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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <title>CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary</title><script src="https://dtyry4ejybx0.cloudfront.net/js/cmp/cleanmediacmp.js?ver=0104" async="true"></script><script defer data-domain="newadvent.org" src="https://plausible.io/js/script.js"></script><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15459a.htm"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="description" content="Devotion to Our Blessed Lady in its ultimate analysis must be regarded as a practical application of the doctrine of the Communion of Saints"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://feeds.newadvent.org/bestoftheweb?format=xml"><link rel="icon" href="../images/icon1.ico" type="image/x-icon"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="../images/icon1.ico" type="image/x-icon"><meta name="robots" content="noodp"><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="../utility/screen6.css" media="screen"></head> <body class="cathen" id="15459a.htm">  <br/> <div id="capitalcity"><table summary="Logo" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%"><tr valign="bottom"><td align="left"><a href="../"><img height=36 width=153 border="0" alt="New Advent" src="../images/logo.gif"></a></td><td align="right"> <form id="searchbox_000299817191393086628:ifmbhlr-8x0" action="../utility/search.htm">  <input type="hidden" name="safe" value="active"> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="000299817191393086628:ifmbhlr-8x0"/> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="FORID:9"/>  <label for="searchQuery" id="searchQueryLabel">Search:</label> <input id="searchQuery" name="q" type="text" size="25" aria-labelledby="searchQueryLabel"/>  <label for="submitButton" id="submitButtonLabel" class="visually-hidden">Submit Search</label> <input id="submitButton" type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" aria-labelledby="submitButtonLabel"/> </form> <table summary="Spacer" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td height="2"></td></tr></table> <table summary="Tabs" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff"></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../"> Home </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_white_on_color" href="../cathen/index.html"> Encyclopedia </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../summa/index.html"> Summa </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../fathers/index.html"> Fathers </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../bible/gen001.htm"> Bible </a></td> <td class="tab"><a class="tab_color_on_beige" href="../library/index.html"> Library </a></td> </tr></table> </td> </tr></table><table summary="Alphabetical index" width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td class="bar_white_on_color"> <a href="../cathen/a.htm"> A </a><a href="../cathen/b.htm"> B </a><a href="../cathen/c.htm"> C </a><a href="../cathen/d.htm"> D </a><a href="../cathen/e.htm"> E </a><a href="../cathen/f.htm"> F </a><a href="../cathen/g.htm"> G </a><a href="../cathen/h.htm"> H </a><a href="../cathen/i.htm"> I </a><a href="../cathen/j.htm"> J </a><a href="../cathen/k.htm"> K </a><a href="../cathen/l.htm"> L </a><a href="../cathen/m.htm"> M </a><a href="../cathen/n.htm"> N </a><a href="../cathen/o.htm"> O </a><a href="../cathen/p.htm"> P </a><a href="../cathen/q.htm"> Q </a><a href="../cathen/r.htm"> R </a><a href="../cathen/s.htm"> S </a><a href="../cathen/t.htm"> T </a><a href="../cathen/u.htm"> U </a><a href="../cathen/v.htm"> V </a><a href="../cathen/w.htm"> W </a><a href="../cathen/x.htm"> X </a><a href="../cathen/y.htm"> Y </a><a href="../cathen/z.htm"> Z </a> </td></tr></table></div> <div id="mobilecity" style="text-align: center; "><a href="../"><img height=24 width=102 border="0" alt="New Advent" src="../images/logo.gif"></a></div>  <div id="mi5"><span class="breadcrumbs"><a href="../">Home</a> > <a href="../cathen">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> > <a href="../cathen/v.htm">V</a> > Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary</span></div> <div id="springfield2"> <div class='catholicadnet-728x90' id='cathen-728x90-top' style='display: flex; height: 100px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; '></div> <h1>Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary</h1> <p><em><a href="https://gumroad.com/l/na2"><strong>Please help support the mission of New Advent</strong> and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more  all for only $19.99...</a></em></p> <h2>Down to the Council of Nicaea</h2> <p>Devotion to <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Blessed Lady</a> in its ultimate analysis must be regarded as a practical application of the <a href="../cathen/05075b.htm">doctrine</a> of the <a href="../cathen/04171a.htm">Communion of Saints.</a> Seeing that this <a href="../cathen/05075b.htm">doctrine</a> is not contained, at least explicitly in the earlier forms of the <a href="../cathen/01629a.htm">Apostles' Creed</a>, there is perhaps no ground for surprise if we do not meet with any clear traces of the cultus of the Blessed Virgin in the first <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christian</a> centuries. The earliest unmistakable examples of the "worship"  we use the word of course in the relative sense  of the <a href="../cathen/04171a.htm">saints</a> is connected with the veneration paid to the <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyrs</a> who gave their lives for the Faith. From the first century onwards, <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyrdom</a> was regarded as the surest sign of election. The <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyrs</a>, it was held, passed immediately into the presence of <a href="../cathen/06608a.htm">God</a>. Over their <a href="../cathen/14773b.htm">tombs</a> the <a href="../cathen/10006a.htm">Holy Sacrifice</a> was offered (a practice which may possibly be alluded to in Revelation 6:9) while in the contemporary narrative of the <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyrdom</a> of <a href="../cathen/12219b.htm">St. Polycarp</a> (c. 151) we have already mention of the <a href="../cathen/10709a.htm">"birthday"</a>, i.e. the annual commemoration, which the <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christians</a> might be expected to keep in his <a href="../cathen/07462a.htm">honour</a>. This attitude of mind becomes still more explicit in <a href="../cathen/14520c.htm">Tertullian</a> and <a href="../cathen/04583b.htm">St. Cyprian</a>, and the stress laid upon the "satisfactory" character of the sufferings of the <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyrs</a>, emphasizing the view that by their death they could obtain <a href="../cathen/06689a.htm">graces</a> and <a href="../cathen/02599b.htm">blessings</a> for others, naturally and immediately led to their direct invocation.</p> <div class="CMtag_300x250" style="display: flex; height: 300px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; "></div> <p>A further reinforcement, of the same <a href="../cathen/07630a.htm">idea</a>, was derived from the cult of the <a href="../cathen/01476d.htm">angels</a>, which, while pre-Christian in its origin, was heartily embraced by the faithful of the sub-Apostolic age. It seems to have been only as a sequel of some such development that men turned to implore the intercession of the Blessed Virgin. This at least is the common opinion among scholars, though it would perhaps be dangerous to speak too positively. Evidence regarding the popular practice of the early centuries is almost entirely lacking, and while on the one hand the <a href="../cathen/05752c.htm">faith</a> of <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christians</a> no <a href="../cathen/05141a.htm">doubt</a> took shape from above downwards (i.e. the Apostles and teachers of the <a href="../cathen/03744a.htm">Church</a> delivered a message which the <a href="../cathen/08748a.htm">laity</a> accepted from them with all docility) still indications are not lacking that in matters of sentiment and devotion the reverse process sometimes obtained. Hence, it is not impossible that the practice of invoking the aid of the Mother of Christ had become more familiar to the more simple faithful some time before we discover any plain expression of it in the writings of the Fathers. Some such hypothesis would help to explain the fact that the evidence afforded by the catacombs and by the <a href="../cathen/01601a.htm">apocryphal</a> literature of the early centuries seems chronologically in advance of that which is preserved in the contemporaneous writings of those who were the authoritative mouthpieces of <a href="../cathen/15006b.htm">Christian tradition</a>.</p> <p>Be this however as it may, the firm <a href="../cathen/14580x.htm">theological</a> basis, upon which was afterwards reared the edifice of Marian devotion, began to be laid in the first century of our era. It is not without significance that we are told of the Apostles after the <a href="../cathen/01767a.htm">Ascension of Christ</a>, that "all these were persevering with one mind in <a href="../cathen/12345b.htm">prayer</a> with the <a href="../cathen/15687b.htm">women</a>, and Mary the mother of <a href="../cathen/08374c.htm">Jesus</a>, and with his <a href="../cathen/02767a.htm">brethren</a>" (<a href="../bible/act001.htm#vrs14">Acts 1:14</a>). Also attention has rightly been called to the fact that St. Mark, though he tells us nothing of our <a href="../cathen/08374c.htm">Christ's</a> childhood, nevertheless describes Him as "the son of Mary" (<a href="../bible/mar006.htm#vrs3">Mark 6:3</a>), a circumstance which, in view of certain known peculiarities of the Second <a href="../cathen/05645a.htm">Evangelist</a>, greatly emphasizes his <a href="../cathen/02408b.htm">belief</a> in the Virgin Birth.</p> <p>The same mystery is insisted upon by <a href="../cathen/07644a.htm">St. Ignatius of Antioch</a>, who, after describing <a href="../cathen/08374c.htm">Jesus</a> as "Son of Mary and Son of God", goes on to tell the Ephesians (7, 18, and 19) that "our <a href="../cathen/06608a.htm">God</a>, <a href="../cathen/08374c.htm">Jesus Christ</a>, was conceived in the womb of Mary according to a <a href="../cathen/05041a.htm">dispensation</a> of the seed of <a href="../cathen/04642b.htm">David</a> but also of the Holy Ghost," and he adds: "Hidden from the <a href="../cathen/04764a.htm">prince of this world</a> were the virginity of Mary and her childbearing and likewise also the death of the Lord  three mysteries to be cried aloud". Aristides and <a href="../cathen/08580c.htm">St. Justin</a> also use explicit language concerning the Virgin Birth, but it is <a href="../cathen/08130b.htm">St. Irenæus</a> more especially who has deserved to be called the first <a href="../cathen/14580a.htm">theologian</a> of the Virgin Mother. Thus he has drawn out the parallel between Eve and Mary, urging that, "as the former was led astray by an <a href="../cathen/01476d.htm">angel's</a> discourse to fly from <a href="../cathen/06608a.htm">God</a> after transgressing His word, so the latter by an <a href="../cathen/01476d.htm">angel's</a> discourse had the Gospel preached unto her that she might bear <a href="../cathen/06608a.htm">God</a>, obeying His word. And if the former had disobeyed <a href="../cathen/06608a.htm">God</a>, yet the other was persuaded to obey <a href="../cathen/06608a.htm">God</a>: that the Virgin Mary might become an advocate for the virgin Eve. And as <a href="../cathen/09580c.htm">mankind</a> was bound unto death through a virgin, it is saved a through virgin; by the obedience of a virgin the disobedience of a virgin is compensated" (Irenaeus, V, 19). No one again disputes that the clause "born of the Virgin Mary" formed part of the primitive redaction of the Creed, and the language of <a href="../cathen/14520c.htm">Tertullian</a>, <a href="../cathen/07360c.htm">Hippolytus</a>, <a href="../cathen/11306b.htm">Origen</a>, etc., is in thorough conformity with that of <a href="../cathen/08130b.htm">Irenaeus</a>; further, though writers like <a href="../cathen/14520c.htm">Tertullian</a>, Hevidius, and possibly Hegesippus disputed the perpetual virginity of Mary, their more <a href="../cathen/11330a.htm">orthodox</a> contemporaries affirmed it.</p> <div class="CMtag_300x250" style="display: flex; height: 300px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; "></div> <p>It was natural then that in this atmosphere we should find a continually developing veneration for the <a href="../cathen/07386a.htm">sanctity</a> and exalted privileges of Mary. In the <a href="../cathen/11395a.htm">paintings</a> of the <a href="../cathen/03417b.htm">catacombs</a> more particularly, we appreciate the exceptional position that she began, from an early period, to occupy in the thoughts of the <a href="../cathen/05769a.htm">faithful</a>. Some of these frescoes, representing the prophecy of Isaias, are believed to date from the first half of the second century. Three others which represent the adoration of the <a href="../cathen/09527a.htm">Magi</a> are a century later. There is also a remarkable but very much mutilated <a href="../cathen/02341a.htm">bas-relief</a>, found at <a href="../cathen/03385a.htm">Carthage</a>, which may be probably assigned to the time of Constantine.</p> <p>More startling is the evidence of certain <a href="../cathen/01601a.htm">apocryphal</a> writings, notably that of the so-called Gospel of St. James, or "Protevangelion." The earlier portion of this, which evinces a deep veneration for the purity and <a href="../cathen/07386a.htm">sanctity</a> of the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Blessed Virgin</a>, and which affirms her virginity <em>in partu et post partum</em>, is generally considered to be a work of the second century. Similarly, certain interpolated passages found in the Sibylline Oracles, passages which probably date from the third century, show an equal preoccupation with the dominant role played by the Blessed Virgin in the work of <a href="../cathen/12677d.htm">redemption</a> (see especially II, 311-12, and VIII, 357-479). The first of these passages apparently assigns to the intercession "of the Holy Virgin" the obtaining of the boon of seven days of <a href="../cathen/05551b.htm">eternity</a> that men may find time for repentance (cf. the Fourth Book of Esdras, vii, 28-33). Further, it is quite likely that the mention of the Blessed Virgin in the intercessions of the <a href="../cathen/05022a.htm">diptychs</a> of the liturgy goes back to the days before the <a href="../cathen/11044a.htm">Council of Nicaea</a>, but we have no definite evidence upon the point, and the same must be said of any form of direct invocation, even for purposes of private devotion.</p> <h2>The age of the Fathers</h2> <p>The existence of the obscure <a href="../cathen/13674a.htm">sect</a> of the Collyridians, whom <a href="../cathen/13393b.htm">St. Epiphanius</a> (d. 403) denounces for their sacrificial offering of cakes to Mary, may fairly be held to prove that even before the Council of Ephesus there was a popular veneration for the Virgin Mother which threatened to run extravagant lengths. Hence Epiphanius laid down the rule: "Let Mary be held in <a href="../cathen/07462a.htm">honour</a>. Let the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost be adored, but let no one adore Mary" (<em>ten Marian medeis prosknueito</em>). Nonetheless the same Epiphanius abounds in the praises of the Virgin Mother, and he believed that there was some mysterious <a href="../cathen/05041a.htm">dispensation</a> with regard to her death implied in the words of Revelations 12:14: "And there were given to the <a href="../cathen/15687b.htm">woman</a> two wings of a great eagle that she might fly into the <a href="../cathen/04749a.htm">desert</a> unto her place." <a href="../cathen/03539b.htm">Certain</a> it is, in any case, that such Fathers as <a href="../cathen/01383c.htm">St. Ambrose</a> and <a href="../cathen/08341a.htm">St. Jerome</a>, partly inspired with admiration for the ascetic ideals of a life of virginity and partly groping their way to a clearer understanding of all that was involved in the mystery of the Incarnation, began to speak of the Blessed Virgin as the model of all virtue and the ideal of sinlessness. Several striking passages of this kind have been collected.</p> <div class="bulletlist"><ul><li>"In heaven", St. Ambrose tells us, "she leads the choirs of virgin <a href="../cathen/14153a.htm">souls</a>; with her the <a href="../cathen/04276a.htm">consecrated</a> virgins will one day be numbered."</li><li><a href="../cathen/08341a.htm">St. Jerome</a> (Ep. xxxix, <a href="../cathen/10290a.htm">Migne</a>, P.L., XXII, 472) already foreshadows that conception of Mary as mother of the <a href="../cathen/09580c.htm">human race</a> which was to animate so powerfully the devotion of a later age.</li><li><a href="../cathen/02084a.htm">St. Augustine</a>, in a famous passage (De nat. et gratis, 36) proclaims Mary's unique privilege of sinlessness</li><li>In <a href="../cathen/07010b.htm">St. Gregory Nazianzen's</a> sermon on the <a href="../cathen/09736b.htm">martyr</a> <a href="../cathen/04583b.htm">St. Cyprian</a> (P.G., XXXV, 1181) we have an account of the maiden Justina, who invoked the Blessed Virgin to preserve her virginity.</li></ul></div> <p>But in this, as in some other devotional aspects of early <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christian</a> <a href="../cathen/02408b.htm">beliefs</a>, the most glowing language seems to be found in the East, and particularly in the Syrian writings of <a href="../cathen/05498a.htm">St. Ephraem</a>. It is <a href="../cathen/15073a.htm">true</a> that we cannot entirely trust the authenticity of many of the poems attributed to him; the tone, however, of some of the most unquestioned of Ephraem's compositions is still very remarkable.</p> <div class="bulletlist"><ul><li>Thus in the <a href="../cathen/07595a.htm">hymns</a> on the Nativity (6) we read: "Blessed be Mary, who without <a href="../cathen/15511a.htm">vows</a> and without <a href="../cathen/12345b.htm">prayer</a> in her virginity conceived and brought forth the Lord of all the sons of her companions, who have been or shall be chaste or righteous, <a href="../cathen/12406a.htm">priests</a> and kings. Who else lulled a son in her bosom as Mary did? Who ever dared to call her son, Son of the Maker, Son of the Creator, Son of the Most High?"</li><li>Similarly in Hymns 11 and 12 of the same series, Ephraem represents Mary as soliloquizing thus: "The babe that I carry carries me, and He hath lowered His wings and taken and placed me between His pinions and mounted into the air, and a promise has been given me that height and depth shall be my <a href="../cathen/08374c.htm">Son's</a>" etc.</li></ul></div> <p>This last passage seems to suggest a <a href="../cathen/02408b.htm">belief</a>, like that of <a href="../cathen/13393b.htm">St. Epiphanius</a> already referred to, that the holy remains of the Virgin Mother were in some <a href="../cathen/10338a.htm">miraculous</a> way translated from earth. The fully-developed <a href="../cathen/01601a.htm">apocryphal</a> narrative of the "Falling asleep of Mary" probably belongs to a slightly later period, but it seems in this way to be anticipated in the writings of Eastern Fathers of recognized authority. How far the <a href="../cathen/02408b.htm">belief</a> in the "Assumption" which became generally prevalent in the course of a few centuries, was independent of or influenced by the <a href="../cathen/01601a.htm">apocryphal</a> "Transitus Mariae", which is included by Pope Gelasius in his list of condemned apocrypha, is a difficult question. It seems likely that some germ of popular tradition preceded the invention of the extravagant details of the narrative itself.</p> <p>In any case, the evidence of the Syriac <a href="../cathen/09614b.htm">manuscripts</a> <a href="../cathen/12454c.htm">proved</a> beyond all question that in the East before the end of the sixth century, and probably very much earlier, devotion to the Blessed Virgin had assumed all those developments which are usually associated with the later <a href="../cathen/10285c.htm">Middle Ages</a>. In some <a href="../cathen/09614b.htm">manuscripts</a> of the "Transitus Mariae"  <a href="../cathen/04636c.htm">dating</a> from the late fifth century  we find mention of three annual feasts of the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Blessed Virgin</a>:</p> <div class="bulletlist"><ul><li>one two days after the feast of the Nativity,</li><li>another on the 15th day of Iyar, corresponding more or less to May, and</li><li>a third on the 13th (or 15th) day of Ab (roughly August), which probably is the origin of our present feast of the Assumption.</li> </ul></div> <p>Moreover, the same <a href="../cathen/01601a.htm">apocryphal</a> relation contains an account of the Blessed Virgin's <a href="../cathen/10338a.htm">miracles</a>, purporting to have been forwarded from the <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christians</a> of <a href="../cathen/13164a.htm">Rome</a>, and closely resembling the "Marienlegenden" of the <a href="../cathen/10285c.htm">Middle Ages</a>. For example we read:</p> <blockquote><p>Often here in <a href="../cathen/13164a.htm">Rome</a> she appears to the people who confess her in <a href="../cathen/12345b.htm">prayer</a>, for she has appeared here on the sea when it was troubled and raised itself and was going to destroy the ship in which they were sailing. And the sailors called on the name of the Lady Mary and said: 'O <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Lady Mary, Mother of God</a>, have mercy on us,' and straightway she rose upon them like the sun and delivered the ships, ninety-two of them, and rescued them from destruction, and none of them perished.</p></blockquote> <p>And again we are told:</p> <blockquote><p>She appeared by day on the mountain where robbers had fallen upon people and sought to slay them. And these people cried out saying: 'O <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Lady Mary Mother of God</a>, have mercy on us.' And she appeared before them like a flash of lightning, and blinded the eyes of the robbers and they were not seen by them" (ib., 49). </p></blockquote> <div class="CMtag_300x250" style="display: flex; height: 300px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; "></div> <p>Of course the wild extravagance of this <a href="../cathen/01601a.htm">apocryphal</a> literature cannot be questioned. It is all pure invention and a comparison of the various texts of the "Transitus" shows that this treatise in particular was continually being modified and added to in its various translations, so that we cannot be at all sure that the "Liber qui appellatur transitus, id est Assumptio, Sanctae Mariae apochryphus," condemned by Pope Gelasius in 494, was identical with the Syriac version just cited. But it is highly probable that this same Syriac version was then in existence, and <a href="../cathen/01601a.htm">apocryphal</a> as the text may be, it undoubtedly testifies to the state of mind of at least the less instructed <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christians</a> of that period. Neither is it likely that feasts would be spoken of and ascribed to the institutions of the Apostles themselves if no such commemoration existed in the locality in which this fictitious narrative was so widely popular. In point of fact, scholars give good reason for <a href="../cathen/02408b.htm">believing</a> that a feast described as <em>mneme tes hagias Oeotokou kai aeikarthenou Marias</em> was celebrated at Antioch as early as the year 370, while from the circumstance that it was connected with the Epiphany we may probably identify it with the first of the feasts referred to in the Syriac Transitus.</p> <p>There is also confirmatory evidence for such a feast to be found in the <a href="../cathen/07595a.htm">hymns</a> of Balai, a Syriac writer of the beginning of the fifth century; for not only does this writer use the most glowing language about <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a>, but he speaks in such terms as these: "Praise to Thee Lord upon the memorial feast of Thy Mother" (Poem 4, p. 14, and Poem 6, p. 15). Another clear testimony is that of <a href="../cathen/12449b.htm">St. Proclus</a>, who died <a href="../cathen/11549a.htm">Patriarch</a> of Constantinople, and who in 429 preached a sermon in that city, at which Nestorius was present, beginning with the words "The Virgin's festival (<em>parthenike panegyris</em>) incites our tongue today to herald her praise." In this, we may further note, he describes Mary as</p> <blockquote><p>handmaid and Mother, Virgin and <a href="../cathen/07170a.htm">heaven</a>, the only bridge of <a href="../cathen/06608a.htm">God</a> to men, the awful loom of the Incarnation, in which by some unspeakable way the garment of that union was woven, whereof the weaver is the Holy Ghost; and the spinner the overshadowing from on high; the wool the ancient fleece of Adam; the woof the undefiled flesh from the virgin, the weaver's shuttle the immense grace of Him who brought it about; the artificer the Word gliding through the hearing" (P.G., LXV, 681). </p></blockquote> <p>This discourse illustrates in a remarkable degree how the controversies which bore fruit in the canons of Ephesus and the title <em>theotokos</em> had led to a deeper understanding of the part of the Blessed Virgin in the work of Redemption.</p> <p>Turning to another Eastern land, we find a very remarkable monument of Marian devotion among the Coptic Ostraca (p. 3), dated to about A.D. 600. This fragment bears in Greek the words: "Hail Mary full of grace, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou amongst <a href="../cathen/15687b.htm">women</a> and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, because thou didst conceive Christ, the <a href="../cathen/14142b.htm">Son of God</a>, the Redeemer of our <a href="../cathen/14153a.htm">souls</a>". This oriental variant of the Ave Maria was apparently intended for <a href="../cathen/09306a.htm">liturgical</a> use, much as the earliest form of the <a href="../cathen/07110b.htm">Hail Mary</a> in the West took the shape of an antiphon employed in the <a href="../cathen/09790b.htm">Mass</a> and <a href="../cathen/11219a.htm">Office</a> of the Blessed Virgin. Relatively late as this fragment may seem, it is the more valuable because the direct mention of the Blessed Virgin in our earliest <a href="../cathen/09306a.htm">liturgical</a> form is of rare occurrence. None such, for example, is found in the <a href="../cathen/12350a.htm">prayer-book</a> of Serapion, or in the liturgy of the Apostolic Constitutions, or in the fragments of the Canon of the Mass preserved to us in the Ambrosian treatise "De Sacramentis". Certain Syriac <a href="../cathen/07595a.htm">hymns</a> by Cyrillon as (c. 400) and especially by <a href="../cathen/12619a.htm">Rabulas of Edessa</a> (d. 435) speak of Mary in terms of warm devotion; but as in the case of St. Ephraem there is a certain element of uncertainty regarding the authorship of these compositions. On the other hand the dedication of many early churches undoubtedly afford an indication of the authoritative recognition at this period extended to the cultus of the Blessed Virgin. Already at the beginning of the fifth century St. Cyril wrote: "Hail to thee <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Mary, Mother of God</a>, to whom in towns and villages and in island were founded churches of <a href="../cathen/15073a.htm">true</a> believers" (P.G., LXXVII, 1034). The <a href="../cathen/03744a.htm">Church</a> of Ephesus, in which in 431 the Ecumenical Council assembled, was itself dedicated to the Blessed Virgin. Three churches were founded in her <a href="../cathen/07462a.htm">honour</a> in or near Constantinople by the Empress Pulcheria in the course of the fifth century, while at <a href="../cathen/13164a.htm">Rome</a> the <a href="../cathen/03744a.htm">Church</a> of <a href="../cathen/13458a.htm">Santa Maria</a> Antiqua and Santa Maria in Trastevere are certainly older than the year 500. Not less remarkable is the ever increasing prominence given to the Blessed Virgin during the fourth and fifth centuries in <a href="../cathen/03710a.htm">Christian art</a>. In the <a href="../cathen/11395a.htm">paintings</a> of the <a href="../cathen/03417b.htm">catacombs</a>, in the <a href="../cathen/13641b.htm">sculptures</a> of sarcophagi, in the <a href="../cathen/10584a.htm">mosaics</a>, and in such minor objects as the oil flasks of Monsa, the figure of Mary recurs more and more frequently, while the veneration with which she is regarded is indicated in various indirect ways, for example by the large nimbus, such as may be seen in the pictures of the Crucifixion in the Rabulas <a href="../cathen/09614b.htm">manuscript</a> of A.D. 586 (reproduced in THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, VIII, 773). As early as 540 we find a <a href="../cathen/10584a.htm">mosaic</a> in which she sits <a href="../cathen/05479c.htm">enthroned</a> as Queen of <a href="../cathen/07170a.htm">Heaven</a> in the centre of the apex of the <a href="../cathen/03438a.htm">cathedral</a> of Parenzo in <a href="../cathen/02121b.htm">Austria</a>, which was constructed at that <a href="../cathen/04636c.htm">date</a> by Bishop Euphrasius.</p> <h2>The early Middle Ages</h2> <p>With the Merovingian and <a href="../cathen/03610c.htm">Carlovingian</a> developments of <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christianity</a> in the west came the more authoritative acceptance of Marian devotion as an integral part of the <a href="../cathen/03744a.htm">Church's</a> life. It is difficult to give precise dates for the introduction of the various festivals, but it has already been pointed out in the article <a href="../cathen/03158a.htm">CALENDAR</a> that the celebration of the Assumption, Annunciation, Nativity and Purification of Our Lady may certainly be traced to this period. Three of these feasts appear in the Calendar of <a href="../cathen/15645a.htm">St. Willibrord</a> of the end of the seventh century, the Assumption being assigned both to 18 January, after the practice of the Gallican Church, and to August (which approximates to the present Roman date), while the absence of the Annunciation is probably due only to accident. Again we may quite confidently affirm that the position of the Blessed Virgin in the <a href="../cathen/09306a.htm">liturgical</a> formula of the <a href="../cathen/03744a.htm">Church</a> was by this time securely established. Even if we ignore the Canon of the Roman Mass which had taken very much the form it now retains before the close of the sixth century, the "praefatio" for the January festival of the Assumption in the <a href="../cathen/06357a.htm">Gallican Rite</a>, as well as other <a href="../cathen/12345b.htm">prayers</a> which may safely be assigned to no later date than the seventh century, give <a href="../cathen/12454c.htm">proof</a> of a fervent cultus of the Blessed Virgin. In poetic language Mary is declared not only marvellous by the pledge which she conceived through <a href="../cathen/05752c.htm">faith</a> but glorious in the translation by which she departed" (P.L., LXII, 244-46), the <a href="../cathen/02408b.htm">belief</a> in her Assumption being clearly and repeatedly taken for granted, as it had been a century earlier by <a href="../cathen/07018b.htm">Gregory of Tours</a>. She is also described in the liturgy as "the beautiful chamber from which the worthy spouse comes forth, the light of the <a href="../cathen/06422a.htm">gentiles</a>, the hope of the <a href="../cathen/05769a.htm">faithful</a>, the spoiler of the <a href="../cathen/04710a.htm">demons</a>, the confusion of the <a href="../cathen/08399a.htm">Jews</a>, the vessel of life, the tabernacle of glory, the heavenly temple, whose merits, tender maiden as she was, are the more clearly displayed when they are set in contrast with the example of ancient Eve" (ib., 245). At the same period numberless churches were erected under Mary's dedication, and many of these were among the most important in <a href="../cathen/03699b.htm">Christendom</a>. The <a href="../cathen/03438a.htm">cathedrals</a> of <a href="../cathen/07356b.htm">Reims</a>, <a href="../cathen/03635a.htm">Chartres</a>, <a href="../cathen/13208b.htm">Rouen</a>, <a href="../cathen/01429d.htm">Amiens</a>, <a href="../cathen/11083a.htm">Nîmes</a>, <a href="../cathen/05671a.htm">Evreux</a>, Paris, <a href="../cathen/02358b.htm">Bayeux</a>, <a href="../cathen/13681d.htm">Séez</a>, Toulon etc., though built at different dates, were all <a href="../cathen/04276a.htm">consecrated</a> in her <a href="../cathen/07462a.htm">honour</a>. It is <a href="../cathen/15073a.htm">true</a> that the origin of many of these French shrines of <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a> is impenetrably shrouded in the mists of legends. For example, no one now seriously believes that St. Trophimus at Arles dedicated a <a href="../cathen/03574b.htm">chapel</a> to the Blessed Virgin while she was still living, but there is conclusive evidence that some of these places of <a href="../cathen/12085a.htm">pilgrimage</a> were <a href="../cathen/05188b.htm">venerated</a> at a very early <a href="../cathen/04636c.htm">date</a>. We learn from <a href="../cathen/07018b.htm">Gregory of Tours</a> (Hist. Fr., IX, 42) that St. Rhadegund had built a <a href="../cathen/02781a.htm">church</a> in her <a href="../cathen/07462a.htm">honour</a> at <a href="../cathen/12178c.htm">Poitiers</a>, and he speaks of others at <a href="../cathen/09472a.htm">Lyons</a>, <a href="../cathen/14795b.htm">Toulouse</a>, and <a href="../cathen/15002a.htm">Tours</a>. We also possess the dedication tablet of a church erected by Bishop Frodomund in 677 "in honore almae Mariae, Genetricis Domini", and as the day named is the middle of the month of August (<em>mense Augusto medio</em>), there can be little <a href="../cathen/05141a.htm">doubt</a> that the <a href="../cathen/04276a.htm">consecration</a> took place upon the festival of the Assumption, which was at that time beginning to supplant the January feast. In <a href="../cathen/06484b.htm">Germany</a> the shrines of Altötting and Lorch profess to be able to trace their origin as places of <a href="../cathen/12085a.htm">pilgrimage</a> to remote antiquity and though it would be rash to pronounce too confidently, we may probably feel safer in assigning them at least to the <a href="../cathen/03610c.htm">Carlovingian</a> period.</p> <p>In <a href="../cathen/05445a.htm">England</a> and <a href="../cathen/08098b.htm">Ireland</a> the evidence that from the earliest period <a href="../cathen/03712a.htm">Christianity</a> was strongly leavened with devotion to Mary is very great. <a href="../cathen/02384a.htm">Bede</a> tells us of the church <a href="../cathen/04276a.htm">consecrated</a> to the <a href="../cathen/07462a.htm">honour</a> of <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a> at <a href="../cathen/03299b.htm">Canterbury</a> by <a href="../cathen/10168b.htm">St. Mellitus</a>, the immediate successor of Augustine; we also learn from the same source of many other Mary churches, e.g. <a href="../cathen/15572a.htm">Weremouth</a> and <a href="../cathen/07318b.htm">Hexham</a> (this last dedication being due to the <a href="../cathen/10338a.htm">miraculous</a> cure of <a href="../cathen/15621c.htm">St. Wilfrid</a> after invoking the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Mother of God</a>), and Lastingham near Whitby, while <a href="../cathen/01280b.htm">St. Aldhelm</a>, before the end of the same seventh century, informs us how the Princess Bugga, daughter of King Edwin, had a church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin on the feast of her Nativity:</p> <blockquote><p><br>Istam nempe diem, qua templi festa coruscant, <br>Nativitate sua sacravit Virgo Maria.</p></blockquote> <p>And <a href="../cathen/01355b.htm">Our Lady's altar</a> stood in the <a href="../cathen/01659a.htm">apse</a>:</p> <blockquote><p><br>Absidem consecrat Virginis ara.</p></blockquote> <p>Probably the earliest vernacular poetry in the West to celebrate the praise of Mary was the Anglo-Saxon; for <a href="../cathen/04581d.htm">Cynewulf</a>, slightly before the time of <a href="../cathen/01276a.htm">Alcuin</a> and of <a href="../cathen/03610c.htm">Charlemagne</a>, composed most glowing verses on this theme; for example to quote Gollancz's translation of "The Christ" (ii, 214-80):</p> <blockquote><p><br>Hail, thou glory of this middle-world! <br>The purest <a href="../cathen/15687b.htm">woman</a> throughout all the earth. <br>Of those that were from immemorial time <br>How rightly art thou named by all endowed <br>With gifts of speech! All mortals throughout earth <br>Declare full blithe of heart that thou art bride <br>Of Him that ruleth the empyral sphere. </p></blockquote> <p>To speak in detail of all that we find in the writings of Aldhelm, <a href="../cathen/02384a.htm">Bede</a>, and <a href="../cathen/01276a.htm">Alcuin</a> would be impossible; but it is well to note the testimony of an <a href="../cathen/01498a.htm">Anglican</a> writer with regard to the whole period before the Norman Conquest. "The Saint," he says, "most persistently and frequently invoked, and to whom the most passionate epithets were applied, trenching upon the Divine prerogatives, was the Blessed Virgin. Mariolatry is no very modern development of Romanism"; and he instances from a tenth-century <a href="../cathen/05445a.htm">English</a> <a href="../cathen/09614b.htm">manuscript</a> now at <a href="../cathen/13401a.htm">Salisbury</a>, such invocations as "Sancta Redemptrix Mundi, Sancta Salvatrix Mundi, ora pro nobis"; The same writer after referring to <a href="../cathen/12345b.htm">prayers</a> and practices of devotion known in Anglo-Saxon times, for example the special Mass already assigned to the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Blessed Virgin</a> on Saturdays in the Leofric <a href="../cathen/10354c.htm">Missal</a>, comments upon the strange delusion, as he regards it, of many <a href="../cathen/01498a.htm">Anglicans</a>, who can look upon a Church which tolerated such abuses as primitive and <a href="../cathen/11330a.htm">orthodox</a>.</p> <p>Not less remarkable are the developments of devotion to the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Mother of God</a> in <a href="../cathen/08098b.htm">Ireland</a>. The calendar of Aengus at the beginning of the ninth century is very remarkable for the ardour of the language used whenever the Blessed Virgin's name is introduced, while Christ is continually referred to as "Jesus Mac Mary" (i.e. Son of Mary). There is also besides certain Latin <a href="../cathen/07595a.htm">hymns</a>, a very striking <a href="../cathen/08098b.htm">Irish</a> <a href="../cathen/09286a.htm">litany</a> in <a href="../cathen/07462a.htm">honour</a> of the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Blessed Virgin</a>, which as regards the picturesqueness of the epithets applied to her, yields in nothing to the present Litany of Loreto. Mary is there called "Mistress of the Heavens, Mother of the Heavenly and earthly Church, Recreation of Life, Mistress of the Tribes, Mother of the <a href="../cathen/11322b.htm">Orphans</a>, Breast of the Infants, Queen of Life, Ladder of <a href="../cathen/07170a.htm">Heaven</a>." This composition may be as old as the middle of the eighth century.</p> <h2>The later Middle Ages</h2> <p>It was characteristic of this period, which for our present purpose may be regarded as beginning with the year 1000, that the deep feeling of <a href="../cathen/09397a.htm">love</a> and confidence in the Blessed Virgin, which hitherto had expressed itself vaguely and in accordance with the promptings of the <a href="../cathen/12748a.htm">piety</a> of <a href="../cathen/07762a.htm">individuals</a>, began to take organized shape in a vast multitude of devotional practices. Long before this date a Lady altar was probably to be found in all the more important churches  <a href="../cathen/01280b.htm">St. Aldhelm's</a> poem on the altars takes us back to before the year 70 and many records testify that at such altars <a href="../cathen/11395a.htm">paintings</a>, <a href="../cathen/10584a.htm">mosaics</a>, and ultimately <a href="../cathen/13641b.htm">sculptures</a> reproduced the figure of the Blessed Virgin to delight the eyes of her clients. The famous seated figure of the Madonna with the Divine Infant at <a href="../cathen/05396a.htm">Ely</a> dated from before 1016. The <a href="../cathen/13641b.htm">statue</a> of the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Blessed Virgin</a> at Coventry, round the neck of which Lady Godiva's <a href="../cathen/13184b.htm">rosary</a> was hung, belongs to the same period. Even in Aldhelm's day <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a> was besought to hearken to the <a href="../cathen/12345b.htm">prayers</a> of those who bent the knee before her shrine.</p> <blockquote><p><br>Audi clementer populorum vota precantum <br>Qui . . . genibus tundunt curvato poplite terram. </p></blockquote> <p>It was especially for such salutations that the Ave Maria, which probably first became familiar as an antiphon used in the <a href="../cathen/09294a.htm">Little Office of the Blessed Virgin</a>, won popular favour with all classes. Accompanying it each time with a genuflection, such as tradition averred that the <a href="../cathen/06330a.htm">Angel Gabriel</a> himself had made, Mary's clients repeated this formula before her images again and again. As it was destitute at first of its concluding petition, the Ave was felt to be a <a href="../cathen/15073a.htm">true</a> form of salutation, and in the course of the twelfth century came into universal use. To the same epoch belongs the wide popularity of the <a href="../cathen/13409a.htm">Salve Regina</a>, which also seems to have come into existence in the eleventh century. Though it originally began with the words "Salve Regina Misericordia" without the "Mater", we cannot <a href="../cathen/05141a.htm">doubt</a> that something of the vogue of the anthem was due to the immense diffusion of the collections of Mary-stories (Marien-legenden) which multiplied exceedingly at this time (twelfth to fourteenth century), and in which the Mater Misericordia <em>motif</em> was continually recurrent. These collections of stories must have produced a notable effect in popularising a number of other practices of devotion besides repetitions of the Ave and the use of the <a href="../cathen/13409a.htm">Salve Regina</a>, for example the repetition of five salutations beginning "Gaude Maria Virgo," the recitation of five psalms, the initials of which make up the word Maria, the dedication of the Saturday by special practices to the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Blessed Virgin</a>, the use of assigned <a href="../cathen/12345b.htm">prayers</a>, such as the sequence "Missus Gabriel," the "O Intemerata," the <a href="../cathen/07595a.htm">hymn</a> "Ave Maris Stella," etc., and the celebration of particular feasts, such as the Conception of the Blessed Virgin and her Nativity. The five Gaudes just mentioned originally commemorated <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady's</a> "five joys" and to match those joys spiritual writers at first commemorated five corresponding sorrows. It was not until late in the fourteenth century that seven sorrows or "dolours" began to be spoken of, and even then only by exception.</p> <div class="CMtag_300x250" style="display: flex; height: 300px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; "></div> <p>In all these matters the first impulse seems to have come very largely from the <a href="../cathen/04340c.htm">monasteries</a>, in which the Mary-stories were for the most part composed and copied. It was in the <a href="../cathen/04340c.htm">monasteries</a> undoubtedly that the <a href="../cathen/09294a.htm">Little Office of the Blessed Virgin</a> (see <a href="../cathen/12425a.htm">PRIMER</a>) began to be recited as a devotional accretion to the <a href="../cathen/11219a.htm">Divine Office</a>, and that the <a href="../cathen/13409a.htm">Salve Regina</a> and other anthems of <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a> were added to <a href="../cathen/04187a.htm">Compline</a> and other hours. Amongst other orders the <a href="../cathen/03780c.htm">Cistercians</a>, particularly in the twelfth century, exercised an immense influence in the development of Marian devotion. They claimed a very special connection with the Blessed Virgin, whom they were taught to regard as always presiding unseen at the recitation of Office. To her they dedicated their churches, and they were particular in saying her hours, giving her special prominence in the <a href="../cathen/04222a.htm">Confiteor</a> and frequently repeating the <a href="../cathen/13409a.htm">Salve Regina</a>. This example of a special <a href="../cathen/04276a.htm">consecration</a> to Mary was followed by other later orders, notably by the <a href="../cathen/12354c.htm">Dominicans</a>, the <a href="../cathen/03354a.htm">Carmelites</a>, and the <a href="../cathen/09750a.htm">Servites</a>. Indeed, almost every such institution from this time forward adopted some one or other special practice of devotion to mark its particular allegiance to the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Mother of God</a>. Shrines naturally multiplied, and although some, as already noted, are in their origin of later date than the eleventh century, it was at this period that such famous places of <a href="../cathen/12085a.htm">pilgrimage</a> arose as Roc Amadour, Laon, Mariabrunn near Klosterneuburg, <a href="../cathen/05367a.htm">Einsiedeln</a> etc., and in <a href="../cathen/05445a.htm">England</a>, Walsingham, Our Lady Undercroft at <a href="../cathen/03299b.htm">Canterbury</a>, <a href="../cathen/05648a.htm">Evesham</a>, and many more.</p> <p>These shrines, which as time went on multiplied beyond calculation in every part of <a href="../cathen/05607b.htm">Europe</a>, nearly always owed their celebrity to the temporal and spiritual favours which it was believed the Blessed Virgin granted to those who invoked her in these favoured spots. The gratitude of <a href="../cathen/12085a.htm">pilgrims</a> often enriched them with the most costly gifts; crowns of gold and precious gems, <a href="../cathen/05400a.htm">embroidered</a> garments, and rich hangings meet us at every turn in the record of such sanctuaries. We might mention, to take a single example, that of Halle, in <a href="../cathen/02395a.htm">Belgium</a>, which was exceptionally rich in such treasures. Perhaps the commonest form of votive offerings took the shape of a gold or silver model of the <a href="../cathen/11726a.htm">person</a> or limb that had been cured. For example Duke Philip of <a href="../cathen/03068a.htm">Burgundy</a> sent to Halle two silver <a href="../cathen/13641b.htm">statues</a>, one representing a <a href="../cathen/03691a.htm">knight</a> on horseback, the other a foot-soldier in gratitude for the cure of two of his own bodyguard. Often again the special vogue of a particular shrine was due to some <a href="../cathen/10338a.htm">miraculous</a> manifestation which was believed to have occurred there. Blood was said to have flowed from certain <a href="../cathen/13641b.htm">statues</a> and pictures of <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a> which had suffered outrage. Others had wept or exuded moisture. In other cases, the head had bowed or the hand been raised in benediction.</p> <p>Without denying the possibility of such occurrences, it can hardly be <a href="../cathen/05141a.htm">doubted</a> that in many instances the historical evidence for these wonders was unsatisfactory. That popular devotion to the Blessed Virgin was often attended with extravagance and abuse, it is impossible to deny. Nevertheless we may believe that the simple <a href="../cathen/05752c.htm">faith</a> and devotion of the people was often rewarded in proportion to their honest intention of paying respect to the <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Mother of God</a>. And there is no reason to believe that these forms of <a href="../cathen/12748a.htm">piety</a> had on the whole a delusive effect, and fostered nothing but <a href="../cathen/14339a.htm">superstition</a>. The purity, pity, and motherliness of Mary were always the dominant motive, even the "Miracle" of Max Reinhardt, the wordless play which in 1912 took <a href="../cathen/09341a.htm">London</a> by storm, persuaded many how much of <a href="../cathen/15073a.htm">true</a> religious feeling must have underlain even the more extravagant conceptions of the <a href="../cathen/10285c.htm">Middle Ages</a>.</p> <p>The most renowned English shrines of <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a>, that of Walsingham in Norfolk, was in a sense an anticipation of the still more famous Loreto. Walsingham professed to preserve, not indeed the Holy House itself, but a model of its construction upon measurements brought from <a href="../cathen/10725a.htm">Nazareth</a> in the eleventh century. The dimensions of the Walsingham Santa Casa were noted by William of <a href="../cathen/15703a.htm">Worcester</a>, and they do not agree with those of Loreto. Walsingham measured 23 ft. 6 in. by 12 ft. 10 in.; Loreto, 31 ft. 3 in. by 13 ft. 4 in.</p> <p>In any case the homage paid to <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a> during the later <a href="../cathen/10285c.htm">Middle Ages</a> was universal. Even so unorthodox a writer as <a href="../cathen/15722a.htm">John Wyclif</a>, in one of his earlier sermons, says: "It seems to me impossible that we should obtain the reward of <a href="../cathen/07170a.htm">Heaven</a> without the help of Mary. There is no sex or age, no rank or position, of anyone in the whole <a href="../cathen/12620b.htm">human race</a>, which has no need to call for the help of the Holy Virgin." So again the intense feeling evoked from the twelfth to the sixteenth century over the <a href="../cathen/05075b.htm">doctrine</a> of the <a href="../cathen/07674d.htm">Immaculate Conception</a> is only an additional tribute to the importance which the whole subject of Mariology possessed in the eyes of the most learned bodies of <a href="../cathen/03699b.htm">Christendom</a>. To give even a brief sketch of the various practices of Marian devotion in the <a href="../cathen/10285c.htm">Middle Ages</a> would be impossible here. Most of them  for example the <a href="../cathen/13184b.htm">Rosary</a>, the Angelus, the <a href="../cathen/13409a.htm">Salve Regina</a> etc. and the more important festivals  are discussed under separate headings. It will be sufficient to note the prevalence of the wearing of beads of all possible fashions and lengths, some of fifteen decades, some of ten, some of six, five, three, or one, as an article of ornament in every attire; the mere repetition of <a href="../cathen/07110b.htm">Hail Marys</a> to be counted by the aid of such Pater Nosters, or beads, was common in the twelfth century, before the time of <a href="../cathen/05106a.htm">St. Dominic</a>; the motive of meditating on assigned "mysteries" did not come into use until 300 years later. Further, we must note the almost universal custom of leaving legacies to have a Mary-Mass, or Mass of Our Lady, celebrated daily at a particular altar, as well as to maintain lights to burn continually before a particular <a href="../cathen/13641b.htm">statue</a> or shrine. Still more interesting were the foundations left by will to have the <a href="../cathen/13409a.htm">Salve Regina</a> or other anthems of <a href="../cathen/15464b.htm">Our Lady</a> sung after <a href="../cathen/04187a.htm">Compline</a> at the Lady altar, while lights were burned before her <a href="../cathen/13641b.htm">statue</a>. The "salut" common to <a href="../cathen/06166a.htm">France</a> in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries formed only after development of this practice, and from these last we have almost certainly derived our comparatively modern devotion of Benediction of the <a href="../cathen/05584a.htm">Blessed Sacrament</a>.</p> <h2>Modern times</h2> <p>Only a few isolated points can be touched upon in the development of Marian devotion since the <a href="../cathen/12700b.htm">Reformation</a>. Foremost among these may be noticed the general introduction of the Litany of Loreto, which though, as we have seen, it had precursors in other lands as remote as <a href="../cathen/08098b.htm">Ireland</a> in the ninth century, not to speak of isolated forms in the later <a href="../cathen/10285c.htm">Middle Ages</a>, itself only came into common use towards the close of the sixteenth century. The same may also be said of any general adoption of the second part of the <a href="../cathen/07110b.htm">Hail Mary</a>. Another manifestation of great importance, which also like the last followed close after the <a href="../cathen/15030c.htm">Council of Trent</a>, was the institution of sodalities of the Blessed Virgin, particularly in houses of <a href="../cathen/05295b.htm">education</a>, a movement mainly promoted by the influence and example of the <a href="../cathen/14081a.htm">Society of Jesus</a>, whose members did so much, by the <a href="../cathen/04276a.htm">consecration</a> of studies and other similar devices, to place the work of <a href="../cathen/05295b.htm">education</a> under the patronage of Mary, the Queen of Purity. To this period is also due, with some occasional exceptions, the multiplication in the calendar of minor feasts of the Blessed Virgin, such as that of the Holy Name of Mary, the festum B.V.M. ad Nives, de Mercede, of the Rosary, de Bono Consilio, Auxilium Christianorum, and so on. Still later in date (seventeenth century at earliest) is the adoption of the custom of consecrating the month of May to the Blessed Virgin by special observances, though the practice of reciting the <a href="../cathen/13184b.htm">Rosary</a> every day during the month of October can hardly be said to be older than the <a href="../cathen/13184b.htm">Rosary</a> Encyclicals of <a href="../cathen/09169a.htm">Leo XIII</a>. Not much controversy was maintained regarding the <a href="../cathen/07674d.htm">Immaculate Conception</a> after the indirect pronouncement of the <a href="../cathen/15030c.htm">Council of Trent</a>, but the <a href="../cathen/05089a.htm">dogma</a> was only defined by <a href="../cathen/12134b.htm">Pius IX</a> in 1854. Undoubtedly, however, the greatest stimulus to Marian devotion in recent times has been afforded by the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin in 1858 at Lourdes, and in the numberless <a href="../cathen/14336b.htm">supernatural</a> favours granted to <a href="../cathen/12085a.htm">pilgrims</a>, both there and at other shrines, that derive from it. The <a href="../cathen/10115a.htm">"miraculous medal"</a> connected with the church of Notre-Dame des Victoires at <a href="../cathen/11480c.htm">Paris</a> also deserves mention, as giving a great stimulus to this form of <a href="../cathen/12748a.htm">piety</a> in the first half of the nineteenth century.</p> <div class='catholicadnet-728x90' id='cathen-728x90-bottom' style='display: flex; height: 100px; align-items: center; justify-content: center; '></div> <div class="pub"><h2>About this page</h2><p id="apa"><strong>APA citation.</strong> <span id="apaauthor">Thurston, H.</span> <span id="apayear">(1912).</span> <span id="apaarticle">Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary.</span> In <span id="apawork">The Catholic Encyclopedia.</span> <span id="apapublisher">New York: Robert Appleton Company.</span> <span id="apaurl">http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15459a.htm</span></p><p id="mla"><strong>MLA citation.</strong> <span id="mlaauthor">Thurston, Herbert.</span> <span id="mlaarticle">"Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary."</span> <span id="mlawork">The Catholic Encyclopedia.</span> <span id="mlavolume">Vol. 15.</span> <span id="mlapublisher">New York: Robert Appleton Company,</span> <span id="mlayear">1912.</span> <span id="mlaurl"><http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15459a.htm>.</span></p><p id="transcription"> <span id="transcriber"></span> <span id="dedication"></span></p><p id="approbation"><strong>Ecclesiastical approbation.</strong> <span id="nihil"><em>Nihil Obstat.</em> October 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor.</span> <span id="imprimatur"><em>Imprimatur.</em> +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York.</span></p><p id="contactus"><strong>Contact information.</strong> The editor of New Advent is Kevin Knight. My email address is webmaster <em>at</em> newadvent.org. Regrettably, I can't reply to every letter, but I greatly appreciate your feedback — especially notifications about typographical errors and inappropriate ads.</p></div> </div> <div id="ogdenville"><table summary="Bottom bar" width="100%" cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0><tr><td class="bar_white_on_color"><center><strong>Copyright © 2023 by <a href="../utility/contactus.htm">New Advent LLC</a>. 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