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id="toc-Physical_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career_in_the_New_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_in_the_New_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early career in the New World</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career_in_the_New_World-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early career in the New World subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career_in_the_New_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Arrival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba_(1511–1519)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba_(1511–1519)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cuba (1511–1519)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba_(1511–1519)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Mexico_(1519–1521)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Mexico_(1519–1521)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conquest of Mexico (1519–1521)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conquest_of_Mexico_(1519–1521)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conquest of Mexico (1519–1521) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Mexico_(1519–1521)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-March_on_Tenochtitlán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_on_Tenochtitlán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>March on Tenochtitlán</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_on_Tenochtitlán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_of_Tenochtitlán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_of_Tenochtitlán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Destruction of Tenochtitlán</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_of_Tenochtitlán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointment_to_governorship_of_Mexico_and_internal_dissensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_to_governorship_of_Mexico_and_internal_dissensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Appointment to governorship of Mexico and internal dissensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_to_governorship_of_Mexico_and_internal_dissensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_grant_of_arms_(1525)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_grant_of_arms_(1525)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Royal grant of arms (1525)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_grant_of_arms_(1525)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_his_first_wife_and_remarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_his_first_wife_and_remarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death of his first wife and remarriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_his_first_wife_and_remarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cortés_and_the_"Spiritual_Conquest"_of_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cortés_and_the_"Spiritual_Conquest"_of_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cortés and the "Spiritual Conquest" of Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cortés_and_the_"Spiritual_Conquest"_of_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_to_Honduras_and_aftermath_(1524–1541)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_to_Honduras_and_aftermath_(1524–1541)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Expedition to Honduras and aftermath (1524–1541)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Expedition_to_Honduras_and_aftermath_(1524–1541)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Expedition to Honduras and aftermath (1524–1541) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Expedition_to_Honduras_and_aftermath_(1524–1541)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expedition_to_Honduras_(1524–1526)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_to_Honduras_(1524–1526)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Expedition to Honduras (1524–1526)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_to_Honduras_(1524–1526)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_return_to_Spain_(1528)_and_Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_return_to_Spain_(1528)_and_Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>First return to Spain (1528) and Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_return_to_Spain_(1528)_and_Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Mexico_(1530)_and_appointment_of_a_viceroy_(1535)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Mexico_(1530)_and_appointment_of_a_viceroy_(1535)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Return to Mexico (1530) and appointment of a viceroy (1535)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Mexico_(1530)_and_appointment_of_a_viceroy_(1535)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later life and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_return_to_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_return_to_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Second return to Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_return_to_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expedition_against_Algiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_against_Algiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Expedition against Algiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_against_Algiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years,_death,_and_remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years,_death,_and_remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Last years, death, and remains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years,_death,_and_remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxa_named_after_Cortés" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxa_named_after_Cortés"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Taxa named after Cortés</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxa_named_after_Cortés-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disputed_interpretation_of_his_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_interpretation_of_his_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Disputed interpretation of his life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disputed_interpretation_of_his_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disputed interpretation of his life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disputed_interpretation_of_his_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Representations_in_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_in_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Representations in Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representations_in_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings:_the_Cartas_de_Relación" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings:_the_Cartas_de_Relación"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Writings: the <i>Cartas de Relación</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings:_the_Cartas_de_Relación-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hernán Cortés</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 143 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">143 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Эрнан Кортес – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Эрнан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%84%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B0%E1%88%B5" title="ሄርናንዶ ኮርተስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሄርናንዶ ኮርተስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87" title="हर्नान कोर्ते – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हर्नान कोर्ते" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="إرنان كورتيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرنان كورتيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हर्नान कोर्टस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हर्नान कोर्टस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernan_Kortes" title="Ernan Kortes – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ernan Kortes" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2" title="ارنان کورتز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارنان کورتز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="এর্নান কোর্তেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এর্নান কোর্তেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Эрнан Кортес – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эрнан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Эрнан Картэс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрнан Картэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Эрнан Картэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эрнан Картэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ернан Кортес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ернан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кортес Эрнан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кортес Эрнан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernando Cortés – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hernando Cortés" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Ερνάν Κορτές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερνάν Κορτές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="ارنان کورتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنان کورتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кортес, Эрнан – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Кортес, Эрнан" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%9C_%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4" title="에르난 코르테스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에르난 코르테스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Էռնան Կորտես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էռնան Կորտես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87" title="हर्नान कोर्ते – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हर्नान कोर्ते" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кортес, Эрнан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кортес, Эрнан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A1" title="הרנאן קורטס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרנאן קורטס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ერნან კორტესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერნან კორტესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Эрнан Кортес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрнан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_Cortes" title="Hernando Cortes – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hernando Cortes" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernando Cortés – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hernando Cortés" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinandus_Cortesius" title="Ferdinandus Cortesius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ferdinandus Cortesius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernans_Kortess" title="Ernans Kortess – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernans Kortess" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernan_Cortes" title="Hernan Cortes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hernan Cortes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ernan.kortes" title="ernan.kortes – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ernan.kortes" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हर्नान कोर्टस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हर्नान कोर्टस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ернан Кортес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ернан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹെർനാൻ കൊർതസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെർനാൻ കൊർതസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D" title="एर्नान कोर्तेझ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एर्नान कोर्तेझ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ერნან კორტესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ერნან კორტესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="ايرنان كورتيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرنان كورتيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Cortez" title="Fernando Cortez – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fernando Cortez" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Эрнан Кортес – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрнан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အယ်နန် ကောတေ့စ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်နန် ကောတေ့စ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B8" title="हर्नान कोर्टस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हर्नान कोर्टस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9" title="エルナン・コルテス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルナン・コルテス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кортес, Эрнан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кортес, Эрнан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortes_Ernan" title="Kortes Ernan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kortes Ernan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹੇਰਨਾਨ ਕੋਰਤੇਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੇਰਨਾਨ ਕੋਰਤੇਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ہرنان کورٹیز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہرنان کورٹیز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B3" title="هېرنان کورتېس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هېرنان کورتېس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernan_Kortes" title="Ernan Kortes – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ernan Kortes" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ернан Кортес – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ернан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кортес, Эрнан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кортес, Эрнан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Эрнан Кортес – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эрнан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay-al-nan.ke-al-te-s" title="Ay-al-nan.ke-al-te-s – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ay-al-nan.ke-al-te-s" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernan_Kortes" title="Hernan Kortes – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hernan Kortes" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernando_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernando Cortés – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hernando Cortés" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B3" title="ئێرنان کۆرتێس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرنان کۆرتێس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ернан Кортес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ернан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="எர்னான் கோட்டெஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எர்னான் கோட்டெஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernan_Kortes" title="Ernan Kortes – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ernan Kortes" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA" title="เอร์นัน กอร์เตส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอร์นัน กอร์เตส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Ернан Кортес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернан Кортес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="ہرنان کورتیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہرنان کورتیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortes_Ernan" title="Kortes Ernan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kortes Ernan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cort%C3%A9si_Hern%C3%A1n" title="Cortési Hernán – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Cortési Hernán" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF" title="科爾蒂斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="科爾蒂斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF" title="埃兰·柯蒂斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃兰·柯蒂斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="הערנאן קארטעס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הערנאן קארטעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%8D%97%E5%AF%87%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF" title="荷南寇蒂斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="荷南寇蒂斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%96rnans_Kuort%C4%97sos" title="Ėrnans Kuortėsos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ėrnans Kuortėsos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%88%BE%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF" title="埃爾南·科爾特斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃爾南·科爾特斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Hernán Cortés" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish conquistador (1485–1547)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Bolivian Olympic weightlifter, see <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cortez_(weightlifter)" title="Hernán Cortez (weightlifter)">Hernán Cortez (weightlifter)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hernán Cortés</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/220px-Retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/330px-Retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/440px-Retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="928" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">18th-century portrait of Cortés based on the one sent by the conqueror to <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Giovio" title="Paolo Giovio">Paolo Giovio</a>, which has served as a model for many of his representations since the 16th century</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of New Spain">Governor of New Spain</a></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 August 1521 – 24 December 1521</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Tapia" title="Cristóbal de Tapia">Cristóbal de Tapia</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 December 1521 – 12 October 1524</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Cristóbal de Tapia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Triumvirate:<br /><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Estrada" title="Alonso de Estrada">Alonso de Estrada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Albornoz" title="Rodrigo de Albornoz">Rodrigo de Albornoz</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Zuazo" title="Alonso de Zuazo">Alonso de Zuazo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 June 1526 – 3 July 1526</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Alonso de Estrada<br />Rodrigo de Albornoz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n_(governor_of_New_Spain)" title="Luis Ponce de León (governor of New Spain)">Luis Ponce de León</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hernando Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano</div><br />December 1485<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1485-12</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn,_Spain" title="Medellín, Spain">Medellín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2, 1547<span style="display:none">(1547-12-02)</span> (aged 61–62)<br /><a href="/wiki/Castilleja_de_la_Cuesta" title="Castilleja de la Cuesta">Castilleja de la Cuesta</a>, Castile</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Castilian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Catalina Suárez</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1516; died 1522)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Juana de Zúñiga</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1529)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Moctezuma" title="Isabel Moctezuma">Isabel Moctezuma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Don <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s,_2nd_Marquess_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" title="Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca">Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca</a><br />Doña María Cortés<br />Doña Catalina Cortés<br />Doña Juana Cortės<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_Malinche)" title="Martín Cortés (son of Malinche)">Martín Cortés</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leonor_Cort%C3%A9s_Moctezuma" title="Leonor Cortés Moctezuma">Leonor Cortés Moctezuma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistador</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Spanish conquest of Honduras</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hernan_Cortes_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hernán Cortés's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hernan_Cortes_Signature.svg/128px-Hernan_Cortes_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hernan_Cortes_Signature.svg/192px-Hernan_Cortes_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hernan_Cortes_Signature.svg/256px-Hernan_Cortes_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, 1st Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (December 1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish <i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a></i> who led an expedition that caused the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Aztec_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Aztec Empire">fall of the Aztec Empire</a> and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Castile">King of Castile</a> in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish explorers and conquistadors who began the first phase of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn,_Spain" title="Medellín, Spain">Medellín, Spain</a>, to a family of lesser nobility, Cortés chose to pursue adventure and riches in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. He went to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> and later to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, where he received an <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a></i> (the right to the labor of certain subjects). For a short time, he served as <i><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">alcalde</a></i> (magistrate) of the second Spanish town founded on the island. In 1519, he was elected captain of the third expedition to the mainland, which he partly funded. His enmity with the governor of Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>, resulted in the recall of the expedition at the last moment, an order which Cortés ignored. </p><p>Arriving on the continent, Cortés executed a successful strategy of allying with some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous people</a> against others. He also used a native woman, <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">Doña Marina</a>, as an interpreter. She later gave birth to his first son. When the governor of Cuba sent emissaries to arrest Cortés, he fought them and won, using the extra troops as reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés wrote letters directly to the king asking to be acknowledged for his successes instead of being punished for mutiny. After he overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a>, Cortés was awarded the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" title="Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca">marqués del Valle de Oaxaca</a></i>, while the more prestigious title of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> was given to a high-ranking nobleman, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>. In 1541 Cortés returned to Spain, where he died six years later of natural causes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish naming customs</a></div> <p>Cortés himself used the form "Hernando" or "Fernando" for his first name, as seen in the contemporary archive documents, his signature and the title of an early portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Hickling_Prescott" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hickling Prescott">William Hickling Prescott</a>'s <i>Conquest of Mexico</i> (1843) also refers to him as Hernando Cortés. At some point writers began using the shortened form of "Hernán" more generally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2></div> <p>In addition to the illustration by the German artist <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Weiditz" title="Christoph Weiditz">Christoph Weiditz</a> in his <i>Trachtenbuch</i>, there are three known portraits of Hernán Cortés which were likely made during his lifetime, though only copies of them have survived. All of these portraits show Cortés in the later years of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Friede_1969_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_1969-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The account of the conquest of the Aztec Empire written by <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a>, gives a detailed description of Hernán Cortés's physical appearance: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was of good stature and body, well proportioned and stocky, the color of his face was somewhat grey, not very cheerful, and a longer face would have suited him more. His eyes seemed at times loving and at times grave and serious. His beard was black and sparse, as was his hair, which at the time he sported in the same way as his beard. He had a high chest, a well shaped back and was lean with little belly.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weiditz_Trachtenbuch_077_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Weiditz_Trachtenbuch_077_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/173px-Weiditz_Trachtenbuch_077_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Weiditz_Trachtenbuch_077_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/260px-Weiditz_Trachtenbuch_077_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Weiditz_Trachtenbuch_077_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/346px-Weiditz_Trachtenbuch_077_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1753" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Weiditz's depiction of Cortés in 1529</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capit%C3%A1n_general,_Copia_de_un_retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s,_~1485_-_2-12-1547,_retrato_an%C3%B3nimo_(1525).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Capit%C3%A1n_general%2C_Copia_de_un_retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_~1485_-_2-12-1547%2C_retrato_an%C3%B3nimo_%281525%29.jpg/161px-Capit%C3%A1n_general%2C_Copia_de_un_retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_~1485_-_2-12-1547%2C_retrato_an%C3%B3nimo_%281525%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Capit%C3%A1n_general%2C_Copia_de_un_retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_~1485_-_2-12-1547%2C_retrato_an%C3%B3nimo_%281525%29.jpg/242px-Capit%C3%A1n_general%2C_Copia_de_un_retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_~1485_-_2-12-1547%2C_retrato_an%C3%B3nimo_%281525%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Capit%C3%A1n_general%2C_Copia_de_un_retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_~1485_-_2-12-1547%2C_retrato_an%C3%B3nimo_%281525%29.jpg/322px-Capit%C3%A1n_general%2C_Copia_de_un_retrato_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s%2C_~1485_-_2-12-1547%2C_retrato_an%C3%B3nimo_%281525%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1442" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Copy of a portrait of Cortés dated to the year 1525</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Cortés was born in 1485 in the town of <a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medellín (Spain)">Medellín</a>, then a village in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Kingdom of Castile</a>, now a municipality of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Badajoz_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Badajoz (province)">Badajoz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. His father, Martín Cortés de Monroy, born in 1449 to Rodrigo or Ruy Fernández de Monroy and his wife María Cortés, was an infantry captain of distinguished ancestry but slender means. Hernán's mother was Catalína Pizarro Altamirano.<sup id="cite_ref-Machado,_J._T_1970_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machado,_J._T_1970-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his mother, Hernán was second cousin once removed of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>, who later <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">conquered</a> the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> of modern-day Peru, and not to be confused with another Francisco Pizarro, who joined Cortés to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a>. (His maternal grandmother, Leonor Sánchez Pizarro Altamirano, was first cousin of Pizarro's father Gonzalo Pizarro y Rodriguez.)<sup id="cite_ref-Machado,_J._T_1970_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Machado,_J._T_1970-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his father, Hernán was related to <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a>, the third <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Hispaniola">governor of Hispaniola</a>. His paternal great-grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_de_Monroy_y_Almaraz,_5th_Lord_of_Monroy" title="Rodrigo de Monroy y Almaraz, 5th Lord of Monroy">Rodrigo de Monroy y Almaraz, 5th Lord of Monroy</a>. </p><p>According to his biographer and chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_G%C3%B3mara" title="Francisco López de Gómara">Francisco López de Gómara</a>, Cortés was pale and sickly as a child. At the age of 14, he was sent to study Latin under an uncle in Salamanca. Later historians have misconstrued this personal tutoring as time enrolled at the University of Salamanca.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After two years, Cortés returned home to Medellín, much to the irritation of his parents, who had hoped to see him equipped for a profitable legal career. However, those two years in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, plus his long period of training and experience as a notary, first in Valladolid and later in <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, gave him knowledge of the legal codes of Castile that he applied to help justify his unauthorized conquest of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this point in his life, Cortés was described by Gómara as ruthless, haughty, and mischievous.<sup id="cite_ref-Hernan_Cortés_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hernan_Cortés-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16-year-old youth had returned home to feel constrained life in his small provincial town. By this time, news of the exciting discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> in the New World was streaming back to Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_in_the_New_World">Early career in the New World</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Special:EditPage/Hernán Cortés">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization <br />of the Americas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartedAmerique.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antique map of the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/135px-CartedAmerique.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/203px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/270px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Muisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carvajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Plans were made for Cortés to sail to the Americas with a family acquaintance and distant relative, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a>, the newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Hispaniola">Governor of Hispaniola</a>. (This island is now divided between <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>). Cortés suffered an injury and was prevented from traveling. He spent the next year wandering the country, probably spending most of his time in Spain's southern ports of <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palos_de_la_Frontera" title="Palos de la Frontera">Palos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlucar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>. He finally left for Hispaniola in 1504 and became a colonist.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival">Arrival</h3></div> <p>Cortés reached Hispaniola in a ship commanded by Alonso Quintero, who tried to deceive his superiors and reach the New World before them in order to secure personal advantages. Quintero's mutinous conduct may have served as a model for Cortés in his subsequent career. </p><p>Upon his arrival in 1504 in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>, the capital of Hispaniola, the 18-year-old Cortés registered as a citizen; this entitled him to a building plot and land to farm. Soon afterward, Governor Nicolás de Ovando granted him an <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a></i> and appointed him as a notary of the town of <a href="/wiki/Azua_de_Compostela" class="mw-redirect" title="Azua de Compostela">Azua de Compostela</a>. His next five years seemed to help establish him in the colony; in 1506, Cortés took part in the conquests of Hispaniola and Cuba. The expedition leader awarded him a large estate of land and <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> slaves for his efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba_(1511–1519)"><span id="Cuba_.281511.E2.80.931519.29"></span>Cuba (1511–1519)</h3></div> <p>In 1511, Cortés accompanied <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>, an aide of the Governor of Hispaniola, in his expedition to conquer Cuba. Afterwards Velázquez was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Cuba">Governor of Cuba</a>. At the age of 26, Cortés was made clerk to the treasurer with the responsibility of ensuring that the Crown received the <i>quinto</i>, or customary one fifth of the profits from the expedition. </p><p>Velázquez was so impressed with Cortés that he secured a high political position for him in the colony. He became secretary for Governor Velázquez. Cortés was twice appointed municipal magistrate (<i><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">alcalde</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago</a>. In Cuba, Cortés became a man of substance with an <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a></i> to provide Indian labor for his mines and cattle. This new position of power also made him the new source of leadership, which opposing forces in the colony could then turn to. In 1514, Cortés led a group which demanded that more Indians be assigned to the settlers. </p><p>As time went on, relations between Cortés and Governor Velázquez became strained.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassig94_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassig94-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés found time to become romantically involved with Catalina Xuárez (or Juárez), the sister-in-law of Governor Velázquez. Part of Velázquez's displeasure seems to have been based on a belief that Cortés was trifling with Catalina's affections. Cortés was temporarily distracted by one of Catalina's sisters but finally married Catalina, reluctantly, under pressure from Governor Velázquez. However, by doing so, he hoped to secure the good will of both her family and that of Velázquez.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not until he had been almost 15 years in the Indies that Cortés began to look beyond his substantial status as mayor of the capital of Cuba and as a man of affairs in the thriving colony. He missed the first two expeditions, under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a>, sent by Diego Velázquez to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> in 1518. News reached Velázquez that <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Grijalva" title="Juan de Grijalva">Juan de Grijalva</a> had established a colony on the mainland where there was a bonanza of silver and gold, and Velázquez decided to send him help. Cortés was appointed <a href="/wiki/Captain-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-general">captain-general</a> of this new expedition in October 1518, but was advised to move fast before Velázquez changed his mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassig94_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassig94-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Cortés's experience as an administrator, knowledge gained from many failed expeditions, and his impeccable rhetoric he was able to gather six ships and 300 men, within a month. Velázquez's jealousy exploded and he decided to put the expedition in other hands. However, Cortés quickly gathered more men and ships in other Cuban ports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquest_of_Mexico_(1519–1521)"><span id="Conquest_of_Mexico_.281519.E2.80.931521.29"></span>Conquest of Mexico (1519–1521)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruta_de_Cort%C3%A9s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ruta_de_Cort%C3%A9s.svg/280px-Ruta_de_Cort%C3%A9s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ruta_de_Cort%C3%A9s.svg/420px-Ruta_de_Cort%C3%A9s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ruta_de_Cort%C3%A9s.svg/560px-Ruta_de_Cort%C3%A9s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>A map depicting Cortés's invasion route from the coast to the Aztec capital of <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1518, Velázquez put Cortés in command of an expedition to explore and secure the interior of Mexico for colonization. At the last minute, due to the old argument between the two, Velázquez changed his mind and revoked Cortés's charter. Cortés ignored the orders and, in an act of open <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>, went anyway in February 1519. He stopped in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Cuba" title="Trinidad, Cuba">Trinidad, Cuba</a>, to hire more soldiers and obtain more horses. Accompanied by about 11 ships, 500 men (including seasoned slaves<sup id="cite_ref-landers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), 13 horses, and a small number of <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannon</a>, Cortés landed on the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he encountered <a href="/wiki/Geronimo_de_Aguilar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geronimo de Aguilar">Geronimo de Aguilar</a>, a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> priest who had survived a <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecking" title="Shipwrecking">shipwreck</a> followed by a period in captivity with the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a>, before escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aguilar had learned the <a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya_language" title="Chontal Maya language">Chontal Maya language</a> and was able to translate for Cortés.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowe,_John_A_1992._p.75_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowe,_John_A_1992._p.75-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortés's military experience was almost nonexistent, but he proved to be an effective leader of his small army and won early victories over the coastal Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1519, Cortés formally claimed the land for the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish crown</a>. Then he proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, where he met with resistance and won a <a href="/wiki/Potonch%C3%A1n#Battle_of_Centla" title="Potonchán">battle</a> against the natives. He received twenty young indigenous women from the vanquished natives, and he converted them all to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowe,_John_A_1992._p.75_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowe,_John_A_1992._p.75-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among these women was <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a>, his future <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistress</a> and mother of his son <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_Malinche)" title="Martín Cortés (son of Malinche)">Martín</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malinche knew both the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> language and Chontal Maya, thus enabling Cortés to communicate with the Aztecs through Aguilar.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82, 86–87">: 82, 86–87 </span></sup> At <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa" title="San Juan de Ulúa">San Juan de Ulúa</a> on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> 1519, Cortés met with <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> governors Tendile and Pitalpitoque.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG/220px-ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG/330px-ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG/440px-ScuttleFleetNHMDF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>Cortés scuttling his own fleet off the coast of Veracruz in order to eliminate the possibility of retreat</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1519, his men took over <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. By this act, Cortés dismissed the authority of the governor of Cuba to place himself directly under the orders of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">King Charles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To eliminate any ideas of retreat, Cortés <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a> his ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Longman94_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longman94-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_on_Tenochtitlán"><span id="March_on_Tenochtitl.C3.A1n"></span>March on Tenochtitlán</h3></div> <p>In Veracruz, he met some of the tributaries of the Aztecs and asked them to arrange a meeting with <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">tlatoani</a></i> (ruler) of the Aztec Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Longman94_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longman94-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moctezuma repeatedly turned down the meeting, but Cortés was determined. Leaving a hundred men in Veracruz, Cortés marched on <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenochtitlán">Tenochtitlán</a> in mid-August 1519, along with 600 soldiers, 15 horsemen, 15 <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>, and hundreds of indigenous carriers and warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the way to Tenochtitlán, Cortés made alliances with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">indigenous peoples</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonacs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cempoala" title="Cempoala">Cempoala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nahua_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua people">Nahuas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)" title="Tlaxcala (Nahua state)">Tlaxcala</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Otomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomi people">Otomis</a> initially, and then the <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxcalans">Tlaxcalans</a> clashed with the Spanish in a series of three battles from 2 to 5 September 1519, and at one point, Diaz remarked, "they surrounded us on every side". After Cortés continued to release prisoners with messages of peace, and realizing the Spanish were enemies of Moctezuma, <a href="/wiki/Xicotencatl_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Xicotencatl the Elder">Xicotencatl the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maxixcatzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxixcatzin">Maxixcatzin</a> persuaded the Tlaxcalan warleader, <a href="/wiki/Xicotencatl_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Xicotencatl the Younger">Xicotencatl the Younger</a>, that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143–155, 171">: 143–155, 171 </span></sup> </p><p>In October 1519, Cortés and his men, accompanied by about 1,000 Tlaxcalteca,<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 188">: 188 </span></sup> marched to <a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a>, the second-largest city in central Mexico. Cortés, either in a pre-meditated effort to instill fear upon the Aztecs waiting for him at Tenochtitlan or (as he later claimed, when he was being investigated) wishing to make an example when he feared native treachery, massacred thousands of unarmed members of the nobility gathered at the central plaza, then partially burned the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaz_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 199–200">: 199–200 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortez_%26_La_Malinche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cortez_%26_La_Malinche.jpg/220px-Cortez_%26_La_Malinche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cortez_%26_La_Malinche.jpg/330px-Cortez_%26_La_Malinche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cortez_%26_La_Malinche.jpg/440px-Cortez_%26_La_Malinche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Cortés and <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a> meet Moctezuma in Tenochtitlán, November 8, 1519.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time he arrived in Tenochtitlán, the Spaniards had a large army. On November 8, 1519, they were peacefully received by Moctezuma II.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moctezuma deliberately let Cortés enter the Aztec capital, the island city of Tenochtitlán, hoping to get to know their weaknesses better and to crush them later.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moctezuma gave lavish gifts of gold to the Spaniards which, rather than placating them, excited their ambitions for plunder. In his letters to King Charles, Cortés claimed to have learned at this point that he was considered by the Aztecs to be either an emissary of the feathered serpent god <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a> or Quetzalcoatl himself—a belief which has been contested by a few modern historians.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But quickly Cortés learned that several Spaniards on the coast had been killed by Aztecs while supporting the Totonacs, and decided to take Moctezuma as a hostage in his palace, indirectly ruling Tenochtitlán through him.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jal-ixco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jal-ixco.jpg/220px-Jal-ixco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jal-ixco.jpg/330px-Jal-ixco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jal-ixco.jpg/440px-Jal-ixco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Olid" title="Cristóbal de Olid">Cristóbal de Olid</a> leads Spanish soldiers with <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)" title="Tlaxcala (Nahua state)">Tlaxcalan</a> allies in the conquests of Jalisco, 1522.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, Velázquez sent another expedition, led by <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a>, to oppose Cortés, arriving in Mexico in April 1520 with 1,100 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés left 200 men in Tenochtitlán and took the rest to confront Narváez. He overcame Narváez, despite his numerical inferiority, and convinced the rest of Narváez's men to join him.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mexico, one of Cortés's lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>, committed the <i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Great_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre in the Great Temple">massacre in the Great Temple</a></i>, triggering a local rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortés speedily returned to Tenochtitlán. On July 1, 1520, Moctezuma was killed (he was stoned to death by his own people, as reported in Spanish accounts; although some claim he was murdered by the Spaniards once they realized his inability to placate the locals). Faced with a hostile population, Cortés decided to flee for Tlaxcala. During the <i><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">Noche Triste</a></i> (June 30 – July 1, 1520), the Spaniards managed a narrow escape from Tenochtitlán across the Tlacopan causeway, while their rearguard was being massacred. Much of the treasure looted by Cortés was lost (as well as his artillery) during this panicked escape from Tenochtitlán.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_Tenochtitlán"><span id="Destruction_of_Tenochtitl.C3.A1n"></span>Destruction of Tenochtitlán</h3></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otumba" title="Battle of Otumba">a battle in Otumba</a>, they managed to reach Tlaxcala, having lost 870 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the assistance of their allies, Cortés's men finally prevailed with reinforcements arriving from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Cortés began a policy of <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">attrition</a> towards Tenochtitlán, cutting off supplies and subduing the Aztecs' allied cities. During the siege he would construct <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantines</a> in the lake and slowly destroy blocks of the city to avoid fighting in an urban setting. The Mexicas would fall back to <a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_(altepetl)" title="Tlatelolco (altepetl)">Tlatelolco</a> and even succeed in ambushing the pursuing Spanish forces, inflicting heavy losses, but would ultimately be the last portion of the island that resisted the conquistadores. The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">siege of Tenochtitlan</a> ended with Spanish victory and the destruction of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1521, Cortés countered a conspiracy against him, headed by Antonio de Villafana, who was hanged for the offense.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tlatoani" title="Tlatoani">tlatoani</a></i> (ruler) of Tenochtitlán, on August 13, 1521, the Aztec Empire was captured, and Cortés was able to claim it for Spain, thus renaming the city <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. From 1521 to 1524, Cortés personally governed Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appointment_to_governorship_of_Mexico_and_internal_dissensions">Appointment to governorship of Mexico and internal dissensions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malinche_Tlaxcala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Malinche_Tlaxcala.jpg/220px-Malinche_Tlaxcala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Malinche_Tlaxcala.jpg/330px-Malinche_Tlaxcala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Malinche_Tlaxcala.jpg/440px-Malinche_Tlaxcala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2741" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption>A painting from <a href="/wiki/Diego_Mu%C3%B1oz_Camargo" title="Diego Muñoz Camargo">Diego Muñoz Camargo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tlaxcala" title="History of Tlaxcala">History of Tlaxcala</a></i> (Lienzo Tlaxcala), c. 1585, showing <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a> and Hernán Cortés</figcaption></figure> <p>Many historical sources have conveyed an impression that Cortés was unjustly treated by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish Crown</a>, and that he received nothing but ingratitude for his role in establishing <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. This picture is the one Cortés presents in his letters and in the later biography written by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_G%C3%B3mara" title="Francisco López de Gómara">Francisco López de Gómara</a>. However, there may be more to the picture than this. Cortés's own sense of accomplishment, entitlement, and vanity may have played a part in his deteriorating position with the king: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Cortés personally was not ungenerously rewarded, but he speedily complained of insufficient compensation to himself and his comrades. Thinking himself beyond reach of restraint, he disobeyed many of the orders of the Crown, and, what was more imprudent, said so in a letter to the emperor, dated October 15, 1524 (Ycazbalceta, "Documentos para la Historia de México", Mexico, 1858, I). In this letter Cortés, besides recalling in a rather abrupt manner that the conquest of Mexico was due to him alone, deliberately acknowledges his disobedience in terms which could not fail to create a most unfavourable impression.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>King Charles appointed Cortés as governor, captain general and chief justice of the newly conquered territory, dubbed "<a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> of the Ocean Sea". But also, much to the dismay of Cortés, four royal officials were appointed at the same time to assist him in his governing—in effect, submitting him to close observation and administration. Cortés initiated the construction of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, destroying Aztec temples and buildings and then rebuilding on the Aztec ruins what soon became the most important European city in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortés managed the founding of new cities and appointed men to extend Spanish rule to all of New Spain, imposing the <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a></i> system in 1524.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reserved many encomiendas for himself and for his retinue, which they considered just rewards for their accomplishment in conquering central Mexico. However, later arrivals and members of factions antipathetic to Cortés complained of the favoritism that excluded them.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1523, the Crown (possibly influenced by Cortés's enemy, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Fonseca" title="Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca">Bishop Fonseca</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sent a military force under the command of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Garay" title="Francisco de Garay">Francisco de Garay</a> to conquer and settle the northern part of Mexico, the region of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_(province)" title="Pánuco (province)">Pánuco</a>. This was another setback for Cortés who mentioned this in his fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself as the victim of a conspiracy by his archenemies <a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a> and Bishop Fonseca as well as Francisco Garay. The influence of Garay was effectively stopped by this appeal to the King who sent out a decree forbidding Garay to interfere in the politics of New Spain, causing him to give up without a fight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_grant_of_arms_(1525)"><span id="Royal_grant_of_arms_.281525.29"></span>Royal grant of arms (1525)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hernando_Cortes_crest_from_Charles_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hernando_Cortes_crest_from_Charles_V.jpg/170px-Hernando_Cortes_crest_from_Charles_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hernando_Cortes_crest_from_Charles_V.jpg/255px-Hernando_Cortes_crest_from_Charles_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hernando_Cortes_crest_from_Charles_V.jpg/340px-Hernando_Cortes_crest_from_Charles_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> awarded to Cortés, by King <a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos I of Spain">Carlos I of Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although Cortés had flouted the authority of Diego Velázquez in sailing to the mainland and then leading an expedition of conquest, Cortés's spectacular success was rewarded by the crown with a coat of arms, a mark of high honor, following the conqueror's request. The document granting the coat of arms summarizes Cortés's accomplishments in the conquest of Mexico. The proclamation of the king says in part: </p> <blockquote><p>We, respecting the many labors, dangers, and adventures which you underwent as stated above, and so that there might remain a perpetual memorial of you and your services and that you and your descendants might be more fully honored ... it is our will that besides your coat of arms of your lineage, which you have, you may have and bear as your coat of arms, known and recognized, a shield ...<sup id="cite_ref-grant_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The grant specifies the iconography of the coat of arms, the central portion divided into quadrants. In the upper portion, there is a "black eagle with two heads on a white field, which are the arms of the empire".<sup id="cite_ref-grant_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> Below that is a "golden lion on a red field, in memory of the fact that you, the said Hernando Cortés, by your industry and effort brought matters to the state described above" (i.e., the conquest).<sup id="cite_ref-grant_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> The specificity of the other two quadrants is linked directly to Mexico, with one quadrant showing three crowns representing the three Aztec emperors of the conquest era, <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuitlahuac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuitlahuac">Cuitlahuac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuauhtemoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuauhtemoc">Cuauhtemoc</a><sup id="cite_ref-grant_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> and the other showing the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.<sup id="cite_ref-grant_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> Encircling the central shield are symbols of the seven city-states around the lake and their lords that Cortés defeated, with the lords "to be shown as prisoners bound with a chain which shall be closed with a lock beneath the shield".<sup id="cite_ref-grant_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–45">: 44–45 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_of_his_first_wife_and_remarriage">Death of his first wife and remarriage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juana_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Juana_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga.JPG/220px-Juana_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Juana_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga.JPG/330px-Juana_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Juana_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga.JPG/440px-Juana_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Juana de Zúñiga, second wife of Cortés, for her tomb</figcaption></figure> <p>Cortés's wife Catalina Súarez arrived in New Spain around summer 1522, along with her sister and brother.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His marriage to Catalina was at this point extremely awkward, since she was a kinswoman of the governor of Cuba, Diego Velázquez, whose authority Cortés had thrown off and who was therefore now his enemy. Catalina lacked the noble title of <i>doña,</i> so at this point his marriage with her no longer raised his status. Their marriage had been childless. Since Cortés had sired children with a variety of indigenous women, including a son around 1522 by his cultural translator, <a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">Doña Marina</a>, Cortés knew he was capable of fathering children. Cortés's only male heir at this point was illegitimate, but nonetheless named after Cortés's father, Martín Cortés. This son <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_Malinche)" title="Martín Cortés (son of Malinche)">Martín Cortés</a> was also popularly called "El Mestizo".<sup id="cite_ref-seaman1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seaman1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-seaman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seaman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Catalina Suárez died under mysterious circumstances the night of November 1–2, 1522. There were accusations at the time that Cortés had murdered his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an investigation into her death, interviewing a variety of household residents and others.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentation of the investigation was published in the nineteenth century in Mexico and these archival documents were uncovered in the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Catalina Suárez produced a scandal and investigation, but Cortés was now free to marry someone of high status more appropriate to his wealth and power. In 1526, he built an imposing residence for himself, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Cort%C3%A9s,_Cuernavaca" title="Palace of Cortés, Cuernavaca">Palace of Cortés</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a>, in a region close to the capital where he had extensive <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> holdings. In 1529 he had been accorded the noble designation of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">don</a></i>, but more importantly was given the noble title of Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca and married the Spanish noblewoman Doña Juana de Zúñiga. The marriage produced three children, including another son, who was also named Martín. As the first-born legitimate son, Don <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s,_2nd_Marquess_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" title="Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca">Martín Cortés</a> y Zúñiga was now Cortés's heir and succeeded him as holder of the title and estate of the <a href="/wiki/Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" title="Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca">Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés's legitimate daughters were Doña Maria, Doña Catalina, and Doña Juana.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cortés_and_the_"Spiritual_Conquest"_of_Mexico"><span id="Cort.C3.A9s_and_the_.22Spiritual_Conquest.22_of_Mexico"></span>Cortés and the "Spiritual Conquest" of Mexico</h2></div> <p>Since the conversion to Christianity of indigenous peoples was an essential and integral part of the extension of Spanish power, making formal provisions for that conversion once the military conquest was completed was an important task for Cortés. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church</a> had seen early attempts at conversion in the Caribbean islands by Spanish friars, particularly the mendicant orders. Cortés made a request to the Spanish monarch to send <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friars to Mexico to convert the vast indigenous populations to Christianity. In his fourth letter to the king, Cortés pleaded for friars rather than diocesan or secular priests because those clerics were in his view a serious danger to the Indians' conversion. </p> <blockquote><p>If these people [Indians] were now to see the affairs of the Church and the service of God in the hands of canons or other dignitaries, and saw them indulge in the vices and profanities now common in Spain, knowing that such men were the ministers of God, it would bring our Faith into much harm that I believe any further preaching would be of no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He wished the mendicants to be the main evangelists. Mendicant friars did not usually have full priestly powers to perform all the sacraments needed for conversion of the Indians and growth of the neophytes in the Christian faith, so Cortés laid out a solution to this to the king. </p> <blockquote><p>Your Majesty should likewise beseech His Holiness [the pope] to grant these powers to the two principal persons in the religious orders that are to come here, and that they should be his delegates, one from the Order of St. Francis and the other from the Order of St. Dominic. They should bring the most extensive powers Your Majesty is able to obtain, for, because these lands are so far from the Church of Rome, and we, the Christians who now reside here and shall do so in the future, are so far from the proper remedies of our consciences and, as we are human, so subject to sin, it is essential that His Holiness should be generous with us and grant to these persons most extensive powers, to be handed down to persons actually in residence here whether it be given to the general of each order or to his provincials.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Franciscans arrived in May 1524, a symbolically powerful group of twelve known as the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Mexico" title="Twelve Apostles of Mexico">Twelve Apostles of Mexico</a>, led by Fray <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Valencia" title="Martín de Valencia">Martín de Valencia</a>. Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Geronimo_de_Mendieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geronimo de Mendieta">Geronimo de Mendieta</a> claimed that Cortés's most important deed was the way he met this first group of Franciscans. The conqueror himself was said to have met the friars as they approached the capital, kneeling at the feet of the friars who had walked from the coast. This story was told by Franciscans to demonstrate Cortés piety and humility and was a powerful message to all, including the Indians, that Cortés's earthly power was subordinate to the spiritual power of the friars. However, one of the first twelve Franciscans, Fray <a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a> does not mention it in his history.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortés and the Franciscans had a particularly strong alliance in Mexico, with Franciscans seeing him as "the new Moses" for conquering Mexico and opening it to Christian evangelization. In Motolinia's 1555 response to Dominican <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a>, he praises Cortés. </p> <blockquote><p>And as to those who murmur against the Marqués del Valle [Cortés], God rest him, and who try to blacken and obscure his deeds, I believe that before God their deeds are not as acceptable as those of the Marqués. Although as a human he was a sinner, he had faith and works of a good Christian, and a great desire to employ his life and property in widening and augmenting the fair of Jesus Christ, and dying for the conversion of these gentiles ... Who has loved and defended the Indians of this new world like Cortés? ... Through this captain, God opened the door for us to preach his holy gospel and it was he who caused the Indians to revere the holy sacraments and respect the ministers of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Fray <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a>'s 1585 revision of the conquest narrative first codified as Book XII of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, there are laudatory references to Cortés that do not appear in the earlier text from the indigenous perspective. Whereas Book XII of the Florentine Codex concludes with an account of Spaniards' search for gold, in Sahagún's 1585 revised account, he ends with praise of Cortés for requesting the Franciscans be sent to Mexico to convert the Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expedition_to_Honduras_and_aftermath_(1524–1541)"><span id="Expedition_to_Honduras_and_aftermath_.281524.E2.80.931541.29"></span>Expedition to Honduras and aftermath (1524–1541)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n#Hernán_Cortés_in_the_Maya_lowlands,_1524–25" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán § Hernán Cortés in the Maya lowlands, 1524–25</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Spanish conquest of Honduras</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala#Cortés_in_Petén" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala § Cortés in Petén</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n#Cortés_in_Petén" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Spanish conquest of Petén § Cortés in Petén</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_to_Honduras_(1524–1526)"><span id="Expedition_to_Honduras_.281524.E2.80.931526.29"></span>Expedition to Honduras (1524–1526)</h3></div> <p>From 1524 to 1526, Cortés headed an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> where he defeated <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Olid" title="Cristóbal de Olid">Cristóbal de Olid</a>, who had claimed Honduras as his own under the influence of the Governor of Cuba Diego Velázquez. Fearing that <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a> might head an insurrection in Mexico, he brought him with him to Honduras. In a controversial move, Cuauhtémoc was executed during the journey. Raging over Olid's treason, Cortés issued a decree to arrest Velázquez, whom he was sure was behind Olid's treason. This, however, only served to further estrange the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Indies">Council of Indies</a>, both of which were already beginning to feel anxious about Cortés's rising power.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortés's fifth letter to King Charles attempts to justify his conduct, concludes with a bitter attack on "various and powerful rivals and enemies" who have "obscured the eyes of your Majesty".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles, who was also <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, had little time for distant colonies (much of Charles's reign was taken up with <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">wars with France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">German Protestants</a> and the expanding <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman Empire</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except insofar as they contributed to finance his wars. In 1521, year of the Conquest, Charles was attending to matters in his German domains and Bishop <a href="/wiki/Adrian_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian of Utrecht">Adrian of Utrecht</a> functioned as regent in Spain. </p><p>Velázquez and Fonseca persuaded the regent to appoint a commissioner (a <i><a href="/wiki/Juez_de_residencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Juez de residencia">Juez de residencia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n_(governor_of_New_Spain)" title="Luis Ponce de León (governor of New Spain)">Luis Ponce de León</a>) with powers to investigate Cortés's conduct and even arrest him. Cortés was once quoted as saying that it was "more difficult to contend against [his] own countrymen than against the Aztecs."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor Diego Velázquez continued to be a thorn in his side, teaming up with Bishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, chief of the Spanish colonial department, to undermine him in the Council of the Indies. </p><p>A few days after Cortés's return from his expedition, Ponce de León suspended Cortés from his office of governor of New Spain. The Licentiate then fell ill and died shortly after his arrival, appointing <a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Aguilar" title="Marcos de Aguilar">Marcos de Aguilar</a> as <i>alcalde mayor</i>. The aged Aguilar also became sick and appointed <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Estrada" title="Alonso de Estrada">Alonso de Estrada</a> governor, who was confirmed in his functions by a royal decree in August 1527. Cortés, suspected of poisoning them, refrained from taking over the government. </p><p>Estrada sent Diego de Figueroa to the south. De Figueroa raided graveyards and extorted contributions, meeting his end when the ship carrying these treasures sank. Albornoz persuaded Alonso de Estrada to release <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Salazar" title="Gonzalo de Salazar">Gonzalo de Salazar</a> and Chirinos. When Cortés complained angrily after one of his adherents' hands was cut off, Estrada ordered him exiled. Cortés sailed for Spain in 1528 to appeal to King Charles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_return_to_Spain_(1528)_and_Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca"><span id="First_return_to_Spain_.281528.29_and_Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca"></span>First return to Spain (1528) and Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg/170px-Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg/255px-Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg/340px-Jakob_Seisenegger_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>Emperor Charles V with Hound</i> (1532), a painting by the 16th-century artist <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Seisenegger" title="Jakob Seisenegger">Jakob Seisenegger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1528, Cortés returned to Spain to appeal to the justice of his master, Charles V. Juan Altamirano and <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Valiente" title="Alonso Valiente">Alonso Valiente</a> stayed in Mexico and acted as Cortés's representatives during his absence. Cortés presented himself with great splendor before Charles V's court. By this time Charles had returned and Cortés forthrightly responded to his enemy's charges. Denying he had held back on gold due the crown, he showed that he had contributed more than the quinto (one-fifth) required. Indeed, he had spent lavishly to build the new capital of Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán, leveled during the siege that brought down the Aztec empire. </p><p>He was received by Charles with every distinction, and decorated with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Santiago" title="Order of Santiago">order of Santiago</a>. In return for his efforts in expanding the still young <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, Cortés was rewarded in 1529 by being accorded the noble title of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">don</a></i> but more importantly named the <i>"Marqués del Valle de <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marquessate_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" title="Marquessate of the Valley of Oaxaca">Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca</a>) and married the Spanish noblewoman Doña Juana Zúñiga, after the 1522 death of his much less distinguished first wife, Catalina Suárez. The noble title and senorial estate of the Marquesado was passed down to his descendants until 1811. The Oaxaca Valley was one of the wealthiest regions of New Spain, and Cortés had 23,000 <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> in 23 named <a href="/wiki/Encomiendas" class="mw-redirect" title="Encomiendas">encomiendas</a> in perpetuity.<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although confirmed in his land holdings and vassals, he was not reinstated as governor and was never again given any important office in the administration of New Spain. During his travel to Spain, his property was mismanaged by abusive colonial administrators. He sided with local natives in a lawsuit. The natives documented the abuses in the <a href="/wiki/Huexotzinco_Codex" title="Huexotzinco Codex">Huexotzinco Codex</a>. </p><p>The entailed estate and title passed to his legitimate son Don <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s,_2nd_Marquess_of_the_Valley_of_Oaxaca" title="Martín Cortés, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca">Martín Cortés</a> upon Cortés's death in 1547, who became the Second Marquess. Don Martín's association with the so-called Encomenderos' Conspiracy endangered the entailed holdings, but they were restored and remained the continuing reward for Hernán Cortés's family through the generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Mexico_(1530)_and_appointment_of_a_viceroy_(1535)"><span id="Return_to_Mexico_.281530.29_and_appointment_of_a_viceroy_.281535.29"></span>Return to Mexico (1530) and appointment of a viceroy (1535)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s##" title="Talk:Hernán Cortés">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Retrato_Portrait_17th_century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Retrato_Portrait_17th_century.png/154px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Retrato_Portrait_17th_century.png" decoding="async" width="154" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Retrato_Portrait_17th_century.png/231px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Retrato_Portrait_17th_century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Retrato_Portrait_17th_century.png/308px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Retrato_Portrait_17th_century.png 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Monroy_y_Pizarro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Monroy_y_Pizarro.jpg/160px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Monroy_y_Pizarro.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Monroy_y_Pizarro.jpg/240px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Monroy_y_Pizarro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Monroy_y_Pizarro.jpg/320px-Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_Monroy_y_Pizarro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two copies of the same portrait, the original was likely made during his lifetime. The left copy is dated to the 17th century and the right copy was made by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Salom%C3%A9_Pina" title="José Salomé Pina">José Salomé Pina</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1879. This portrait is characterized by having a different armor than other portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-Friede_1969_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friede_1969-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Cortés returned to Mexico in 1530 with new titles and honors. Although Cortés still retained military authority and permission to continue his conquests, Don <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a> was appointed in 1535 as a viceroy to administer New Spain's civil affairs. This division of power led to continual dissension, and caused the failure of several enterprises in which Cortés was engaged. On returning to Mexico, Cortés found the country in a state of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>. There was a strong suspicion in court circles of an intended rebellion by Cortés. </p><p>After reasserting his position and reestablishing some sort of order, Cortés retired to his estates at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Cort%C3%A9s,_Cuernavaca" title="Palace of Cortés, Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a>, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Mexico City. There he concentrated on the building of his palace and on Pacific exploration. Remaining in Mexico between 1530 and 1541, Cortés quarreled with <a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_Beltr%C3%A1n_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán">Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán</a> and disputed the right to explore the territory that is today <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> with <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>, the first viceroy. </p><p>Cortés acquired several silver mines in <a href="/wiki/Zumpango_del_Rio" class="mw-redirect" title="Zumpango del Rio">Zumpango del Rio</a> in 1534. By the early 1540s, he owned 20 silver mines in <a href="/wiki/Sultepec" title="Sultepec">Sultepec</a>, 12 in <a href="/wiki/Taxco" title="Taxco">Taxco</a>, and 3 in <a href="/wiki/Zacualpan,_State_of_Mexico" title="Zacualpan, State of Mexico">Zacualpan</a>. Earlier, Cortés had claimed the silver in the <a href="/wiki/Tamazula_de_Gordiano" title="Tamazula de Gordiano">Tamazula</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakewell_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakewell-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1536, Cortés explored the northwestern part of Mexico and discovered the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_peninsula" title="Baja California peninsula">Baja California peninsula</a>. Cortés also spent time exploring the Pacific coast of Mexico. The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> was originally named the <i>Sea of Cortés</i> by its discoverer <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a> in 1539. This was the last major expedition by Cortés. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_return_to_Spain">Second return to Spain</h3></div> <p>After his exploration of Baja California, Cortés returned to Spain in 1541, hoping to confound his angry civilians, who had brought many lawsuits against him (for debts, abuse of power, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-Grunberg_16-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his return he went through a crowd to speak to the emperor, who demanded of him who he was. "I am a man," replied Cortés, "who has given you more provinces than your ancestors left you cities."<sup id="cite_ref-virtualology1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtualology1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_against_Algiers">Expedition against Algiers</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers expedition (1541)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortes-Hernan-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cortes-Hernan-LOC.jpg/170px-Cortes-Hernan-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cortes-Hernan-LOC.jpg/255px-Cortes-Hernan-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cortes-Hernan-LOC.jpg/340px-Cortes-Hernan-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>An engraving of a middle-aged Cortés by 19th-century artist William Holl</figcaption></figure> <p>The emperor finally permitted Cortés to join him and his fleet commanded by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a> at the great expedition against <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> in 1541, which was then part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. During this campaign, Cortés was almost drowned in a storm that hit his fleet while he was pursuing the Pasha of Algiers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years,_death,_and_remains"><span id="Last_years.2C_death.2C_and_remains"></span>Last years, death, and remains</h3></div> <p>Having spent a great deal of his own money to finance expeditions, he was now heavily in debt. In February 1544 he made a claim on the royal treasury, but was ignored for the next three years. Disgusted, he decided to return to Mexico in 1547. When he reached Seville, he was stricken with <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>. He died in <a href="/wiki/Castilleja_de_la_Cuesta" title="Castilleja de la Cuesta">Castilleja de la Cuesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> province, on December 2, 1547, from a case of <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> at the age of 62. </p><p>He left his many <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> and white children well cared for in his will, along with every one of their mothers. He requested in his will that his remains eventually be buried in Mexico. Before he died he had the Pope remove the "natural" status of four of his children (legitimizing them in the eyes of the church), including <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_Malinche)" title="Martín Cortés (son of Malinche)">Martín</a>, the son he had with Doña Marina (also known as La Malinche), said to be his favourite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His daughter, Doña Catalina, however, died shortly after her father's death. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busto_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Busto_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/170px-Busto_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Busto_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/255px-Busto_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Busto_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/340px-Busto_de_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption>Bust Hernán Cortés in the <a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After his death, his body was moved more than eight times for several reasons. On December 4, 1547, he was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> of the Duke of Medina in the church of San Isidoro del Campo, Sevilla. Three years later (1550) due to the space being required by the duke, his body was moved to the altar of Santa Catarina in the same church. In his testament, Cortés asked for his body to be buried in the monastery he had ordered to be built in Coyoacan in México, ten years after his death, but the monastery was never built. So in 1566, his body was sent to New Spain and buried in the church of San Francisco de Texcoco, where his mother and one of his sisters were buried. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumba_de_Cort%C3%A9s.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tumba_de_Cort%C3%A9s.JPG/220px-Tumba_de_Cort%C3%A9s.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tumba_de_Cort%C3%A9s.JPG/330px-Tumba_de_Cort%C3%A9s.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tumba_de_Cort%C3%A9s.JPG/440px-Tumba_de_Cort%C3%A9s.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of Cortés in the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno, which he founded in Mexico City</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1629, Cortes's last male descendant Don Pedro Cortés, fourth Marquez del Valle, died. The viceroy decided to move the bones of Cortés along with those of his descendant to the Franciscan church in México. This was delayed for nine years, while his body stayed in the main room of the palace of the viceroy. Eventually it was moved to the Sagrario of Franciscan church, where it stayed for 87 years. In 1716, it was moved to another place in the same church. In 1794, his bones were moved to the "<a href="/wiki/Hospital_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Nazareno" title="Hospital de Jesús Nazareno">Hospital de Jesus</a>" (founded by Cortés), where a statue by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tols%C3%A1" title="Manuel Tolsá">Tolsá</a> and a mausoleum were made. There was a public ceremony and all the churches in the city rang their bells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1823, after the independence of México, it seemed imminent that his body would be desecrated, so the mausoleum was removed, the statue and the coat of arms were sent to <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, to be protected by the Duke of Terranova. The bones were hidden, and everyone thought that they had been sent out of México. In 1836, his bones were moved to another place in the same building.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It was not until November 24, 1946, that they were rediscovered,<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 467">: 467 </span></sup> thanks to the discovery of a secret document by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán">Lucas Alamán</a>. His bones were put in the charge of the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia</a> (INAH). The remains were authenticated by INAH.<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 468">: 468 </span></sup> They were then restored to the same place, this time with a bronze inscription and his coat of arms.<sup id="cite_ref-López_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the bones were first rediscovered, the supporters of the Hispanic tradition in Mexico were excited, but one supporter of an indigenist vision of Mexico "proposed that the remains be publicly burned in front of the statue of Cuauhtemoc, and the ashes flung into the air".<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 468">: 468 </span></sup> Following the discovery and authentication of Cortés's remains, there was a discovery of what were described as the bones of <a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a>, resulting in a "battle of the bones".<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 468">: 468 </span></sup> </p><p>On December 16, 1560, the lawsuits related to <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of the Cortes estate were resolved by a <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">royal order</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxa_named_after_Cortés"><span id="Taxa_named_after_Cort.C3.A9s"></span>Taxa named after Cortés</h2></div> <p>Cortés is commemorated in the scientific name of a subspecies of Mexican lizard, <i><a href="/wiki/Phrynosoma_orbiculare" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrynosoma orbiculare">Phrynosoma orbiculare cortezii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disputed_interpretation_of_his_life">Disputed interpretation of his life</h2></div> <p>There are relatively few sources to the early life of Cortés; his fame arose from his participation in the conquest of Mexico and it was only after this that people became interested in reading and writing about him. </p><p>Probably the best source is his letters to the king which he wrote during the campaign in Mexico, but they are written with the specific purpose of putting his efforts in a favourable light and so must be read critically. Another main source is the biography written by Cortés's private chaplain <a href="/wiki/Lopez_de_G%C3%B3mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopez de Gómara">Lopez de Gómara</a>, which was written in Spain several years after the conquest. Gómara never set foot in the Americas and knew only what Cortés had told him, and he had an affinity for knightly romantic stories which he incorporated richly in the biography. The third major source is written as a reaction to what its author calls "the lies of Gomara", the eyewitness account written by the Conquistador <a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a> which does not paint Cortés as a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">romantic hero</a>, but rather tries to emphasize that Cortés's men should also be remembered as important participants in the undertakings in Mexico. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1000_pesetas,_12_de_octubre_de_1992,_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1000_pesetas%2C_12_de_octubre_de_1992%2C_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/280px-1000_pesetas%2C_12_de_octubre_de_1992%2C_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1000_pesetas%2C_12_de_octubre_de_1992%2C_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/420px-1000_pesetas%2C_12_de_octubre_de_1992%2C_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/1000_pesetas%2C_12_de_octubre_de_1992%2C_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/560px-1000_pesetas%2C_12_de_octubre_de_1992%2C_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>1,000-Spanish-peseta note issued in 1992</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years following the conquest more critical accounts of the Spanish arrival in Mexico were written. The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican friar">Dominican friar</a> <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_Las_Casas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartolomé de Las Casas">Bartolomé de Las Casas</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Account_of_the_Destruction_of_the_Indies" title="A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies">A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies</a></i> which raises strong accusations of brutality and heinous violence towards the Indians; accusations against both the conquistadors in general and Cortés in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accounts of the conquest given in the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a> by the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a> and his native informants are also less than flattering towards Cortés. The scarcity of these sources has led to a sharp division in the description of Cortés's personality and a tendency to describe him as either a vicious and ruthless person or a noble and honorable cavalier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representations_in_Mexico">Representations in Mexico</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_de_Moctezuma_y_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Monumento_de_Moctezuma_y_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/220px-Monumento_de_Moctezuma_y_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Monumento_de_Moctezuma_y_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/330px-Monumento_de_Moctezuma_y_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Monumento_de_Moctezuma_y_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg/440px-Monumento_de_Moctezuma_y_Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Monument in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> commemorating the encounter of Cortés and Moctezuma at the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno</figcaption></figure> <p>In México there are few representations of Cortés. However, many landmarks still bear his name, from the castle <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Cort%C3%A9s,_Cuernavaca" title="Palace of Cortés, Cuernavaca">Palacio de Cortés</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a> to some street names throughout the republic. </p><p>The pass between the volcanoes <a href="/wiki/Iztacc%C3%ADhuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Iztaccíhuatl">Iztaccíhuatl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Popocatépetl">Popocatépetl</a> where Cortés took his soldiers on their march to Mexico City. It is known as the <a href="/wiki/Paso_de_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Paso de Cortés">Paso de Cortés</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">muralist</a> <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a> painted several representation of him but the most famous, depicts him as a powerful and ominous figure along with Malinche in a mural in the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">National Palace</a> in Mexico City. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg/220px-Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg/330px-Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg/440px-Monumento_al_Mestizaje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Monument in Mexico City known as "Monumento al Mestizaje"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1981, President <a href="/wiki/Lopez_Portillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopez Portillo">Lopez Portillo</a> tried to bring Cortés to public recognition. First, he made public a copy of the bust of Cortés made by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tols%C3%A1" title="Manuel Tolsá">Manuel Tolsá</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_de_Jes%C3%BAs_Nazareno" title="Hospital de Jesús Nazareno">Hospital de Jesús Nazareno</a> with an official ceremony, but soon a nationalist group tried to destroy it, so it had to be taken out of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-letraslibres1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letraslibres1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the copy of the bust is in the "Hospital de Jesús Nazareno"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the original is in Naples, Italy, in the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Pignatelli" title="Villa Pignatelli">Villa Pignatelli</a>. </p><p>Later, another monument, known as "Monumento al Mestizaje" by Julián Martínez y M. Maldonado (1982) was commissioned by Mexican president José López Portillo to be put in the "Zócalo" (Main square) of Coyoacan, near the place of his country house, but it had to be removed to a little known park, the Jardín Xicoténcatl, Barrio de San Diego Churubusco, to quell protests. The statue depicts Cortés, <a href="/wiki/Malinche" class="mw-redirect" title="Malinche">Malinche</a> and their son Martín.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is another statue by Sebastián Aparicio, in Cuernavaca, was in a hotel "<a href="/wiki/El_casino_de_la_selva" class="mw-redirect" title="El casino de la selva">El casino de la selva</a>". Cortés is barely recognizable, so it sparked little interest. The hotel was closed to make a commercial center, and the statue was put out of public display by Costco the builder of the commercial center.<sup id="cite_ref-letraslibres1_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-letraslibres1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenzo_Ferrero_-_Scene_from_the_opera_La_Conquista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lorenzo_Ferrero_-_Scene_from_the_opera_La_Conquista.jpg/220px-Lorenzo_Ferrero_-_Scene_from_the_opera_La_Conquista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lorenzo_Ferrero_-_Scene_from_the_opera_La_Conquista.jpg/330px-Lorenzo_Ferrero_-_Scene_from_the_opera_La_Conquista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lorenzo_Ferrero_-_Scene_from_the_opera_La_Conquista.jpg/440px-Lorenzo_Ferrero_-_Scene_from_the_opera_La_Conquista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Scene from the opera <i><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_(opera)" title="La Conquista (opera)">La Conquista</a></i>, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Hernán Cortés is a character in the opera <i><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_(opera)" title="La Conquista (opera)">La Conquista</a></i> (2005) by Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ferrero" title="Lorenzo Ferrero">Lorenzo Ferrero</a>, which depicts the major episodes of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> in 1521. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings:_the_Cartas_de_Relación"><span id="Writings:_the_Cartas_de_Relaci.C3.B3n"></span>Writings: the <i>Cartas de Relación</i></h3></div> <p>Cortés's personal account of the conquest of Mexico is narrated in his five letters addressed to Charles V. These five letters, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartas_de_relaci%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartas de relación (page does not exist)">cartas de relación</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/cartas_de_relaci%C3%B3n" class="extiw" title="es:cartas de relación">es</a>]</span></i>, are Cortés's only surviving writings. See "Letters and Dispatches of Cortés", translated by George Folsom (New York, 1843); Prescott's "Conquest of Mexico" (Boston, 1843); and Sir Arthur Helps's "Life of Hernando Cortes" (London, 1871).<sup id="cite_ref-virtualology1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-virtualology1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His first letter was considered lost, and the one from the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a> has to take its place. It was published for the first time in volume IV of "Documentos para la Historia de España", and subsequently reprinted. </p><p>The <i>Segunda Carta de Relacion</i>, bearing the date of October 30, 1520, appeared in print at <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> in 1522. The <a href="/wiki/Third_letter_of_Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s_to_the_Emperor_Charles_V" title="Third letter of Hernán Cortés to the Emperor Charles V">third letter</a>, dated May 15, 1522, appeared at Seville in 1523. The fourth, October 20, 1524, was printed at <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a> in 1525. The fifth, on the Honduras expedition, is contained in volume IV of the <i>Documentos para la Historia de España</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2></div> <p>Natural children of Don Hernán Cortés </p> <ul><li><i>doña</i> Catalina Pizarro, born between 1514 and 1515 in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a> or maybe later in <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva España">Nueva España</a>, daughter of an indigenous woman in Cuba, Leonor Pizarro.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Doña Catalina married Juan de Salcedo, a conqueror and encomendero, with whom she had a son, Pedro.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>don</i> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s_(son_of_Malinche)" title="Martín Cortés (son of Malinche)">Martín Cortés</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Coyoac%C3%A1n" title="Coyoacán">Coyoacán</a> in 1522, son of <i>doña</i> Marina (La Malinche), called the <i>First Mestizo</i>; about him was written <i>The New World of Martín Cortés</i>; married <i>doña</i> Bernaldina de Porras and had two children: <ul><li><i>doña</i> Ana Cortés</li> <li><i>don</i> Fernando Cortés, Principal <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>. Descendants of this line are alive today in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>don</i> Luis Cortés, born in 1525, son of <i>doña</i> Antonia or Elvira Hermosillo, a native of Trujillo (Cáceres)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>doña</i> <a href="/wiki/Leonor_Cort%C3%A9s_Moctezuma" title="Leonor Cortés Moctezuma">Leonor Cortés Moctezuma</a>, born in 1527 or 1528 in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_de_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad de Mexico">Ciudad de Mexico</a>, daughter of Aztec princess <a href="/wiki/Tecuichpotzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecuichpotzin">Tecuichpotzin</a> (baptized Isabel), born in Tenochtitlan on July 11, 1510, and died on July 9, 1550, the eldest legitimate daughter of Moctezuma II Xocoyotzin and wife <i>doña</i> María Miahuaxuchitl; married to <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Tolosa" title="Juan de Tolosa">Juan de Tolosa</a>, a Basque merchant and miner.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>doña</i> María Cortés de Moctezuma, daughter of an Aztec princess; nothing more is known about her except that she probably was born with some deformity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>He married twice: firstly in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> to Catalina Suárez Marcaida, who died at <a href="/wiki/Coyoac%C3%A1n" title="Coyoacán">Coyoacán</a> in 1522 without issue, and secondly in 1529 to <i>doña</i> Juana Ramírez de Arellano de Zúñiga, daughter of <i>don</i> Carlos Ramírez de Arellano, 2nd Count of Aguilar and wife the Countess <i>doña</i> Juana de Zúñiga, and had: </p> <ul><li><i>don</i> Luis Cortés y Ramírez de Arellano, born in <a href="/wiki/Texcoco,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco, Mexico">Texcoco</a> in 1530 and died shortly after his birth.</li> <li><i>doña</i> Catalina Cortés de Zúñiga, born in <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a> in 1531 and died shortly after her birth.</li> <li><i>don</i> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Cort%C3%A9s,_2nd_Marqu%C3%A9s_del_Valle_de_Oaxaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Martín Cortés, 2nd Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca">Martín Cortés</a> y Ramírez de Arellano, 2nd Marquess of the Valley of Oaxaca, born in Cuernavaca in 1532, married at <a href="/wiki/Nalda" title="Nalda">Nalda</a> on February 24, 1548, his twice cousin once removed <i>doña</i> Ana Ramírez de Arellano y Ramírez de Arellano and had issue, currently extinct in male line</li> <li><i>doña</i> María Cortés de Zúñiga, born in Cuernavaca between 1533 and 1536, married to <i>don</i> Luis de Quiñones y Pimentel, 5th Count of Luna</li> <li><i>doña</i> Catalina Cortés de Zúñiga, born in Cuernavaca between 1533 and 1536, died unmarried in <a href="/wiki/Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevilla">Sevilla</a> after the funeral of her father</li> <li><i>doña</i> Juana Cortés de Zúñiga, born in Cuernavaca between 1533 and 1536, married Don Fernando Enríquez de Ribera y Portocarrero, 2nd Duke of <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_los_Gazules" title="Alcalá de los Gazules">Alcalá de los Gazules</a>, 3rd Marquess of <a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a> and 6th Count of <a href="/wiki/Los_Molares" title="Los Molares">Los Molares</a>, and had issue</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <ul><li>Hernán Cortés (called by the Italian form of his name, "Fernando") is the hero of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>'s 1733 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Motezuma" title="Motezuma">Motezuma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cortés features as an antagonist in the 1980 novel <a href="/wiki/Aztec_(novel)" title="Aztec (novel)"><i>Aztec</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Jennings_(author)" title="Gary Jennings (author)">Gary Jennings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cortés was portrayed (as "Hernando Cortez") by actor <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Romero" title="Cesar Romero">Cesar Romero</a> in the 1947 historical adventure film <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_from_Castile" title="Captain from Castile">Captain from Castile</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cortez_the_Killer" title="Cortez the Killer">Cortez the Killer</a>", a 1975 song by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">History of Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Cort%C3%A9s,_Cuernavaca" title="Palace of Cortés, Cuernavaca">Palace of Cortés, Cuernavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Cortés de Monroy</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Pizarro Altamirano</i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">air-<span style="font-size:90%">NAHN</span> kor-<span style="font-size:90%">TESS</span></i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[eɾˈnaŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>koɾˈtes<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>monˈroj<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>piˈθaro<span class="wrap"> </span>altamiˈɾano]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHanson2007" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Victor Davis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C"><i>Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42518-8"><bdi>978-0-307-42518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carnage+and+Culture%3A+Landmark+Battles+in+the+Rise+to+Western+Power&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42518-8&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGr16-CxpH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See information box for his signature and painting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friede_1969-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_1969_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friede_1969_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriede1969" class="citation journal cs1">Friede, Juan (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29781347">"The Coat of Arms of Hernando Cortés"</a>. <i>The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 64–69. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29781347">29781347</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=The+Coat+of+Arms+of+Hernando+Cort%C3%A9s&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=64-69&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29781347%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friede&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29781347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVélez2019" class="citation web cs1">Vélez, Iván (April 5, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libertaddigital.com/cultura/historia/2019-04-06/ivan-velez-hechuras-de-hernan-cortes-87581/#:~:text=Era%20Fernando%20Cort%C3%A9s%20de%20buena,y%20en%20la%20paz%20tambi%C3%A9n.">"Hechuras de Hernán Cortés"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Libertad_Digital" title="Libertad Digital">Libertad Digital</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Libertad+Digital&rft.atitle=Hechuras+de+Hern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft.aulast=V%C3%A9lez&rft.aufirst=Iv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.libertaddigital.com%2Fcultura%2Fhistoria%2F2019-04-06%2Fivan-velez-hechuras-de-hernan-cortes-87581%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEra%2520Fernando%2520Cort%25C3%25A9s%2520de%2520buena%2Cy%2520en%2520la%2520paz%2520tambi%25C3%25A9n.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Machado,_J._T_1970-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Machado,_J._T_1970_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Machado,_J._T_1970_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Machado, J. T. Montalvão, <i>Dos Pizarros de Espanha aos de Portugal e Brasil</i>, Author's Edition, 1st Edition, Lisbon, 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Boruchoff, "Hernán Cortés", <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i>, 2nd. ed. (2008), vol. 2, pp. 146–149 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hernan_Cortes.aspx">Hernán Cortés</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boruchoff, "Hernán Cortés", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Hernan_Cortes.aspx">Hernán Cortés</a>, <i>Encyclopedia</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hernan_Cortés-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hernan_Cortés_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/cortez.html">Francisco López de Gómara, "Hernan Cortés"</a>, The Latin Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crow, John A. <i>The Epic of Latin America</i>. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992. 4th ed. p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPemberton2011" class="citation book cs1">Pemberton, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1132344342"><i>Conquistadors : searching for El Dorado : the terrifying Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires</i></a>. London: Futura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907795-96-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907795-96-1"><bdi>978-1-907795-96-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1132344342">1132344342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquistadors+%3A+searching+for+El+Dorado+%3A+the+terrifying+Spanish+conquest+of+the+Aztec+and+Inca+empires&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Futura&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1132344342&rft.isbn=978-1-907795-96-1&rft.aulast=Pemberton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1132344342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassig94-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hassig94_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassig94_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassig, Ross. <i>Mexico and the Spanish Conquest</i>. Longman Group UK Limited, 1994, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanderson Beck, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/11-2-SpanishConquest.html#3">"Cortès in Mexico"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landers-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-landers_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vF0lcFF4pGoC&dq=slaves+at+San+Miguel+de+Guadalupe&pg=PA316">Jane Landers, <i>Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America</i></a>, UNM Press, 2006, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grunberg-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberg_16-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Grunberg, <i>"La folle aventure d'Hernan Cortés</i>", in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire" title="L'Histoire">L'Histoire</a></i> n° 322, July–August 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowe,_John_A_1992._p.75-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowe,_John_A_1992._p.75_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowe,_John_A_1992._p.75_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowe, John A. The Epic of Latin America. Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 1992. 4th ed. p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gómez, Angel Delgado. "Cortés, Fernando." In <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures</i>. : Oxford University Press, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diaz-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diaz_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diaz_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diaz_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diaz_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diaz_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diaz, B. (1963), <i>The Conquest of New Spain</i>, London: Penguin Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140441239" title="Special:BookSources/0140441239">0140441239</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longman94-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longman94_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longman94_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassig, Ross. <i>Mexico and the Spanish Conquest</i>. Longman Group UK Limited, 1994, pp. 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassig, Ross. <i>Mexico and the Spanish Conquest</i>. Longman Group UK Limited, 1994, pp. 82, 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2019" class="citation web cs1">Townsend, Camilla (7 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laphamsquarterly.org/roundtable/inventing-god">"Inventing a God"</a>. <i>Roundtable</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roundtable&rft.atitle=Inventing+a+God&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laphamsquarterly.org%2Froundtable%2Finventing-god&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Restall, Matthew (2003). <i>Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest</i>. Oxford University Press; Townsend, Camilla (2003). "Burying the White Gods: New Perspectives on the Conquest of Mexico." <i>American Historical Review </i>108, no. 3: 659–687.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassig, Ross. <i>Mexico and the Spanish Conquest</i>. Longman Group UK Limited, 1994, pp. 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassig, Ross. <i>Mexico and the Spanish Conquest</i>. Longman Group UK Limited, 1994, pp. 91–92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassig, Ross. <i>Mexico and the Spanish Conquest</i>. Longman Group UK Limited, 1994, pp. 108–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04397a.htm">Hernan Cortés</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Himmerich y Valencia, <i>The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pp. 30–31 of J.H. Elliot, introductory essay to Anthony Pagden's translation of Cortés's letters "Hernan Cortés" letters from Mexico" 2001 (1971, 1986) Yale University NotaBene books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grant-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grant_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grant_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Grant of coat of arms to Hernando Cortés, 1525" transcription and translation by J. Benedict Warren. <i>The Harkness Collection in the Library of Congress: Manuscripts concerning Mexico</i>. Washington DC: Library of Congress 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Thomas, <i>Conquest: Montezuma, Cortés, and the Fall of Old Mexico,</i> New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, p. 579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seaman1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seaman1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaman2013" class="citation book cs1">Seaman, Rebecca M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IXKjAQAAQBAJ"><i>Conflict in the Early Americas – An Encyclopedia of the Spanish Empire's Aztec, Incan, and Mayan Conquests</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598847772" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598847772"><bdi>978-1598847772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+the+Early+Americas+%E2%80%93+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish+Empire%27s+Aztec%2C+Incan%2C+and+Mayan+Conquests&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1598847772&rft.aulast=Seaman&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIXKjAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seaman-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seaman_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz2021" class="citation book cs1">Muñoz, Victoria (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3G8WEAAAQBAJ"><i>Spanish Romance in the Battle for Global Supremacy Tudor and Stuart Black Legends</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Cinematographer&rft.atitle=Captain+from+Castile%3A+A+Hollywood+Conquest&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheasc.com%2Fmagazine%2Fmar98%2Fcastille%2Fpg2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-neil-young-songs-35283/cortez-the-killer-35381/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cortez the Killer'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Rolling Stone Australia</i>. 2021-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Yale University Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09094-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09094-3">0-300-09094-3</a>. Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartasyrelacion01cortgoog">online in Spanish</a> from an 1866 edition.</li> <li>Cortés, Hernán. <i>Escritos sueltos de Hernán Cortés</i>. Biblioteca Histórica de la Iberia. vol 12. Mexico 1871.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Díaz del Castillo, Bernal</a>. <i>The Conquest of New Spain</i> – available as <i>The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico: 1517–1521</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81319-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81319-X">0-306-81319-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Díaz del Castillo, Bernal</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Carrasco" title="David Carrasco">Carrasco, David</a>, Rolena. Adorno, Sandra Messinger Cypess, and Karen Vieira Powers. <i>The History of the Conquest of New Spain.</i> Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeón-Portilla,_Miguel_(Ed.)1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Le%C3%B3n-Portilla" title="Miguel León-Portilla">León-Portilla, Miguel (Ed.)</a> (1992) [1959]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brokenspearsa00leon"><i>The Broken Spears: The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Mar%C3%ADa_Garibay_K." title="Ángel María Garibay K.">Ángel María Garibay K.</a> (Nahuatl-Spanish trans.), Lysander Kemp (Spanish-English trans.), Alberto Beltran (illus.) (Expanded and updated ed.). Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-5501-4"><bdi>978-0-8070-5501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Broken+Spears%3A+The+Aztec+Account+of+the+Conquest+of+Mexico&rft.edition=Expanded+and+updated&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-5501-4&rft.au=Le%C3%B3n-Portilla%2C+Miguel+%28Ed.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrokenspearsa00leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span> (textbook anthology of indigenous primary sources)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_G%C3%B3mara" title="Francisco López de Gómara">López de Gómara, Francisco</a>, <i>Cortés: The Life of the Conqueror by His Secretary,</i> Ed. and trans. Lesley Byrd Simpson. Berkeley: University of California Press 1964.</li> <li>López de Gómara, Francisco. <i>Hispania Victrix; First and Second Parts of the General History of the Indies, with the whole discovery and notable things that have happened since they were acquired until the year 1551, with the conquest of Mexico and New Spain</i> University of California Press, 1966</li> <li>Prescott, William H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/PreConq.html"><i>History of the Conquest of Mexico, with a Preliminary View of Ancient Mexican Civilization, and the Life of the Conqueror, Hernando Cortes</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~GaryFelix/HCwill.htm"><i>Last Will and Testament of Hernán Cortés</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1520cortes.html">Letter From Hernán Cortés to Charles the V</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/kislak.74373.1"><i>Hernán Cortés Power of Attorney,</i> 1526</a> From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rosenwald.0654">Praeclara Ferdinandi Cortesii de noua maris oceani Hyspania narratio sacratissimo... 1524</a>. From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Boruchoff, David A. "Hernán Cortés." <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</i>, 2nd. ed. (2008), vol. 2, pp. 146–149.</li> <li>Brooks, Francis J. "Motecuzoma Xocoyotl, Hernán Cortés, and Bernal Díaz del Castillo: The Construction of an Arrest." <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i> (1995): 149–183.</li> <li>Chamberlain, Robert S. "Two unpublished documents of Hernán Cortés and New Spain, 1519 and 1524." <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i> 19 (1939) 120–137.</li> <li>Chamberlain, Robert S. "La controversia entre Cortés y Velázquez sobre la gobernación de Nueva España, 1519–1522" in <i>Anales de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia de Guatemala</i>, vol XIX 1943.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cortes, Hernan"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cortes,_Hernan">"Cortes, Hernan" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cortes%2C+Hernan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=205-207&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_F._Cline" title="Howard F. Cline">Cline, Howard F.</a> "Hernando Cortés and the Aztec indians in Spain." <i>The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress</i>. Vol. 26. No. 2. Library of Congress, 1969.</li> <li>Denhardt. Robert Moorman. "The equine strategy of Cortés." <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i> 18 (1938) 550–555.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huxtable_Elliott" class="mw-redirect" title="John Huxtable Elliott">Elliott, J.H.</a>, "The mental world of Hernán Cortés." In <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. Fifth Series (1967) 41–58.</li> <li>Frankl, Victor. "Hernán Cortés y la tradición de las Siete Partidas." <i>Revista de Historia de América</i> 53–54 (1962) 9–74.</li> <li>Himmerich y Valencia, Robert. <i>The Encomenderos of New Spain, 1521–1555,</i> Austin: University of Texas Press 1991</li> <li>Jacobs, W.J. <i>Hernando Cortés</i>. New York: Franklin Watts, Inc. 1974.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Keen" title="Benjamin Keen">Keen, Benjamin</a>, <i>The Aztecs Image in Western Thought</i>, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press 1971.</li> <li>Konetzke, Richard. "Hernán Cortés como poblador de la Nueva España." <i>Estudios Cortesianos</i>, pp. 341–381. Madrid 1948.</li> <li>Levy, Buddy. <i>Conquistador: Hernán Cortés, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs</i>. 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-80538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-80538-3">978-0-553-80538-3</a></li> <li>Lorenzana, Francisco Antonio. <i>Viaje de Hernán Cortés a la Peninsula de Californias</i>. Mexico 1963</li> <li>MacNutt, F.A. <i>Fernando Cortés and the Conquest of Mexico, 1485–1547</i>. New York and London 1909.</li> <li>Madariaga, Salvador de. <i>Hernán Cortés, Conqueror of Mexico</i>. Mexico 1942.</li> <li>Marks, Richard Lee. <i>Cortés: The Great Adventurer and the Fate of Aztec Mexico</i>. Alfred A. Knopf, 1993.</li> <li>Mathes, W. Michael, ed. <i>The Conquistador in California: 1535. The Voyage of Fernando Cortés to Baja California in Chronicles and Documents</i>. Vol. 31. Dawson's Book Shop, 1973.</li> <li>Maura, Juan Francisco.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parnaseo.uv.es/Lemir/Revista/Revista7/NuevaEspa.htm">"Cobardía, falsedad y opportunismo español: algunas consideraciones sobre la "verdadera" historia de la conquista de la Nueva España"</a> Lemir (Revista de literatura medieval y del Renacimiento) 7 (2003): 1–29.</li> <li>Medina, José Toribio. <i>Ensayo Bio–bibliográfico sobre Hernán Cortés</i>. Introducción de Guillermo Feliú Cruz. Santiago de Chile 1952.</li> <li>Miller, Robert Ryal. "Cortés and the first attempt to colonize California." <i>Calif Hist QJ Calif Hist Soc</i> 53.1 (1974): 4–16.</li> <li>Petrov, Lisa. <i>For an Audience of Men: Masculinity, Violence and Memory in Hernán Cortés's Las Cartas de Relación and Carlos Fuentes's Fictional Cortés</i>. University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leddy_Phelan" title="John Leddy Phelan">Phelan, John Leddy</a> <i>The Millennial Kingdom of the Franciscans in the New World,</i> chapter 3, "Hernán Cortés, the Moses of the New World", Berkeley: University of California Press, 2nd ed., revised, 1971, pp. 33–34.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._Prescott1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Prescott" title="William H. Prescott">William H. Prescott</a> (1898). <i>Mexico and the Life of the Conqueror Fernando Cortes</i>. Vol. 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fenelon_Collier" title="Peter Fenelon Collier">Peter Fenelon Collier</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+and+the+Life+of+the+Conqueror+Fernando+Cortes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Fenelon+Collier&rft.date=1898&rft.au=William+H.+Prescott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHern%C3%A1n+Cort%C3%A9s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Restall, Matthew. <i>Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest</i> Oxford University Press (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516077-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516077-0">0-19-516077-0</a></li> <li>Silva, José Valerio. <i>El legalismo de Hernán Cortés como instrumento de su conquista</i>. Mexico 1965.</li> <li>Stein, R.C. <i>The World's Greatest Explorers: Hernando Cortés</i>. Illinois: Chicago Press Inc. 1991.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Thomas (historian)">Thomas, Hugh</a> (1993). <i>Conquest: Cortés, Montezuma, and the Fall of Old Mexico</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-51104-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-51104-1">0-671-51104-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Todorov, Tzvetan</a><i>The Conquest of America</i> (1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-132095-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-132095-1">0-06-132095-1</a></li> <li>Toro, Alfonso. <i>Un crimen de Hernán Cortés. La muerte de Doña Catalina Xuárez Marcaida, estudio histórico y medico legal</i>. Mexico 1922</li> <li>Wagner, H.R. "The lost first letter of Cortés." <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i>. 21 (1941) 669–672.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Manchip_White" title="Jon Manchip White">White, Jon Manchip</a>. (1971) <i>Cortés and the Downfall of the Aztec Empire</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-0271-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-0271-0">0-7867-0271-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Hernán Cortés</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=49223767">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=49223767&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1900 <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i> article <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Cort%C3%A9s,_Hern%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cortés, Hernán">Cortés, Hernán</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/despatchesofhern0cort">The letters by Cortés, in which Cortés describes the events related to the conquest of Mexico</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pignatelli.org/cortes.htm"><i>Genealogy of Hernán Cortés</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211131201/http://www.marfonline.com/cartucheria/milan2/Genealogia/ApellidoCortes.html"><i>Origin of the Surname Cortés</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070121200541/http://www.motecuhzoma.de/change.html">The change of Hernán Cortés's self-image by means of the conquest</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050630075920/http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/cortes/">Hernando Cortes on the Web</a> – web directory with thumbnail galleries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/cortes/cortes_flat.html">Conquistadors, with Michael Wood</a> – website for 2001 PBS documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/IbrAmerTxt">Ibero-American Electronic Text Series</a> presented online by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hernan-cortes.com">Hernan Cortes – The Conquistador of the Aztecs</a>; Informational Link Blog about the History of Cortes, the Aztecs along with a variety of sources, pictures and educational resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cortes.htm">Latin American studies center</a>, material on Cortés</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011104171132/http://www.multimania.com/fcortez/"><i>Fernand Cortez</i></a> opera by Gaspare Spontini, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Penin" title="Jean-Paul Penin">Jean-Paul Penin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicaltestarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=445">"Cortes, Hernando"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210074012/http://historicaltestarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=445">Archived</a> 2008-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Belinda H. Nanney</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/138839/Hernan-Cortes-marques-del-Valle-de-Oaxaca">"Hernán Cortés, marqués del Valle de Oaxaca"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7326#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7326#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7326#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118522280">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80133120">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118977574">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118977574">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436688">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cortés, Hernán"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV073220">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35245405">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20000074597&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1113038">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/408840">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068749937">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90620311">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000210565&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000457485&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038267">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=89729">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000032211">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200902928">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jllhxq1ft877c">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810568351705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/22025">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260168605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000104037">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511940706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14781748">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01756680?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500256133">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/880177">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118522280.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118522280">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027288234">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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