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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><title>'Operation Digital Eye' Attack Targets European IT Orgs</title><meta name="description" content="A Chinese threat actor infiltrated several IT and security companies in a bring-your-own VS code, with an eye to carrying out a supply-chain-based espionage attack."/><meta property="og:title" content="'Operation Digital Eye' Attack Targets European IT Orgs"/><meta property="og:description" content="A Chinese threat actor infiltrated several IT and security companies in a bring-your-own VS code, with an eye to carrying out a supply-chain-based espionage attack."/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/operation-digital-eye-attack-targets-european-it-orgs"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/bltf107a8b2df047202/67573f4aa643a9191dd33405/VS_Code-Araki_Illustrations-Alamy.jpg?disable=upscale&width=1200&height=630&fit=crop"/><meta property="oc:keywords" content="Cyberattacks & Data Breaches, Application Security, Threat Intelligence, Cybersecurity Operations"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/operation-digital-eye-attack-targets-european-it-orgs"/><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","datePublished":"2024-12-10T11:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2024-12-10T15:35:32.388Z","headline":"Sprawling 'Operation Digital Eye' Attack Targets European IT Orgs","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/operation-digital-eye-attack-targets-european-it-orgs","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/bltf107a8b2df047202/67573f4aa643a9191dd33405/VS_Code-Araki_Illustrations-Alamy.jpg","caption":"","creditText":"Source: Araki Illustrations via Alamy Stock Photo"},"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer","image":"https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/blt00df7fa701809c8c/64f15c901c6887515143a4d1/Nate-Nelson_(1).jpg","url":"https://www.darkreading.com/author/nate-nelson"}],"publisher":{"@type":["NewsMediaOrganization","Organization","OnlineBusiness"],"identifier":"https://www.darkreading.com","name":"Dark Reading","url":"https://www.darkreading.com","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/DarkReading","https://www.linkedin.com/company/dark-reading/","https://www.facebook.com/darkreadingcom/","https://www.youtube.com/@DarkReadingOfficialYT","https://news.google.com/publications/CAAqBwgKMKmknwswtq63Aw"],"foundingDate":"2006","description":"To challenge community members to think about security by providing strong, even unconventional points of view, backed by hard-nosed reporting, hands-on experience, and the professional knowledge that comes only with years of work in the information security industry.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://www.darkreading.com/build/_assets/DarkReading-EAU2PZUE.svg","width":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":1008},"height":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","value":112}}}}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.darkreading.com"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Cyberattacks & Data Breaches","item":"https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches"}]}</script><link rel="preload" href="https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/bltf107a8b2df047202/67573f4aa643a9191dd33405/VS_Code-Araki_Illustrations-Alamy.jpg?width=1280&auto=webp&quality=10&format=jpg&disable=upscale&blur=40" as="image"/><meta property="twitter:card" content="summary"/><script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.eu01.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"3936348",trustKey:"3288925",agentID:"538600199",licenseKey:"NRJS-26ae6a3b09493bbcc87",applicationID:"538600199"}; ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.eu01.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.eu01.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"NRJS-26ae6a3b09493bbcc87",applicationID:"538600199",sa:1}; ;/*! 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class="Layout-Section"><div id="iiris-identity" data-testid="iris-identity"></div><div data-template="article"><div class="TwoColumnLayout"><div id="portal-root"></div><div class="TwoColumnLayout-Head"><div class="ArticleBase-Header"><ul class="ArticleBase-Topics" data-testid="article-topics"><li class="ArticleBase-Topic"><a data-component="keyword" class="Keyword Keyword_variant_category Keyword_title_cyberattacksDataBreaches" data-discover="true" href="/cyberattacks-data-breaches">Cyberattacks & Data Breaches</a></li><li class="ArticleBase-Topic"><a data-component="keyword" class="Keyword Keyword_variant_category Keyword_title_applicationSecurity" data-discover="true" href="/application-security">Application Security</a></li><li class="ArticleBase-Topic"><a data-component="keyword" class="Keyword Keyword_variant_category Keyword_title_threatIntelligence" data-discover="true" href="/threat-intelligence">Threat Intelligence</a></li><li class="ArticleBase-Topic"><a data-component="keyword" class="Keyword Keyword_variant_category Keyword_title_cybersecurityOperations" data-discover="true" href="/cybersecurity-operations">Cybersecurity Operations</a></li></ul><div><h1 class="ArticleBase-HeaderTitle"><noscript><span class="ArticleBase-LargeTitle">Sprawling 'Operation Digital Eye' Attack Targets European IT Orgs</span></noscript><span class="ArticleBase-DefaultTitle" data-testid="article-default-title">Sprawling 'Operation Digital Eye' Attack Targets European IT Orgs</span></h1><p class="ArticleBase-HeaderSummary" data-testid="article-summary">A Chinese threat actor infiltrated several IT and security companies in a bring-your-own VS code, with an eye to carrying out a supply-chain-based espionage attack.</p></div></div></div><div class="TwoColumnLayout-Content"><div class="TwoColumnLayout-Body"><div class="ArticleBase-Body" data-testid="article-base-body"><div class="ArticleBase-Contributors" data-testid="article-base-contributors"><div class="Contributors Contributors_variant_normal Contributors_hasAvatar" data-component="contributors"><div class="Contributors-AvatarWrapper"><a class="Contributors-AvatarLink" aria-label="Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer" data-discover="true" href="/author/nate-nelson"><img aria-hidden="true" data-testid="contributor-avatar" data-component="image" class="Contributors-Avatar" data-src="https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/blt00df7fa701809c8c/64f15c901c6887515143a4d1/Nate-Nelson_(1).jpg?width=100&auto=webp&quality=80&disable=upscale" src="https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/blt00df7fa701809c8c/64f15c901c6887515143a4d1/Nate-Nelson_(1).jpg?width=100&auto=webp&quality=80&disable=upscale" loading="lazy" alt="Picture of Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer" title="Picture of Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer"/></a></div><div class="Contributors-InfoWrapper"><a class="Contributors-ContributorName" data-testid="contributor-name" data-discover="true" href="/author/nate-nelson">Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer</a><p class="Contributors-Date" data-testid="contributors-date">December 10, 2024</p></div></div><div data-component="article-read-time" class="ArticleReadTime ArticleReadTime_size_normal"><span data-component="icon" data-name="Clock" class="ArticleReadTime-Icon" style="mask-image:url(/build/_assets/Clock-MSX4SBCD.svg);-webkit-mask-image:url(/build/_assets/Clock-MSX4SBCD.svg);mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;-webkit-mask-size:contain"></span><span>4 Min Read</span></div></div><div class="ArticleBase-FeaturedImageWrapper" data-testid="featured-image"><div data-component="captioned-content" class="CaptionedContent"><div class="CaptionedContent-Content"><img data-component="image" class="ArticleBase-FeaturedImage" 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class="ContentModule-Wrapper"><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">Chinese hackers almost breached critical European supply chain companies by disguising their malicious activities behind native Microsoft technologies.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">It happened during a three-week period, from late June to July, according to researchers from SentinelLabs. A threat actor tied to </span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text"><a class="ContentText-BodyTextChunk ContentText-BodyTextChunk_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/chinese-apts-edge-device-attacks">China's diverse and thriving cyberattack scene</a></span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text"> targeted large business-to-business (B2B) IT service providers throughout southern Europe, such as cybersecurity vendors and data and infrastructure solutions providers, with the presumed goal of downstream supply chain espionage.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">To penetrate these IT vendors — and, presumably, the many clients across the continent to which they enjoy privileged access — the attackers masked their malicious activity behind everyday business tools like Visual Studio Code and Microsoft Azure. And to confuse attribution, they used the same tactics, techniques, procedures (TTPs), and tooling observed across a number of other known Chinese threat actors.</span></p><h2 class="ContentText ContentText_variant_h2 ContentText_align_left" data-testid="content-text" id="Malware via Microsoft" style="scroll-margin-top:10rem;scroll-snap-margin-top:10rem">Malware via Microsoft</h2><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">Infections in the campaign, which researchers dubbed "Operation Digital Eye," began with SQL injections against vulnerable, Internet-facing Web and database servers. Then the attackers dropped PHP Web shells, using filenames specially tailored to the target's environment in order to avoid raising any suspicion. Reconnaissance, lateral movement, and credentials theft followed.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">The highlight of the attacks, though, came innocuously packaged as "code.exe." Digitally signed by Microsoft and run as a service using the Windows Service Wrapper, the attackers brought to each of their victims their own portable copy of the Visual Studio Code (VS Code). VS Code is a free, open source editor developed by Microsoft, by far the most popular integrated development environment (IDE) among both new and seasoned developers.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">VS Code has also become a </span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text"><a class="ContentText-BodyTextChunk ContentText-BodyTextChunk_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/application-security/microsoft-vs-code-undermined-in-asian-spy-attack">proven weapon of Chinese threat actors</a></span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text"> as of late, thanks to its Remote Tunnels feature. Remote Tunnels is designed to allow developers to access and work on code on remote machines. In a different light, though, it's a perfect malicious payload, enabling command execution and file editing on remote systems in the context of a seemingly innocuous Microsoft program. The attackers behind Operation Digital Eye intended to use VS Code to maintain persistent backdoor access to victims, using innocuous file and service names and storing it in the Temp folder to further blend in with victims' normal business operations.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">Tunneling with VS Code isn't quite as simple as loading malware onto a victim's machine, though — it requires a GitHub account and connection with an Azure server. Researchers aren't sure whether the attackers used stolen GitHub and Azure credentials, or registered their own accounts.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">What is clear is that they turned this potential roadblock into an advantage, leveraging public cloud infrastructure in Western Europe to make their otherwise suspicious traffic look more legitimate, and more likely to evade notice by security tools. VS Code and Azure network traffic tends to avoid close scrutiny, the researchers noted, and are commonly allowed by application controls and firewall rules. "Combined with the full endpoint access it provides, this makes Visual Studio Code tunneling an attractive and powerful capability for threat actors to exploit," they wrote.</span></p><h2 class="ContentText ContentText_variant_h2 ContentText_align_left" data-testid="content-text" id="The Trouble in Attributing Chinese Attackers" style="scroll-margin-top:10rem;scroll-snap-margin-top:10rem">The Trouble in Attributing Chinese Attackers</h2><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">The actual malware used in Operation Digital Eye did less to clarify than to confuse who, exactly, was behind the attacks.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">The most notable tool in the mix, "bK2o.exe," is a modified version of the open source credential stealing tool Mimikatz, designed for pass-the-hash attacks. Its aim is to snag a New Technology LAN Manager (NTLM) hash, in lieu of the targeted user's actual password, to enable the further execution of processes within the user's security context.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">BK2o.exe is just one among many Mimikatz variants deployed by several Chinese advanced persistent threats (APTs). Related variants have been observed in Operations Soft Cell and Tainted Love, associated with groups like </span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text"><a class="ContentText-BodyTextChunk ContentText-BodyTextChunk_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/china-s-apt41-linked-wyrmspy-dragonegg-mobile-spyware">APT41</a></span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text"> and </span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text"><a class="ContentText-BodyTextChunk ContentText-BodyTextChunk_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/us-indicts-2-apt10-members-for-years-long-hacking-campaign">APT10</a></span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">. Researchers from SentinelLabs concluded that there is likely a shared vendor supplying many groups at once, as evidenced by </span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text"><a class="ContentText-BodyTextChunk ContentText-BodyTextChunk_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/-isoon-contractor-helps-the-prc-hack-foreign-governments-companies">the recent case of iSoon</a></span><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">.</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">Also common to these many groups, besides their malware, is the intent behind their cyberespionage. In the case of Digital Eye, "Southern Europe's role as a Mediterranean hub intersects with China's Belt and Road Initiative, particularly in infrastructure investments like Greece's Port of Piraeus," notes SentinelLabs principal threat researcher Tom Hegel. "Cyber operations in this area likely support China's efforts to safeguard these investments, gain leverage in energy transit routes, and monitor naval activities critical to global trade and security. Economically, Southern Europe offers access to critical industries such as energy, shipping, aerospace, and agriculture, as well as opportunities for scientific and technological espionage, particularly in aerospace and renewable energy. Politically, the region's challenges provide opportunities for influence, allowing China to exploit economic dependencies, shape public sentiment, and potentially weaken EU and NATO unity."</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNormal" data-testid="content-text">He concludes that "In targeting Southern Europe, China seeks not only to secure competitive advantages but also to deepen its influence in a region vital to global trade, energy flows, and Western alliances."</span></p><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"></p></div></div><div class="SocialShare"><div data-component="social-share" class="SocialShare SocialShare_variant_button ArticleBase-SocialShare ArticleBase-SocialShare_second"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" aria-label="Linkedin" 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class="ArticleBase-ContributorsSummary"><div data-component="contributor-summary" class="ContributorSummary ContributorSummary_variant_author"><div class="ContributorSummary-ImageWrapper ContributorSummary-ImageWrapper_variant_author"><a data-testid="contributor-summary-img-link" data-discover="true" href="/author/nate-nelson"><img data-component="image" class="ContributorSummary-Image ContributorSummary-Image_variant_author" data-src="https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/blt00df7fa701809c8c/64f15c901c6887515143a4d1/Nate-Nelson_(1).jpg?width=400&auto=webp&quality=80&disable=upscale" src="https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/blt00df7fa701809c8c/64f15c901c6887515143a4d1/Nate-Nelson_(1).jpg?width=400&auto=webp&quality=80&disable=upscale" loading="lazy" alt="Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer" title="Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer"/></a></div><div class="ContributorSummary-InfoWrapper ContributorSummary-InfoWrapper_variant_author"><div class="ContributorSummary-TitleWrapper"><a data-testid="contributor-summary-title-link" data-discover="true" href="/author/nate-nelson"><p class="ContributorSummary-Title ContributorSummary-Title_variant_author" data-testid="contributor-summary-title">Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer</p></a></div><div class="ContributorSummary-SubTitleWrapper ContributorSummary-SubTitleWrapper_variant_author"><p class="ContributorSummary-SubTitle ContributorSummary-SubTitle_variant_author" data-testid="contributor-summary-subtitle"></p></div><div class="ContributorSummary-ContentWrapper ContributorSummary-ContentWrapper_variant_author"><div class="ContributorSummary-Content ContributorSummary-Content_variant_author" data-testid="contributor-summary-content"><p class="ContentParagraph ContentParagraph_align_left" data-testid="content-paragraph"><span class="ContentText ContentText_variant_bodyNoneStyle" data-testid="content-text">Nate Nelson is a freelance writer based in New York City. Formerly a reporter at Threatpost, he contributes to a number of cybersecurity blogs and podcasts. He writes "Malicious Life" -- an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify -- and hosts every other episode, featuring interviews with leading voices in security. He also co-hosts "The Industrial Security Podcast," the most popular show in its field.</span></p></div></div></div><div class="ContributorSummary-SeeMore"><a data-component="button" class="Button Button_size_medium Button_variant_textLink" data-discover="true" href="/author/nate-nelson"><span class="Button-ContentWrapper"><span class="ContributorSummary-SeeMoreText"><span>See more from Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer</span><span data-component="icon" data-name="ChevronRight" class="ContributorSummary-SeeMoreIcon" style="mask-image:url(/build/_assets/ChevronRight-NHDKEYGJ.svg);-webkit-mask-image:url(/build/_assets/ChevronRight-NHDKEYGJ.svg);mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-position:center;-webkit-mask-size:contain"></span></span></span></a></div></div></div></div><div data-module="newsletter-signup-promo"><div class="SubscribeBannerTopicPage SubscribeBannerTopicPage_mode_dark SubscribeBannerTopicPage_variant_vertical ArticleBase-Newsletter"><div class="SubscribeBannerTopicPage-Content"><div class="SubscribeBannerTopicPage-Title" data-testid="subscribeBannerTopicPage_title">Keep up with the latest cybersecurity threats, newly discovered vulnerabilities, data breach information, and emerging trends. 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Formerly a reporter at Threatpost, he contributes to a number of cybersecurity blogs and podcasts. He writes \"Malicious Life\" -- an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify -- and hosts every other episode, featuring interviews with leading voices in security. He also co-hosts \"The Industrial Security Podcast,\" the most popular show in its field."}]}]}],"gatedWithExternalForm":false,"gatedWithSiteReg":false,"paidGating":false,"sponsorName":""},"template":{"breadcrumbs":[{"url":"/","title":"Home"},{"url":"/cyberattacks-data-breaches","title":"Cyberattacks \u0026 Data Breaches"}],"topics":[{"__typename":"TopicPrimary","title":"Cyberattacks \u0026 Data Breaches","url":"/cyberattacks-data-breaches"},{"__typename":"TopicPrimary","title":"Application Security","url":"/application-security"},{"__typename":"TopicPrimary","title":"Threat Intelligence","url":"/threat-intelligence"},{"__typename":"TopicPrimary","title":"Cybersecurity Operations","url":"/cybersecurity-operations"}],"subBrand":null,"searchParams":{},"summary":"A Chinese threat actor infiltrated several IT and security companies in a bring-your-own VS code, with an eye to carrying out a supply-chain-based espionage attack. ","title":"Sprawling 'Operation Digital Eye' Attack Targets European IT Orgs","mobileHeadline":"'Operation Digital Eye' Attack Targets European IT Orgs","authoredBy":"","authoredOn":"","oldUrl":"","buyersJourney":"","contributors":[{"title":"Nate Nelson","name":"Nate Nelson, Contributing Writer","companyName":"","role":"","avatar":"https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/blt00df7fa701809c8c/64f15c901c6887515143a4d1/Nate-Nelson_(1).jpg","link":"/author/nate-nelson","tagLine":"","summary":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Nate Nelson is a freelance writer based in New York City. Formerly a reporter at Threatpost, he contributes to a number of cybersecurity blogs and podcasts. He writes \"Malicious Life\" -- an award-winning Top 20 tech podcast on Apple and Spotify -- and hosts every other episode, featuring interviews with leading voices in security. He also co-hosts \"The Industrial Security Podcast,\" the most popular show in its field."}]}]}],"readTime":4,"newsletterSignUpPromo":{"title":"Keep up with the latest cybersecurity threats, newly discovered vulnerabilities, data breach information, and emerging trends. 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A threat actor tied to "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/chinese-apts-edge-device-attacks","target":"_blank","rel":null,"class":null}}],"text":"China's diverse and thriving cyberattack scene"},{"type":"text","text":" targeted large business-to-business (B2B) IT service providers throughout southern Europe, such as cybersecurity vendors and data and infrastructure solutions providers, with the presumed goal of downstream supply chain espionage."}]},{"type":"ad","pos":"300_1v_article"},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"To penetrate these IT vendors — and, presumably, the many clients across the continent to which they enjoy privileged access — the attackers masked their malicious activity behind everyday business tools like Visual Studio Code and Microsoft Azure. And to confuse attribution, they used the same tactics, techniques, procedures (TTPs), and tooling observed across a number of other known Chinese threat actors."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":"left","level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Malware via Microsoft"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Infections in the campaign, which researchers dubbed \"Operation Digital Eye,\" began with SQL injections against vulnerable, Internet-facing Web and database servers. Then the attackers dropped PHP Web shells, using filenames specially tailored to the target's environment in order to avoid raising any suspicion. Reconnaissance, lateral movement, and credentials theft followed."}]},{"type":"ad","pos":"native_1v"},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The highlight of the attacks, though, came innocuously packaged as \"code.exe.\" Digitally signed by Microsoft and run as a service using the Windows Service Wrapper, the attackers brought to each of their victims their own portable copy of the Visual Studio Code (VS Code). VS Code is a free, open source editor developed by Microsoft, by far the most popular integrated development environment (IDE) among both new and seasoned developers."}]},{"type":"ad","pos":"video_v"},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"VS Code has also become a "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.darkreading.com/application-security/microsoft-vs-code-undermined-in-asian-spy-attack","target":"_blank","rel":null,"class":null}}],"text":"proven weapon of Chinese threat actors"},{"type":"text","text":" as of late, thanks to its Remote Tunnels feature. Remote Tunnels is designed to allow developers to access and work on code on remote machines. In a different light, though, it's a perfect malicious payload, enabling command execution and file editing on remote systems in the context of a seemingly innocuous Microsoft program. The attackers behind Operation Digital Eye intended to use VS Code to maintain persistent backdoor access to victims, using innocuous file and service names and storing it in the Temp folder to further blend in with victims' normal business operations."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Tunneling with VS Code isn't quite as simple as loading malware onto a victim's machine, though — it requires a GitHub account and connection with an Azure server. Researchers aren't sure whether the attackers used stolen GitHub and Azure credentials, or registered their own accounts."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"What is clear is that they turned this potential roadblock into an advantage, leveraging public cloud infrastructure in Western Europe to make their otherwise suspicious traffic look more legitimate, and more likely to evade notice by security tools. VS Code and Azure network traffic tends to avoid close scrutiny, the researchers noted, and are commonly allowed by application controls and firewall rules. \"Combined with the full endpoint access it provides, this makes Visual Studio Code tunneling an attractive and powerful capability for threat actors to exploit,\" they wrote."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":"left","level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The Trouble in Attributing Chinese Attackers"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The actual malware used in Operation Digital Eye did less to clarify than to confuse who, exactly, was behind the attacks."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The most notable tool in the mix, \"bK2o.exe,\" is a modified version of the open source credential stealing tool Mimikatz, designed for pass-the-hash attacks. Its aim is to snag a New Technology LAN Manager (NTLM) hash, in lieu of the targeted user's actual password, to enable the further execution of processes within the user's security context."}]},{"type":"ad","pos":"native_2v"},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"BK2o.exe is just one among many Mimikatz variants deployed by several Chinese advanced persistent threats (APTs). Related variants have been observed in Operations Soft Cell and Tainted Love, associated with groups like "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/china-s-apt41-linked-wyrmspy-dragonegg-mobile-spyware","target":"_blank","rel":null,"class":null}}],"text":"APT41"},{"type":"text","text":" and "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.darkreading.com/cyberattacks-data-breaches/us-indicts-2-apt10-members-for-years-long-hacking-campaign","target":"_blank","rel":null,"class":null}}],"text":"APT10"},{"type":"text","text":". Researchers from SentinelLabs concluded that there is likely a shared vendor supplying many groups at once, as evidenced by "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"https://www.darkreading.com/threat-intelligence/-isoon-contractor-helps-the-prc-hack-foreign-governments-companies","target":"_self","rel":null,"class":null}}],"text":"the recent case of iSoon"},{"type":"text","text":"."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"}},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Also common to these many groups, besides their malware, is the intent behind their cyberespionage. In the case of Digital Eye, \"Southern Europe's role as a Mediterranean hub intersects with China's Belt and Road Initiative, particularly in infrastructure investments like Greece's Port of Piraeus,\" notes SentinelLabs principal threat researcher Tom Hegel. \"Cyber operations in this area likely support China's efforts to safeguard these investments, gain leverage in energy transit routes, and monitor naval activities critical to global trade and security. Economically, Southern Europe offers access to critical industries such as energy, shipping, aerospace, and agriculture, as well as opportunities for scientific and technological espionage, particularly in aerospace and renewable energy. Politically, the region's challenges provide opportunities for influence, allowing China to exploit economic dependencies, shape public sentiment, and potentially weaken EU and NATO unity.\""}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"He concludes that \"In targeting Southern Europe, China seeks not only to secure competitive advantages but also to deepen its influence in a region vital to global trade, energy flows, and Western alliances.\""}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":"left"}}],"contentType":"Article","uid":"blt72b06a6bd072105c","sponsored":{"logoUrl":"","url":"","alt":"","title":"","campaignURL":"","isSponsored":false,"gateWithSiteReg":false,"gateWithExternalForm":"None","externalFormID":""},"featuredImage":{"src":"https://eu-images.contentstack.com/v3/assets/blt6d90778a997de1cd/bltf107a8b2df047202/67573f4aa643a9191dd33405/VS_Code-Araki_Illustrations-Alamy.jpg","alt":"The Visual Studio Code 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