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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_and_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Naming and composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_and_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convened_and_expedited_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convened_and_expedited_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Convened and expedited reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convened_and_expedited_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceutical_trials_and_good_clinical_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceutical_trials_and_good_clinical_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pharmaceutical trials and good clinical practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceutical_trials_and_good_clinical_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adapting_IRB_review_to_social_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adapting_IRB_review_to_social_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adapting IRB review to social science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adapting_IRB_review_to_social_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adapting_IRB_review_to_big_data_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adapting_IRB_review_to_big_data_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Adapting IRB review to big data research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adapting_IRB_review_to_big_data_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_citizen_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_citizen_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Relationship with citizen science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_citizen_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Managing_conflicts_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Managing_conflicts_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Managing conflicts of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Managing_conflicts_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_Review_Board&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional Review Board">Institutional Review Board</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of committee that applies research ethics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about research ethical oversight in the United States. For a worldwide perspective, see <a href="/wiki/Ethics_committee" title="Ethics committee">Ethics committee</a>.</div> <p>An <b>institutional review board</b> (<b>IRB</b>), also known as an <b>independent ethics committee</b> (<b>IEC</b>), <b>ethical review board</b> (<b>ERB</b>), or <b>research ethics board</b> (<b>REB</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">committee</a> at an <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a> that applies <a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">research ethics</a> by reviewing the <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methods</a> proposed for <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> involving human subjects, to ensure that the projects are <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a>. The main goal of IRB reviews is to ensure that study participants are not harmed (or that harms are minimal and outweighed by research benefits). Such boards are formally designated to approve (or reject), monitor, and review <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavioral" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral">behavioral</a> research involving <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, and they are legally required in some countries under certain specified circumstances. Most countries use some form of IRB to safeguard ethical conduct of research so that it complies with national and international norms, regulations or codes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purpose of the IRB is to assure that appropriate steps are taken to protect the rights and <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">welfare</a> of people participating in a research study. A key goal of IRBs is to protect <a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">human subjects</a> from physical or psychological <a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">harm</a>, which they attempt to do by reviewing research protocols and related materials. The protocol review assesses the ethics of the research and its methods, promotes fully <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed</a> and voluntary participation by prospective subjects, and seeks to maximize the safety of subjects. They often conduct some form of <a href="/wiki/Risk-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk-benefit analysis">risk-benefit analysis</a> in an attempt to determine whether or not research should be conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRBs are most commonly used for studies in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and the social sciences, including <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. Such studies may be <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical trials">clinical trials</a> of new drugs or medical devices, studies of personal or social behavior, opinions or attitudes, or studies of how health care is delivered and might be improved. Many types of research that involves humans, such as research into which <a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">teaching methods</a> are appropriate, unstructured research such as <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral histories</a>, journalistic research, research conducted by private individuals, and research that does not involve human subjects, are not typically required to have IRB approval. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_mandate_for_IRBs">United States mandate for IRBs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United States mandate for IRBs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Human subject research legislation in the United States">Human subject research legislation in the United States</a></div> <p>Formal review procedures for institutional human subject studies were originally developed in direct response to research abuses in the 20th century. Among the most notorious of these abuses were the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">experiments of Nazi physicians</a>, which became a focus of the post-World War II <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Syphilis_Study" title="Tuskegee Syphilis Study">Tuskegee Syphilis Study</a>, a long-term project conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Public_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Public Health Service">U.S. Public Health Service</a>, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Human_radiation_experiments" title="Human radiation experiments">human radiation experiments</a> conducted during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Other controversial U.S. projects undertaken during this era include the <a href="/wiki/Milgram_experiment" title="Milgram experiment">Milgram obedience experiment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment" title="Stanford prison experiment">Stanford prison experiment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Project_MKULTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKULTRA">Project MKULTRA</a>, a series of classified <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a> studies organized by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. </p><p>The result of these abuses was the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Act" title="National Research Act">National Research Act of 1974</a> and the development of the <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Report" title="Belmont Report">Belmont Report</a>, which outlined the primary ethical principles in human subjects review; these include "respect for persons", "beneficence", and "justice". An IRB may approve only research for which the risks to subjects are balanced by potential benefits to society, and for which the selection of subjects presents a fair or just distribution of risks and benefits to eligible participants. A <i><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona fide">bona fide</a></i> process for obtaining <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a> from participants is also generally needed. However, this requirement may be waived in certain circumstances – for example, when the risk of harm to participants is clearly minimal. </p><p>In the United States, IRBs are governed by Title 45 Code of Federal Regulations Part 46.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These regulations define the rules and responsibilities for institutional review, which is required for all research that receives support, directly or indirectly, from the United States federal government. Specifically, research on human subjects that is conducted by any institution must be reviewed by that institution's review board if it is not <a href="#Exceptions">an exempt type</a> and it also involves: </p> <ul><li>is conducted by the federal government,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>involves any type of federal funding (e.g., a research grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li>testing an FDA-regulated product.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Additionally, the states of California and Maryland have more expansive rules for reviewing research that is conducted within those two states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many institutions that engage in substantial amounts of research, such as <a href="/wiki/Research_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Research universities">research universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Research_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Research hospital">research hospitals</a>, have their board reviews all research programs, even though it is not required, as a matter of their own internal policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IRBs are themselves regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Human_Research_Protections" title="Office for Human Research Protections">Office for Human Research Protections</a> (OHRP) within the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS). Additional requirements apply to IRBs that oversee clinical trials of drugs involved in <a href="/wiki/New_drug_application" class="mw-redirect" title="New drug application">new drug applications</a>, or to studies that are supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) and the OHRP have empowered IRBs to approve, require modifications in planned research prior to approval, or disapprove research. IRBs are responsible for critical oversight functions for research conducted on human subjects that are "scientific", "ethical", and "regulatory". The equivalent body responsible for overseeing U.S. federally funded research using animals is the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Animal_Care_and_Use_Committee" title="Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee">Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee</a> (IACUC). </p><p>In addition to registering its IRB with the OHRP, an institution is also required to obtain and maintain a <i>Federalwide Assurance</i> or FWA, before undertaking federally funded human research.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an agreement in which the institution commits to abiding by the regulations governing human research. A secondary supplement to the FWA is required when institutions are undertaking research supported by the U.S. Department of Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <i>DoD Addendum</i> includes further compliance requirements for studies using military personnel, or when the human research involves populations in conflict zones, foreign prisoners, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptions">Exceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. regulations identify several research categories that are considered exempt from IRB oversight. These categories include: </p> <ul><li>Research in conventional educational settings, such as those involving the study of instructional strategies or effectiveness of various techniques, curricula, or classroom management methods. In the case of studies involving the use of educational tests, there are specific provisions in the exemption to ensure that subjects cannot be identified or exposed to risks or liabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.101_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Research involving the analysis of existing data and other materials, where the data is either already publicly available or will be analyzed such that individual subjects cannot be identified.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.101_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Studies intended to assess the performance or effectiveness of public benefit or service programs, or to evaluate food taste, quality, or consumer acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.101_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Generally, human research ethics guidelines require that decisions about exemption are made by an IRB representative, not by the investigators themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, research projects conducted outside of a federal government agency or government-funded institution, such as a <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen science</a> project conducted by a private individual or a group of private individuals, are generally not required to be approved by any institutional review board, unless the project is funded by the US federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_ethics_review_committees">International ethics review committees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International ethics review committees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethics_committee" title="Ethics committee">Ethics committee</a></div> <p>Numerous other countries have equivalent regulations or guidelines governing human subject studies and the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_committee" title="Ethics committee">ethics committees</a> that oversee them. However, the organizational responsibilities and the scope of the oversight purview can differ substantially from one nation to another, especially in the domain of non-medical research. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> maintains a comprehensive compilation of regulations and guidelines in other countries, as well as related standards from a number of international and regional organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_composition">Naming and composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming and composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although "IRB" is a generic term used in the United States by the FDA and HHS, each institution that establishes such a board may use whatever name it chooses. Many simply capitalize the term "Institutional Review Board" as the <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper name</a> of their instance. Regardless of the name chosen, the IRB is subject to the US FDA's IRB regulations when studies of FDA-regulated products are reviewed and approved. At one time, such a committee was named the "Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects". </p><p>Originally, IRBs were simply committees at academic institutions and medical facilities to monitor research studies involving human participants, primarily to minimize or avoid <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> problems. Today, some of these reviews are conducted by for-profit organizations known as independent or commercial IRBs. Anyone, including private individuals, can pay a commercial IRB for review.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The responsibilities of these IRBs are identical to those based at academic or medical institutions, and within the US, they are governed by the same US federal regulations. </p><p>While its composition varies, it often includes a balance of academia and non-academia members. This serves to provide a greater scope of understanding which helps ensure ethics in research. In the US, regulations set out the board's membership and composition requirements, with provisions for diversity in experience, expertise, and institutional affiliation. For example, the minimum number of members is five, at least one scientist, and at least one non-scientist. The guidance strongly suggests that the IRB contain both men and women, but there is no regulatory requirement for gender balance in the IRB's membership. The full requirements are set out in 21 CFR 56.107.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As IRBs are normally staffed with employees, who have to be paid, there are costs to operating them. In 2001, the cost of operating an IRB typically ranged from about $75,000 to $770,000 ($129,000 to $1,325,000, after accounting for inflation) per year, depending on the volume of research reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convened_and_expedited_reviews">Convened and expedited reviews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Convened and expedited reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unless a research proposal is determined to be exempt (see below), the IRB undertakes its work either in a convened meeting (a "full" review) or by using an expedited review procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.108_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.108-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a full review is required, a majority of the IRB members must be present at the meeting, at least one of whom has primary concern for the nonscientific aspects of the research.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.108_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.108-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research can be approved if a majority of those present are in favor.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.108_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.108-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An expedited review may be carried out if the research involves no more than minimal risk to subjects, or where minor changes are being made to previously approved research.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.110_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.110-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulations provide a list of research categories that may be reviewed in this manner.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.110_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.110-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An expedited review is carried out by the IRB chair, or by their designee(s) from the board membership. In the US, research activity cannot be disapproved by expedited review.<sup id="cite_ref-US_45_CFR_46.110_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_45_CFR_46.110-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmaceutical_trials_and_good_clinical_practice">Pharmaceutical trials and good clinical practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pharmaceutical trials and good clinical practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Harmonisation_of_Technical_Requirements_for_Registration_of_Pharmaceuticals_for_Human_Use" class="mw-redirect" title="International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use">International Conference on Harmonisation</a> sets out guidelines for registration of pharmaceuticals in multiple countries. It defines <a href="/wiki/Good_Clinical_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Clinical Practice">Good Clinical Practice</a> (GCP), which is an agreed quality standard that governments can transpose into regulations for <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical trials">clinical trials</a> involving human subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-ICH-GCP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICH-GCP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here is a summary of several key regulatory guidelines for oversight of clinical trials: </p> <ul><li>Safeguard the rights, safety, and well-being of all trial subjects. Special attention should be paid to trials that may include vulnerable subjects, such as pregnant women, children, prisoners, the elderly, or persons with diminished comprehension.</li> <li>Obtain trial protocol(s)/amendment(s), written <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">Informed Consent Form(s)</a> (ICFs) and consent form updates the investigator proposes for use in the trial, subject recruitment procedures (e.g., advertisements), written information to be provided to subjects, investigator's brochure, available safety information, information about payments and compensation available to subjects, the investigator's current <i><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">curriculum vitae</a></i> and/or other documentation evidencing qualifications, and any other documents the IRB may need to fulfill its responsibilities.</li> <li>Review both the amount and method of payment to subjects to assure neither presents problems of coercion or undue influence on the trial subjects. Payments to a subject should be prorated and not wholly contingent on completion of the trial by the subject. Information regarding payment to subjects, including the methods, amounts, and schedule of payment to trial subjects, should be set forth in the written informed consent form and any other written information to be provided to subjects. The way payment will be prorated should be specified.</li> <li>Ensure that the proposed trial is reviewed within a reasonable time and document opinions and decisions in writing, clearly identifying the trial, the documents reviewed and recorded dates for approvals, required modifications prior to approval, disapproval of a proposed trial, or termination/suspension of any prior approval. Continuing review of ongoing trials is required at intervals appropriate to the degree of risk to human subjects, but at least once per year.</li></ul> <p>The reviewers may also request that more information be given to subjects when, in their judgment, the additional information would add meaningfully to the protection of the rights, safety and/or well-being of the subjects. When a non-therapeutic trial is to be carried out with the consent of the subject's legally acceptable representative, reviewers should determine that the proposed protocol and/or other document(s) adequately address relevant ethical concerns and meets applicable regulatory requirements for such trials. Where the protocol indicates prior consent of the trial subject or the subject's legally acceptable representative is not possible, the review should determine that the proposed protocol and/or other document(s) adequately addresses relevant ethical concerns and meets applicable regulatory requirements for such trials (i.e., in emergency situations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adapting_IRB_review_to_social_science">Adapting IRB review to social science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adapting IRB review to social science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Belmont_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Belmont Principles">Belmont Principles</a> and U.S. federal regulations were formulated with biomedical and social-behavioral research in mind, the enforcement of the regulations, the examples used in typical presentations regarding the history of the regulatory requirements, and the extensiveness of written guidance have been predominantly focused on <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical research">biomedical research</a>. </p><p>Numerous complaints by investigators about the fit between the federal regulations and its IRB review requirements as they relate to social science research have been received.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broad complaints range from the legitimacy of IRB review, the applicability of the concepts of risk as it pertains to social science (e.g., possibly unneeded, over-burdensome requirements),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the requirements for the documentation of participants' informed consent (i.e., consent forms).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have tried to determine under what instances participants are more likely to read informed consent forms, and ways to improve their efficacy in the social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IRB members have been criticized for assuming that surveys about past trauma has a re-traumatizing effect.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social scientists have criticized biomedical IRBs for failing to adequately understand their research methods (such as <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a>). For this reason, some large research institutions have set up multiple specialized IRBs, and may have one committee that exclusively oversees social science research. </p><p>In 2003, the US <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Human_Research_Protections" title="Office for Human Research Protections">Office for Human Research Protections</a> (OHRP), in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Oral_History_Association" title="Oral History Association">Oral History Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a>, issued a formal statement that taking <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral histories</a>, unstructured interviews (as if for a piece of journalism), collecting anecdotes, and similar <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> activities often do not constitute "human subject research" as defined in the regulations and were never intended to be covered by clinical research rules.<sup id="cite_ref-OralHistory_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OralHistory-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the federal government announced that effective January 2018, the regulations would no longer cover "Scholarly and journalistic activities (e.g., oral history, journalism, biography, literary criticism, legal research, and historical scholarship), including the collection and use of information that focus directly on the specific individuals about whom the information is collected."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other US federal agencies supporting social science have attempted to provide guidance in this area, especially the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>. In general, the NSF guidelines assure IRBs that the regulations have some flexibility and rely on the common sense of the IRB to focus on limiting harm, maximizing informed consent, and limiting bureaucratic limitations of valid research.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adapting_IRB_review_to_big_data_research">Adapting IRB review to big data research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Adapting IRB review to big data research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> research pose formidable challenges for research ethics and thus show potential for wider applicability of formal review processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen_2017-09-18_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen_2017-09-18-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2016-05-20_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2016-05-20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nature_550016a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nature_550016a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One theme is <a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">data breaches</a>, but another with high difficulty is potentially dangerous <a href="/wiki/Predictive_analytics" title="Predictive analytics">predictive analytics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Type_I_and_type_II_errors" title="Type I and type II errors">false-positives</a> or new ways to invade <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a>. A 2016 article on the hope to expand ethics reviews of such research included an example of a data breach in which a big data researcher leaked 70,000 <a href="/wiki/OkCupid" title="OkCupid">OkCupid</a> profiles with usernames and sexual orientation data.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2016-05-20_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2016-05-20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also gave an example of potential privacy invasion and government repression in which <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> was used to build automated <a href="/wiki/Gaydar" title="Gaydar">gaydar</a>, labeling strangers as "probably gay" based on their facial photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2016-05-20_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang_2016-05-20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analogies with <a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">phrenology</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chen_2017-09-18_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen_2017-09-18-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany#Jews_under_the_Nazis_(1933–45)" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Nazis identifying people as "probably part-Jewish"</a> based on facial features have been made to show what can go wrong with research whose authors may have failed to adequately think through the risks of harm. Such challenges broach familiar themes, such as <a href="/wiki/Mistaken_identity" title="Mistaken identity">mistaken identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-crime" title="Pre-crime">pre-crime</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">persecution</a>, in new applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_citizen_science">Relationship with citizen science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationship with citizen science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generally speaking, <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen science</a>, whether conducted by a single private individual or a group of individuals, is not required to follow the IRB process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is true even if some of the individuals involved are professional researchers or are also employed at institutions that normally review all research conducted by the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, many academic journals require proof of IRB approval for all human-subject research, even when it is not legally required, which means that citizen scientists may be unable to publish scientific papers describing their findings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citizen scientists who expect to need IRB approval for publication or to comply with the terms of a <a href="/wiki/Research_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Research grant">research grant</a> can pay a commercial IRB company.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, a standard initial review often costs a few thousand dollars; a review to determine that the project is less expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The IRB-based approach to ethics assumes that human-subject research is conducted by an institution employing researchers, and that the institution and researchers have far more power and knowledge than the participants. The researchers and the participants are seen as distinct groups, and the concern is to prevent the researchers from exploiting the participants as a <a href="/wiki/Means-to-an-end" class="mw-redirect" title="Means-to-an-end">means to an end</a>. This leads to IRBs issuing requirements such as having researchers explain the research project and obtain informed consent. However, this model does not always fit citizen science projects, especially when the participants are themselves the experts and researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such cases, a requirement to explain the project means participants would absurdly be informing themselves of their own plans. In a citizen science project, the boundaries between the researcher and the participant are blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, many institutionally-driven research programs are limiting or prohibiting the <a href="/wiki/Return_of_results" title="Return of results">return of results</a> to individuals, especially for genetic or medical studies, for fear that some participants could be harmed if they misunderstand the results.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this restrictive model, the participant never finds out their test results, or they can only find out their test results if the researchers carefully explain the results to them. But in a citizen science project, learning the results is a highly desired reason for participating, and, since the researchers are themselves participants, it would be impossible to prevent them from obtaining the results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Managing_conflicts_of_interest">Managing conflicts of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Managing conflicts of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the IRB approval and oversight process is designed to protect the rights and welfare of the <a href="/wiki/Research_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Research subject">research subjects</a>, it has been the subject of criticism, by bioethicists and others, for <a href="/wiki/Conflicts_of_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflicts of interest">conflicts of interest</a> resulting in lax oversight.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, the for-profit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Institutional_Review_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Institutional Review Board (page does not exist)">Western Institutional Review Board</a> claimed to conduct the majority of reviews for new drug submissions to the FDA.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2006 study of 575 IRB members at university medical centers, over one-third reported industry financial ties, and over one-third admitted they "rarely or never" disclosed conflicts of interest to other board members.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009 the US <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) set up a series of undercover tests to determine whether the IRB system was vulnerable to unethical manipulation. In one test, a fake product "Adhesiabloc" was submitted to a number of IRBs for approval for human tests. The product, company, and CVs of the supposed researchers were all fictitious and documents were forged by the GAO. The product was deliberately formulated to match some "significant risk" criteria of the FDA and was described by GAO as a "gel that would be poured into a patient's stomach after surgery to collect the bits and pieces left over from an operation." Despite this, one IRB approved the device for human testing. Other IRBs to whom the device was submitted rejected the application, one of them saying it was "the riskiest thing I've ever seen on this board". However, none of the IRBs approached detected that the company and product were fake. The GAO also set up a fake IRB and obtained requests for approval from companies. They succeeded in getting assurance approval from the HHS for their fake IRB. At the time, the US HHS has only three staff to deal with 300 IRB registrations and 300 assurance applications per month. HHS stated that it would not be worthwhile to carry out additional evaluation even if they had the staff to do it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_monitoring_committee" title="Data monitoring committee">Data monitoring committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki" title="Declaration of Helsinki">Declaration of Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_problems_using_children_in_clinical_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical problems using children in clinical trials">Ethical problems using children in clinical trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_committee_(European_Union)" title="Ethics committee (European Union)">Ethics committee (European Union)</a></li> <li><i>Ethics & Human Research</i> (journal), formerly <i>IRB: Ethics & Human Research </i>, published by <a href="/wiki/The_Hastings_Center" title="The Hastings Center">The Hastings Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Ethics_Committee" title="Inside the Ethics Committee">Inside the Ethics Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Protection_of_Human_Subjects_of_Biomedical_and_Behavioral_Research" title="National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research">National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Human_Research_Protections" title="Office for Human Research Protections">Office for Human Research Protections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation_in_the_United_States" title="Unethical human experimentation in the United States">Unethical human experimentation in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMohamadiAsghariRashidian2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mohamadi, Amin; Asghari, Fariba; Rashidian, Arash (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4648212">"Continuing review of ethics in clinical trials: a surveillance study in Iran"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine</i>. <b>7</b>: 22. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4648212">4648212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26587202">26587202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics+and+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Continuing+review+of+ethics+in+clinical+trials%3A+a+surveillance+study+in+Iran&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4648212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26587202&rft.aulast=Mohamadi&rft.aufirst=Amin&rft.au=Asghari%2C+Fariba&rft.au=Rashidian%2C+Arash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4648212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitutional+review+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Office of Human Research Protection. Institutional Review Board Guidebook. "Chapter 3, Section A: Risk/Benefit Analysis." pp. 1-10 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/PSYCH202A-3.1.4-Institutional-Review-Board.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708142926/https://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/PSYCH202A-3.1.4-Institutional-Review-Board.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved May 30, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html">"Code of Federal Regulations"</a>. HHS.gov. 2010-01-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420044755/http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/45cfr46.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Evidence for Young Adult Resilience in "Sensitive Topics" Research"</a>. <i>The Journal of Sex Research</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 273–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00224499.2016.1156047">10.1080/00224499.2016.1156047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4499">0022-4499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6563918">6563918</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27093242">27093242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Sex+Research&rft.atitle=Do+Some+Students+Need+Special+Protection+From+Research+on+Sex+and+Trauma%3F+New+Evidence+for+Young+Adult+Resilience+in+%22Sensitive+Topics%22+Research&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-283&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6563918%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0022-4499&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27093242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00224499.2016.1156047&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Jenny+K.&rft.au=Nason%2C+Erica+E.&rft.au=Yeater%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Geoffrey+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6563918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitutional+review+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeaterMillerRinehartNason2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yeater, Elizabeth; Miller, Geoffrey; Rinehart, Jenny; Nason, Erica (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797611435131">"Trauma and Sex Surveys Meet Minimal Risk Standards: Implications for Institutional Review Boards"</a>. <i>Psychological Science</i>. <b>23</b> (7): 780–787. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0956797611435131">10.1177/0956797611435131</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-7976">0956-7976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22623507">22623507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Science&rft.atitle=Trauma+and+Sex+Surveys+Meet+Minimal+Risk+Standards%3A+Implications+for+Institutional+Review+Boards&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=780-787&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0956-7976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22623507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0956797611435131&rft.aulast=Yeater&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Miller%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Rinehart%2C+Jenny&rft.au=Nason%2C+Erica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0956797611435131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitutional+review+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OralHistory-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OralHistory_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitchieShopes2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ritchie, Don; Shopes, Linda (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117043701/http://alpha.dickinson.edu/oha/org_irb.html">"Oral History Excluded from IRB Review: Application of the Department of Health and Human Services Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects at 45 CFR Part 46, Subpart A to Oral History Interviewing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oral_History_Association" title="Oral History Association">Oral History Association</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Coast+IRB%2C+Caught+in+Sting%2C+to+Close&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft.aulast=Mundy&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB124042341694744375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitutional+review+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?q=hearing/institutional-review-boards-that-oversee-experimental-human-testing-for-profit">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110602161247/http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/index.php?q=hearing%2Finstitutional-review-boards-that-oversee-experimental-human-testing-for-profit">Archived</a> June 2, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodfreedom.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/fda-approves-nonexistent-product-from-nonexistent-company-for-human-testing/">"FDA Approves Nonexistent Product from Nonexistent Company for Human Testing | Food Freedom"</a>. Foodfreedom.wordpress.com. 2011-01-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228090657/http://foodfreedom.wordpress.com/2011/01/17/fda-approves-nonexistent-product-from-nonexistent-company-for-human-testing/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+Approves+Nonexistent+Product+from+Nonexistent+Company+for+Human+Testing+%26%23124%3B+Food+Freedom&rft.pub=Foodfreedom.wordpress.com&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoodfreedom.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F01%2F17%2Ffda-approves-nonexistent-product-from-nonexistent-company-for-human-testing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInstitutional+review+board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Enfield, K. B. & Truwit, J. D. (2008). The Purpose, Composition, and Function of an Institutional Review Board: Balancing Priorities. Respiratory Care, 53, 1330–1336.</li> <li>Fairchild, A. L. & Bayer, R. (1999). Uses and Abuses of Tuskegee. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 284, 919–921.</li> <li>Perrault, E. K. & Nazione, S. A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1556264616654610">"Informed Consent—Uninformed Participants: Shortcomings of Online Social Science Consent Forms and Recommendations for Improvement"</a>. <i>Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics</i>. 11(3), 274–280. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1556264616654610">10.1177/1556264616654610</a>.</li> <li>Pope, T. M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1367800">Multi-Institutional Healthcare Ethics Committees: The Procedurally Fair Internal Dispute Resolution Mechanism</a>, 31 Campbell Law Review 257–331.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institutional_review_board&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irbusa.com/">Human Research Report</a></i>—a monthly newsletter for IRBs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/">Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP)</a> at HHS</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehastingscenter.org/publications-resources/ethics-human-research/"><i>Ethics & Human Research</i></a> – a peer-reviewed journal of <a href="/wiki/The_Hastings_Center" title="The Hastings Center">The Hastings Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2005/12/ethics-for-sale.html">Ethics for Sale: For-profit ethical review, coming to a clinical trial near you</a>, Carl Elliott and Trudo Lemmens, <i>Slate</i>, December 13, 2005</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethical systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_research_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical research ethics">Clinical research ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biobank_ethics" title="Biobank ethics">Biobank ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_human_subject_research" title="Guidelines for human subject research">Guidelines for human subject research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_ethics_cases" title="List of medical ethics cases">List of medical ethics cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Code" title="Nuremberg Code">Nuremberg Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki" title="Declaration of Helsinki">Declaration of Helsinki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belmont_Report" title="Belmont Report">Belmont Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Rule" title="Common Rule">Common Rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monitoring_in_clinical_trials" title="Monitoring in clinical trials">Monitoring in clinical trials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_committee" title="Ethics committee">Ethics committee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Institutional review board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_monitoring_committee" title="Data monitoring committee">Data monitoring committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_advisory_board" title="Community advisory board">Community advisory board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Primum non nocere">Non-maleficence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">Confidentiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Doctrine of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath" 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