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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Formation and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India–Asia_collision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India–Asia_collision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>India–Asia collision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India–Asia_collision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strata"> <div 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lhasa_terrane&params=30_N_91_E_region:CN_dim:100000_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°N</span> <span class="longitude">91°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30°N 91°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30; 91</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fragment of crustal material that forms present-day southern Tibet</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1095843157">.mw-parser-output .ib-landform{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform td,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform .infobox-subheader{background-color:#e7dcc3;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-landform-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-landform vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lhasa terrane</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">Terrane</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_Tso.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Portion of the terrane, Namtso lake to the north above Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains (white)"><img alt="Portion of the terrane, Namtso lake to the north above Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains (white)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nam_Tso.png/250px-Nam_Tso.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nam_Tso.png/375px-Nam_Tso.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Nam_Tso.png/500px-Nam_Tso.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="606" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Portion of the terrane, <a href="/wiki/Namtso" title="Namtso">Namtso</a> lake to the north above <a href="/wiki/Nyenchen_Tanglha_Mountains" title="Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains">Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains</a> (white)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lhasa_terrane&params=30_N_91_E_region:CN_dim:100000_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°N</span> <span class="longitude">91°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30°N 91°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30; 91</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, China</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lhasa terrane</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Terrane" title="Terrane">terrane</a>, or fragment of crustal material, sutured to the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> that forms present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. It takes its name from the city of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, China. The northern part may have originated in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Orogeny" title="East African Orogeny">East African Orogeny</a>, while the southern part appears to have once been part of Australia. The two parts joined, were later attached to Asia, and then were impacted by the collision of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a> that formed the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_2_himal_tecto_units.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2_2_himal_tecto_units.png/220px-2_2_himal_tecto_units.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2_2_himal_tecto_units.png/330px-2_2_himal_tecto_units.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2_2_himal_tecto_units.png/440px-2_2_himal_tecto_units.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Tectonic units of the Himalaya. Green is the Indus-Yarlung suture zone. Red is the <a href="/wiki/Transhimalaya" title="Transhimalaya">Transhimalaya</a>. Lhasa terrane and Lhasa city in the eastern part of Transhimalaya (Red).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone.png/220px-Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone.png/330px-Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone.png/440px-Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone.png 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transhimalaya" title="Transhimalaya">Transhimalaya</a> and Lhasa terrane, <a href="/wiki/Qiangtang_terrane" title="Qiangtang terrane">Qiangtang terrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_pressure_metamorphic_terranes_along_the_Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone" title="High pressure metamorphic terranes along the Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone">Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone</a>. South of <a href="/wiki/Indus-Yarlung_suture_zone" title="Indus-Yarlung suture zone">Indus-Yarlung suture zone</a> is <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Himalaya">Himalayas</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lhasa terrane is separated from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Yarlung-Tsangpo_suture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarlung-Tsangpo suture">Yarlung-Tsangpo suture</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Qiangtang_terrane" title="Qiangtang terrane">Qiangtang terrane</a> to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Bangong-Nujiang_suture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangong-Nujiang suture">Bangong-Nujiang suture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOzacar2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzacar2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lhasa terrane has a <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> crystalline basement overlaid with sedimentary strata from the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 541–252</span> Ma<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 252–66</span> Ma) and containing magmatic rocks from the Paleozoic to <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> (66 Ma to the present). It is thought to be the last crustal block to <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accrete</a> to the Eurasian plate before it collided with the Indian plate in the Cenozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lhasa terrane consisted of two blocks before the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>, the North Lhasa Block and the South Lhasa Block.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan2010139_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan2010139-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two blocks have <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detritus_(geology)" title="Detritus (geology)">detrital</a> <a href="/wiki/Detrital_zircon_geochronology" title="Detrital zircon geochronology">zircon ages</a> similar to the Qiangtang terrane and to Tethyan strata in the Himalaya, which suggests these areas were nearby in Gondwana. The detrital zircon ages differ somewhat between the North and South Lhasa terranes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007361_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007361-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Lhasa terrane appears to have evolved as part of Australia in the late Precambrian and early Paleozoic. Isotopic analysis of detrital zircons of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1170</span> Ma from Paleozoic <a href="/wiki/Metasedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasedimentary">metasedimentary</a> rocks in the Lhasa terrane shows identical values to detrital zircons of the same age from Western Australia. The detrital zircons probably came from southwest Australia's Albany-Fraser belt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiZhiNiuDilek2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiZhiNiuDilek2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North Lhasa terrane may have been formed in part from the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Orogeny" title="East African Orogeny">East African Orogeny</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> oceanic crustal rocks are included in the crystalline basement of the North Lhasa terrane, which are probably from the Mozambique Ocean that formed when the <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a> super-continent broke up. In the Late <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a>, around 650 Ma, the oceanic crustal basement of North Lhasa experienced HP metamorphism in the subduction zone associated with the closing of the Mozambique ocean. In the Early Paleozoic around 485 Ma it experienced MP metamorphism associated with the amalgamation of Eastern and Western <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Early Paleozoic the North and South Lhasa terranes and the Qiangtang terrane experienced <a href="/wiki/Magmatism" title="Magmatism">magmatism</a> that seems to have been the result of an Andean-type <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogeny</a> caused when the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tethys_Ocean" title="Proto-Tethys Ocean">Proto-Tethys Ocean</a> was subducted after Gondwana was finally amalgamated. In the Middle Paleozoic around 360 Ma the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes again experienced magmatism, apparently due to the subduction of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo-Tethys Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_evolution">Formation and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhasa_terrane_approach_to_Qiangtang_terrane.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lhasa_terrane_approach_to_Qiangtang_terrane.svg/300px-Lhasa_terrane_approach_to_Qiangtang_terrane.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lhasa_terrane_approach_to_Qiangtang_terrane.svg/450px-Lhasa_terrane_approach_to_Qiangtang_terrane.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lhasa_terrane_approach_to_Qiangtang_terrane.svg/600px-Lhasa_terrane_approach_to_Qiangtang_terrane.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>Lhasa terrane approach to Qiangtang terrane</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_section_depicting_the_tectonic_evolution_of_the_Bangong_suture_zone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cross_section_depicting_the_tectonic_evolution_of_the_Bangong_suture_zone.png/300px-Cross_section_depicting_the_tectonic_evolution_of_the_Bangong_suture_zone.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cross_section_depicting_the_tectonic_evolution_of_the_Bangong_suture_zone.png/450px-Cross_section_depicting_the_tectonic_evolution_of_the_Bangong_suture_zone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cross_section_depicting_the_tectonic_evolution_of_the_Bangong_suture_zone.png/600px-Cross_section_depicting_the_tectonic_evolution_of_the_Bangong_suture_zone.png 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1402" /></a><figcaption>More detailed view of the tectonic evolution of the Bangong suture zone</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lhasa terrane was formed from the North and South Lhasa terranes, which were at first separated by the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, and were joined in a suture zone in the Late Paleozoic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paleo-Tethys Ocean that separated the North and South Lhasa terranes closed, and around 260 Ma in the Late Permian an HP metamorphic belt formed between the two blocks. Around 220 Ma in the Triassic an MP metamorphic belt formed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> was formed from a number of continental terranes that rifted from northern <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, moved northward and accreted to southern Asia. The Lhasa terrane is the farthest south of these terranes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan2010139_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan2010139-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lhasa terrane moved northward and collided with the Qiangtang terrane along the Banggongco-Nujiang Suture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan2010210_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan2010210-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe199497–111_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe199497–111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collision began towards the end of the late <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 163–145</span> Ma), and collision activity continued until the early <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100–66</span>) Ma . During this period the terrane may have been shortened by at least 180 kilometres (110 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOzacar2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzacar2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strata from the Lower Jurassic in the Bangong suture between the Lhasa and Qiangtang terranes differ from the rocks in the Lhasa terrane and appear to have a unique source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeier2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeier2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collision with the Qiangtang terrane caused a peripheral <a href="/wiki/Foreland_basin" title="Foreland basin">foreland basin</a> to form in the north part of the Lhasa terrane, which persisted into the Early Cretaceous. In some parts of the foreland basin the north-dipping <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of the Neotethyan oceanic crust below the Lhasa terrane caused volcanism. The <a href="/wiki/Gangdese" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangdese">Gangdese</a> volcanic arc was formed as this subduction continued along the southern margin of the Lhasa terrane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gangdese batholith intrudes the southern half of the Lhasa terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that by the end of the Cretaceous the Southern Tibet crust was approximately twice as thick as normal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363–364_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363–364-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clastic_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic sediment">Clastic sediments</a> found in the terrane were deposited in shallow waters during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 146–100</span> Ma.) In northern Lhasa these sediments formed in the foreland basin created during the Lhasa–Qiangtang collision. They are overlaid by marine limestone from the Aptian-Albian period, deposited in a shallow continental seaway. The Takena Formation developed in the Late Cretaceous in the foreland basin to the north of the Gangdese magmatic arc, and consists of marine limestone overlaid by fluvial red beds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeier2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeier2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outcropped folds in the Takena Formation between <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangbajain" title="Yangbajain">Yangbajain</a> are upright or lean slightly to the north or south, and indicate 30% to 50% shortening in the Late Cretaceous before the Indian collision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India–Asia_collision"><span id="India.E2.80.93Asia_collision"></span>India–Asia collision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India–Asia collision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Himalaya">Geology of the Himalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_fault_system" title="Karakoram fault system">Karakoram fault system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transhimalaya" title="Transhimalaya">Transhimalaya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_71-0_Ma.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/India_71-0_Ma.gif/220px-India_71-0_Ma.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/India_71-0_Ma.gif/330px-India_71-0_Ma.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/India_71-0_Ma.gif/440px-India_71-0_Ma.gif 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>India-Eurasia collision 70-0 Ma</figcaption></figure> <p>Contact with <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a> began along the Yarlung-Zangbo suture around 50 Ma during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, and the two continents continue to converge. Magmatism continued in the Gangdese arc until as late as 40 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are competing hypotheses about the details of the <a href="/wiki/Tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic">tectonic</a> processes during the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007361_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007361-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one extreme, some consider that during the collision the Indian crust was underthrust beneath the southern Asian crust, or injected into this crust. At the other extreme, some consider that the convergence was mostly accommodated by shortening of the Asian crust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998501_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998501-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The results of seismic reflection profiling, reported in 1998, indicate that there may be a midcrustal partial-melt zone under the length of the Yangbajain-Damxung graben starting at a depth of 12 to 18 kilometres (7.5 to 11.2 mi). The reflection undulates, so the melt zone may have been tectonically deformed. North-dipping reflections deep in the crust below the Gangdese batholith at a depth of 40 to 60 kilometres (25 to 37 mi) may mark the downdip of the Yarlung-Zangbo suture, or may mark a more recent reverse fault. Taken together, the results indicate that the upper crust of the Lhasa terrane was moderately shortened by the collision, with melting in the middle crust. They neither support nor rule out underthrusting or fluid injection of the Indian continental crust below the Lhasa terrane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998501_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998501-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Linzizong Formation is distributed widely along the Gangdese Belt. It was emplaced between 69 and 43 Ma near Lhasa and between 54 and 37 Ma in southwestern Tibet. It is slightly folded and slopes gently to the north. The formation is <a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">unconformably</a> underlain by Cretaceous sedimentary sequences more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) thick, which are strongly folded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebkeAppelDingNeumann20101200_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebkeAppelDingNeumann20101200-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of palaeomagnetic studies of the Linzizong Formation in the Linzhou Basin and the Takena Formation reported in 2009 indicate that there was little movement of the Lhasa terrane in the Cretaceous and Early Eocene. The measurements give a northward movement of the Lhasa terrane since then of 1,847 ± 763 kilometres (1,148 ± 474 mi). This implies that there was significant crustal shortening as the collision progressed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebkeAppelDingNeumann20101199_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebkeAppelDingNeumann20101199-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Lhasa terrane experienced metamorphism and magmatism in the Early Cenozoic (55–45 Ma) and metamorphism in the Late Eocene (40–30 Ma), presumably due to the collision between the continents of India and Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strata">Strata</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Strata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sedimentary strata from the Palaeozoic are mainly Carboniferous <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, metasandstone, <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">phyllite</a>, and lesser Ordovician, Silurian and Permian <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. Precambrian strata are rarely exposed. Rocks from the Triassic include inter-bedded limestone and basaltic volcanic units, most common along the terrane's southern margin. In the northern terrane the Jurassic strata are deepwater sandstone and shale, often with <a href="/wiki/Ophiolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiolitic">ophiolitic</a> assemblages. In the southern terrane the Jurassic strata are marine limestone and <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a>. Strata from the Lower Cretaceous are <a href="/wiki/Clastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic">clastic</a> mudstone, sandstone and local conglomerate units. The Lower Cretaceous clastic units are overlaid by a shallow marine limestone from the Aptian-Albian period, exposed in many places, which in some places holds <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> fossils. The strata from the Upper Cretaceous are successions of <a href="/wiki/Arkosic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkosic">arkosic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> sandstone and mudstone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lhasa Terrane related (from south to north) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Himalaya">Geology of the Himalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Yarlung_suture_zone" title="Indus-Yarlung suture zone">Indus Suture Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhimalaya" title="Transhimalaya">Transhimalaya</a>, includes Lhasa terrane and <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_fault_system" title="Karakoram fault system">Karakoram fault system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_metamorphic_terranes_along_the_Bangong-Nujiang_Suture_Zone" title="High pressure metamorphic terranes along the Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone">High pressure metamorphic terranes along the Bangong-Nujiang Suture Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangtang_terrane" title="Qiangtang terrane">Qiangtang terrane</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma – Millions of years ago</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzacar2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOzacar2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOzacar2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOzacar2015">Ozacar 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhangDongSantoshZhao2014170–171_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhangDongSantoshZhao2014">Zhang et al. 2014</a>, p. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan2010139-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan2010139_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan2010139_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWan2010">Wan 2010</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007361-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007361_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007361_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007">Leier et al. 2007</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiZhiNiuDilek2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiZhiNiuDilek2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiZhiNiuDilek2011">Di et al. 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWan2010210-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWan2010210_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWan2010">Wan 2010</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe199497–111-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe199497–111_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe1994">Metcalfe 1994</a>, pp. 97–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeier2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeier2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeier2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeier2005">Leier 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007">Leier et al. 2007</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998502_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998">Alsdorf, BrownNelson & Makovsky 1998</a>, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363–364-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007363–364_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007">Leier et al. 2007</a>, p. 363–364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998501-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998501_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998501_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998">Alsdorf, BrownNelson & Makovsky 1998</a>, p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebkeAppelDingNeumann20101200-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebkeAppelDingNeumann20101200_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiebkeAppelDingNeumann2010">Liebke et al. 2010</a>, p. 1200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebkeAppelDingNeumann20101199-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiebkeAppelDingNeumann20101199_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiebkeAppelDingNeumann2010">Liebke et al. 2010</a>, p. 1199.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlsdorfBrownNelsonMakovsky1998" class="citation journal cs1">Alsdorf, Douglas; Brown, Larry; Nelson, K. Douglas; Makovsky, Yizhaq; Klemperer, Simon; Zhao, Wenjin (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251438211">"Crustal deformation of the Lhasa terrane, Tibet plateau from Project INDEPTH deep seismic reflection profiles"</a>. <i>Tectonics</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 501–519. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Tecto..17..501A">1998Tecto..17..501A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F98tc01315">10.1029/98tc01315</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128481049">128481049</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonics&rft.atitle=Crustal+deformation+of+the+Lhasa+terrane%2C+Tibet+plateau+from+Project+INDEPTH+deep+seismic+reflection+profiles&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=501-519&rft.date=1998-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128481049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F98tc01315&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Tecto..17..501A&rft.aulast=Alsdorf&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Brown%2C+Larry&rft.au=Nelson%2C+K.+Douglas&rft.au=Makovsky%2C+Yizhaq&rft.au=Klemperer%2C+Simon&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Wenjin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F251438211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+terrane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiZhiNiuDilek2011" class="citation journal cs1">Di, Cheng Zhu; Zhi, Dan Zhao; Niu, Yaoling; Dilek, Yildirim; Mo, Xuan-Xue (2011-03-13). "Lhasa terrane in southern Tibet came from Australia". <i>Geology</i>. <b>39</b> (8). Geological Society of America: 727–730. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Geo....39..727Z">2011Geo....39..727Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2Fg31895.1">10.1130/g31895.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Lhasa+terrane+in+southern+Tibet+came+from+Australia&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=727-730&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2Fg31895.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Geo....39..727Z&rft.aulast=Di&rft.aufirst=Cheng+Zhu&rft.au=Zhi%2C+Dan+Zhao&rft.au=Niu%2C+Yaoling&rft.au=Dilek%2C+Yildirim&rft.au=Mo%2C+Xuan-Xue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+terrane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeier2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Leier, Andrew (2005). <i>The Cretaceous Evolution of the Lhasa Terrane, Southern Tibet</i> (PhD thesis). The University of Arizona. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10150%2F193796">10150/193796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Cretaceous+Evolution+of+the+Lhasa+Terrane%2C+Southern+Tibet&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=The+University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F193796&rft.aulast=Leier&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+terrane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeierKappGehrelsDeCelles2007" class="citation journal cs1">Leier, Andrew L.; Kapp, Paul; Gehrels, George E.; DeCelles, Peter G. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130107224335/http://www.ucalgary.ca/aleier/files/aleier/Leier_BR2007.pdf">"Detrital zircon geochronology of Carboniferous–Cretaceous strata in the Lhasa terrane, Southern Tibet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Basin Research</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 361–378. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007BasR...19..361L">2007BasR...19..361L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2117.2007.00330.x">10.1111/j.1365-2117.2007.00330.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140611605">140611605</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/aleier/files/aleier/Leier_BR2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Position of the Lhasa terrane prior to India–Asia collision derived from palaeomagnetic inclinations of 53 Ma old dykes of the Linzhou Basin: constraints on the age of collision and post-collisional shortening within the Tibetan Plateau". <i>Geophysical Journal International</i>. <b>182</b> (3): 1199–1215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010GeoJI.182.1199L">2010GeoJI.182.1199L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246x.2010.04698.x">10.1111/j.1365-246x.2010.04698.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=Position+of+the+Lhasa+terrane+prior+to+India%E2%80%93Asia+collision+derived+from+palaeomagnetic+inclinations+of+53+Ma+old+dykes+of+the+Linzhou+Basin%3A+constraints+on+the+age+of+collision+and+post-collisional+shortening+within+the+Tibetan+Plateau&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1199-1215&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-246x.2010.04698.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010GeoJI.182.1199L&rft.aulast=Liebke&rft.aufirst=Ursina&rft.au=Appel%2C+Erwin&rft.au=Ding%2C+Lin&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Udo&rft.au=Antolin%2C+Borja&rft.au=Xu%2C+Qiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+terrane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe1994" class="citation book cs1">Metcalfe, I (1994). "Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic paleogeography of eastern Pangea and Thethys". In Embry, Ashton F.; Beauchamp, Benoit; Glass, Donald J. (eds.). <i>Pangea: Global Environments and Resources</i>. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920230-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920230-57-2"><bdi>978-0-920230-57-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Late+Paleozoic+and+Mesozoic+paleogeography+of+eastern+Pangea+and+Thethys&rft.btitle=Pangea%3A+Global+Environments+and+Resources&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Canadian+Society+of+Petroleum+Geologists&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-920230-57-2&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+terrane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzacar2015" class="citation web cs1">Ozacar, Arda (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164853/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~ozacar/paleot~1.htm">"Paleotectonic Evolution of Tibet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~ozacar/paleot~1.htm">the original</a> on 2015-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paleotectonic+Evolution+of+Tibet&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ozacar&rft.aufirst=Arda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.arizona.edu%2F~ozacar%2Fpaleot~1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+terrane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWan2010" class="citation book cs1">Wan, Tianfeng (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YsSVPDdFqoC&pg=PA139"><i>The Tectonics of China: Data, Maps and Evolution</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11866-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-11866-1"><bdi>978-3-642-11866-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tectonics+of+China%3A+Data%2C+Maps+and+Evolution&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-642-11866-1&rft.aulast=Wan&rft.aufirst=Tianfeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YsSVPDdFqoC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+terrane" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangDongSantoshZhao2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Z.M.; Dong, X.; Santosh, M.; Zhao, G.C (January 2014). "Metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Lhasa terrane, Central Tibet". <i>Gondwana Research</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 170–189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GondR..25..170Z">2014GondR..25..170Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2012.08.024">10.1016/j.gr.2012.08.024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=Metamorphism+and+tectonic+evolution+of+the+Lhasa+terrane%2C+Central+Tibet&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=170-189&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2012.08.024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014GondR..25..170Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Z.M.&rft.au=Dong%2C+X.&rft.au=Santosh%2C+M.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+G.C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+terrane" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_terrane&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emvc.geol.ucsb.edu/2_infopgs/IP1GTect/dContCollision.html">India-Asia Continental Collision</a>, animations by <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Atwater" title="Tanya Atwater">Tanya Atwater</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic plates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Major_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Major plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map indicating tectonic plate boundaries"><img alt="World map indicating tectonic plate boundaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/120px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/180px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png 1.5x, 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plate">Cocos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides_plate" title="New Hebrides plate">New Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_microplate" title="Okhotsk microplate">Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_plate" title="Philippine Sea plate">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_plate" title="Scotia plate">Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_plate" title="Yangtze plate">Yangtze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Microplates" title="List of tectonic plates">Microplates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_plate" title="Adriatic plate">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_plate" title="Aegean Sea plate">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_sub-plate" title="Anatolian sub-plate">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Reef_plate" title="Balmoral Reef plate">Balmoral Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea_plate" title="Banda Sea plate">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_plate" title="Bird's Head plate">Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_plate" title="Capricorn plate">Capricorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coiba_plate" title="Coiba plate">Coiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Reef_plate" title="Conway Reef plate">Conway Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_plate" title="Explorer plate">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_plate" title="Futuna plate">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_microplate" title="Galápagos microplate">Galápagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_microplate" title="Gonâve microplate">Gonâve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda_plate" title="Gorda plate">Gorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_plate" title="Greenland plate">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_plate" title="Halmahera plate">Halmahera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_plate" title="Iberian plate">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_plate" title="Juan Fernández plate">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_plate" title="Kermadec plate">Kermadec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwandle_plate" title="Lwandle plate">Lwandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_plate" title="Madagascar plate">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpelo_plate" title="Malpelo plate">Malpelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_plate" title="Manus plate">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoke_plate" title="Maoke plate">Maoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_plate" title="Mariana plate">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea_plate" title="Molucca Sea plate">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_plate" title="Niuafo'ou plate">Niuafo’ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Andes_plate" title="North Andes plate">North Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bismarck_plate" title="North Bismarck plate">North Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Galapagos_microplate" title="North Galapagos microplate">North Galápagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_plate" title="Okinawa plate">Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_plate" title="Panama plate">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelso_plate" title="Pelso plate">Pelso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivera_plate" title="Rivera plate">Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovuma_plate" title="Rovuma plate">Rovuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangihe_plate" title="Sangihe plate">Sangihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_microcontinent" title="Seychelles microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_plate" title="Shetland plate">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea_plate" title="Solomon Sea plate">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bismarck_plate" title="South Bismarck plate">South Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_plate" title="South Sandwich plate">South Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_plate" title="Timor plate">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_plate" title="Tisza plate">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_plate" title="Tonga plate">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_plate" title="Trobriand plate">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_microplate" title="Victoria microplate">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlark_plate" title="Woodlark plate">Woodlark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Ancient_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Ancient plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_plate" title="Baltic plate">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_plate" title="Bellingshausen plate">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot_plate" title="Charcot plate">Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farallon_plate" title="Farallon plate">Farallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_plate" title="Insular plate">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_plate" title="Intermontane plate">Intermontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanagi_plate" title="Izanagi plate">Izanagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_plate" title="Kula plate">Kula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Basin" title="Agulhas Basin">Malvinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa_plate" title="Moa plate">Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_plate" title="Phoenix plate">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshiroda_plate" title="Kshiroda plate">Kshiroda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#List_of_mid-ocean_ridges" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Oceanic ridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Ridge" title="Aden Ridge">Aden Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Ridge" title="Carlsberg Ridge">Carlsberg Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_Ridge" title="Central Indian Ridge">Central Indian Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_Ridge" title="Chile Ridge">Chile Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Ridge">Cocos Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise" title="East Pacific Rise">East Pacific Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_Ridge" title="Explorer Ridge">Explorer Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakkel_Ridge" title="Gakkel Ridge">Gakkel Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands#Geology" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Spreading Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda_Ridge" title="Gorda Ridge">Gorda Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Ridge" title="Juan de Fuca Ridge">Juan de Fuca Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Knipovich" title="Nikolai Knipovich">Knipovich Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbeinsey_Ridge" title="Kolbeinsey Ridge">Kolbeinsey Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plain" title="Greenland Plain">Mohns Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge#Iceland" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Reykjanes Ridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="Pacific–Antarctic Ridge">Pacific–Antarctic Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="South American–Antarctic Ridge">South American–Antarctic Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Indian_Ridge" title="Southeast Indian Ridge">Southeast Indian Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#List_of_ancient_oceanic_ridges" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Ancient oceanic ridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegir_Ridge" title="Aegir Ridge">Aegir Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Ridge" title="Alpha Ridge">Alpha Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic%E2%80%93Phoenix_Ridge" title="Antarctic–Phoenix Ridge">Antarctic–Phoenix Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula%E2%80%93Farallon_Ridge" title="Kula–Farallon Ridge">Kula–Farallon Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Labrador_Ridge" title="Mid-Labrador Ridge">Mid-Labrador Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Farallon_Ridge" title="Pacific–Farallon Ridge">Pacific–Farallon Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Kula_Ridge" title="Pacific–Kula Ridge">Pacific–Kula Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">List</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Plate_tectonics" title="Category:Plate tectonics">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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