CINXE.COM

<!doctype html>     <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>SFE: Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr</title> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="description" content="Welcome to the fourth edition of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction." /> <meta name="keywords" content="" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">  <script> window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; ga("create", "UA-24275979-1", "auto"); ga("send", "pageview"); </script> <script async src="https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js"></script>  <link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css?v=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/media-queries.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/cookie.css"> <script src="/static/js/libs/modernizr-2.0.6.min.js"></script> <style media="screen" type="text/css"> ::-moz-selection { background: navy !important; } html, body { margin:0; padding:0; height:100%; } #container { min-height:100%; position:relative; } #header { background:#ff0; padding:10px; } #body { padding-bottom:15px; /* Height of the footer */ } #footer { position:absolute; bottom:0; width:100%; height:15px; /* Height of the footer */ background:#6cf; } </style>  </head> <body style="overflow-x: hidden;"> <div id="container"> <div id="body"> <div id="minorNavWrapper"> <nav id="minornav" class="clearfix"> <ul class="clearfix" style="font-weight: bold;"> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/about-us">About us</a></li> <li><a href="/random.php">Random</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.php">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/donate.php">Donate</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="mainNavWrapper"> <nav id="mainnav"> <ul class="clearfix"> <li class="home"><a title="Home page" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/"><img id="sfeLogoSmall" src="/static/img/sfe.png" alt="SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"><img id="sfeLogo" src="/static/img/logo.png" alt="SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"></a><span class="logoArrow"></span></li> <li class="section-all"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/0">All entries</a></li> <li class="section-themes"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/theme">Themes</a></li> <li class="section-authors"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/everyone">People</a></li> <li class="section-media"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/media">Media</a></li> <li class="section-culture"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/culture">Culture</a></li> <li class="section-news"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/news/">News</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="main"> <div class="colsWrapper clearfix"> <div class="column mainCol clearfix" style="background-color:white !important;"> <fieldset id="globalSearch"> <form name="srchenter" method="post" action="/search.php"> <select name="catfilter" class="searchFilter" style="width: 132px" title="Select entry category for headword or global search"> <option value="">Search all entries</option> <option value="chk">Checklist titles</option><option value="art">Art</option> <option value="author">Author</option> <option value="award">Award</option> <option value="character">Character</option> <option value="comics">Comics</option> <option value="community">Community</option> <option value="critic">Critic</option> <option value="editor">Editor</option> <option value="fan">Fan</option> <option value="film">Film</option> <option value="game">Game</option> <option value="house name">House Name</option> <option value="international">International</option> <option value="music">Music</option> <option value="people">People (media)</option> <option value="prelim">Prelim</option> <option value="publication">Publication</option> <option value="publisher">Publisher</option> <option value="radio">Radio</option> <option value="theatre">Theatre</option> <option value="theme">Theme</option> <option value="tv">TV</option> </select> <input name="search" type="text" value="" style="margin: 0 0 5px 0; width: 155px !important;" onFocus="this.select()" onClick="this.select()" onHover="this.select()" class="searchText" id="defaultOpen">  <input type="submit" value="Headwords" class="button primary" style="margin: 5px 0 0 0;; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px">  <input type="submit" name="glob" value="Global search" class="button primary" style="margin: 5px 0 0 0; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px"> <input type="text" name="eofmode" value="" hidden> <div style="display:none;"> <p style="margin: 0px; float: left;"><input type="radio" name="tomeselect" value="sfe" checked> <i>Search SFE</i>   <input type="radio" name="tomeselect" value="eof"> <i>Search EoF</i></p> <p style="margin: 0px; float: right;"> <input type="checkbox" Name="noxref">  <i>Omit cross-reference entries</i>  </p> <script> document.srchenter.search.focus(); document.addEventListener("keydown", function(event) { if (event.code == "PageDown" || event.code == "ArrowDown" || ( !event.getModifierState("NumLock") && (event.code == "Numpad2" || event.code == "Numpad3"))) { document.srchenter.search.blur(); } }) </script> </div> </form> </fieldset> <article class="entryArticle content STeditorial"> <header class="entryHeader icon-author"> <h1 class="entryTitle">Vonnegut, Kurt, Jr </h1> </header><p class='tagLine'>Entry updated 18 November 2024. Tagged: Author, Theatre.</p><div class="browsingBtns"> <span> <input class="button PNI previous" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/next.php?id=p&entry=vonnegut_kurt_jr'" value="Prev" /> </span> <span> <input class="button PNI next" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/next.php?&entry=vonnegut_kurt_jr'" value="Next" /> </span> <span> <input class="button PNI incoming" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/incoming.php?entry=vonnegut_kurt_jr'" value="About This Entry" title="What links to the entry; contributor initials explained; how to cite; other information" /> </span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Checklist" onclick="window.location.hash='chklst'" ></span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Alpha" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=vonnegut_kurt_jr&abc'" ></span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Chron" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=vonnegut_kurt_jr'" ></span> <span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="window.open('/gallery.php?link=vonnegut_kurt_jr');"> <img alt="Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com" style="margin: 0; position: relative; top:-2px;" src="/images/icon-gal.gif"></img></span> </div><p style='float:right; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:10px; position: relative; top: 3px;'> <a href='/gallery.php?id=Vonnegut-Mother.jpg' target='_blank'> <img src='https://x.sf-encyclopedia.com/gal/thumbs/Vonnegut-Mother.jpg' alt='pic'></a></p> <p>(1922-2007) US author, who signed his name simply Kurt Vonnegut (without the Jr) after 1976. He was a Prisoner of War near the end of <a href="/entry/world_war_two">World War Two</a> in Dresden from December 1944 to May 1945, surviving the saturation bombing of the city and the subsequent firestorm, basing his most successful novel <i>Slaughterhouse-Five</i> (<b>1969</b>) [see below] on his experience; he was awarded a Purple Heart on his return to America, normally given to those wounded in active service. He began to write for various magazines in the early 1950s, his first sf story being "Report on the Barnhouse Effect" in <a href="/entry/colliers_weekly">Collier's Weekly</a> for 11 February 1950; in his early career, he tried hard to avoid categorization as a <a href="/entry/genre_sf">Genre-SF</a> writer, certainly as far as his short fiction, almost all of it written without much fervour for commercial markets, was concerned. Vonnegut's best short sf – which includes some of the stories first assembled in <i>Canary in a Cat House</i> (coll <b>1961</b>) and subsequently recombined with new material in <i>Welcome to the Monkey House: A Collection of Short Works</i> (coll <b>1968</b>) – was posthumously augmented by two volumes: <i>Look at the Birdie: Unpublished Short Fiction</i> (coll <b>2009</b>) and <i>While Mortals Sleep: Unpublished Short Fiction</i> (coll <b>2011</b>); <i>Complete Stories</i> (coll <b>2017</b>) assembles all ninety-seven tales.</p> <p>Vonnegut's first novel was the <a href="/entry/dystopias">Dystopia</a> of <a href="/entry/automation">Automation</a>, <i>Player Piano</i> (<b>1952</b>; vt <i>Utopia 14</i> <b>1954</b>), which describes the dereliction of the quality of life by the progressive surrender of production and political decision to <a href="/entry/machines">Machines</a>. The mixture of heavy irony, bordering on black <a href="/entry/humour">Humour</a>, and unashamed sentimentality displayed in this novel became the hallmark of Vonnegut's work, and is progressively exaggerated in later novels. <i>The Sirens of Titan: An Original Novel</i> (<b>1959</b>) is a fine complex <a href="/entry/satire">Satire</a> in <a href="/entry/widescreen_baroque">Widescreen Baroque</a> mode about, among other things, the folly of mistaking good luck for the favour of God; it features the first of a number of mock-<a href="/entry/religion">Religions</a> that Vonnegut would invent – the Church of God the Utterly Indifferent – and concludes with the revelation of the manipulation of human history by Tralfamadorian <a href="/entry/aliens">Aliens</a> sending messages to one of their kind stranded on Titan. One leading character takes advantage of an extratemporal coign of vantage, a "chronosynclastic infundibulum" from which all moments appear co-existent – a theme which crops up again, along with the Tralfamadorians, in Vonnegut's novel about the firestorming of Dresden, <i>Slaughterhouse-Five</i> (see below). <i>Mother Night</i> (<b>1962</b>) is a non-sf novel about the struggle of a US ex-Nazi double agent to discover his "true" identity; several of its characters reappear in later work, helping to connect all his work into a single evolving patchwork. <i>Cat's Cradle</i> (<b>1963</b>) features a confrontation of the opposing philosophies of scientist Felix Hoenikker, inventor of "ice-nine" (which threatens to bring about the <a href="/entry/end_of_the_world">End of the World</a>), and Bokonon, a rebel against rationality and architect of an avowedly fake religion whose purpose is to inure believers to the harshness of reality. Several of the terms used to describe Bokononism became nonce-words, and some may survive. These include "foma": protective untruths to live by; "karass": a group of people who do not know they are bound together in a life project (see <a href="/entry/paranoia">Paranoia</a>; <a href="/entry/perception">Perception</a>), and who find, if they do come to understand what is happening, that they have almost certainly created a "granfalloon": essentially a false karass composed of people who identify themselves in terms of illusory patterns of meaning: like patriots; and "wampeter": that which a karass focuses upon (see <a href="/entry/mcguffin">McGuffin</a>).</p> <p><i>God Bless You, Mr Rosewater</i> (<b>1965</b>) is technically a non-sf novel about the one man in the world who does not suffer from samaritrophia (chronic atrophy of the conscience), but it is closely allied to much of Vonnegut's sf; it contains an oft-quoted paragraph about sf writers, and introduces the sf writer <b>Kilgore Trout</b> – a character based in part on Theodore <a href="/entry/sturgeon_theodore">Sturgeon</a> but also incorporating elements of Vonnegut's own life – who reappears in <i>Slaughterhouse-Five</i>, <i>Breakfast of Champions, or Goodbye, Blue Monday!</i> (<b>1973</b>), and several later novels. Apparently to Vonnegut's displeasure, a novel attributed to Kilgore Trout, written by Philip José <a href="/entry/farmer_philip_jose">Farmer</a>, appeared as <i>Venus on the Half-Shell</i> (<b>1975</b>). It was, however, the nature of Trout as an intertextual joke to be used by other writers and artists, and Trout surfaces by name or inferentially in many contexts, from the work of Salman <a href="/entry/rushdie_salman">Rushdie</a> to an album by Ringo Starr.</p> <p><i>Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death</i> (<b>1969</b>) is the central text in Vonnegut's career, though it is not generally thought to be his best novel. As with <i>Empire of the Sun</i> (<b>1984</b>) – which occupies a similar function in the career of J G <a href="/entry/ballard_j_g">Ballard</a> – <i>Slaughterhouse-Five</i> contextualizes much of the imagery of Vonnegut's career through its autobiographical depiction of a personally-experienced enormity of <a href="/entry/world_war_two">World War Two</a>. As an adolescent, Ballard spent three years in a Japanese concentration camp; as a young American prisoner-of-war, Vonnegut survived the firebombing of Dresden, in which at least 35,000 people died. The protagonist of the novel, Billy Pilgrim, similarly survives the Dresden firestorm, a trauma so deep that he becomes "unstuck in time", so that he is able to revisit different episodes in his own life; after being kidnapped by <a href="/entry/aliens">Alien</a> Tralfamadorians and put on exhibit in a <a href="/entry/zoo">Zoo</a> whose interior is house-like but which is in fact the inside of a transparent dome, he comes to believe that the secret of life is to live only in the happy moments, a <a href="/entry/time_opera">Time Opera</a> where good things happen. Perhaps the most famous of Vonnegut's seemingly slick (but cumulatively devastating) catchphrases comes from this book: "So it goes".</p> <p>The parallel with <a href="/entry/ballard_j_g">Ballard</a> continues to be illustrative: the later works of both writers, though they showed a natural decline in raw vitality, did not fail to continue to address the world with pained cogency. <i>Breakfast of Champions</i> and <i>Slapstick, or Lonesome No More!</i> (<b>1976</b>) are perhaps the least impressive later novels, both verging on lachrymose self-<a href="/entry/parody">Parody</a> and shot through with shoulder-shrugging verbal tics – but <i>Slapstick</i>'s <a href="/entry/ruined_earth">Ruined Earth</a> setting, and its parodic Uncle Sam-like <a href="/entry/apes_as_human">Ape as Human</a> protagonist, last president of what remains of the United States after intense global warming (see <a href="/entry/climate_change">Climate Change</a>) and other catastrophes, do gain poignance in hindsight, as does that protagonist's scheme to create "artificial" families through a system of shared names whose bearers are obliged to give solace to one another. In any case, Vonnegut recovered a measure of his authority in a series of novels about unfortunate innocents abroad: <i>Jailbird</i> (<b>1979</b>) and <i>Dead-Eye Dick</i> (<b>1982</b>); his most impressive novel of this period is <i>Galápagos</i> (<b>1985</b>), a darkly humorous <a href="/entry/ruined_earth">Ruined Earth</a> fantasy narrated by a remote and happily devolved descendant of the few survivors of the <a href="/entry/holocaust">Holocaust</a>. <i>Hocus Pocus, or What's the Hurry, Sam?</i> (<b>1990</b>), which carries its portrayal of a self-destroying USA through the turn of the century, is almost as compelling, and its melancholy is unnerving. The eponymous catastrophe in his final sf tale, <i>Timequake</i> (<b>1997</b>), causes the world to revert to 1991, when time begins again, but irredeemably enacts the same history: but this time we all know we are caught. A primary Vonnegut lesson – that whatever is, is "right": because nothing can be changed – is given here its final iteration. The book was indeed created as a valedictory document (Vonnegut retired from fiction writing in 1997), but closes in an almost joyous clambake attended <a href="/entry/recursive_sf">Recursively</a> by most of the characters of his fiction, who bid farewell to Vonnegut, and to Kilgore Trout. "I myself prefer to laugh" Vonnegut wrote in <i>Palm Sunday: An Autobiographical Collage</i> (coll <b>1981</b>) about his life and work, "since there is less cleaning up to do afterward".</p> <p>Vonnegut's work has a unique flavour, not only because of its sardonic <i>Weltschmerz</i> but also by virtue of his consistent refusal to look for scapegoats to blame for the sad state of the world. He is content to attribute human misery and misfortune to the carelessness of God the Utterly Indifferent; he is full of pity for the human predicament but can see no hope in any solutions, save perhaps for the adoption of actions and beliefs which are absurdly irrational. This is a philosophy very much in keeping with the contemporary <i>Zeitgeist</i>. Vonnegut has also written a play with sf elements, <i>Happy Birthday, Wanda June</i> (first performed 1970; <b>1971</b>), and had a hand in the production of a television play based on extracts from several of his works, <i>Between Time and Timbuktu</i> (<i>1972</i>; book version <i>Between Time and Timbuktu, or Prometheus-5: A Space Fantasy</i> <b>1972</b>). Vonnegut's essays, talks and various journalistic oddments are assembled in <i>Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons (Opinions)</i> (coll <b>1974</b>), which contains some essays on sf, <i>Palm Sunday</i> (see above) and <i>Fates Worse than Death: An Autobiographical Collage of the 1980s</i> (coll <b>1991</b>).</p> <p>Late essays – all written after 1997 – were assembled as <i>A Man Without a Country</i> (coll <b>2005</b>); Vonnegut's scorn for the leaders of the Western World in the twenty-first century is scathingly transparent; the book was a best-seller. More miscellaneous material was assembled as <i>Kurt Vonnegut: The Last Interview and Other Conversations</i> (coll <b>2011</b>). Most of his work has been assembled in the <b>Kurt Vonnegut: Novels and Stories</b> sequence [see Checklist for details]; the novels are complete, but – in contrast to the Library of America's generosity in earlier years – the stories are selected parsimoniously. As the shape of his long career becomes easier to assess, it becomes more and more clear that Vonnegut was one of the central American writers of the past half century. The fact that most of his work was sf has become less of a disqualification – cultural establishment critics being decreasingly able to condescend to him on that score without seeming fatuous – and his central importance can consequently only become more apparent. He was inducted into the <a href="/entry/sf_hall_of_fame">Science Fiction Hall of Fame</a> in 2015, apparently without damage to his reputation. [BS/JC]</p> <p><b>see also:</b> <a href="/entry/absurdist_sf">Absurdist SF</a>; <a href="/entry/communications">Communications</a>; <a href="/entry/cybernetics">Cybernetics</a>; <a href="/entry/disaster">Disaster</a>; <a href="/entry/evolution">Evolution</a>; <a href="/entry/fantasy">Fantasy</a>; <a href="/entry/generation_starships">Generation Starships</a>; <a href="/entry/history_of_sf">History of SF</a>; <a href="/entry/invention">Invention</a>; <a href="/entry/intelligence">Intelligence</a>; <a href="/entry/islands">Islands</a>; <a href="/entry/media_landscape">Media Landscape</a>; <a href="/entry/mercury">Mercury</a>; <a href="/entry/metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>; <a href="/entry/outer_planets">Outer Planets</a>; <a href="/entry/overpopulation">Overpopulation</a>; <a href="/entry/panspermia">Panspermia</a>; <a href="/entry/politics">Politics</a>; <a href="/entry/pollution">Pollution</a>; <a href="/entry/prediction">Prediction</a>; <a href="/entry/scientists">Scientists</a>; <a href="/entry/seiun_award">Seiun Award</a>; <a href="/entry/spaceships">Spaceships</a>; <a href="/entry/time_travel">Time Travel</a>.</p> <h3 id="chklst">Kurt Vonnegut Jr</h3> <p><b>born</b> Indianapolis, Indiana: 11 November 1922</p> <p><b>died</b> New York: 11 April 2007</p> <p><b>works</b></p> <p><input type="button" value="Alphabetical" class="button PNI" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=vonnegut_kurt_jr&abc'"> <input type="button" value="Chronological" class="button PNI" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=vonnegut_kurt_jr'"></p> <p><b>series</b></p> <p><b>Kurt Vonnegut: Novels and Stories</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Novels+and+Stories+1950-1962&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: Novels & Stories, 1950-1962</a></em> (New York: The Library of America, <b>2012</b>) [omni containing <em>Player Piano</em>, <em>The Sirens of Titan</em>, <em>Mother Night</em> and other material: edited by Sidney Offit: <b>Kurt Vonnegut: Novels and Stories</b>: hb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Novels+and+Stories+1963-1973&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: Novels & Stories, 1963-1973</a></em> (New York: The Library of America, <b>2011</b>) [omni containing <em>Cat's Cradle</em>, <em>God Bless You, Mr Rosewater</em>,<em>Slaughterhouse-Five</em>, <em>Breakfast of Champions</em> and other material: edited by Sidney Offit: <b>Kurt Vonnegut: Novels and Stories</b>: hb/Jill Krementz]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Novels+1976-1985&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: Novels 1976-1985</a></em> (New York: The Library of America, <b>2014</b>) [omni containing <em>Slapstick, or Lonesome No More!</em>, <em>Jailbird</em>, <em>Deadeye Dick</em> and<em>Galápagos</em>: <b>Kurt Vonnegut: Novels and Stories</b>: hb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Novels+1987-1997&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: Novels 1987-1997</a></em> (New York: The Library of America, <b>2016</b>) [omni containing <em>Bluebeard</em>, <em>Hocus Pocus</em> and <em>Timequake</em>: <b>Kurt Vonnegut: Novels and Stories</b>: hb/]</li> </ul> <p><b>individual titles</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Player+Piano&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Player Piano</a></em> (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, <b>1952</b>) [hb/George W Thompson] <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Utopia+14&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Utopia 14</a></em> (New York: Bantam Books, <b>1954</b>) [vt of the above: pb/Charles Binger]</li> </ul></li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Sirens+of+Titan+An+Original+Novel&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Sirens of Titan: An Original Novel</a></em> (New York: Dell Books, <b>1959</b>) [pb/Richard <a href="/entry/powers_richard_m">Powers</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Mother+Night&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Mother Night</a></em> (Greenwich, Connecticut: Gold Medal, <b>1962</b>) [pb/Diane and Leo <a href="/entry/dillon_diane_and_leo">Dillon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Cat+Cradle&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Cat's Cradle</a></em> (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, <b>1963</b>) [hb/Ben <a href="/entry/feder_ben">Feder</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=God+Bless+You+Mr+Rosewater&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">God Bless You, Mr Rosewater</a></em> (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, <b>1965</b>) [hb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Slaughterhouse-Five+or+The+Children+Crusade+A&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance with Death</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1969</b>) [many reprints with many variations in the subtitle: they are not listed below: hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>] <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Cat+Cradle+God+Bless+You+Mr+Rosewater&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Cat's Cradle; God Bless You, Mr Rosewater; Slaughterhouse-Five</a></em> (New York: Book-of-the-Month Club, <b>1990</b>) [omni of the above plus <em>Cat's Cradle</em> and <em>God Bless You, Mr Rosewater</em>: hb/]</li> </ul></li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Breakfast+of+Champions+or+Goodbye+Blue+Monday&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Breakfast of Champions, or Goodbye, Blue Monday!</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1973</b>) [hb/Bob Giusti] <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut</a></em> (London: Octopus, <b>1980</b>) [omni of the above plus <em>Player Piano</em>, <em>The Sirens of Titan</em>, <em>Mother Night</em>; <em>Cat's Cradle</em> and <em>Slaughterhouse-Five</em>: hb/nonpictorial]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Three+Complete+Novels&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Three Complete Novels</a></em> (New York: Random House/Wings, <b>1995</b>) [omni of the above plus <em>Cat's Cradle</em> and <em>God Bless You, Mr Rosewater</em>: hb/John Paul Genzo]</li> </ul></li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Slapstick+or+Lonesome+No+More&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Slapstick, or Lonesome No More!</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1976</b>) [hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Jailbird&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Jailbird</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1979</b>) [hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Dead-Eye+Dick&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Dead-Eye Dick</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1982</b>) [hb/James L McGuire]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Galapagos&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Galápagos</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1985</b>) [hb/Jeffrey Adams]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Bluebeard+The+Autobiography+of+Rabo+Karabekian&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Bluebeard: The Autobiography of Rabo Karabekian (1916-1988)</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1987</b>) [hb/Jeffrey Adams]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Hocus+Pocus+or+What+the+Hurry+Sam&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Hocus Pocus, or What's the Hurry, Sam?</a></em> (New York: G P Putnam's Sons, <b>1990</b>) [hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Timequake&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Timequake</a></em> (New York: G P Putnam's Sons, <b>1997</b>) [hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>]</li> </ul> <p><b>collections, plays and stories</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Canary+in+a+Cat+House&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Canary in a Cat House</a></em> (Greenwich, Connecticut: Gold Medal, <b>1961</b>) [coll: pb/Diane and Leo <a href="/entry/dillon_diane_and_leo">Dillon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Welcome+to+the+Monkey+House+A+Collection+of&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Welcome to the Monkey House: A Collection of Short Works</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1968</b>) [coll: hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Happy+Birthday+Wanda+June&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Happy Birthday, Wanda June</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1971</b>) [play: first performed 7 October 1970 Theater de Lys, New York: hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Between+Time+and+Timbuktu+or+Prometheus-5+A&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Between Time and Timbuktu, or Prometheus-5: A Space Fantasy</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1972</b>) [play: hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Sun+Moon+Star&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Sun Moon Star</a></em> (New York: Harper and Row, <b>1980</b>) [story: chap: illus/Ivan Chermayeff: hb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=God+Bless+You+Dr+Kevorkian&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">God Bless You, Dr Kevorkian</a></em> (New York: Seven Sisters Press, <b>1999</b>) [coll: chap: including fantasticated nonfiction: illus/hb/Jules Feiffer]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Bagombo+Snuff+Box+Uncollected+Short+Fiction&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Bagombo Snuff Box: Uncollected Short Fiction</a></em> (New York: G P Putnam's Sons, <b>1999</b>) [coll: hb/Paul <a href="/entry/bacon_paul">Bacon</a>]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Fuh-Kar-Wee+Indians+and+the+Christian+Year+2000&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Fuh-Kar-Wee Indians and the Christian Year 2000</a></em> (New York: Ragged Edge Press, <b>1999</b>) [story: chap: pb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=2+B+R+0+2+B&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">2 B R 0 2 B</a></em> (no place listed: Project Gutenberg, <b>2007</b>) [story: ebook: first appeared January 1962 <a href="/entry/if">If</a>: na/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Armageddon+in+Retrospect&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Armageddon in Retrospect</a></em> (New York: Putnam, <b>2008</b>) [coll: hb/Kurt Vonnegut]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Big+Trip+Up+Yonder&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Big Trip Up Yonder</a></em> (Holicong, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press, <b>2009</b>) [story: chap: first appeared January 1954 <a href="/entry/galaxy">Galaxy</a>: pb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Look+at+the+Birdie+Unpublished+Short+Fiction&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Look at the Birdie: Unpublished Short Fiction</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press, <b>2009</b>) [coll: hb/Kurt Vonnegut]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=While+Mortals+Sleep+Unpublished+Short+Fiction&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">While Mortals Sleep: Unpublished Short Fiction</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press, <b>2011</b>) [coll: hb/Kurt Vonnegut]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Complete+Stories&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Complete Stories</a></em> (New York: Seven Stories Press, <b>2017</b>) [coll: edited by Dan Wakefield and Jerome Klinkowitz: introduction by Dave <a href="/entry/eggers_dave">Eggers</a>: hb/]</li> </ul> <p><b>nonfiction</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Youve+Never+Been+to+Barnstaple&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">You've Never Been to Barnstaple?</a></em> (Barnstaple, Massachusetts: Crane Duplicating Service, <b>1966</b>) [nonfiction: chap: pb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Wampeters+Foma+and+Granfalloons+Opinions&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Wampeters, Foma and Granfalloons (Opinions)</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1974</b>) [nonfiction: coll: hb/Joel Schick]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Palm+Sunday+An+Autobiographical+Collage&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Palm Sunday: An Autobiographical Collage</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Lawrence, <b>1981</b>) [nonfiction: coll: hb/photograph by Jill Krementz] <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Welcome+to+the+Monkey+House/Palm+Sunday+An&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Welcome to the Monkey House/Palm Sunday: An Autobiographical Collage</a></em> (London: Vintage UK, <b>1994</b>) [omni of the above plus <em>Welcome to the Monkey House</em>: pb/]</li> </ul></li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Like+Shaking+Hands+with+God+A+Conversation+About&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Like Shaking Hands with God: A Conversation About Writing</a></em> (New York: Seven Sisters Press, <b>1999</b>) with Lee Stringer [nonfiction: chap: hb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Fates+Worse+than+Death+An+Autobiographical&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Fates Worse than Death: An Autobiographical Collage of the 1980s</a></em> (New York: G P Putnam's Sons, <b>1991</b>) [nonfiction: coll: hb/Jill Krementz]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=A+Man+Without+a+Country&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">A Man Without a Country</a></em> (New York: Seven Sisters Press, <b>2005</b>) [nonfiction: coll: hb/Kurt Vonnegut]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+The+Last+Interview+and+Other&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: The Last Interview and Other Conversations</a></em> (New York: Melville House, <b>2011</b>) [nonfiction: coll: in the publisher's <b>Last Interview</b> series: pb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=We+Are+What+We+Pretend+To+Be+The+First+and+Last&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">We Are What We Pretend To Be: The First and Last Works</a></em> (New York: Vanguard Press, <b>2012</b>) [nonfiction: hb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Letters&field-author=Vonnegut+Kurt+Jr" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: Letters</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press, <b>2012</b>) [nonfiction: coll: selected letters edited by Dan Wakefield: hb/photograph by Dmitri Kasterine]</li> </ul> <p><b>about the author</b></p> <p>Much has been written about Vonnegut; the following is a selection.</p> <ul class="x"> <li>Peter J Reed. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Jr&field-author=Peter+J+Reed" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut Jr</a></em> (New York: Thomas Crowell, <b>1972</b>) [nonfiction: hb/]</li> <li>Gary Carey, editor. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Cliffs+Notes+on+Vonnegut+Major+Works&field-author=Gary+Carey" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Cliffs Notes on Vonnegut's Major Works</a></em> (Lincoln, Nebraska: Cliffs Notes, <b>1973</b>) [nonfiction: hb/]</li> <li>David H Goldsmith. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Fantasist+of+Fire+and+Ice&field-author=David+H+Goldsmith" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: Fantasist of Fire and Ice</a></em> (Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press, <b>1972</b>) [nonfiction: pb/Terry Fowler]</li> <li>Jerome Klinkowitz and John Somer, editors. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Vonnegut+Statement+Original+Essays+on+the&field-author=Jerome+Klinkowitz+and+John+Somer" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Vonnegut Statement: Original Essays on the Life and Work of Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.</a></em> (New York: Delacorte Press, <b>1973</b>) [nonfiction: anth: hb/]</li> <li>Stanley Schatt. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Jr&field-author=Stanley+Schatt" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut Jr</a></em> (Boston, Massachusetts: Twayne, <b>1976</b>) [nonfiction: hb/]</li> <li>James Lundquist. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut&field-author=James+Lundquist" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut</a></em> (New York: Frederick Ungar, <b>1977</b>) [nonfiction: coll: hb/Tim Gaydos]</li> <li>Jerome Klinkovitz. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut&field-author=Jerome+Klinkovitz" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut</a></em> (London: Methuen, <b>1982</b>) [nonfiction: pb/]</li> <li>Peter J Reed. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=The+Short+Fiction+of+Kurt+Vonnegut+Jr&field-author=Peter+J+Reed" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">The Short Fiction of Kurt Vonnegut Jr</a></em> (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, <b>1997</b>) [nonfiction: hb/nonpictorial]</li> <li>Marc Leeds and Peter J Reed, editors. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Images+and+Representations&field-author=Marc+Leeds+and+Peter+J+Reed" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: Images and Representations</a></em> (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, <b>2000</b>) [nonfiction: anth: hb/nonpictorial]</li> <li>Harold <a href="/entry/bloom_harold">Bloom</a>, editor. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+Slaughterhouse+Five&field-author=Bloom+Harold" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse Five</a></em> (New York: Chelsea House, <b>2001</b>) [nonfiction: anth: hb/]</li> <li>Thomas F Marvin. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Kurt+Vonnegut+A+Critical+Companion&field-author=Thomas+F+Marvin" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Kurt Vonnegut: A Critical Companion</a></em> (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, <b>2002</b>) [nonfiction: hb/nonpictorial]</li> <li>Charles Shields. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=And+So+It+Goes+Kurt+Vonnegut+A+Life&field-author=Charles+Shields" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">And So It Goes: Kurt Vonnegut: A Life</a></em> (New York: Henry Holt and Company, <b>2011</b>) [nonfiction: hb/]</li> </ul> <p><b>links</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://kurtvonnegut.com/">Kurt Vonnegut</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?62">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30240">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/gallery.php?link=vonnegut_kurt_jr">Picture Gallery</a></li> </ul> <p><b>previous versions of this entry</b></p> <ul><li><a href='https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/vonnegut_kurt_jr' target='_blank'>Internet Archive</a></li></ul><br /><br /></article></div> <div class="sideBarsWrapper"> <div class="sideBarsColsWrapper clearfix"> <div class="column sideBar12 clearfix"> <div class="columnForm"><aside id="blogFeed" class="widget"> <div class="content STeditorial clearfix"> <h2>Recently visited entries<span style="background:url(/images/thingSFE2.png) !important"></span></h2><ul style='width: 50%; float: left;'> </ul> <p align=center style="float:right; padding-top:20px; padding-bottom:20px;">ISSN 3049-7612<br /> <a href="/facts.php?id=logo"> <img src="/images/VitMan.gif" width=150 height=150 title="Click for larger version of this SFE logo"></a><br /> <b><a href="/donate.php"><img src="/images/Paypal-Donate.gif" WIDTH="92" HEIGHT="26" BORDER="0" /></a><br /><a href="/">Home/Welcome page</a></b></p><div style="margin-bottom:10px;"></div></div> </aside><aside id="blogFeed" class="widget"> <div class="content STeditorial clearfix"> <h2><i>SFE</i> Special Features<span></span></h2><p style="margin-top: 10px;"><input type="button" value="What’s New" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/whatsnew.php'">  Latest entries; <a href="/updated.php">latest updates</a></p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="In Memoriam" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/timeline.php?rip'">  Recent deaths</p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="On This Day" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/today.php'">  Anniversaries; also <a href="/timeline.php">Timeline</a></p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="Gallery" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/gallery.php'">  <i>SFE</i> Picture Gallery; <a href="/gallery.php?list&new">What’s New</a></p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="Shopping" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/sfeshop.php'">  Affiliate settings</p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="Random" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/random.php'">  Show a random <i>SFE</i> entry</p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="SFE Facts" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/facts.php'">  Bar charts, awards and more</p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="Entry Data" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='https://sf-encyclopedia.com/incoming.php?entry=vonnegut_kurt_jr'">  Incoming links, who wrote it, etc</p> <p style="margin-bottom:15px;"><a href="/searching">Search help</a> | <a href="/rss.php" target="_blank">RSS feed</a> <img src="/static/img/external.gif"> | <a href="/fe/"><i>Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i></a> <img src="/static/img/external.gif"></p><div style="margin-bottom:10px;"></div></div> </aside><aside id="connect" class="widget"> <div class="content STeditorial clearfix"> <h2>Connect with <i>SFE</i> <span></span></h2> <ul> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="/donate.php">Donate towards <i>SFE</i> expenses</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="/contact.php">Send email feedback to the <i>SFE</i> editors</a></h3> </li> <li style=" display:none;"> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://twitter.com/john_clute" target="_blank">John Clute on Twitter [X]</a></h3> <a href="https://twitter.com/john_clute" class="twitter-follow-button">Follow @john_clute</a> <script src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> <li style=" display:none;"> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://twitter.com/sfencyclopedia" target="_blank"><i>SFE</i> on Twitter [X]</a></h3> <a href="https://twitter.com/sfencyclopedia" class="twitter-follow-button">Follow @sfencyclopedia</a> <script src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Sf-Encyclopedia/138995776178949" target="_blank"><i>SFE</i> on Facebook</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/john.clute.5" target="_blank">John Clute on Facebook</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/sfencyclopedia.bsky.social" target="_blank"><i>SFE</i> on BlueSky</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://mastodon.social/@SF_Encyclopedia" target="_blank"><i>SFE</i> on Mastodon</a></h3> </li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookieConsent"> <div id="closeCookieConsent" onclick="hidepopup()">x</div> This website uses cookies.  <a href="/cookies" target="_blank">More information here</a>. <a class="cookieConsentOK" onclick="setcookie()">Accept Cookies</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function hidepopup() { document.cookie = "hidecookiepopup=yes; path=/"; // session only document.getElementById("cookieConsent").style.display = "none"; } function setcookie() { document.cookie = "cookiesOK=yes; max-age=31536000; path=/"; // 1 year document.getElementById("cookieConsent").style.display = "none"; } var cookiestring = document.cookie; // document.getElementById("connect").innerHTML = cookiestring; // TEST only if ( cookiestring.indexOf("cookiesOK=yes") == -1 ) { if ( cookiestring.indexOf("hidecookiepopup=yes") == -1 ) { document.getElementById("cookieConsent").style.display = "block"; } } </script> <div id="footer" style="background:#fff; padding: 5px;"> <footer id="globalFooter" class="clearfix"> <div id="credit">Website design by Ansible Editions </div> <div id="credit" style="float: left !important; padding-left:20px;">Site and <i>SFE</i> content © 2011-2024 John Clute & David Langford</div> </footer> </div> </div> </body></html>