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He earned certificates and continuing education degrees from the University of Manchester , in England; the University of Wales , in Cardiff; the University of Strathclyde , in Glasgow; and the University of Wisconsin-Madison , in Madison. He also holds a professional development certificate in the analysis of distribution systems from Milsoft Utility Solutions , in Abilene, Texas, and a certificate in power system engineering from ETAP , in Irvine, Calif.","identifier":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/qusi-alqarqaz","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default"},"name":"Qusi Alqarqaz","url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/qusi-alqarqaz"},"dateModified":"2024-04-22T19:37:43Z","datePublished":"2024-04-16T18:00:04Z","description":"\u003Cp>The machine laid the foundation for personal computers from Apple and IBM\u003C/p>","headline":"The Legacy of the Datapoint 2200 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data-attr-layout_facebook="inactive" data-attr-layout_twitter="inactive" data-attr-layout_linkedin="inactive" data-attr-layout_copylink="active" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-layout_photo_caption="bottom" data-attr-layout_photo_credit="bottom" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="top" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-layout_snark_line="top" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-computers tag-consumer-electronics tag-ieee-history tag-microprocessor tag-type-ti tag-robotics post-section--topic/the-institute" data-category="The Institute"><article elid="2667784788" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2667784788" data-category="The Institute"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/the-institute/">The Institute</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/guest-article/">Guest Article</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-institute/collections/ieee-history/">IEEE History</a></div><h1 class="widget__headline h1"><span class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" data-type="text"> The Legacy of the Datapoint 2200 Microcomputer </span></h1><div class="widget__subheadline"><h2 class="widget__subheadline-text h2" data-type="text"><p>The machine laid the foundation for personal computers from Apple and IBM</p></h2></div><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/qusi-alqarqaz" data-type="text">Qusi Alqarqaz</a></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">16 Apr 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="4"></div><div class="snark-line"><div class="minibios-group"></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"><picture><source srcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/brown-and-beige-box-with-curved-end-in-front-with-a-keyboard-and-screen-and-two-pieces-sticking-out-on-top-right-side.jpg?id=52014266&width=3600&height=2700 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/brown-and-beige-box-with-curved-end-in-front-with-a-keyboard-and-screen-and-two-pieces-sticking-out-on-top-right-side.jpg?id=52014266&width=2400&height=1800 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/brown-and-beige-box-with-curved-end-in-front-with-a-keyboard-and-screen-and-two-pieces-sticking-out-on-top-right-side.jpg?id=52014266&width=1200&height=900 1x"/><img fetchpriority="high" role="img" alt="brown and beige box with curved end in front with a keyboard and screen and two pieces sticking out on top right side" aria-label="brown and beige box with curved end in front with a keyboard and screen and two pieces sticking out on top right side" src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/brown-and-beige-box-with-curved-end-in-front-with-a-keyboard-and-screen-and-two-pieces-sticking-out-on-top-right-side.jpg?id=52014266&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image rm-hero-media" width="2440" height="1830"/></picture></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="photo-caption"><p>The Datapoint 2200 Version II microcomputer ushered in personal computers. </p></div><div class="photo-credit"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:KenShirriff&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>KenShirriff</u></a>/Wikipedia </div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2667784788" class="post-context 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data-attr-show_full_post_body="true" data-attr-layout_tags="bottom" data-attr-show_around_the_web="true" data-attr-layout_custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids="bottom" data-attr-source="" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-computers tag-consumer-electronics tag-ieee-history tag-microprocessor tag-type-ti tag-robotics post-section--topic/the-institute" data-category="The Institute"><article elid="2667784788" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2667784788" data-category="The Institute"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><span class="js-scroll-trigger" data-target="body" data-triggers="render-rebelbar" data-toggle-class="with-floating-shares"></span><div id="utm_campaign"></div><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body css-listicle-body-2667784788" data-headline="The Legacy of the Datapoint 2200 Microcomputer"><div class="body-description"><p>As the history committee chair of the <a href="https://r5.ieee.org/lonestar/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>IEEE Lone Star Section</u></a>, in San Antonio, Texas, I am responsible for documenting, preserving, and raising the visibility of technologies developed in the local area. One such technology is the Datapoint 2200, a programmable terminal that laid the foundation for the personal computer revolution. Launched in 1970 by <a href="https://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/a-c/computer-terminal-corporation-ctc/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Computer Terminal Corp.</u></a> (CTC) in San Antonio, the machine played a significant role in the early days of microcomputers. The pioneering system integrated a CPU, memory, and input/output devices into a single unit, making it a compact, self-contained device.</p><p><a href="https://www.apple.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Apple</u></a>, <a href="https://www.ibm.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>IBM</u></a>, and other companies are often associated with the popularization of PCs; we must not overlook the groundbreaking innovations introduced by the Datapoint. The machine might have faded from memory, but its influence on the evolution of computing technology cannot be denied. The <a href="https://www.ieee.org/communities/geographic-activities/regional-list-region-5.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>IEEE Region 5</u></a> life members committee honored the machine in 2022 with its <a href="https://life.ieee.org/datapoint-2200-receives-ieee-region-5-stepping-stone-award/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Stepping Stone Award</u></a>, but I would like to make more members aware of the innovations introduced by the machine’s design.</p><h2>From mainframes to microcomputers</h2><p>Before the personal computer, there were <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>mainframe computers</u></a>. The colossal machines, with their bulky, green monitors housed in meticulously cooled rooms, epitomized the forefront of technology at the time. I was fortunate to work with mainframes during my second year as an electrical engineering student in the <a href="https://www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/catalog/undergraduate/programs/bachelor-of-science-in-electrical-engineering.shtml" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>United Arab Emirates University</u></a> at Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, in 1986. The machines occupied entire rooms, dwarfing the personal computers we are familiar with today. Accessing the mainframes involved working with text-based terminals that lacked graphical interfaces and had limited capabilities.</p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p>Those relatively diminutive terminals that interfaced with the machines often provided a touch of amusement for the students. The mainframe rooms served as social places, fostering interactions, collaborations, and friendly competitions.</p><p>Operating the terminals required mastering specific commands and <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/coding">coding</a> languages. The process of submitting computing jobs and waiting for results without immediate feedback could be simultaneously amusing and frustrating. Students often humorously referred to the “black hole,” where their jobs seemed to vanish until the results materialized. Decoding enigmatic error messages became a challenge, yet students found joy in deciphering them and sharing amusing examples.</p><p>Despite mainframes’ power, they had restricted processing capabilities and memory compared with today’s computers.</p><p>The introduction of personal computers during my senior year was a game-changer. Little did I know that it would eventually lead me to San Antonio, Texas, birthplace of the PC, where I would begin a new chapter of my life.</p><h2>The first PC</h2><p>In San Antonio, a group of visionary engineers from <a href="http://nasa.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>NASA</u></a> founded<a href="https://www.computerhistory.org/brochures/a-c/computer-terminal-corporation-ctc/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"></a>CTC with the goal of revolutionizing desktop computing. They introduced the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapoint_3300" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Datapoint 3300</u></a> as a replacement for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Teletype</u></a> terminals. Led by Phil Ray and Gus Roche, the company later built the first personal desktop computer, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapoint" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Datapoint 2200</u></a>. They also developed LAN technology and aimed to replace traditional office equipment with electronic devices operable from a single terminal.</p><p> The Datapoint 2200 introduced several design elements that later were adopted by other computer manufacturers. It was one of the first computers to use a keyboard similar to a typewriter’s, and a monitor for user interaction—which became standard input and output devices for personal computers. They set a precedent for user-friendly computer interfaces. The machine also had cassette tape drives for storage, predecessors of disk drives. The computer had options for networking, modems, interfaces, printers, and a card reader.</p><p>It used different memory sizes and employed an 8-bit processor architecture. The Datapoint’s CPU was initially intended to be a custom chip, which eventually came to be known as the microprocessor. At the time, no such chips existed, so CTC contracted with <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/intel">Intel</a> to produce one. That chip was the Intel 8008, which evolved into the Intel 8080. Introduced in 1974, the 8080 formed the basis for small computers, according to an entry about <a href="https://ethw.org/Early_Microprocessors" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>early microprocessors</u></a> in the <a href="https://ethw.org/Main_Page" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Engineering and Technology History Wiki</u></a>.</p><p>Those first 8-bit microprocessors are celebrating their 50th anniversary this year. </p><p>The 2200 was primarily marketed for business use, and its introduction helped accelerate the adoption of computer systems in a number of industries, according to <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lamont-wood-0780921/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Lamont Wood</u></a>, author of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Datapoint-Invented-Personal-Computer-Revolution-ebook/dp/B00AZDH71M/ref=mp_s_a_1_3?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.ihJnqZUAZdaQh-5X9Lp6UBcK4eM0VJNPCIBlmsBXAq5LmaVXR1Hgi6vWsQ2kjWDdgpXjA6qY8WE52_GsIPR6_3A5nLhhdODOvB4WT3WDeTWsopOpnuVije90aTqMyliLo7Y9Qh3tvLyqkKppQGSPsJXkmqpNX_WgqoJZznu7xxVSLiJZLWf4kTBOBStqkq8gnaI2Sax5FgF_ak3iGlvebg.6M76m4UJcVIQRgAm8N_ZckQgp1KVV2WRIMS8RZp3sn0&dib_tag=se&qid=1710837921&refinements=p_27:Lamont+Wood&s=books&sr=1-3" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u><em><em>Datapoint: The Lost Story of the Texans Who Invented the Personal Computer Revolution</em></em></u></a>. </p><p>The machine popularized the concept of computer terminals, which allowed multiple users to access a central computer system remotely, Wood wrote. It also introduced the idea of a terminal as a means of interaction with a central computer, enabling users to input commands and receive output. </p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p>The concept laid the groundwork for the development of networking and distributed computing. It eventually led to the creation of LANs and wide-area networks, enabling the sharing of resources and information across organizations. The concept of computer terminals influenced the development of modern networking technologies including the Internet, Wood pointed out. </p><h2>How Datapoint inspired Apple and <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/ibm">IBM</a></h2><p>Although the Datapoint 2200 was not a consumer-oriented computer, its design principles and influence played a role in the development of personal computers. Its compact, self-contained nature demonstrated the feasibility and potential of such machines. </p><p>The Datapoint sparked the imagination of researchers and entrepreneurs, leading to the widespread availability of personal computers.</p><p>Here are a few examples of how manufacturers built upon the foundation laid by the Datapoint 2200:</p><p> Apple drew inspiration from early microcomputers. The Apple II, introduced in 1977, was one of the first successful personal computers. It incorporated a keyboard, a monitor, and a cassette tape interface for storage, similar to the Datapoint 2200. In 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh, which featured a graphical user interface and a mouse, revolutionizing the way users interacted with computers.</p><p>IBM entered the personal computer market in 1981. Its PC also was influenced by the design principles of microcomputers. The machine featured an open architecture, allowing for easy expansion and customization. The PC’s success established it as a standard in the industry.</p><p><a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Microsoft</u></a> played a crucial role in software development for early microcomputers. Its MS-DOS provided a standardized platform for software development and was compatible with the IBM PC and other microcomputers. The operating system helped establish <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/microsoft">Microsoft</a> as a dominant player in the software industry.</p><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_International" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Commodore International</u></a>, a prominent computer manufacturer in the 1980s, released the Commodore 64 in 1982. It was a successful microcomputer that built upon the concepts of the Datapoint 2200 and other early machines. The Commodore 64 featured an integrated keyboard, color graphics, and sound capabilities, making it a popular choice for gaming and home computing. </p><p><a href="https://www.xerox.com/en-us" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"><u>Xerox</u></a> made significant contributions to the advancement of computing interfaces. Its <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/xerox-alto" target="_self"><u>Alto</u></a>, developed in 1973, introduced the concept of a graphical user interface, with windows, icons, and a mouse for interaction. Although the Alto was not a commercial success, its influence was substantial, and it helped lay the groundwork for GUI-based systems including the Macintosh and Microsoft Windows.</p><p>The Datapoint 2200 deserves to be remembered for its contributions to computer history. </p><p>The <a href="https://www.samsat.org/" target="_blank">San Antonio Museum of Science and Technology</a> possesses a collection of Datapoint computers, including the original prototypes. The museum also houses a library of archival materials about the machine. </p><p><em>This article has been updated from an earlier version.</em></p><div class="around-the-web"><div class="from-your-site__headline">From Your Site Articles</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/how-the-ibm-pc-won-then-lost-the-personal-computer-market" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">How the IBM PC Won, Then Lost, the Personal Computer Market ›</a></li><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/chip-hall-of-fame-intel-8088-microprocessor" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chip Hall of Fame: Intel 8088 Microprocessor ›</a></li><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-surprising-story-of-the-first-microprocessors" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The Surprising Story of the First Microprocessors ›</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="" data-elid="2667784788" data-post-url="https://spectrum.ieee.org/legacy-of-datapoint-2200-microcomputer" data-authors="Qusi Alqarqaz" data-headline="The Legacy of the Datapoint 2200 Microcomputer" data-page-title="The Legacy of the Datapoint 2200 Microcomputer - IEEE Spectrum"></span></div><div class="widget__head"></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="tags"><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/computers">computers</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/consumer-electronics">consumer electronics</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/ieee-history">ieee history</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/microprocessor">microprocessor</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/type-ti">type:ti</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/robotics">robotics</a></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2667784788" class="post-context post-context-2667784788"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Qusi Alqarqaz","11":2667784788,"7":"computers, consumer electronics, ieee history, microprocessor, type:ti, robotics","10":"ieee history","6":"the-institute","8":"04/16/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2667784788, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 551648209, 539626938, 560561003, 544169516], "authors": [21075893], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1"><div class="mb-2 post-author-list" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_1_0" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_default_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/current_post-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-all_element_order="author,headline,subheadline,section,community_name,date,date_modified,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,photo_caption,body,snark_line,page_views,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,like_button,source_link,collection_button,tags,primary_tag,main_author,all_sections,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_Instagram,site_field_member_badges,site_field_Twitter,site_field_LinkedIn,site_field_grade,site_field_Facebook,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_access,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_TimeofRead,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_author="top" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-show_authors_bio="true" data-attr-element_classes="post-author-list" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-computers tag-consumer-electronics tag-ieee-history tag-microprocessor tag-type-ti tag-robotics post-section--topic/the-institute" data-category="The Institute"><article elid="2667784788" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2667784788" data-category="The Institute"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/qusi-alqarqaz" data-type="text">Qusi Alqarqaz</a><div class="social-author__bio"><p><a href="https://about.me/qusi.alqarqaz.us">Qusi Alqarqaz </a>is an electrical engineer, engineering manager, and consultant with more than 33 years of experience in the electric power industry and in the analysis and performance improvement initiatives involving electric utilities. He has worked on electric power projects in Jordan, Qatar, Texas, and Turkmenistan, and the United Arab Emirates. The IEEE senior member writes about technical and management topics relevant to the electric power industry. He is a contributor to IEEE Spectrum and The Institute as well as serves on The Institute’s Editorial Advisory Board.</p><p> <br/>He holds a bachelor’s degree in engineering from the <a href="https://www.uaeu.ac.ae/en/">United Arab Emirates University</a>. He earned certificates and continuing education degrees from the <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/">University of Manchester</a>, in England; the <a href="https://www.wales.ac.uk/en/Home.aspx">University of Wales</a>, in Cardiff; the <a href="https://www.strath.ac.uk/">University of Strathclyde</a>, in Glasgow; and the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>, in Madison. He also holds a professional development certificate in the analysis of distribution systems from <a href="https://www.milsoft.com/">Milsoft Utility Solutions</a>, in Abilene, Texas, and a certificate in power system engineering from <a href="https://etap.com/software/etap-digital-twin?utm_term=electrical%20transient%20analyzer%20program&utm_campaign=&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&hsa_acc=6122921100&hsa_cam=10103285194&hsa_grp=104286465271&hsa_ad=439547278046&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=kwd-1160563354257&hsa_kw=electrical%20transient%20analyzer%20program&hsa_mt=e&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_ver=3&utm_term=electrical%20transient%20analyzer%20program&utm_campaign=Digital+Twin+2020&utm_source=adwords&utm_medium=ppc&hsa_acc=6122921100&hsa_cam=10103285194&hsa_grp=104286465271&hsa_ad=439547278046&hsa_src=g&hsa_tgt=kwd-1160563354257&hsa_kw=electrical%20transient%20analyzer%20program&hsa_mt=e&hsa_net=adwords&hsa_ver=3&gclid=CjwKCAjw586hBhBrEiwAQYEnHS18JNqycFDz9-8dyHKeQEarPeo3_q1uMOWS4im9j8yYbMQktEOw5BoCRfMQAvD_BwE">ETAP</a>, in Irvine, Calif.</p></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2667784788" class="post-context post-context-2667784788"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Qusi Alqarqaz","11":2667784788,"7":"computers, consumer electronics, ieee history, microprocessor, type:ti, robotics","10":"ieee history","6":"the-institute","8":"04/16/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2667784788, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 551648209, 539626938, 560561003, 544169516], "authors": [21075893], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div><div class="" id="sOpen_Current_Default_Post_0_0_14_0_0_2_1_0"><div class="post-partial article__comments"><div class="article-content__comments-wrapper"><div id="comments-widget"><div class="talk-comments-wrp community-native-wrp " data-talk_id="post:2667784788:comments" data-limit="3" data-order="best" data-is_amp="" data-count_top_level="6" data-count_featured="0" data-show_rating="False" data-all_element_order="avatar,title,date,site_field_member_badges,site_field_grade,message,update_avatar,follow,bio,review" data-words-per-message="{"min": 1, "max": 100}" data-inactive_layout_attributes="update_avatar,follow,bio,review" data-active_layout_attributes="site_field_member_badges,site_field_grade"><div class="editmode-section-title"></div><a href="#" class="hidden new-comments-notification" aria-label="New coments notification"></a><div class="comment-headline">The Conversation (6)</div><div class="add-comment"><div class="comment_placeholder-wrp"><div class="animated-background"><div class="placeholder__textarea_top"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_left"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_right"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_bottom"></div><div class="placeholder__button_b"></div><div class="placeholder__button_i"></div><div class="placeholder__button_publish"></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div></div><div class="comment-header"></div><div class="talk--messages"><div class="talk--messages__featured"></div><div class="talk--messages__top_level"><div id="comment-663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827" class="comment--item approved-comment" data-talk_id="post:2667784788:comments" data-message_id="663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827" data-parents=""><div class="comment--item-avatar"><img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default" title="Michael Pompa" alt="Michael Pompa" loading="lazy" width="38" height="38"/></div><div class="comment--item-text"><span class="comment--item-username">Michael Pompa</span><span class="comment--item-date" title="May 07 2024, 23:02:03">07 May, 2024</span><div class="comment--custom-field-grade" data-value="LM"> LM </div><div class="comment--item-message"><p>Remarkably, that processor could compile and run COBOL. I was responsible for some of the language enhancements and runtime for data entry forms. It needed a 5 MB hard disk to store the intermediate results of the 40+ pass compiler, the final linked binary and any data the runtime created.</p></div><div class="comment--item--action"><div><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="reply" class="comment--item__reply disabled" data-message_id="663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827" aria-label="reply"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="share" class="comment--item__share disabled" data-message_id="663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827" aria-label="share"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.16c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92 1.61 0 2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92s-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="like" class="comment--item__like disabled" data-action="like" data-message_id="663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827" aria-label="like"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M1 21h4V9H1v12zm22-11c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-6.31l.95-4.57.03-.32c0-.41-.17-.79-.44-1.06L14.17 1 7.59 7.59C7.22 7.95 7 8.45 7 9v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h9c.83 0 1.54-.5 1.84-1.22l3.02-7.05c.09-.23.14-.47.14-.73v-2z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="unlike" class="comment--item__dislike disabled" data-action="dislike" data-message_id="663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827" aria-label="unlike"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M15 3H6c-.83 0-1.54.5-1.84 1.22l-3.02 7.05c-.09.23-.14.47-.14.73v2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h6.31l-.95 4.57-.03.32c0 .41.17.79.44 1.06L9.83 23l6.59-6.59c.36-.36.58-.86.58-1.41V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm4 0v12h4V3h-4z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div><div class="replies level-two "><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--show--replies" data-message_id="663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827" aria-label="show replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span class="comment--count">1</span> Reply </a><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--hide--replies hidden" data-message_id="663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827" aria-label="hide replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> Hide replies </a><div class="reply-items hidden"></div><div class="talk--load_more__replies hidden" data-message_id="663ab2ebf6ae6907ced12827">Show More Replies</div></div></div><div id="comment-663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc" class="comment--item approved-comment" data-talk_id="post:2667784788:comments" data-message_id="663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc" data-parents=""><div class="comment--item-avatar"><img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default" title="Dr. A Cooper" alt="Dr. A Cooper" loading="lazy" width="38" height="38"/></div><div class="comment--item-text"><span class="comment--item-username">Dr. A Cooper</span><span class="comment--item-date" title="May 07 2024, 16:45:02">07 May, 2024</span><div class="comment--custom-field-grade" data-value="LS"> LS </div><div class="comment--item-message"><p>These machines might have been nothing more than toys for techno-wizards or appliances that executed pre-programmed (and purchased) programs had it not been for the invention of the BASIC programming language. BASIC provided many ordinary folk with the opportunity to use computers in ways that they, themselves, wished. Did the Datapoint have a BASIC interpreter?</p></div><div class="comment--item--action"><div><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="reply" class="comment--item__reply disabled" data-message_id="663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc" aria-label="reply"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="share" class="comment--item__share disabled" data-message_id="663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc" aria-label="share"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.16c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92 1.61 0 2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92s-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="like" class="comment--item__like disabled" data-action="like" data-message_id="663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc" aria-label="like"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M1 21h4V9H1v12zm22-11c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-6.31l.95-4.57.03-.32c0-.41-.17-.79-.44-1.06L14.17 1 7.59 7.59C7.22 7.95 7 8.45 7 9v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h9c.83 0 1.54-.5 1.84-1.22l3.02-7.05c.09-.23.14-.47.14-.73v-2z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="unlike" class="comment--item__dislike disabled" data-action="dislike" data-message_id="663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc" aria-label="unlike"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M15 3H6c-.83 0-1.54.5-1.84 1.22l-3.02 7.05c-.09.23-.14.47-.14.73v2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h6.31l-.95 4.57-.03.32c0 .41.17.79.44 1.06L9.83 23l6.59-6.59c.36-.36.58-.86.58-1.41V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm4 0v12h4V3h-4z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div><div class="replies level-two "><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--show--replies" data-message_id="663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc" aria-label="show replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span class="comment--count">1</span> Reply </a><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--hide--replies hidden" data-message_id="663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc" aria-label="hide replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> Hide replies </a><div class="reply-items hidden"></div><div class="talk--load_more__replies hidden" data-message_id="663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc">Show More Replies</div></div></div><div id="comment-663138b42deb7799d8fb55d8" class="comment--item approved-comment" data-talk_id="post:2667784788:comments" data-message_id="663138b42deb7799d8fb55d8" data-parents=""><div class="comment--item-avatar"><img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default" title="Joseph Oberhauser" alt="Joseph Oberhauser" loading="lazy" width="38" height="38"/></div><div class="comment--item-text"><span class="comment--item-username">Joseph Oberhauser</span><span class="comment--item-date" title="April 30 2024, 18:30:12">30 Apr, 2024</span><div class="comment--custom-field-grade" data-value="INDV"> INDV </div><div class="comment--item-message"><p>I would like to point out that there are more details, and a brief history of Datapoint, in the beautifully-prepared PDF from the awards ceremony. It is online here: https://r5.ieee.org/houston/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2022/06/2022-IEEE-Stepping-Stone-Award-Brochure-Final.pdf</p></div><div class="comment--item--action"><div><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="reply" class="comment--item__reply disabled" data-message_id="663138b42deb7799d8fb55d8" aria-label="reply"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="share" class="comment--item__share disabled" data-message_id="663138b42deb7799d8fb55d8" aria-label="share"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 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I was responsible for some of the language enhancements and runtime for data entry forms. It needed a 5 MB hard disk to store the intermediate results of the 40+ pass compiler, the final linked binary and any data the runtime created.\u003c/p\u003e", "data": null, "payload": {"review_score": 5}, "status": "approved", "rating": 0, "author_id": 23772191, "created_ts": 1715122923, "updated_ts": 1715122923, "parents": "", "counts": {"replies": {"total": 1, "direct": 1, "public": {"total": 1, "direct": 1, "total_eq_1": true}}, "reports": 0}}, {"id": "663a5a8e2b19bab0cd9f5acc", "html": "\u003cp\u003eThese machines might have been nothing more than toys for techno-wizards or appliances that executed pre-programmed (and purchased) programs had it not been for the invention of the BASIC programming language. BASIC provided many ordinary folk with the opportunity to use computers in ways that they, themselves, wished. Did the Datapoint have a BASIC interpreter?\u003c/p\u003e", "data": null, "payload": {"review_score": 5}, "status": "approved", "rating": 0, "author_id": 24650562, "created_ts": 1715100302, "updated_ts": 1715100302, "parents": "", "counts": {"replies": {"total": 1, "direct": 1, "public": {"total": 1, "direct": 1, "total_eq_1": true}}, "reports": 0}}, {"id": "663138b42deb7799d8fb55d8", "html": "\u003cp\u003eI would like to point out that there are more details, and a brief history of Datapoint, in the beautifully-prepared PDF from the awards ceremony. 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