Professional Institute (LPI)","url":"https://www.lpi.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.lpi.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/logo.png","contentUrl":"https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/logo.png","width":496,"height":175,"caption":"Linux Professional Institute (LPI)"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.lpi.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/LPIConnect","https://x.com/lpiconnect","https://www.linkedin.com/company/35136","https://www.instagram.com/lpi_org/","https://fosstodon.org/@LPI"]}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Linux Professional Institute (LPI) » Feed" href="https://www.lpi.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Linux Professional Institute (LPI) » Comments Feed" href="https://www.lpi.org/comments/feed/" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sgr-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/simple-google-recaptcha/sgr.css?ver=1690806117' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='menu-icons-extra-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/menu-icons/css/extra.min.css?ver=0.13.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='safe-svg-svg-icon-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .safe-svg-cover{text-align:center}.safe-svg-cover .safe-svg-inside{display:inline-block;max-width:100%}.safe-svg-cover svg{height:100%;max-height:100%;max-width:100%;width:100%} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-svg-styles-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/font-awesome/v6.4.0/css/svg-with-js.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='font-awesome-svg-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-font-awesome-icon svg::before, .wp-rich-text-font-awesome-icon svg::before {content: unset;} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-legacy-horizontal-list-0-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/legacy-list-horizontal/style.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wpml-menu-item-0-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/templates/language-switchers/menu-item/style.min.css?ver=1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='url-shortify-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/url-shortify-premium/lite/dist/styles/url-shortify.css?ver=1.10.5.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='lpi-fonts-css' href='//www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/omgf/lpi-fonts/lpi-fonts.css?ver=1688737164' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bootstrap-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/vendor/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='slick-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/vendor/slick/slick.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fancybox-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/vendor/fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='lpi-style-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/dist/style.css?ver=1.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='font-awesome-official-css' href='https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.4.0/css/all.css' type='text/css' media='all' integrity="sha384-iw3OoTErCYJJB9mCa8LNS2hbsQ7M3C0EpIsO/H5+EGAkPGc6rk+V8i04oW/K5xq0" crossorigin="anonymous" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='slb_core-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/simple-lightbox/client/css/app.css?ver=2.9.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='borlabs-cookie-custom-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/cache/borlabs-cookie/1/borlabs-cookie-1-en.css?ver=3.3.4-25' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='rdp-mediawiki-style-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/rdp-wiki-embed/pl/css/wiki-embed.css?ver=1.2.20' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='rdp-we-style-common-css' href='https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/rdp-wiki-embed/pl/css/style.css?ver=1.2.20' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="sgr-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sgr = {"sgr_site_key":"6LcG-sMoAAAAAM_5nIpsGn5EUlXcFJcWDLRmQIXP"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/simple-google-recaptcha/sgr.js?ver=1690806117" id="sgr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpml-cookie-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpml_cookies = {"wp-wpml_current_language":{"value":"en","expires":1,"path":"\/"}}; var wpml_cookies = {"wp-wpml_current_language":{"value":"en","expires":1,"path":"\/"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/res/js/cookies/language-cookie.js?ver=4.6.15" id="wpml-cookie-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="url-shortify-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var usParams = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/url-shortify-premium/lite/dist/scripts/url-shortify.js?ver=1.10.5.1" id="url-shortify-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpml-browser-redirect-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpml_browser_redirect_params = {"pageLanguage":"en","languageUrls":{"pt_br":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","pt":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","br":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","pt-br":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/pt-br\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","en_us":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/our-certifications\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","en":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/our-certifications\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","us":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/our-certifications\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","fr_fr":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/fr\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","fr":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/fr\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","de_de":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/de\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","de":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/de\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","es_es":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/es\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","es":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/es\/exam-201-202-objectives\/","vi_vn":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/vi\/muc-tieu-ki-thi-201-202-lpic-2\/","vi":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/vi\/muc-tieu-ki-thi-201-202-lpic-2\/","vn":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/vi\/muc-tieu-ki-thi-201-202-lpic-2\/"},"cookie":{"name":"_icl_visitor_lang_js","domain":"www.lpi.org","path":"\/","expiration":24}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/sitepress-multilingual-cms/dist/js/browser-redirect/app.js?ver=4.6.15" id="wpml-browser-redirect-js"></script> <script data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-cfasync="false" nowprocket type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/cache/borlabs-cookie/1/borlabs-cookie-config-en.json.js?ver=3.3.4-29" id="borlabs-cookie-config-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.lpi.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.lpi.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/12768" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.lpi.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.lpi.org/ad9p' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.lpi.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.org%2Four-certifications%2Fexam-201-202-objectives%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.lpi.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.org%2Four-certifications%2Fexam-201-202-objectives%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="WPML ver:4.6.15 stt:61,1,4,3,27,28,29,42,2,57;" /> <script type="text/javascript">//<![CDATA[ function external_links_in_new_windows_loop() { if (!document.links) { document.links = document.getElementsByTagName('a'); } var change_link = false; var force = ''; var ignore = ''; for (var t=0; t<document.links.length; t++) { var all_links = document.links[t]; change_link = false; if(document.links[t].hasAttribute('onClick') == false) { // forced if the address starts with http (or also https), but does not link to the current domain if(all_links.href.search(/^http/) != -1 && all_links.href.search('www.lpi.org') == -1 && all_links.href.search(/^#/) == -1) { // console.log('Changed ' + all_links.href); change_link = true; } if(force != '' && all_links.href.search(force) != -1) { // forced // console.log('force ' + all_links.href); change_link = true; } if(ignore != '' && all_links.href.search(ignore) != -1) { // console.log('ignore ' + all_links.href); // ignored change_link = false; } if(change_link == true) { // console.log('Changed ' + all_links.href); document.links[t].setAttribute('onClick', 'javascript:window.open(\'' + all_links.href.replace(/'/g, '') + '\', \'_blank\', \'noopener\'); return false;'); document.links[t].removeAttribute('target'); } } } } // Load function external_links_in_new_windows_load(func) { var oldonload = window.onload; if (typeof window.onload != 'function'){ window.onload = func; } else { window.onload = function(){ oldonload(); func(); } } } external_links_in_new_windows_load(external_links_in_new_windows_loop); //]]></script> <script>document.createElement( "picture" );if(!window.HTMLPictureElement && document.addEventListener) {window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {var s = document.createElement("script");s.src = "https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/webp-express/js/picturefill.min.js";document.body.appendChild(s);});}</script><meta name="generator" content="Elementor 3.28.2; features: e_font_icon_svg, additional_custom_breakpoints, e_local_google_fonts; settings: css_print_method-external, google_font-enabled, font_display-swap"> <script nowprocket data-no-optimize="1" data-no-minify="1" data-cfasync="false" data-borlabs-cookie-script-blocker-ignore> if ('0' === '1' && '1' === '1') { window['gtag_enable_tcf_support'] = true; } window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (typeof gtag !== 'function') { function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} } gtag('set', 'developer_id.dYjRjMm', true); if ('1' === '1') { let getCookieValue = function (name) { return document.cookie.match('(^|;)\\s*' + name + '\\s*=\\s*([^;]+)')?.pop() || ''; }; let cookieValue = getCookieValue('borlabs-cookie-gcs'); let consentsFromCookie = {}; if (cookieValue !== '') { consentsFromCookie = JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent(cookieValue)); } let defaultValues = { 'ad_storage': 'denied', 'ad_user_data': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': 'denied', 'functionality_storage': 'denied', 'personalization_storage': 'denied', 'security_storage': 'denied', 'wait_for_update': 500, }; gtag('consent', 'default', { ...defaultValues, ...consentsFromCookie }); gtag('set', 'ads_data_redaction', true); } if('0' === '1') { var url = new URL(window.location.href); if ((url.searchParams.has('gtm_debug') && url.searchParams.get('gtm_debug') !== '') || document.cookie.indexOf('__TAG_ASSISTANT=') !== -1 || document.documentElement.hasAttribute('data-tag-assistant-present')) { (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({"gtm.start": new Date().getTime(),event:"gtm.js"});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!="dataLayer"?"&l="+l:"";j.async=true;j.src= "https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id="+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,"script","dataLayer","GTM-TKFX96H"); } else { (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({"gtm.start": new Date().getTime(),event:"gtm.js"});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!="dataLayer"?"&l="+l:"";j.async=true;j.src= "https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/borlabs-cookie/"+i+'.js?ver=not-set-yet';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,"script","dataLayer","GTM-TKFX96H"); } } (function () { var borlabsCookieConsentChangeHandler = function () { window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (typeof gtag !== 'function') { function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} } let gtmConsents = {}; if ('1' === '1') { if ('0' === '1') { gtmConsents = { 'analytics_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('statistics') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'functionality_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('statistics') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'personalization_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('marketing') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'security_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('statistics') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', }; } else { gtmConsents = { 'ad_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('marketing') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'ad_user_data': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('marketing') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'ad_personalization': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('marketing') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'analytics_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('statistics') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'functionality_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('statistics') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'personalization_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('marketing') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'security_storage': BorlabsCookie.Consents.hasConsentForServiceGroup('statistics') === true ? 'granted' : 'denied', }; } BorlabsCookie.CookieLibrary.setCookie( 'borlabs-cookie-gcs', JSON.stringify(gtmConsents), BorlabsCookie.Settings.automaticCookieDomainAndPath.value ? '' : BorlabsCookie.Settings.cookieDomain.value, BorlabsCookie.Settings.cookiePath.value, BorlabsCookie.Cookie.getPluginCookie().expires, BorlabsCookie.Settings.cookieSecure.value, BorlabsCookie.Settings.cookieSameSite.value ); gtag('consent', 'update', gtmConsents); } var consents = BorlabsCookie.Cookie.getPluginCookie().consents; for (var serviceGroup in consents) { for (var service of consents[serviceGroup]) { if (!window.BorlabsCookieGtmPackageSentEvents.includes(service) && service !== 'borlabs-cookie') { window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'borlabs-cookie-opt-in-'+service, }); window.BorlabsCookieGtmPackageSentEvents.push(service); } } } var afterConsentsEvent = document.createEvent('Event'); afterConsentsEvent.initEvent('borlabs-cookie-google-tag-manager-after-consents', true, true); document.dispatchEvent(afterConsentsEvent); }; window.BorlabsCookieGtmPackageSentEvents = []; document.addEventListener('borlabs-cookie-consent-saved', borlabsCookieConsentChangeHandler); document.addEventListener('borlabs-cookie-handle-unblock', borlabsCookieConsentChangeHandler); })(); </script><link rel="preconnect" href="//code.tidio.co"> <style> .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+4):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { background-image: none !important; } @media screen and (max-height: 1024px) { .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+3):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { background-image: none !important; } } @media screen and (max-height: 640px) { .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload), .e-con.e-parent:nth-of-type(n+2):not(.e-lazyloaded):not(.e-no-lazyload) * { background-image: none !important; } } </style> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */ var isc_front_data = { caption_position : 'bottom-right', } /* ]]> */ </script> <style> .isc-source { position: relative; display: inline-block; line-height: initial; } .wp-block-cover .isc-source { position: static; } span.isc-source-text a { display: inline; color: #fff; } </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/cropped-favicon-270x270.png" /> <style>.shorten_url { padding: 10px 10px 10px 10px ; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA ; background-color: #EEEEEE ; }</style> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /* spacing smooth scrolling */ *[id] { scroll-margin-top: 150px } </style>  <script type='text/javascript' src='https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=64c263bb99ed020012e4a1dc&product=sop' async='async'></script>  <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:3709256,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> <style id="rocket-lazyrender-inline-css">[data-wpr-lazyrender] {content-visibility: auto;}</style><meta name="generator" content="WP Rocket 3.18.2" data-wpr-features="wpr_automatic_lazy_rendering wpr_oci wpr_preload_links wpr_desktop" /></head> <body class="page-template page-template-template-sections page-template-template-sections-php page page-id-12768 page-child parent-pageid-12659 elementor-default elementor-kit-20472"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="header-wrapper"> <div class="navbar-top d-none d-lg-block"> <div class="container"> <ul id="menu-utility-menu" class="nav"><li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-en" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-has-children menu-item-wpml-ls-2-en"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="English"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="en">English</span></span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-pt-br" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-pt-br wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-first-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-pt-br"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/pt-br/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="Portugu锚s"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="pt-br">Portugu锚s</span></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-fr" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-fr wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-fr"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/fr/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="Fran莽ais"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="fr">Fran莽ais</span></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-de" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-de wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-de"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/de/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="Deutsch"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="de">Deutsch</span></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-es" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-es wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-es"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/es/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="Espa帽ol"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="es">Espa帽ol</span></span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-wpml-ls-2-vi" class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-vi wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-last-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-vi"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/vi/muc-tieu-ki-thi-201-202-lpic-2/" title="Ti岷縩g Vi峄噒"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="vi">Ti岷縩g Vi峄噒</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-55" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-55"><a target="_blank" href="http://cs.lpi.org/caf/Xamman/partner"><span>Find Training</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-57" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-57"><a target="_blank" href="https://cs.lpi.org/caf/Xamman/candidate_area"><span>My Account</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-51" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-51"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/member/"><span>Membership</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-52" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-52"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/search/"><span>Search</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-26093" class="altred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26093"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/lpi25"><span>Our 25th Anniversary聽馃コ</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-23606" class="alt menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-23606"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/partner-programs"><span>Become a Partner</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-58" class="alt menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-58"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/getting-started/"><span>Get Certified</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="navbar navbar-light site-main-menu navbar-expand-lg"> <div class="container"> <a class="logo" aria-label="Logo" href="https://www.lpi.org/"><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/themes/lpi/assets/images/logo.png.webp" type="image/webp"><img src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/images/logo.png" alt="" class="img-fluid webpexpress-processed" width="219" height="80"></picture></a> <button class="navbar-toggler collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#main-menu" aria-controls="main-menu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse flex-lg-grow-1" id="main-menu"> <ul id="nav" class="navbar-nav"><li id="menu-item-471" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-471"><a href="#">Certifications</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-472" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-472"><a href="#"><span>Essentials</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/essentials.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/essentials-150x150.png.webp 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/essentials-24x24.png.webp 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/essentials-36x36.png.webp 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/essentials-48x48.png.webp 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/essentials.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/essentials.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/essentials-150x150.png 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/essentials-24x24.png 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/essentials-36x36.png 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/essentials-48x48.png 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-473" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-473"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/linux-essentials-overview/">Linux Essentials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-474" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-474"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/security-essentials-overview/">Security Essentials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-475" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-475"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/web-development-essentials-overview/">Web Development Essentials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-21691" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-21691"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/open-source-essentials/">Open Source Essentials</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-476" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-476"><a href="#"><span>Linux Professionals</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/professional.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/professional-150x150.png.webp 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/professional-24x24.png.webp 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/professional-36x36.png.webp 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/professional-48x48.png.webp 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/professional.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/professional.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/professional-150x150.png 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/professional-24x24.png 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/professional-36x36.png 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/professional-48x48.png 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-477" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-477"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-1-overview/">LPIC-1</a></li> <li id="menu-item-478" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-478"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-2-overview/">LPIC-2</a></li> <li id="menu-item-480" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-480"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-300-overview/">LPIC-3 Mixed Environments</a></li> <li id="menu-item-481" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-481"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-303-overview/">LPIC-3 Security</a></li> <li id="menu-item-482" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-482"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-305-overview/">LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization</a></li> <li id="menu-item-479" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-479"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/lpic-3-306-overview/">LPIC-3 High Availability and Storage Clusters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-483" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-483"><a href="#"><span>Open Technology</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/open-technology.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/open-technology-150x150.png.webp 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/open-technology-24x24.png.webp 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/open-technology-36x36.png.webp 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/open-technology-48x48.png.webp 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/open-technology.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/open-technology.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/open-technology-150x150.png 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/open-technology-24x24.png 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/open-technology-36x36.png 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/open-technology-48x48.png 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-485" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-485"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/devops-overview/">DevOps Tools Engineer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-484" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-certification menu-item-484"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/bsd-overview/">BSD Specialist</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-486" class="br-link menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-486"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/summary-of-lpi-certifications/">View Summary of certifications ></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-487" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-487"><a href="#">Individuals</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-488" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-488"><a href="#"><span>Benefit</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/learn.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/learn-150x150.png.webp 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/learn-24x24.png.webp 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/learn-36x36.png.webp 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/learn-48x48.png.webp 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/learn.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/learn.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/learn-150x150.png 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/learn-24x24.png 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/learn-36x36.png 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/learn-48x48.png 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-25670" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25670"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/value-of-certification/new-to-linux/">New to Linux</a></li> <li id="menu-item-490" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-490"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/value-of-certification/linux-professionals/">Linux Professionals</a></li> <li id="menu-item-491" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-491"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/how-to-get-certified/preparing-for-my-exam/">Exam Preparation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-492" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-492"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/value-of-certification/our-certification-development-standards/">How We Develop Our Exams</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-493" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-493"><a href="#"><span>Prove</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/prove.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/prove-150x150.png.webp 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/prove-24x24.png.webp 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/prove-36x36.png.webp 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/prove-48x48.png.webp 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/prove.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/prove.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/prove-150x150.png 150w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/prove-24x24.png 24w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/prove-36x36.png 36w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/prove-48x48.png 48w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-495" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-495"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/getting-started/">Getting Started</a></li> <li id="menu-item-494" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-494"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/online-testing/">Online Testing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16022"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/exam-pricing/">Exam Pricing</a></li> <li id="menu-item-497" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-497"><a target="_blank" href="https://home.pearsonvue.com/lpi">Schedule Your Exam</a></li> <li id="menu-item-27064" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-27064"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/digital-badges/">Digital Badges</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-498" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-498"><a href="#"><span>Community</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/community.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/community-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-499" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-499"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/community-programs/">Join the Community</a></li> <li id="menu-item-500" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-500"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/member/">Membership</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-501" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-501"><a href="#">Educators</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-502" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-502"><a href="#"><span>Teach</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/teach.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/teach-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/teach.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/teach.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/teach-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-503" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-503"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/community-programs/approved-trainer/">Become a Trainer</a></li> <li id="menu-item-504" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-504"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/value-of-certification/educators/">Why Offer LPI Training</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-505" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-505"><a href="#"><span>Publish</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/publish.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/publish-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/publish.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/publish.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/publish-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-506"><a href="https://learning.lpi.org/en/lpi-publishing-partner/become-lpp/">Become a Publishing Partner</a></li> <li id="menu-item-507" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-507"><a href="https://learning.lpi.org/en/learning-materials/become-contributor/">Become a Contributor</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-508" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-508"><a href="#"><span>Community</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/community.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/community-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-509"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/community-programs/">Join the Community</a></li> <li id="menu-item-510" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-510"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/member/">Membership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-511" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-511"><a target="_blank" href="http://list.lpi.org/">Exam Development Mailing Lists</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-512" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-512"><a href="#">Organizations</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-513" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-513"><a href="#"><span>Hire</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/hire.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/hire-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hire.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hire.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/hire-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-514" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-514"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/value-of-certification/employers/">Why Certified Employees</a></li> <li id="menu-item-515" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-515"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/programs/#hiring">Hiring Partner Program</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-516" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-516"><a href="#"><span>Teach</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/teach.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/teach-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/teach.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/teach.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/teach-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-517" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-517"><a href="https://find.lpi.org/training-partners">Find Training Partners</a></li> <li id="menu-item-27652" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-27652"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/partner-programs/become-training-partner/">Become an LPI Training Partner</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-519" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-519"><a href="#"><span>Use</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/use.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/use-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/use.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/use.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/use-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-520" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-520"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/value-of-certification/government/">Switch to Open Source</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-522" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-522"><a href="#"><span>Network</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/community.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/community-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-23587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-23587"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/partner-programs/">Become a Partner</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-523" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-523"><a href="#">About LPI</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-524" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-524"><a href="#"><span>Community</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/community.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/community-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/community-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-525" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-525"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/community-programs/">Join the Community</a></li> <li id="menu-item-526" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-526"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/member/">Membership</a></li> <li id="menu-item-527" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-527"><a target="_blank" href="https://list.lpi.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi">Mailing Lists</a></li> <li id="menu-item-528" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-528"><a target="_blank" href="https://wiki.lpi.org/">Exam development wiki</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-534" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-534"><a href="#"><span>News</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/news.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/news-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/news.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/news.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/news-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-529" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-529"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/stay-connected-with-us/">Stay Connected With Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-530" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-530"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/articles/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-531" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-531"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/blog/">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-532" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-532"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/events/">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-533" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-533"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-535" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-535"><a href="#"><span>We</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/we.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/we-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/we.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/we.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/we-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-537" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-537"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/why/">Our Purpose</a></li> <li id="menu-item-24174" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-24174"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/about-lpi/meet-our-board-of-directors/">Meet Our Board of Directors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-20271" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-20271"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/elections">Board Elections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-23882" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-23882"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/hall-of-fellows/">Hall of Fellows</a></li> <li id="menu-item-539" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-539"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/committees/">Join Our Committees</a></li> <li id="menu-item-540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-540"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/value-of-certification/our-certification-development-standards/">Certification Development Standards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-541" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-541"><a href="#"><span>More</span><picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/more.png.webp 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/04/more-150x150.png.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px" type="image/webp"><img width="230" height="230" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/more.png" class="_mi _after _image webpexpress-processed" alt="" aria-hidden="true" decoding="async" srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/more.png 230w, https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/more-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 230px) 100vw, 230px"></picture></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-542" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-542"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/history/">History</a></li> <li id="menu-item-543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-543"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/conduct/">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="menu-item-544" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-544"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/governance/">Governance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-24265" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-24265"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/bylaws/">By-laws</a></li> <li id="menu-item-545" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-545"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://www.lpi.org/policies/">Policies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-546" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-546"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/about-lpi/frequently-asked-questions/">FAQ</a></li> <li id="menu-item-547" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-547"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/about-lpi/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="utility-menu d-lg-none"> <ul id="menu-utility-menu-1" class="nav"><li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-en wpml-ls-current-language wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-has-children menu-item-wpml-ls-2-en"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="English"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="en">English</span></span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-pt-br wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-first-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-pt-br"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/pt-br/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="Portugu锚s"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="pt-br">Portugu锚s</span></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-fr wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-fr"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/fr/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="Fran莽ais"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="fr">Fran莽ais</span></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-de wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-de"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/de/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="Deutsch"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="de">Deutsch</span></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-es wpml-ls-menu-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-es"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/es/exam-201-202-objectives/" title="Espa帽ol"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="es">Espa帽ol</span></span></a></li> <li class="menu-item wpml-ls-slot-2 wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-vi wpml-ls-menu-item wpml-ls-last-item menu-item-type-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-object-wpml_ls_menu_item menu-item-wpml-ls-2-vi"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/vi/muc-tieu-ki-thi-201-202-lpic-2/" title="Ti岷縩g Vi峄噒"><span><span class="wpml-ls-native" lang="vi">Ti岷縩g Vi峄噒</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-55"><a target="_blank" href="http://cs.lpi.org/caf/Xamman/partner"><span>Find Training</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-57"><a target="_blank" href="https://cs.lpi.org/caf/Xamman/candidate_area"><span>My Account</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-51"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/member/"><span>Membership</span></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-52"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/search/"><span>Search</span></a></li> <li class="altred menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26093"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/lpi25"><span>Our 25th Anniversary聽馃コ</span></a></li> <li class="alt menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-23606"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/partner-programs"><span>Become a Partner</span></a></li> <li class="alt menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-58"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/our-certifications/getting-started/"><span>Get Certified</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <article id="post-12768" class="clearfix post-12768 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="page-builder-section section-text_image_and_note section-single_certification cp"> <div class="container"> <div class="cms-page-block"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6"> <div class="page-body"> <h2><strong>LPIC-2 Exam 201 and 202 Objectives</strong></h2> <p> </p> <p><strong>Exam Objectives Version:</strong>聽4.5</p> <p><strong>Exam Code:</strong>聽201-450, 202-450</p> <p><strong>About Objective Weights:</strong>聽Each objective is assigned a weighting value. The weights indicate the relative importance of each objective on the exam. Objectives with higher weights will be covered in the exam with more questions.</p> <a href="https://us.lpimarketplace.com/shop/lpic-2" target="_blank" class="button">Purchase Voucher</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6"> <div class="image"> <picture><source srcset="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2023/06/LPI-CODE_0.jpg.webp" type="image/webp"><img fetchpriority="high" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/LPI-CODE_0.jpg" alt="" class="img-fluid webpexpress-processed"></picture> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-builder-section section-text_white_background cp"> <div class="container"> <div class="page-body bg-white"> <div id="rdp-we-main" data-resource="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5"> <div id="rdp-we-globalWrapper"> <div id="rdp-we-column-content"> <div id="rdp-we-content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="rdp-we-top"></a> <div id="rdp-we-bodyContent" class="mw-body-content">  <div id="rdp-we-mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div id="rdp-we-toc" class="toc"><div id="rdp-we-toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Overview_of_Tasks"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Overview of Tasks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Exams"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Exams</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Version_Information"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Version Information</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Addenda"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Addenda</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Version_Update_.28February_13th.2C_2017.29"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Version Update (February 13th, 2017)</i></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Translations_of_Objectives"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Translations of Objectives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Objectives:_Exam_201"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Objectives: Exam 201</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Topic_200:_Capacity_Planning"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 200: Capacity Planning</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#200.1_Measure_and_Troubleshoot_Resource_Usage_.28weight:_6.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>200.1 Measure and Troubleshoot Resource Usage (weight: 6)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#200.2_Predict_Future_Resource_Needs_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>200.2 Predict Future Resource Needs (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Topic_201:_Linux_Kernel"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 201: Linux Kernel</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#201.1_Kernel_components_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>201.1 Kernel components (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#201.2_Compiling_a_Linux_kernel_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>201.2 Compiling a Linux kernel (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#201.3_Kernel_runtime_management_and_troubleshooting_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>201.3 Kernel runtime management and troubleshooting (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Topic_202:_System_Startup"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 202: System Startup</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#202.1_Customizing_system_startup_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>202.1 Customizing system startup (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#202.2_System_recovery_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>202.2 System recovery (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#202.3_Alternate_Bootloaders_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>202.3 Alternate Bootloaders (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Topic_203:_Filesystem_and_Devices"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 203: Filesystem and Devices</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#203.1_Operating_the_Linux_filesystem_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#203.2_Maintaining_a_Linux_filesystem_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#203.3_Creating_and_configuring_filesystem_options_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.4.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Topic_204:_Advanced_Storage_Device_Administration"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 204: Advanced Storage Device Administration</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#204.1_Configuring_RAID_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>204.1 Configuring RAID (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#204.2_Adjusting_Storage_Device_Access_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.5.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>204.2 Adjusting Storage Device Access (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#204.3_Logical_Volume_Manager_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.5.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>204.3 Logical Volume Manager (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Topic_205:_Networking_Configuration"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 205: Networking Configuration</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#205.1_Basic_networking_configuration_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.6.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>205.1 Basic networking configuration (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#205.2_Advanced_Network_Configuration_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.6.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>205.2 Advanced Network Configuration (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#205.3_Troubleshooting_network_issues_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.6.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>205.3 Troubleshooting network issues (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Topic_206:_System_Maintenance"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 206: System Maintenance</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#206.1_Make_and_install_programs_from_source_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.7.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>206.1 Make and install programs from source (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#206.2_Backup_operations_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.7.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>206.2 Backup operations (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#206.3_Notify_users_on_system-related_issues_.28weight:_1.29"><span class="tocnumber">6.7.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>206.3 Notify users on system-related issues (weight: 1)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Objectives:_Exam_202"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Objectives: Exam 202</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Topic_207:_Domain_Name_Server"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 207: Domain Name Server</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#207.1_Basic_DNS_server_configuration_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>207.1 Basic DNS server configuration (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#207.2_Create_and_maintain_DNS_zones_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#207.3_Securing_a_DNS_server_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>207.3 Securing a DNS server (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Topic_208:_HTTP_Services"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 208: HTTP Services</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#208.1_Basic_Apache_configuration_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>208.1 Basic Apache configuration (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#208.2_Apache_configuration_for_HTTPS_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>208.2 Apache configuration for HTTPS (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#208.3_Implementing_Squid_as_a_caching_proxy_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>208.3 Implementing Squid as a caching proxy (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#208.4_Implementing_Nginx_as_a_web_server_and_a_reverse_proxy_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>208.4 Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Topic_209:_File_Sharing"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 209: File Sharing</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#209.1_Samba_Server_Configuration_.28weight:_5.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.3.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>209.1 Samba Server Configuration (weight: 5)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#209.2_NFS_Server_Configuration_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.3.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>209.2 NFS Server Configuration (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Topic_210:_Network_Client_Management"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 210: Network Client Management</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#210.1_DHCP_configuration_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.4.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>210.1 DHCP configuration (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#210.2_PAM_authentication_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.4.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>210.2 PAM authentication (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#210.3_LDAP_client_usage_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.4.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>210.3 LDAP client usage (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-52"><a href="#210.4_Configuring_an_OpenLDAP_server_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.4.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>210.4 Configuring an OpenLDAP server (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Topic_211:_E-Mail_Services"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 211: E-Mail Services</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#211.1_Using_e-mail_servers_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>211.1 Using e-mail servers (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-55"><a href="#211.2_Managing_E-Mail_Delivery_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.5.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-56"><a href="#211.3_Managing_Mailbox_Access_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.5.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>211.3 Managing Mailbox Access (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="#Topic_212:_System_Security"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Topic 212: System Security</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-58"><a href="#212.1_Configuring_a_router_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.6.1</span> <span class="toctext"><span>212.1 Configuring a router (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-59"><a href="#212.2_Managing_FTP_servers_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.6.2</span> <span class="toctext"><span>212.2 Managing FTP servers (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-60"><a href="#212.3_Secure_shell_.28SSH.29_.28weight:_4.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.6.3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>212.3 Secure shell (SSH) (weight: 4)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-61"><a href="#212.4_Security_tasks_.28weight:_3.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.6.4</span> <span class="toctext"><span>212.4 Security tasks (weight: 3)</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-62"><a href="#212.5_OpenVPN_.28weight:_2.29"><span class="tocnumber">7.6.5</span> <span class="toctext"><span>212.5 OpenVPN (weight: 2)</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-63"><a href="#Future_Change_Considerations"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Future Change Considerations</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview_of_Tasks">Overview of Tasks</span></h2> <p>These are required exams for LPI certification Level 2. It covers advanced skills for the Linux professional that are common across all distributions of Linux. Also, <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-1_Objectives" title="LPIC-1 Objectives" class="mw-redirect wiki-link" target="_new">LPIC-1</a> must be obtained in order to receive the certification. Exams may be taken in any order but all of the requirements must be met. </p><p>To pass LPIC-2, the candidate should be able to: </p> <ul><li> Administer a small to medium-sized site.</li> <li> Plan, implement, maintain, keep consistent, secure, and troubleshoot a small mixed (MS, Linux) network, including a: <ul><li> LAN server (Samba, NFS, DNS, DHCP, client management).</li> <li> Internet Gateway (firewall, VPN, SSH, web cache/proxy, mail).</li> <li> Internet Server (web server and reverse proxy, FTP server).</li></ul></li> <li> Supervise assistants.</li> <li> Advise management on automation and purchases.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Exams">Exams</span></h2> <p>In order to be certified <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-2" title="LPIC-2" class="mw-redirect wiki-link" target="_new">LPIC-2</a>, the candidate must pass both the <a href="#Objectives:_Exam_201">201</a> and <a href="#Objectives:_Exam_202">202</a> exams and be a holder of an active <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-1" title="LPIC-1" class="mw-redirect wiki-link" target="_new">LPIC-1</a> certification. </p> <ul><li> <a href="#Objectives:_Exam_201">201</a></li> <li> <a href="#Objectives:_Exam_202">202</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Version_Information">Version Information</span></h2> <p>These objectives are version 4.5.0. This version is to go live on February 13th, 2017. </p><p>This is also a <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-2_Summary_Version_4.0_To_4.5" title="LPIC-2 Summary Version 4.0 To 4.5" target="_new" class="wiki-link">summary and detailed information</a> on the changes from version 4.0.x to 4.5.0 of the objectives. </p><p>The <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-2_Objectives_V4" title="LPIC-2 Objectives V4" target="_new" class="wiki-link">version 4.0 of the LPIC-2 Objectives</a> are still online. </p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Addenda">Addenda</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Version_Update_.28February_13th.2C_2017.29"><i>Version Update (February 13th, 2017)</i></span></h3> <ul><li> updated to version 4.5.0</li></ul> <p><br /><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Translations_of_Objectives">Translations of Objectives</span></h2> <p>The following translations of the objectives are available on this wiki: </p> <ul><li> <strong class="selflink">English</strong></li></ul> <ul><li> <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(ES)" title="LPIC-2 Objectives V4.5(ES)" target="_new" class="wiki-link">Spanish</a></li></ul> <ul><li> <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(FR)" title="LPIC-2 Objectives V4.5(FR)" target="_new" class="wiki-link">French</a></li></ul> <ul><li> <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(DE)" title="LPIC-2 Objectives V4.5(DE)" target="_new" class="wiki-link">German</a></li></ul> <ul><li> <a href="https://wiki.lpi.org/wiki/LPIC-2_Objectives_V4.5(PT-BR)" title="LPIC-2 Objectives V4.5(PT-BR)" target="_new" class="wiki-link">Portuguese</a></li></ul> <p>If you would like to help translating the objectives, please contact <a rel="nofollow" class="external text wiki-link" href="mailto://wiki.lpi.org/fthorns@lpi.org" target="_new">Fabian</a> </p><p><br /><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Objectives:_Exam_201">Objectives: Exam 201</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_200:_Capacity_Planning"><i>Topic 200: Capacity Planning</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="200.1_Measure_and_Troubleshoot_Resource_Usage_.28weight:_6.29"><span style="color:navy">200.1 Measure and Troubleshoot Resource Usage (weight: 6)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <p><b>Description</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> <p>Candidates should be able to measure hardware resource and network bandwidth, identify and troubleshoot resource problems. </p> </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Measure CPU usage.</li></ul> <ul><li> Measure memory usage.</li></ul> <ul><li> Measure disk I/O.</li></ul> <ul><li> Measure network I/O.</li></ul> <ul><li> Measure firewalling and routing throughput.</li></ul> <ul><li> Map client bandwidth usage.</li></ul> <ul><li> Match / correlate system symptoms with likely problems.</li></ul> <ul><li> Estimate throughput and identify bottlenecks in a system including networking.</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> iostat</li></ul> <ul><li> iotop</li></ul> <ul><li> vmstat</li></ul> <ul><li> netstat</li></ul> <ul><li> ss</li></ul> <ul><li> iptraf</li></ul> <ul><li> pstree, ps</li></ul> <ul><li> w</li></ul> <ul><li> lsof</li></ul> <ul><li> top</li></ul> <ul><li> htop</li></ul> <ul><li> uptime</li></ul> <ul><li> sar </li></ul> <ul><li> swap</li></ul> <ul><li> processes blocked on I/O</li></ul> <ul><li> blocks in</li></ul> <ul><li> blocks out </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="200.2_Predict_Future_Resource_Needs_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">200.2 Predict Future Resource Needs (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <p><b>Description</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> <p>Candidates should be able to monitor resource usage to predict future resource needs. </p> </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Use monitoring and measurement tools to monitor IT infrastructure usage.</li></ul> <ul><li> Predict capacity break point of a configuration.</li></ul> <ul><li> Observe growth rate of capacity usage.</li></ul> <ul><li> Graph the trend of capacity usage.</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of monitoring solutions such as Icinga2, Nagios, collectd, MRTG and Cacti</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> diagnose</li></ul> <ul><li> predict growth</li></ul> <ul><li> resource exhaustion</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_201:_Linux_Kernel"><i>Topic 201: Linux Kernel</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="201.1_Kernel_components_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">201.1 Kernel components (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to utilise kernel components that are necessary to specific hardware, hardware drivers, system resources and requirements. This objective includes implementing different types of kernel images, understanding stable and longterm kernels and patches, as well as using kernel modules. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x documentation</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /usr/src/linux/</li></ul> <ul><li> /usr/src/linux/Documentation/</li></ul> <ul><li> zImage</li></ul> <ul><li> bzImage </li></ul> <ul><li> xz compression</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="201.2_Compiling_a_Linux_kernel_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">201.2 Compiling a Linux kernel (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to properly configure a kernel to include or disable specific features of the Linux kernel as necessary. This objective includes compiling and recompiling the Linux kernel as needed, updating and noting changes in a new kernel, creating an initrd image and installing new kernels. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> /usr/src/linux/</li></ul> <ul><li> Kernel Makefiles</li></ul> <ul><li> Kernel 2.6.x, 3.x and 4.x make targets </li></ul> <ul><li> Customize the current kernel configuration.</li></ul> <ul><li> Build a new kernel and appropriate kernel modules.</li></ul> <ul><li> Install a new kernel and any modules.</li></ul> <ul><li> Ensure that the boot manager can locate the new kernel and associated files.</li></ul> <ul><li> Module configuration files</li></ul> <ul><li> Use DKMS to compile kernel modules.</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of dracut</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> mkinitrd</li></ul> <ul><li> mkinitramfs</li></ul> <ul><li> make</li></ul> <ul><li> make targets (all, config, xconfig, menuconfig, gconfig, oldconfig, mrproper, zImage, bzImage, modules, modules_install, rpm-pkg, binrpm-pkg, deb-pkg) </li></ul> <ul><li> gzip</li></ul> <ul><li> bzip2 </li></ul> <ul><li> module tools</li></ul> <ul><li> /usr/src/linux/.config</li></ul> <ul><li> /lib/modules/kernel-version/</li></ul> <ul><li> depmod</li></ul> <ul><li> dkms</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="201.3_Kernel_runtime_management_and_troubleshooting_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">201.3 Kernel runtime management and troubleshooting (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to manage and/or query a 2.6.x, 3.x or 4.x kernel and its loadable modules. Candidates should be able to identify and correct common boot and run time issues. Candidates should understand device detection and management using udev. This objective includes troubleshooting udev rules. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Use command-line utilities to get information about the currently running kernel and kernel modules.</li></ul> <ul><li> Manually load and unload kernel modules.</li></ul> <ul><li> Determine when modules can be unloaded.</li></ul> <ul><li> Determine what parameters a module accepts.</li></ul> <ul><li> Configure the system to load modules by names other than their file name. </li></ul> <ul><li> /proc filesystem</li></ul> <ul><li> Content of /, /boot/ , and /lib/modules/</li></ul> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to analyse information about the available hardware</li></ul> <ul><li> udev rules</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /lib/modules/kernel-version/modules.dep</li></ul> <ul><li> module configuration files in /etc/</li></ul> <ul><li> /proc/sys/kernel/</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/depmod</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/rmmod</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/modinfo</li></ul> <ul><li> /bin/dmesg</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/lspci</li></ul> <ul><li> /usr/bin/lsdev</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/lsmod</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/modprobe</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/insmod</li></ul> <ul><li> /bin/uname</li></ul> <ul><li> /usr/bin/lsusb </li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/sysctl.conf, /etc/sysctl.d/</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/sysctl </li></ul> <ul><li> udevmonitor</li></ul> <ul><li> udevadm monitor</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/udev/</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_202:_System_Startup"><i>Topic 202: System Startup</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="202.1_Customizing_system_startup_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">202.1 Customizing system startup (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to query and modify the behaviour of system services at various targets / run levels. A thorough understanding of the systemd, SysV Init and the Linux boot process is required. This objective includes interacting with systemd targets and SysV init run levels. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Systemd</li></ul> <ul><li> SysV init</li></ul> <ul><li> Linux Standard Base Specification (LSB) </li></ul> <p><br /> <b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /usr/lib/systemd/</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/systemd/</li></ul> <ul><li> /run/systemd/</li></ul> <ul><li> systemctl</li></ul> <ul><li> systemd-delta</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/inittab</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/init.d/</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/rc.d/</li></ul> <ul><li> chkconfig</li></ul> <ul><li> update-rc.d</li></ul> <ul><li> init and telinit</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="202.2_System_recovery_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">202.2 System recovery (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to properly manipulate a Linux system during both the boot process and during recovery mode. This objective includes using both the init utility and init-related kernel options. Candidates should be able to determine the cause of errors in loading and usage of bootloaders. GRUB version 2 and GRUB Legacy are the bootloaders of interest. Both BIOS and UEFI systems are covered. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> BIOS and UEFI</li></ul> <ul><li> NVMe booting</li></ul> <ul><li> GRUB version 2 and Legacy</li></ul> <ul><li> grub shell </li></ul> <ul><li> boot loader start and hand off to kernel</li></ul> <ul><li> kernel loading</li></ul> <ul><li> hardware initialisation and setup</li></ul> <ul><li> daemon/service initialisation and setup</li></ul> <ul><li> Know the different boot loader install locations on a hard disk or removable device.</li></ul> <ul><li> Overwrite standard boot loader options and using boot loader shells.</li></ul> <ul><li> Use systemd rescue and emergency modes.</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> mount</li></ul> <ul><li> fsck</li></ul> <ul><li> inittab, telinit and init with SysV init</li></ul> <ul><li> The contents of /boot/, /boot/grub/ and /boot/efi/</li></ul> <ul><li> EFI System Partition (ESP)</li></ul> <ul><li> GRUB</li></ul> <ul><li> grub-install</li></ul> <ul><li> efibootmgr</li></ul> <ul><li> UEFI shell</li></ul> <ul><li> initrd, initramfs</li></ul> <ul><li> Master boot record</li></ul> <ul><li> systemctl</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="202.3_Alternate_Bootloaders_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">202.3 Alternate Bootloaders (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be aware of other bootloaders and their major features. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> SYSLINUX, ISOLINUX, PXELINUX</li></ul> <ul><li> Understanding of PXE for both BIOS and UEFI</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of systemd-boot and U-Boot</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> syslinux</li></ul> <ul><li> extlinux</li></ul> <ul><li> isolinux.bin</li></ul> <ul><li> isolinux.cfg</li></ul> <ul><li> isohdpfx.bin</li></ul> <ul><li> efiboot.img</li></ul> <ul><li> pxelinux.0</li></ul> <ul><li> pxelinux.cfg/</li></ul> <ul><li> uefi/shim.efi</li></ul> <ul><li> uefi/grubx64.efi</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_203:_Filesystem_and_Devices"><i>Topic 203: Filesystem and Devices</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="203.1_Operating_the_Linux_filesystem_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">203.1 Operating the Linux filesystem (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to properly configure and navigate the standard Linux filesystem. This objective includes configuring and mounting various filesystem types. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> The concept of the fstab configuration</li></ul> <ul><li> Tools and utilities for handling swap partitions and files</li></ul> <ul><li> Use of UUIDs for identifying and mounting file systems</li></ul> <ul><li> Understanding of systemd mount units</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/fstab</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/mtab</li></ul> <ul><li> /proc/mounts</li></ul> <ul><li> mount and umount</li></ul> <ul><li> blkid</li></ul> <ul><li> sync</li></ul> <ul><li> swapon</li></ul> <ul><li> swapoff </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="203.2_Maintaining_a_Linux_filesystem_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">203.2 Maintaining a Linux filesystem (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to properly maintain a Linux filesystem using system utilities. This objective includes manipulating standard filesystems and monitoring SMART devices. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to manipulate and ext2, ext3 and ext4</li></ul> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to perform basic Btrfs operations, including subvolumes and snapshots</li></ul> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to manipulate XFS </li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of ZFS</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> mkfs (mkfs.*)</li></ul> <ul><li> mkswap</li></ul> <ul><li> fsck (fsck.*)</li></ul> <ul><li> tune2fs, dumpe2fs and debugfs</li></ul> <ul><li> btrfs, btrfs-convert</li></ul> <ul><li> xfs_info, xfs_check, xfs_repair, xfsdump and xfsrestore</li></ul> <ul><li> smartd, smartctl</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="203.3_Creating_and_configuring_filesystem_options_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">203.3 Creating and configuring filesystem options (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure automount filesystems using AutoFS. This objective includes configuring automount for network and device filesystems. Also included is creating filesystems for devices such as CD-ROMs and a basic feature knowledge of encrypted filesystems. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> autofs configuration files</li></ul> <ul><li> Understanding of automount units</li></ul> <ul><li> UDF and ISO9660 tools and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of other CD-ROM filesystems (HFS)</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of CD-ROM filesystem extensions (Joliet, Rock Ridge, El Torito) </li></ul> <ul><li> Basic feature knowledge of data encryption (dm-crypt / LUKS)</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/auto.master</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/auto.[dir]</li></ul> <ul><li> mkisofs</li></ul> <ul><li> cryptsetup</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_204:_Advanced_Storage_Device_Administration"><i>Topic 204: Advanced Storage Device Administration</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="204.1_Configuring_RAID_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">204.1 Configuring RAID (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure and implement software RAID. This objective includes using and configuring RAID 0, 1 and 5. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Software RAID configuration files and utilities </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> mdadm.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> mdadm</li></ul> <ul><li> /proc/mdstat</li></ul> <ul><li> partition type 0xFD </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="204.2_Adjusting_Storage_Device_Access_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">204.2 Adjusting Storage Device Access (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure kernel options to support various drives. This objective includes software tools to view & modify hard disk settings including iSCSI devices. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to configure DMA for IDE devices including ATAPI and SATA</li></ul> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to configure Solid State Drives including AHCI and NVMe </li></ul> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to manipulate or analyse system resources (e.g. interrupts)</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of sdparm command and its uses </li></ul> <ul><li> Tools and utilities for iSCSI</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of SAN, including relevant protocols (AoE, FCoE)</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> hdparm, sdparm</li></ul> <ul><li> nvme</li></ul> <ul><li> tune2fs</li></ul> <ul><li> fstrim</li></ul> <ul><li> sysctl</li></ul> <ul><li> /dev/hd*, /dev/sd*, /dev/nvme*</li></ul> <ul><li> iscsiadm, scsi_id, iscsid and iscsid.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> WWID, WWN, LUN numbers</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="204.3_Logical_Volume_Manager_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">204.3 Logical Volume Manager (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to create and remove logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes. This objective includes snapshots and resizing logical volumes. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Tools in the LVM suite</li></ul> <ul><li> Resizing, renaming, creating, and removing logical volumes, volume groups, and physical volumes</li></ul> <ul><li> Creating and maintaining snapshots</li></ul> <ul><li> Activating volume groups </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /sbin/pv*</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/lv*</li></ul> <ul><li> /sbin/vg*</li></ul> <ul><li> mount</li></ul> <ul><li> /dev/mapper/ </li></ul> <ul><li> lvm.conf</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_205:_Networking_Configuration"><i>Topic 205: Networking Configuration</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="205.1_Basic_networking_configuration_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">205.1 Basic networking configuration (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure a network device to be able to connect to a local, wired or wireless, and a wide-area network. This objective includes being able to communicate between various subnets within a single network including both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces</li></ul> <ul><li> Configuring basic access to wireless networks</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> ip</li></ul> <ul><li> ifconfig</li></ul> <ul><li> route</li></ul> <ul><li> arp</li></ul> <ul><li> iw</li></ul> <ul><li> iwconfig</li></ul> <ul><li> iwlist</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="205.2_Advanced_Network_Configuration_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">205.2 Advanced Network Configuration (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure a network device to implement various network authentication schemes. This objective includes configuring a multi-homed network device and resolving communication problems. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Utilities to manipulate routing tables</li></ul> <ul><li> Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces</li></ul> <ul><li> Utilities to analyse the status of the network devices</li></ul> <ul><li> Utilities to monitor and analyse the TCP/IP traffic</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> ip</li></ul> <ul><li> ifconfig</li></ul> <ul><li> route</li></ul> <ul><li> arp</li></ul> <ul><li> ss</li></ul> <ul><li> netstat</li></ul> <ul><li> lsof</li></ul> <ul><li> ping, ping6</li></ul> <ul><li> nc</li></ul> <ul><li> tcpdump</li></ul> <ul><li> nmap</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="205.3_Troubleshooting_network_issues_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">205.3 Troubleshooting network issues (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to identify and correct common network setup issues, to include knowledge of locations for basic configuration files and commands. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Location and content of access restriction files</li></ul> <ul><li> Utilities to configure and manipulate ethernet network interfaces</li></ul> <ul><li> Utilities to manage routing tables</li></ul> <ul><li> Utilities to list network states.</li></ul> <ul><li> Utilities to gain information about the network configuration</li></ul> <ul><li> Methods of information about the recognised and used hardware devices</li></ul> <ul><li> System initialisation files and their contents (Systemd and SysV init)</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of NetworkManager and its impact on network configuration</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> ip</li></ul> <ul><li> ifconfig</li></ul> <ul><li> route</li></ul> <ul><li> ss</li></ul> <ul><li> netstat</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/network/, /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/</li></ul> <ul><li> ping, ping6</li></ul> <ul><li> traceroute, traceroute6</li></ul> <ul><li> mtr</li></ul> <ul><li> hostname</li></ul> <ul><li> System log files such as /var/log/syslog, /var/log/messages and the systemd journal</li></ul> <ul><li> dmesg</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/resolv.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/hosts</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/hostname, /etc/HOSTNAME</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_206:_System_Maintenance"><i>Topic 206: System Maintenance</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="206.1_Make_and_install_programs_from_source_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">206.1 Make and install programs from source (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to build and install an executable program from source. This objective includes being able to unpack a file of sources. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Unpack source code using common compression and archive utilities.</li></ul> <ul><li> Understand basics of invoking make to compile programs.</li></ul> <ul><li> Apply parameters to a configure script.</li></ul> <ul><li> Know where sources are stored by default. </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /usr/src/</li></ul> <ul><li> gunzip</li></ul> <ul><li> gzip</li></ul> <ul><li> bzip2</li></ul> <ul><li> xz</li></ul> <ul><li> tar</li></ul> <ul><li> configure</li></ul> <ul><li> make</li></ul> <ul><li> uname</li></ul> <ul><li> install </li></ul> <ul><li> patch</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="206.2_Backup_operations_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">206.2 Backup operations (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to use system tools to back up important system data. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Knowledge about directories that have to be included in backups</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of network backup solutions such as Amanda, Bacula, Bareos and BackupPC</li></ul> <ul><li> Knowledge of the benefits and drawbacks of tapes, CDR, disk or other backup media</li></ul> <ul><li> Perform partial and manual backups.</li></ul> <ul><li> Verify the integrity of backup files.</li></ul> <ul><li> Partially or fully restore backups. </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /bin/sh</li></ul> <ul><li> dd</li></ul> <ul><li> tar</li></ul> <ul><li> /dev/st* and /dev/nst*</li></ul> <ul><li> mt</li></ul> <ul><li> rsync </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="206.3_Notify_users_on_system-related_issues_.28weight:_1.29"><span style="color:navy">206.3 Notify users on system-related issues (weight: 1)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to notify the users about current issues related to the system. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Automate communication with users through logon messages.</li></ul> <ul><li> Inform active users of system maintenance </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/issue</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/issue.net</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/motd</li></ul> <ul><li> wall</li></ul> <ul><li> shutdown </li></ul> <ul><li> systemctl</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Objectives:_Exam_202">Objectives: Exam 202</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_207:_Domain_Name_Server"><i>Topic 207: Domain Name Server</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="207.1_Basic_DNS_server_configuration_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">207.1 Basic DNS server configuration (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure BIND to function as an authoritative and as a recursive, caching-only DNS server. This objective includes the ability to manage a running server and configuring logging. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> BIND 9.x configuration files, terms and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Defining the location of the BIND zone files in BIND configuration files</li></ul> <ul><li> Reloading modified configuration and zone files </li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of dnsmasq, djbdns and PowerDNS as alternate name servers</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/named.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> /var/named/</li></ul> <ul><li> rndc</li></ul> <ul><li> named-checkconf</li></ul> <ul><li> kill </li></ul> <ul><li> host</li></ul> <ul><li> dig</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="207.2_Create_and_maintain_DNS_zones_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">207.2 Create and maintain DNS zones (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to create a zone file for a forward or reverse zone and hints for root level servers. This objective includes setting appropriate values for records, adding hosts in zones and adding zones to the DNS. A candidate should also be able to delegate zones to another DNS server. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> BIND 9 configuration files, terms and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Utilities to request information from the DNS server</li></ul> <ul><li> Layout, content and file location of the BIND zone files</li></ul> <ul><li> Various methods to add a new host in the zone files, including reverse zones </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /var/named/</li></ul> <ul><li> zone file syntax</li></ul> <ul><li> resource record formats</li></ul> <ul><li> named-checkzone</li></ul> <ul><li> named-compilezone</li></ul> <ul><li> masterfile-format</li></ul> <ul><li> dig</li></ul> <ul><li> nslookup</li></ul> <ul><li> host </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="207.3_Securing_a_DNS_server_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">207.3 Securing a DNS server (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure a DNS server to run as a non-root user and run in a chroot jail. This objective includes secure exchange of data between DNS servers. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> BIND 9 configuration files</li></ul> <ul><li> Configuring BIND to run in a chroot jail</li></ul> <ul><li> Split configuration of BIND using the forwarders statement </li></ul> <ul><li> Configuring and using transaction signatures (TSIG)</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of DNSSEC and basic tools</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of DANE and related records</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/named.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/passwd</li></ul> <ul><li> DNSSEC</li></ul> <ul><li> dnssec-keygen </li></ul> <ul><li> dnssec-signzone</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_208:_HTTP_Services"><i>Topic 208: HTTP Services</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="208.1_Basic_Apache_configuration_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">208.1 Basic Apache configuration (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to install and configure a web server. This objective includes monitoring the server's load and performance, restricting client user access, configuring support for scripting languages as modules and setting up client user authentication. Also included is configuring server options to restrict usage of resources. Candidates should be able to configure a web server to use virtual hosts and customize file access. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Apache 2.4 configuration files, terms and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Apache log files configuration and content</li></ul> <ul><li> Access restriction methods and files</li></ul> <ul><li> mod_perl and PHP configuration</li></ul> <ul><li> Client user authentication files and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Configuration of maximum requests, minimum and maximum servers and clients </li></ul> <ul><li> Apache 2.4 virtual host implementation (with and without dedicated IP addresses)</li></ul> <ul><li> Using redirect statements in Apache's configuration files to customize file access </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> access logs and error logs</li></ul> <ul><li> .htaccess</li></ul> <ul><li> httpd.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> mod_auth_basic, mod_authz_host and mod_access_compat</li></ul> <ul><li> htpasswd</li></ul> <ul><li> AuthUserFile, AuthGroupFile</li></ul> <ul><li> apachectl, apache2ctl</li></ul> <ul><li> httpd, apache2</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="208.2_Apache_configuration_for_HTTPS_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">208.2 Apache configuration for HTTPS (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure a web server to provide HTTPS. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> SSL configuration files, tools and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Generate a server private key and CSR for a commercial CA</li></ul> <ul><li> Generate a self-signed Certificate</li></ul> <ul><li> Install the key and certificate, including intermediate CAs</li></ul> <ul><li> Configure Virtual Hosting using SNI</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of the issues with Virtual Hosting and use of SSL</li></ul> <ul><li> Security issues in SSL use, disable insecure protocols and ciphers</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> Apache2 configuration files</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/ssl/, /etc/pki/</li></ul> <ul><li> openssl, CA.pl</li></ul> <ul><li> SSLEngine, SSLCertificateKeyFile, SSLCertificateFile</li></ul> <ul><li> SSLCACertificateFile, SSLCACertificatePath</li></ul> <ul><li> SSLProtocol, SSLCipherSuite, ServerTokens, ServerSignature, TraceEnable</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="208.3_Implementing_Squid_as_a_caching_proxy_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">208.3 Implementing Squid as a caching proxy (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to install and configure a proxy server, including access policies, authentication and resource usage. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Squid 3.x configuration files, terms and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Access restriction methods</li></ul> <ul><li> Client user authentication methods</li></ul> <ul><li> Layout and content of ACL in the Squid configuration files </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> squid.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> acl</li></ul> <ul><li> http_access </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="208.4_Implementing_Nginx_as_a_web_server_and_a_reverse_proxy_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">208.4 Implementing Nginx as a web server and a reverse proxy (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to install and configure a reverse proxy server, Nginx. Basic configuration of Nginx as a HTTP server is included. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Nginx</li></ul> <ul><li> Reverse Proxy</li></ul> <ul><li> Basic Web Server</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/nginx/</li></ul> <ul><li> nginx</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_209:_File_Sharing"><i>Topic 209: File Sharing</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="209.1_Samba_Server_Configuration_.28weight:_5.29"><span style="color:navy">209.1 Samba Server Configuration (weight: 5)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to set up a Samba server for various clients. This objective includes setting up Samba as a standalone server as well as integrating Samba as a member in an Active Directory. Furthermore, the configuration of simple CIFS and printer shares is covered. Also covered is a configuring a Linux client to use a Samba server. Troubleshooting installations is also tested. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Samba 4 documentation</li></ul> <ul><li> Samba 4 configuration files</li></ul> <ul><li> Samba 4 tools and utilities and daemons</li></ul> <ul><li> Mounting CIFS shares on Linux</li></ul> <ul><li> Mapping Windows user names to Linux user names</li></ul> <ul><li> User-Level, Share-Level and AD security </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> smbd, nmbd, winbindd</li></ul> <ul><li> smbcontrol, smbstatus, testparm, smbpasswd, nmblookup</li></ul> <ul><li> samba-tool</li></ul> <ul><li> net</li></ul> <ul><li> smbclient</li></ul> <ul><li> mount.cifs</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/samba/</li></ul> <ul><li> /var/log/samba/ </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="209.2_NFS_Server_Configuration_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">209.2 NFS Server Configuration (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to export filesystems using NFS. This objective includes access restrictions, mounting an NFS filesystem on a client and securing NFS. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> NFS version 3 configuration files</li></ul> <ul><li> NFS tools and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Access restrictions to certain hosts and/or subnets</li></ul> <ul><li> Mount options on server and client</li></ul> <ul><li> TCP Wrappers </li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of NFSv4</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/exports</li></ul> <ul><li> exportfs</li></ul> <ul><li> showmount</li></ul> <ul><li> nfsstat</li></ul> <ul><li> /proc/mounts</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/fstab</li></ul> <ul><li> rpcinfo</li></ul> <ul><li> mountd</li></ul> <ul><li> portmapper</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_210:_Network_Client_Management"><i>Topic 210: Network Client Management</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="210.1_DHCP_configuration_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">210.1 DHCP configuration (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure a DHCP server. This objective includes setting default and per client options, adding static hosts and BOOTP hosts. Also included is configuring a DHCP relay agent and maintaining the DHCP server. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> DHCP configuration files, terms and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Subnet and dynamically-allocated range setup </li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of DHCPv6 and IPv6 Router Advertisements</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> dhcpd.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> dhcpd.leases</li></ul> <ul><li> DHCP Log messages in syslog or systemd journal</li></ul> <ul><li> arp</li></ul> <ul><li> dhcpd </li></ul> <ul><li> radvd</li></ul> <ul><li> radvd.conf</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="210.2_PAM_authentication_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">210.2 PAM authentication (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> The candidate should be able to configure PAM to support authentication using various available methods. This includes basic SSSD functionality. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> PAM configuration files, terms and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> passwd and shadow passwords </li></ul> <ul><li> Use sssd for LDAP authentication</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/pam.d/</li></ul> <ul><li> pam.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> nsswitch.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> pam_unix, pam_cracklib, pam_limits, pam_listfile, pam_sss</li></ul> <ul><li> sssd.conf</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="210.3_LDAP_client_usage_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">210.3 LDAP client usage (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to perform queries and updates to an LDAP server. Also included is importing and adding items, as well as adding and managing users. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> LDAP utilities for data management and queries</li></ul> <ul><li> Change user passwords</li></ul> <ul><li> Querying the LDAP directory </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> ldapsearch</li></ul> <ul><li> ldappasswd</li></ul> <ul><li> ldapadd</li></ul> <ul><li> ldapdelete </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="210.4_Configuring_an_OpenLDAP_server_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">210.4 Configuring an OpenLDAP server (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure a basic OpenLDAP server including knowledge of LDIF format and essential access controls. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> OpenLDAP</li></ul> <ul><li> Directory based configuration</li></ul> <ul><li> Access Control</li></ul> <ul><li> Distinguished Names</li></ul> <ul><li> Changetype Operations</li></ul> <ul><li> Schemas and Whitepages</li></ul> <ul><li> Directories</li></ul> <ul><li> Object IDs, Attributes and Classes</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> slapd</li></ul> <ul><li> slapd-config</li></ul> <ul><li> LDIF</li></ul> <ul><li> slapadd</li></ul> <ul><li> slapcat</li></ul> <ul><li> slapindex</li></ul> <ul><li> /var/lib/ldap/</li></ul> <ul><li> loglevel</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_211:_E-Mail_Services"><i>Topic 211: E-Mail Services</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="211.1_Using_e-mail_servers_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">211.1 Using e-mail servers (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to manage an e-mail server, including the configuration of e-mail aliases, e-mail quotas and virtual e-mail domains. This objective includes configuring internal e-mail relays and monitoring e-mail servers. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Configuration files for postfix</li></ul> <ul><li> Basic TLS configuration for postfix</li></ul> <ul><li> Basic knowledge of the SMTP protocol</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of sendmail and exim </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> Configuration files and commands for postfix</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/postfix/</li></ul> <ul><li> /var/spool/postfix/</li></ul> <ul><li> sendmail emulation layer commands</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/aliases</li></ul> <ul><li> mail-related logs in /var/log/ </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="211.2_Managing_E-Mail_Delivery_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">211.2 Managing E-Mail Delivery (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to implement client e-mail management software to filter, sort and monitor incoming user e-mail. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Understanding of Sieve functionality, syntax and operators</li></ul> <ul><li> Use Sieve to filter and sort mail with respect to sender, recipient(s), headers and size</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of procmail</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> Conditions and comparison operators</li></ul> <ul><li> keep, fileinto, redirect, reject, discard, stop</li></ul> <ul><li> Dovecot vacation extension</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="211.3_Managing_Mailbox_Access_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">211.3 Managing Mailbox Access (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to install and configure POP and IMAP daemons. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Dovecot IMAP and POP3 configuration and administration</li></ul> <ul><li> Basic TLS configuration for Dovecot</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of Courier</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/dovecot/</li></ul> <ul><li> dovecot.conf </li></ul> <ul><li> doveconf</li></ul> <ul><li> doveadm</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Topic_212:_System_Security"><i>Topic 212: System Security</i></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="212.1_Configuring_a_router_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">212.1 Configuring a router (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure a system to forward IP packet and perform network address translation (NAT, IP masquerading) and state its significance in protecting a network. This objective includes configuring port redirection, managing filter rules and averting attacks. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> iptables and ip6tables configuration files, tools and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Tools, commands and utilities to manage routing tables.</li></ul> <ul><li> Private address ranges (IPv4) and Unique Local Addresses as well as Link Local Addresses (IPv6)</li></ul> <ul><li> Port redirection and IP forwarding</li></ul> <ul><li> List and write filtering and rules that accept or block IP packets based on source or destination protocol, port and address</li></ul> <ul><li> Save and reload filtering configurations </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/</li></ul> <ul><li> /proc/sys/net/ipv6/</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/services</li></ul> <ul><li> iptables </li></ul> <ul><li> ip6tables</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="212.2_Managing_FTP_servers_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">212.2 Managing FTP servers (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure an FTP server for anonymous downloads and uploads. This objective includes precautions to be taken if anonymous uploads are permitted and configuring user access. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Configuration files, tools and utilities for Pure-FTPd and vsftpd</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of ProFTPd</li></ul> <ul><li> Understanding of passive vs. active FTP connections </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> vsftpd.conf</li></ul> <ul><li> important Pure-FTPd command line options </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="212.3_Secure_shell_.28SSH.29_.28weight:_4.29"><span style="color:navy">212.3 Secure shell (SSH) (weight: 4)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure and secure an SSH daemon. This objective includes managing keys and configuring SSH for users. Candidates should also be able to forward an application protocol over SSH and manage the SSH login. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> OpenSSH configuration files, tools and utilities</li></ul> <ul><li> Login restrictions for the superuser and the normal users</li></ul> <ul><li> Managing and using server and client keys to login with and without password</li></ul> <ul><li> Usage of multiple connections from multiple hosts to guard against loss of connection to remote host following configuration changes </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> ssh</li></ul> <ul><li> sshd</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/ssh/sshd_config</li></ul> <ul><li> /etc/ssh/</li></ul> <ul><li> Private and public key files</li></ul> <ul><li> PermitRootLogin, PubKeyAuthentication, AllowUsers, PasswordAuthentication, Protocol </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="212.4_Security_tasks_.28weight:_3.29"><span style="color:navy">212.4 Security tasks (weight: 3)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to receive security alerts from various sources, install, configure and run intrusion detection systems and apply security patches and bugfixes. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to scan and test ports on a server</li></ul> <ul><li> Locations and organisations that report security alerts as Bugtraq, CERT or other sources</li></ul> <ul><li> Tools and utilities to implement an intrusion detection system (IDS)</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of OpenVAS and Snort</li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> telnet</li></ul> <ul><li> nmap</li></ul> <ul><li> fail2ban</li></ul> <ul><li> nc</li></ul> <ul><li> iptables </li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="212.5_OpenVPN_.28weight:_2.29"><span style="color:navy">212.5 OpenVPN (weight: 2)</span></span></h4> <table style=""> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada"> <p><b>Weight</b> </p> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#dadada; padding-right:1em"> <b>Description</b> </td> <td style="background:#eaeaea"> Candidates should be able to configure a VPN (Virtual Private Network) and create secure point-to-point or site-to-site connections. </td></tr></table> <p><b>Key Knowledge Areas:</b> </p> <ul><li> OpenVPN </li></ul> <p><b>The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:</b> </p> <ul><li> /etc/openvpn/</li></ul> <ul><li> openvpn</li></ul> <p><br /> <br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Future_Change_Considerations">Future Change Considerations</span></h2> <p>Future changes to the objective will/may include: </p> <ul><li> Extend the amount of NetworkManager covered, i.e. including the CLI</li></ul> <ul><li> lighttpd would have been too much coverage of web services. Perhaps reduce Apache next revision to make room.</li></ul> <ul><li> host level IDS (tripwire, AIDE, etc) to be covered in future LPIC-1.</li></ul> <ul><li> introduction (or more) to FreeIPA</li></ul> <ul><li> add coverage of mod_security and mod_evasive to Apache HTTP (maybe as a separate topic: Web Application Firewall)</li></ul> <ul><li> add coverage of a higher-level firewall package like firewalld or ufw</li></ul> <ul><li> Reconsider mod_perl</li></ul> <ul><li> Add firewall-cmd and /etc/firewalld/firewalld.conf related to firewalld to LPIC-2</li></ul> <ul><li> Awareness of firewalld</li></ul> <ul><li> Add nmcli and nmtui to LPIC-2</li></ul> <ul><li> Full coverage of IPv6 auto configuration</li></ul> <ul><li> Remove djbdns</li></ul> <ul><li> Advanced shell scripting (sed -e, set -x, set -o, pipefail, PIPESTATUS, declare)</li></ul> <ul><li> Filesystem quota (similar to the topic removed from LPIC-1)</li></ul> <ul><li> Understanding of consistency in backups, e.g. for databases</li></ul> <ul><li> Let's Encrypt for certification procurement</li></ul> <ul><li> 202.2: Reconsider NVMe booting</li></ul> <ul><li> 207.1: Consider dropping djbdns and consider unbound</li></ul> <ul><li> 207.1: /var/named/ is distro-specific</li></ul> <ul><li> 207.2: Remove creation of root.hints</li></ul> <ul><li> 207.2: Reconsider nslookup</li></ul> <ul><li> 207.3: Reconsider chroot</li></ul> <ul><li> 208.2: Remove CA.pl</li></ul> <ul><li> 208.2: Remove SNI specialties</li></ul> <ul><li> 208.2: Remove client certificate options</li></ul> <ul><li> 208.3: Reconsider the relevance of Squid</li></ul> <ul><li> 209.1: Remove Samba Share-Level security</li></ul> <ul><li> 209.1: Remove nmblookup</li></ul> <ul><li> 210.1: Remove arp</li></ul> <ul><li> 210.4: Aggregate Whitepages, schemas, classes etc.</li></ul> <ul><li> 212.2: Remove FTP</li></ul> <ul><li> 212.3: Remove Protocol</li></ul> <ul><li> 212.4: Remove bugtraq etc.</li></ul> <ul><li> Remove paths to commands and configuration files wherever possible</li></ul>    </div>  <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div data-wpr-lazyrender="1" class="footer"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-top d-lg-flex justify-content-between align-items-center"> <div class="footer-text"> <h3>Linux Professional Institute is a non profit organization.</h3> <p>Linux Professional Institute (LPI) is the global certification standard and career support organization for open source professionals. With more than 250,000 certification holders, it’s the world鈥檚 first and largest vendor-neutral Linux and open source certification body. LPI has certified professionals in over 180 countries, delivers exams in multiple languages, and has hundreds of training partners.</p> <p>Our mission is to promote the use of open source by supporting the people who work with it.</p> </div> <div class="footer-social"> <ul class="nav"> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/35136" target="_blank" aria-label="linkedin"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin-in"></i></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/LPIConnect" target="_blank" aria-label="facebook"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f"></i></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/lpiconnect" target="_blank" aria-label="twitter"><i class="fa-brands fa-twitter"></i></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/lpi_org/" target="_blank" aria-label="instagram"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram"></i></span></a></li> <li><a href="https://fosstodon.org/@LPI" target="_blank" aria-label="mastodon"><i class="fa-brands fa-mastodon"></i></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="footer-menu"> <ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="nav"><li id="menu-item-59" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-59"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/about-lpi/contact-us/"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-60" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-60"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://www.lpi.org/policies/"><span>Privacy and Cookie Policy</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-61" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-61"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/diversity-equity-and-inclusion-dei-policy/"><span>Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Policy</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-20312" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20312"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/lpi-exam-vouchers-and-return-policy/"><span>Exam Vouchers and Return Policy</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-19770" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19770"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/conduct/"><span>Community Code of Conduct</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-62" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-62"><a href="https://www.lpi.org/impressum/"><span>Impressum</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-copyright"> <p><strong>In case of a content discrepancy between English and the translation, the English version is canonical.<br /> Spot a mistake or want to help improve this translation? Please聽<a href="https://www.lpi.org/about-lpi/contact-us/">let us know</a>.</strong></p> <p>漏 Copyright 1999-2025 Linux Professional Institute Inc. All rights reserved.<br /> Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Linux Professional Institute and corresponding “L” logo are registered trademarks.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; _paq.push(['trackPageView']);_paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);_paq.push(['alwaysUseSendBeacon']);_paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', "\/\/www.lpi.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/matomo\/app\/matomo.php"]);_paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.src="\/\/www.lpi.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/matomo\/matomo.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[// > //--><!]]> </script> <style media="screen" type="text/css"> <![CDATA[/* > /*--><!]]>*/ .exam-prices-table { width: auto; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0; text-align: left; background:color: #FFF; } .category-row { padding-top: 30px !important; font-style: italic; border-bottom: 1px solid #DEE2E6; background-color: #FFF; } .white-row { border-bottom: 1px solid #DEE2E6; background-color: #FFF; padding-right: 30px !important; } .grey-row { border-bottom: 1px solid #DEE2E6; background-color: #F2F2F2 !important; padding-right: 30px !important; } </style><script type="module" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/borlabs-cookie/assets/javascript/borlabs-cookie-prioritize.min.js?ver=3.3.4-29" id="borlabs-cookie-prioritize-js-module" data-cfasync="false" data-no-minify="1" data-no-optimize="1"></script> <script type="module" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/borlabs-cookie/assets/javascript/borlabs-cookie.min.js?ver=3.3.4" id="borlabs-cookie-core-js-module" data-cfasync="false" data-no-minify="1" data-no-optimize="1"></script> <div data-nosnippet data-borlabs-cookie-consent-required='true' id='BorlabsCookieBox'></div><div id='BorlabsCookieWidget' class='brlbs-cmpnt-container'></div> <script> const lazyloadRunObserver = () => { const lazyloadBackgrounds = document.querySelectorAll( `.e-con.e-parent:not(.e-lazyloaded)` ); const lazyloadBackgroundObserver = new IntersectionObserver( ( entries ) => { entries.forEach( ( entry ) => { if ( entry.isIntersecting ) { let lazyloadBackground = entry.target; if( lazyloadBackground ) { lazyloadBackground.classList.add( 'e-lazyloaded' ); } lazyloadBackgroundObserver.unobserve( entry.target ); } }); }, { rootMargin: '200px 0px 200px 0px' } ); lazyloadBackgrounds.forEach( ( lazyloadBackground ) => { lazyloadBackgroundObserver.observe( lazyloadBackground ); } ); }; const events = [ 'DOMContentLoaded', 'elementor/lazyload/observe', ]; events.forEach( ( event ) => { document.addEventListener( event, lazyloadRunObserver ); } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-postviews-cache-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var viewsCacheL10n = {"admin_ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"da5fbdeda7","post_id":"12768"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-postviews/postviews-cache.js?ver=1.77" id="wp-postviews-cache-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-browser-checker-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ "use strict";var _createClass=function(){function defineProperties(target,props){for(var i=0;i<props.length;i++){var descriptor=props[i];descriptor.enumerable=descriptor.enumerable||!1,descriptor.configurable=!0,"value"in descriptor&&(descriptor.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(target,descriptor.key,descriptor)}}return function(Constructor,protoProps,staticProps){return protoProps&&defineProperties(Constructor.prototype,protoProps),staticProps&&defineProperties(Constructor,staticProps),Constructor}}();function _classCallCheck(instance,Constructor){if(!(instance instanceof Constructor))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker=function(){function RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker(options){_classCallCheck(this,RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker),this.passiveSupported=!1,this._checkPassiveOption(this),this.options=!!this.passiveSupported&&options}return _createClass(RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker,[{key:"_checkPassiveOption",value:function(self){try{var options={get passive(){return!(self.passiveSupported=!0)}};window.addEventListener("test",null,options),window.removeEventListener("test",null,options)}catch(err){self.passiveSupported=!1}}},{key:"initRequestIdleCallback",value:function(){!1 in window&&(window.requestIdleCallback=function(cb){var start=Date.now();return setTimeout(function(){cb({didTimeout:!1,timeRemaining:function(){return Math.max(0,50-(Date.now()-start))}})},1)}),!1 in window&&(window.cancelIdleCallback=function(id){return clearTimeout(id)})}},{key:"isDataSaverModeOn",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&!0===navigator.connection.saveData}},{key:"supportsLinkPrefetch",value:function(){var elem=document.createElement("link");return elem.relList&&elem.relList.supports&&elem.relList.supports("prefetch")&&window.IntersectionObserver&&"isIntersecting"in IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype}},{key:"isSlowConnection",value:function(){return"connection"in navigator&&"effectiveType"in navigator.connection&&("2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType||"slow-2g"===navigator.connection.effectiveType)}}]),RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker}(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-preload-links-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var RocketPreloadLinksConfig = {"excludeUris":"\/(?:.+\/)?feed(?:\/(?:.+\/?)?)?$|\/(?:.+\/)?embed\/|\/(index.php\/)?(.*)wp-json(\/.*|$)|\/refer\/|\/go\/|\/recommend\/|\/recommends\/","usesTrailingSlash":"1","imageExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php","fileExt":"jpg|jpeg|gif|png|tiff|bmp|webp|avif|pdf|doc|docx|xls|xlsx|php|html|htm","siteUrl":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org","onHoverDelay":"100","rateThrottle":"3"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="rocket-preload-links-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ (function() { "use strict";var r="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(e){return typeof e}:function(e){return e&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&e.constructor===Symbol&&e!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof e},e=function(){function i(e,t){for(var n=0;n<t.length;n++){var i=t[n];i.enumerable=i.enumerable||!1,i.configurable=!0,"value"in i&&(i.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(e,i.key,i)}}return function(e,t,n){return t&&i(e.prototype,t),n&&i(e,n),e}}();function i(e,t){if(!(e instanceof t))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}var t=function(){function n(e,t){i(this,n),this.browser=e,this.config=t,this.options=this.browser.options,this.prefetched=new Set,this.eventTime=null,this.threshold=1111,this.numOnHover=0}return e(n,[{key:"init",value:function(){!this.browser.supportsLinkPrefetch()||this.browser.isDataSaverModeOn()||this.browser.isSlowConnection()||(this.regex={excludeUris:RegExp(this.config.excludeUris,"i"),images:RegExp(".("+this.config.imageExt+")$","i"),fileExt:RegExp(".("+this.config.fileExt+")$","i")},this._initListeners(this))}},{key:"_initListeners",value:function(e){-1<this.config.onHoverDelay&&document.addEventListener("mouseover",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("mousedown",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions),document.addEventListener("touchstart",e.listener.bind(e),e.listenerOptions)}},{key:"listener",value:function(e){var t=e.target.closest("a"),n=this._prepareUrl(t);if(null!==n)switch(e.type){case"mousedown":case"touchstart":this._addPrefetchLink(n);break;case"mouseover":this._earlyPrefetch(t,n,"mouseout")}}},{key:"_earlyPrefetch",value:function(t,e,n){var i=this,r=setTimeout(function(){if(r=null,0===i.numOnHover)setTimeout(function(){return i.numOnHover=0},1e3);else if(i.numOnHover>i.config.rateThrottle)return;i.numOnHover++,i._addPrefetchLink(e)},this.config.onHoverDelay);t.addEventListener(n,function e(){t.removeEventListener(n,e,{passive:!0}),null!==r&&(clearTimeout(r),r=null)},{passive:!0})}},{key:"_addPrefetchLink",value:function(i){return this.prefetched.add(i.href),new Promise(function(e,t){var n=document.createElement("link");n.rel="prefetch",n.href=i.href,n.onload=e,n.onerror=t,document.head.appendChild(n)}).catch(function(){})}},{key:"_prepareUrl",value:function(e){if(null===e||"object"!==(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))||!1 in e||-1===["http:","https:"].indexOf(e.protocol))return null;var t=e.href.substring(0,this.config.siteUrl.length),n=this._getPathname(e.href,t),i={original:e.href,protocol:e.protocol,origin:t,pathname:n,href:t+n};return this._isLinkOk(i)?i:null}},{key:"_getPathname",value:function(e,t){var n=t?e.substring(this.config.siteUrl.length):e;return n.startsWith("/")||(n="/"+n),this._shouldAddTrailingSlash(n)?n+"/":n}},{key:"_shouldAddTrailingSlash",value:function(e){return this.config.usesTrailingSlash&&!e.endsWith("/")&&!this.regex.fileExt.test(e)}},{key:"_isLinkOk",value:function(e){return null!==e&&"object"===(void 0===e?"undefined":r(e))&&(!this.prefetched.has(e.href)&&e.origin===this.config.siteUrl&&-1===e.href.indexOf("?")&&-1===e.href.indexOf("#")&&!this.regex.excludeUris.test(e.href)&&!this.regex.images.test(e.href))}}],[{key:"run",value:function(){"undefined"!=typeof RocketPreloadLinksConfig&&new n(new RocketBrowserCompatibilityChecker({capture:!0,passive:!0}),RocketPreloadLinksConfig).init()}}]),n}();t.run(); }()); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@popperjs/core@2.11.8/dist/umd/popper.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="popper-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/vendor/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="bootstrap-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/vendor/slick/slick.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="slick-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/vendor/fancybox/jquery.fancybox.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="fancybox-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/vendor/infinite-scroll.pkgd.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="infinitescroll-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="functions-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ajax_obj = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lpi.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","nonce":"406eb6fc70"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/themes/lpi/assets/js/functions.js?ver=1.0.1" id="functions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.query.js?ver=2.2.3" id="jquery-query-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/rdp-wiki-embed/pl/js/url.min.js?ver=1.0" id="jquery-url-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.lpi.org/wp-content/plugins/image-source-control/public/assets/js/captions.js?ver=3.1.4" id="isc_caption-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="slb_context">/* <![CDATA[ */if ( !!window.jQuery ) {(function($){$(document).ready(function(){if ( !!window.SLB ) { {$.extend(SLB, {"context":["public","user_guest"]});} }})})(jQuery);}/* ]]> */</script> <script type='text/javascript'> document.tidioChatCode = "lpex5a0pegve5djuurpwkzszuwk3viul"; (function() { function asyncLoad() { var tidioScript = document.createElement("script"); tidioScript.type = "text/javascript"; tidioScript.async = true; tidioScript.src = "//code.tidio.co/lpex5a0pegve5djuurpwkzszuwk3viul.js"; document.body.appendChild(tidioScript); } if (window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent("onload", asyncLoad); } else { window.addEventListener("load", asyncLoad, false); } })(); </script> </body> </html>