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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Language_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Language decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_revitalization_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_revitalization_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Language revitalization and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_revitalization_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automatic_vowel_darkening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automatic_vowel_darkening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Automatic vowel darkening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automatic_vowel_darkening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonantal-vocalic_variation_of_sonorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonantal-vocalic_variation_of_sonorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Consonantal-vocalic variation of sonorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonantal-vocalic_variation_of_sonorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Syllable structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonological_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Phonological processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_marking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_marking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Case marking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_marking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sample lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Words_borrowed_into_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_borrowed_into_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Words borrowed into English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_borrowed_into_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shuswap language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Lingua shuswap – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua shuswap" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Shuswap" title="Yaren Shuswap – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Shuswap" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%97%E8%AA%9E" title="シュスワプ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュスワプ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_shuswap" title="Lenga shuswap – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga shuswap" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_shuswap" title="Língua shuswap – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua shuswap" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Шусвап – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шусвап" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interior Salish language of Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Shuswap</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">Secwepemctsín</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʃəxwəpməxˈtʃin]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">9,860 <a href="/wiki/Secwepemc" class="mw-redirect" title="Secwepemc">Secwepemc</a> (2014, <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples%27_Cultural_Council" title="First Peoples' Cultural Council">FPCC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">200 (2014, <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples%27_Cultural_Council" title="First Peoples' Cultural Council">FPCC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1,190 semi-speakers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Interior_Salish_languages" title="Interior Salish languages">Interior Salish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Northern<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Shuswap</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> (historical)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Secwepemc_Cultural_Education_Society" title="Secwepemc Cultural Education Society">Secwepemc Cultural Education Society</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/shs" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:shs">shs</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/shus1248">shus1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1472">Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Shuswap is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Secwépemc (Shuswap)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuswap people">Secwépemc</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secwepemctsín</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Secwepemcékst</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secwepemc%C3%BAl%CC%93ecw" class="mw-redirect" title="Secwepemcúl̓ecw">Secwepemcúl̓ecw</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Shuswap language</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">Secwepemctsín</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃəxʷəpəməxˈtʃin]</span>) is a northern <a href="/wiki/Interior_Salish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Salish language">Interior Salish language</a> traditionally spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Shuswap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuswap people">Shuswap people</a> (<span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">Secwépemc</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃəˈxʷɛpəməx]</span>) of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. An endangered language, Shuswap is spoken mainly in the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Interior" title="British Columbia Interior">Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples%27_Cultural_Council" title="First Peoples' Cultural Council">First Peoples' Cultural Council</a>, 200 people speak Shuswap as a mother tongue, and there are 1,190 semi-speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shuswap is the northernmost of the Interior Salish languages, which are spoken in Canada and the Pacific Northwest of the United States. There are two <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of Shuswap: </p> <ul><li>Eastern: Kinbasket (Kenpesq’t) and Shuswap Lake (Qw7ewt/Quaaout)</li> <li>Western: Canim Lake (Tsq’escen), Chu Chua (Simpcw), Deadman's Creek (Skitsestn/Skeetchestn)–Kamloops (Tk'emlups), Fraser River (Splatsin, Esk’et), and Pavilion (Tsk’weylecw)–Bonaparte (St’uxtews)</li></ul> <p>The other Northern Interior Salish languages are <a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a>. </p><p>Most of the material in this article is from Kuipers (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_decline">Language decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Indigenous languages, like Secwepemctsín, experienced rapid decline with the institution of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">residential schools</a>. These schools prohibited the use of Indigenous languages in speech and in writing, resulting in two to three generations of students who were severely punished for not using English. Although some children forced to attend these residential schools can still speak their mother tongue, they have experienced much trauma which has great negative consequences on the future generations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After residential schools were shut down, Aboriginal children entered the mainstream schooling system which is dominated by English. Inter-generational transmission of Indigenous languages was severely disrupted due to the dominance of English in education and in the workplace. This further contributed to the drastic decline of Indigenous languages. For example, the number of fluent speakers of Secwepemctsín had dwindled to 3.5 per cent by the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_revitalization_and_technology">Language revitalization and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language revitalization and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An interface to <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> is available in Secwepemctsín.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/First_Voices" class="mw-redirect" title="First Voices">First Voices</a> website has a Secwepemctsin (Eastern Dialect) Community Portal,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Secwepemc Community Portal,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Spallumcheen_Indian_Band" title="Spallumcheen Indian Band">Splatsin</a> (Eastern dialect) Community Portal<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for language learning. A November 2012 article estimated about 150 fluent speakers, mostly over 65, adding that "an estimated 400 students are learning the language, and "the majority of Secwepemctsin learners are under age 19."<sup id="cite_ref-youds_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secwépemc language applications are available for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Secwepemc Cultural Education Society released <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi" title="Nintendo DSi">Nintendo DSi</a> software in 2013 that teaches Secwepemctsin to young children.<sup id="cite_ref-youds_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youds-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A language authority of ten elder fluent speakers, from East, West, and the North, are recording pronunciation. As of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a language tutor was also in preparation, exportable onto CD for use offline.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Lacho, a University of British Columbia master's student, developed an augmented reality storybook app called <i>Tuwitames</i>, available on the <a href="/wiki/Apple_App_Store" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple App Store">Apple App Store</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to help people learn the Splatsin dialect of Secwepemctsín in support of the community's language revitalization initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">cseyseten</i></span> (language nest) at <a href="/wiki/Adams_Lake" title="Adams Lake">Adams Lake</a> is conducted entirely in the Secwepemc language.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A language nest program in Secwepemctsín also takes place with the Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn (Splatsin Teaching Centre) Society where the grandmothers (<span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">kikia7a</i></span>) interact with and teach the children.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 21, 2013, Thompson Rivers University began offering a Secwepemctsín language class taught by fluent speaker Janice Billy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shuswap language has many consonants which the Roman alphabet is typically not used to represent. Two systems of representing Shuswap sounds are in use. One is the system used in Kuipers' 298-page monograph on the language. It uses some letters which are not part of the Roman alphabet. The other system is based on one devised by Randy Bouchard of the British Columbia Language Project.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based entirely on the Roman alphabet. The one exception is the symbol 7, which is used to represent a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. </p><p>The Bouchard style system appears to be the one in use among Shuswap people themselves. Aside from the different symbols used, other differences exist between the two systems. The Kuipers' system makes extensive use of automatic alternations. For example, the letter n is sometimes pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span>, and sometimes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nə]</span>. The choice of pronunciation is based on automatically applied rules. The reader is expected to know these rules. </p><p>The rules cover three classes of changes: (1) <a href="#Automatic_vowel_darkening">automatic darkening</a> of vowels (Non-automatic darkening of vowels is covered under <a href="#Phonological_processes">Phonological Processes</a>.), (2) <a href="#Consonantal-vocalic_variation_of_sonorants">automatic alternation of sonorants</a> between consonantal and vocalic pronunciation, and (3) alternation of plain velars, uvulars, and laryngeals with the corresponding rounded sounds. The Bouchard style system does not appear to require the reader to know so many alternation rules. Examples of words written in the Bouchard style can be seen on two websites.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These websites do not contain enough examples to show how all the automatic alternations are handled in the Bouchard style system. Therefore the Kuipers' system of spelling is used in this article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shuswap language has five full vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, and one reduced vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Main phonetic values of the Shuswap vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">(Rounded)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td>i <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>e]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>u <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>o]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td>e <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </td> <td>ə <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> </td> <td>o <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An additional vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span>, is rare and often replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>. Its description is ambiguous. Kuipers gave its phonetic value as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span>, indicating a mid unrounded back vowel, but described it in words as a mid central vowel. </p><p>There are restrictions on the distribution of vowels. The vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> is restricted to unstressed syllables. The vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> also occur in unstressed syllables, but only in a few words. Vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> are restricted to stressed syllables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automatic_vowel_darkening">Automatic vowel darkening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Automatic vowel darkening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The previous table shows the normal pronunciation of the vowels. Three of the full vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, are subject to an automatic process called darkening, which changes how these vowels are pronounced. Automatic darkening is predictable; it occurs before uvular obstruents and before or after uvularized sonorants. It is not reflected in the Kuipers spelling system. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Example: <span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">e</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> in 'he shoots it' <span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">qemns</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈqɛmənʃ]</span>, but <span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">e</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> in 'I shoot it' <span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">qeqmn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈqaqmən]</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Vowel </th> <th>Normal pronunciation </th> <th>Darkened pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">e</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">i</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>e]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Shuswap-language text"><i lang="shs">u</i></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>o]</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consonants are divided into two classes, <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>. In the tables which follow, pronunciations are given in square brackets in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcription. The notation is the same as that of Kuipers (1974). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveopalatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveopalatal">Alveopalatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounded</a> </th> <th>Plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounded</a> </th> <th>Plain </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounded</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th>Plain </th> <td><b>m</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əm]</span> </td> <td><b>n</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalized</a> </th> <td><b>m’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mˀ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əmˀ]</span> </td> <td><b>n’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nˀ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ənˀ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosives">Plosives</a> </th> <th>Plain </th> <td><b>p</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> </td> <td><b>t</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> </td> <td><b>c</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span> </td> <td><b>k</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> </td> <td><b>k°</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʷ]</span> </td> <td><b>q</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span> </td> <td><b>q°</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʷ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalized</a> </th> <td><b>p’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pˀ]</span> </td> <td><b>t’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɬˀ]</span> </td> <td><b>c’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃˀ]</span> </td> <td><b>k’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kˀ]</span> </td> <td><b>k’°</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʷˀ]</span> </td> <td><b>q’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qˀ]</span> </td> <td><b>q’°</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[qʷˀ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span></b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricatives</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>λ</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɬ]</span> </td> <td><b>s</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> </td> <td><b>x</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span> </td> <td><b>x°</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[xʷ]</span> </td> <td><b>x̌</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χ]</span> </td> <td><b>x̌°</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[χʷ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>h</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th>Plain </th> <td> </td> <td><b>l</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əl]</span> </td> <td><b>y</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iː]</span> </td> <td><b>ɣ</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əː]</span> </td> <td><b>w</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uː]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>ʕ</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː]</span> </td> <td><b>ʕ°</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕʷ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔː]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalized</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>l’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lˀ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əlˀ]</span> </td> <td><b>y’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jˀ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iʔ]</span> </td> <td><b>ɣ’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰˀ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əʔ]</span> </td> <td><b>w’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wˀ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uʔ]</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<b>ʕʼ</b>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕˀ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aʔ]</span> </td> <td><b>ʕ°’</b> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕʷˀ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔʔ]</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><ul><li>Plain plosives are usually unaspirated, and can be voiced in some environments.</li> <li>The pronunciation of the dental-palatal obstruents c, c', and s ranges from palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃʼ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> to dental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tsʼ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>, although c' tends more towards the dental pronunciation.</li> <li>Glottalized dental-lateral plosive t’ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɬʼ]</span> can also be pronounced as a glottalized dental plosive <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʼ]</span>.</li> <li>The sonorants are voiced. Since they can be consonantal or vocalic, a pair of pronunciations is given for each in the table. Vocalic variants occur only in unstressed syllables.</li> <li>Consonantal forms of glottalized sonorants occur only after vowels.</li> <li>The plain sonorants when vocalic have a different pronunciation at the beginning of a word: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[lə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[jə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɰə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕə]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕʷə]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wə]</span>.</li> <li>The long vowels representing plain vocalic sonorants are variable in length and may be short.</li> <li>There is no glottalized plain uvular sonorant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʕˀ</span>. Where this ought to occur due to phonological processes, what occurs instead is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ</span> when a consonantal form is required, and (unstressed) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ</span> when a vocalic form is required.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonantal-vocalic_variation_of_sonorants">Consonantal-vocalic variation of sonorants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonantal-vocalic variation of sonorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The variation of sonorants between consonantal and vocalic pronunciations is automatic, and is not indicated in the Kuipers’ spelling system. The rule for determining this as follows: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>To start, all sonorants in a word are to be considered vocalic.</li> <li>Then, beginning from the right hand side of the word, a sonorant in any one of the following situations is changed to consonantal:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>a vowel on its right side;</li> <li>a vocalic sonorant on its right side; or</li> <li>a vowel on its left side.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Example 1: l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>, m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> and m <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əm]</span> in variants of ‘go ahead!’ x̌ílme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈχilmɛ]</span> and x̌ílmxe <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈχiləmxɛ]</span></dd> <dd>Example 2: w <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wə]</span> in ‘downstream’ wtemtk <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wəˈtɛmtk]</span></dd> <dd>Example 3: l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> and ɣ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əː]</span> in ‘waterfall’ k’°əλlɣʔép <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʷʼəɬləːˈʔɛp]</span></dd> <dd>Example 4: l <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>, w <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>, y <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> and n <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span> in ‘I catch something in a trap’ lélwyn-kn <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈlɛlujəŋkən]</span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuipers (1974) uses the alphabet shown in the Phonology section. The Shuswap Language Department uses a different alphabet:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>a</li> <li>c</li> <li>cw</li> <li>e</li> <li>g</li> <li>gw</li> <li>g̓w</li> <li>h</li> <li>i</li> <li>k</li> <li>kw</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K̓ (page does not exist)">k̓</a></li> <li>k̓w</li> <li>l</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L̓ (page does not exist)">l̓</a></li> <li>ll</li> <li>m</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M̓ (page does not exist)">m̓</a></li> <li>n</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N̓ (page does not exist)">n̓</a></li> <li>o</li> <li>p</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P̓ (page does not exist)">p̓</a></li> <li>q</li> <li>qw</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Q%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q̓ (page does not exist)">q̓</a></li> <li>q̓w</li> <li>r</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R̓ (page does not exist)">r̓</a></li> <li>s</li> <li>t</li> <li>ts</li> <li>ts̓</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T̓ (page does not exist)">t̓</a></li> <li>u</li> <li>w</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W̓ (page does not exist)">w̓</a></li> <li>x</li> <li>xw</li> <li>y</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%CC%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y̓ (page does not exist)">y̓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">7</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_structure">Syllable structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Syllable structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Shuswap word consists of a stem, to which can be added various affixes. Very few words contain two roots. Any stressed root can have an unstressed alternative, where the vowel is replaced by [ə]. </p><p>Most roots have the form CVC or CC (the latter only if unstressed). Other roots are CVCC or CCVC. </p><p>Suffixes begin either with a stressed vowel (dropped in forms where the root is stressed) or a consonant. Prefixes generally have the form C- or CC-. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stress in Shuswap is not very prominent, and occurs only in longer words. Since <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> are always stressed and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> never is, stress is usually fairly simple to predict. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_processes">Phonological processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonological processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Kuipers (1974) does not specify, in many cases the glottalized or rounded version of a consonant seems to represent an allophonic variation. For example, consonants which have a rounded form are rounded before and after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span>. However, glottalization can be contrastive (the root q’e<b>y</b>-, "set up a structure," versus q’e<b>y’</b>-, "write") or allophonic (the root q’e<b>y</b>- appears with a glottalized final consonant in s-t-q‘e<b>y’</b>-qn, "shed"). Consonant reduplication can also have an effect on glottalization. </p><p>There are a number of ways in which sounds are affected by their environments. Resonants in the vocalic position are preceded by an automatic schwa, for example the word <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/stʼmkelt/</span> ("daughter"), pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[stɬʼ<b>ə</b>mkelt]</span>. The darkening of vowels, as described below, is another case. </p><p>The distribution of vowels is quite complex. The vowels have the following main variants: </p> <ul><li>i = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i~e]</span></li> <li>u = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u~o]</span></li> <li>o = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span></li> <li>e = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>.</li></ul> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span> are unchanged. The environment around uvulars and velars produces a different set of variants, including occasional slight diphthongs. Additionally, some roots cause darkened vowels to appear in suffixes; one example is the prefix -<b>e</b>kst ("hand, arm"), which is darkened in x°əl’-<b>a</b>kst. The darkened vowels are as follows: </p> <ul><li>e = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span></li> <li>u = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span></li> <li>i = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affixes">Affixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Affixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shuswap's affixation system is robust. A nominalizing <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> s- is used to derive nouns from verbs, and prefixes to indicate a resulting state are added to verbs. A sample of Shuswap's small number of prefixes is below: </p> <ul><li>/t’l’-/: during a period in the past</li> <li>/c-/ or /s-/: hither</li> <li>/t-/ or /tk-/: on top of, on the outside</li> <li>/wλ-/: group of people</li> <li>/ʔ-/: second person singular possessive</li></ul> <p>Most nouns contain <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>. Suffixes are also used to indicate transitive, intransitive, and imperative verbs. Below are a few examples taken from the extensive collection of Shuswap suffixes: </p> <ul><li>/-eps/: back of neck</li> <li>/-tem’/: bottom, canyon, lowland</li> <li>/-itʃeʔ/: surface, hide</li> <li>/-esq’t/: day</li> <li>/-eq/: berries</li> <li>/-el’txʷ/: a sheet-like object, skin, bark</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphological_processes">Morphological processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Morphological processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shuswap makes extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a>. Some examples of simple reduplication are: </p> <ul><li>Initial reduplication: [s-tíq’m] (bitterroot) to [tətíq’m] (prepare bitterroots)</li> <li>Final reduplication: [puxʷ-m] (blow) to [pəxʷ'úxʷ] (swell up)</li> <li>Total reduplication: [piq] (white) to [pəq-'piq] (flour)</li> <li>Consonant reduplication</li></ul> <p>In addition, there are several types of complex reduplication, involving patterns such as 11V12, 112V23, and 1123V34 (where 1 represents C<sub>1</sub>, etc.). </p><p>Not all types of reduplication are productive and functional. Total reduplication indicates plurality and consonant reduplication is diminutive, but most other reduplications are difficult to explain. </p><p>In addition to reduplication, root morphemes can be modified by interior glottalization, such that a root CVC appears as CʔVC. Although the process is not productive, many recorded forms refer to a state, for example [pʔeɣ] (cooled off) from [peɣns] (he cools it off). Consonant reduplication can proceed as usual with interior glottalization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Word order in Shuswap is relatively free; syntactical relationships are easily conveyed by the <a href="/wiki/Case_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Case marking">case marking</a> system. However, it is common but not necessary for the <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> to head the sentence. </p><p>Sentences with predicate first: </p> <ul><li>wist ɣ-citx <i>the house is high</i></li> <li>cut l-nx̌peʔe <i>my grandfather said</i></li></ul> <p>Sentences with subject first (rare): </p> <ul><li>ɣ-sq°yic m-cunsəs ɣx̌°ʕ°elmx <i>Rabbit was told by fox</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case_marking">Case marking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Case marking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shuswap uses two cases: the absolutive, for the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a>, the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> of a transitive verb; and the relative, for all other cases (for example, the actor of a passive verb, or an adverb). </p><p>Absolutive Case: </p> <ul><li>wist ɣ-citx <i>the house is high</i></li> <li>m-tʔeyns ɣ-x̌°ʕ°elmx ɣ-sk’lep <i>Fox met Coyote</i></li></ul> <p>Relative Case: </p> <ul><li>wist t-citx° <i>a high house</i></li> <li>m-cuntməs ɣ-sq°yic t-x̌°ʕ°elmx <i>Rabbit was told by Fox</i> (the subject is in the Absolutive)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_forms">Other forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns and verbs appear in for different forms, depending on their syntactic surroundings. </p> <ul><li>The plain form: nouns and intransitive verbs, conjugated for person. Additionally, a distinction is made between object-centered and subject-centered words; compare [l-m-wiwk<b>tn</b>] "the one I saw" with [l-m-wiwk<b>cms</b>] "the one that saw me."</li> <li>The suffixal form: for intransitive verbs, and also transitive verbs and nouns (third person singular only). This form is sometimes optional and sometimes obligatory. Examples of use include as an imperative substitute ([xwislxəx° wl meʔ kicx-k], "run till you get there") and in "if" and "when" sentences ([l-twiwtwn], "when I grew up").</li> <li>The nominalized form: for nouns and intransitive verbs. A nominalized intransitive verb refers to the goal object of the action, as in [yʔen t’-sq°iʔq°e l-nstix°C’e l-pəxyewtəs] "this is the groundhog I shot yesterday." Nominalization is also used in questions, either yes-or-no or introduced with "what".</li> <li>The ʔs- form: refers to a fact, with overtones of goal-directedness. For example: [cuct-kn ʔnsʔiʔλn] "I want to eat."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_lexicon">Sample lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sample lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a> (listed separately or as their simplest derivatives), and a selection of words derived from these roots by <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonaparte_-_Secwepemctsin_stop_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bonaparte_-_Secwepemctsin_stop_sign.jpg/220px-Bonaparte_-_Secwepemctsin_stop_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bonaparte_-_Secwepemctsin_stop_sign.jpg/330px-Bonaparte_-_Secwepemctsin_stop_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bonaparte_-_Secwepemctsin_stop_sign.jpg/440px-Bonaparte_-_Secwepemctsin_stop_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>A stop sign in both <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and Secwepemctsín (Shuswwap) on the <a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_Indian_Band" title="Bonaparte Indian Band">Bonaparte/Stuctwesemc</a> Reserve.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Root </th> <th>Derivative </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>c-pet</b> </td> <td><b>spread out</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>x-pət-min’ </td> <td>covering around something </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>x-pət-cin’-tn </td> <td>skin door-covering </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>ptek</b> </td> <td><b>pass by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>x-ptetk-tn </td> <td>finish line </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>x-ptək-ew’s </td> <td>to cross a road </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>tʔik°</b> </td> <td><b>fire</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>tətʔiʔk°-m </td> <td>to glow / be red hot </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>tik°-n’k-tn </td> <td>a fungus that was used in making fire </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>ciq°</b> </td> <td><b>red</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>cəq°-cin-tn </td> <td>lipstick </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>cəq°-cq°eq°sxn’ </td> <td>penny </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>q°el</b> </td> <td><b>to speak, talk</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>c-q°l-nt-es </td> <td>to call, summon </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>q°l-t-əmiʔ </td> <td>talkative </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>yew</b> </td> <td><b>scoop up</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>x-yew-m </td> <td>to fetch water </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>x-yew’-mn </td> <td>fishing spot, bucket </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b>s-q°ex-t</b> </td> <td><b>wild man, bugbear</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>t-q°əx-q°əx-n’t-es </td> <td>to frighten people by spooky behavior </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>q°ex-s-n-s </td> <td>to tell somebody about mysterious sight or experience </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_borrowed_into_English">Words borrowed into English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Words borrowed into English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <a href="/wiki/Kokanee_salmon" title="Kokanee salmon">kokanee</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, comes from Shuswap.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/shs/">Shuswap</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuipers, Aert H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=App+Store+Preview&rft.atitle=Tuwitames%3A+Splatsin+Stsptakwla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.apple.com%2Fca%2Fapp%2Ftuwitames-splatsin-stsptakwla%2Fid1526707617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuswap+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacho2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Lacho, David Dennison (2018). <i>Developing an augmented reality app in Secwepemctsín in collaboration with the Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn (Splatsin Teaching Centre) Society</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0363946">10.14288/1.0363946</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2429%2F64689">2429/64689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Developing+an+augmented+reality+app+in+Secwepemcts%C3%ADn+in+collaboration+with+the+Splatsin+Tsm7aksaltn+%28Splatsin+Teaching+Centre%29+Society&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2429%2F64689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0363946&rft.aulast=Lacho&rft.aufirst=David+Dennison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuswap+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIvor" class="citation book cs1">McIvor, Onowa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205093828/http://www.fpcc.ca/files/PDF/language-nest-programs_in_BC.pdf"><i>Language Nest Programs in BC. Early childhood immersion programs in two First Nations Communities. Practical questions answered and guidelines offered</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpcc.ca/files/PDF/language-nest-programs_in_BC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Nest+Programs+in+BC.+Early+childhood+immersion+programs+in+two+First+Nations+Communities.+Practical+questions+answered+and+guidelines+offered&rft.aulast=McIvor&rft.aufirst=Onowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpcc.ca%2Ffiles%2FPDF%2Flanguage-nest-programs_in_BC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuswap+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mortenson, Joani. 2008.“The Gift of the Kia7as: Splats’in First Nation Language Nest Program.” Early Childhood Educators.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.splatsin.org/index.php">"Splatsin Tsm7aksaltn Society"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Splatsin+Tsm7aksaltn+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.splatsin.org%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuswap+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevan_Tasa2013" class="citation news cs1">Devan Tasa (2013-01-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theomega.ca/2013/01/20/first-aboriginal-language-course-teaches-secwepemctsin/">"First Aboriginal language course teaches Secwepemctsín"</a>. <i>The Omega</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Omega&rft.atitle=First+Aboriginal+language+course+teaches+Secwepemcts%C3%ADn&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.au=Devan+Tasa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheomega.ca%2F2013%2F01%2F20%2Ffirst-aboriginal-language-course-teaches-secwepemctsin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuswap+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, David W. and Luke Swan. 1981. Teachings of the tides: uses of marine invertebrates by the Manhousat people. Nanaimo, B.C. : Theytus Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081004010118/http://landoftheshuswap.com/msite/alphabet.php">"Land of the Shuswap, Secwepemcúl'ecx"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landoftheshuswap.com/msite/alphabet.php">the original</a> on 2008-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+of+the+Shuswap%2C+Secwepemc%C3%BAl%27ecx&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landoftheshuswap.com%2Fmsite%2Falphabet.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuswap+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://secwepemc.sd73.bc.ca/">Connecting Traditions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">. Shuswap Language Department. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Shuswap+Language+Department&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShuswap+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_English" title="Oxford Dictionary of English">Oxford Dictionary of English</a></i>, 3rd ed., p 977.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ydli.org/langs/shuswap.htm">First Nations Languages of British Columbia entry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/abed/images/map2.jpg">Map of British Columbia indigenous language-areas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://launchpad.net/~ubuntu-l10n-shs">Ubuntu Secwepemc Localization Team</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080601084015/http://www.shuswapnation.org/index.html">Shuswap Nation Tribal Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secwepemc.org/">Secwepemc Cultural Education Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509100409/http://www.ydli.org/biblios/shusbib.htm">Bibliography of Materials on the Shuswap Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagegeek.com/salishan/secwepemctsin.html">Languagegeek.com: Secwepemctsín</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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id="Salishan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bella Coola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxálk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Coast Salish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">Northern Straits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhees_dialect" title="Songhees dialect">Songhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><i>Semiahmoo</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_dialect" title="T'Sou-ke dialect">T'Sou-ke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsamosan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tillamook</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Salish_languages" title="Interior Salish languages">Interior Salish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson River Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d’Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Colville-Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language" title="Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language">Montana Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language" title="Shíshálh language">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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