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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Warships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seafaring_military_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seafaring_military_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Seafaring military strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seafaring_military_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_tactics_on_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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<span>Spear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Archery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Bows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Arrows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Axe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sword" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sword"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sword</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sword-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defensive_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defensive_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Defensive equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defensive_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cultural_History_(historisk)_Museum_Oslo._VIKINGR_Norwegian_Viking-Age_Exhibition_11_Elaborate_swords,_decorated_hilts,_ornated_blades,_home-forged_and_foreign-made,_ca_800-1000._Found_in_Telemark,_Nordland,_Hedmark._4706.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cultural_History_%28historisk%29_Museum_Oslo._VIKINGR_Norwegian_Viking-Age_Exhibition_11_Elaborate_swords%2C_decorated_hilts%2C_ornated_blades%2C_home-forged_and_foreign-made%2C_ca_800-1000._Found_in_Telemark%2C_Nordland%2C_Hedmark._4706.jpg/317px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="317" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cultural_History_%28historisk%29_Museum_Oslo._VIKINGR_Norwegian_Viking-Age_Exhibition_11_Elaborate_swords%2C_decorated_hilts%2C_ornated_blades%2C_home-forged_and_foreign-made%2C_ca_800-1000._Found_in_Telemark%2C_Nordland%2C_Hedmark._4706.jpg/476px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cultural_History_%28historisk%29_Museum_Oslo._VIKINGR_Norwegian_Viking-Age_Exhibition_11_Elaborate_swords%2C_decorated_hilts%2C_ornated_blades%2C_home-forged_and_foreign-made%2C_ca_800-1000._Found_in_Telemark%2C_Nordland%2C_Hedmark._4706.jpg/634px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4663" data-file-height="3497" /></a><figcaption>Viking swords on display</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>" refers to the period roughly from 790s to the late 11th century in Europe, though the Norse raided Scotland's western isles well into the 12th century. In this era, Viking activity started with raids on Christian lands in England and eventually expanded to mainland Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Varangian_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian Rus">parts of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">maritime battles</a> were very rare, Viking bands proved very successful in <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raiding</a> coastal towns and <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> due to their efficient warships, and intimidating war tactics, skillful hand-to-hand combat, and fearlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasulo4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What started as Viking raids on small towns transformed into the establishment of important agricultural spaces and commercial trading-hubs across Europe through rudimentary <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasulo4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vikings' tactics in warfare gave them an enormous advantage in successfully raiding (and later colonising), despite their small population in comparison to that of their enemies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_of_war">Culture of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Culture of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vikings, according to <a href="/wiki/Clare_Downham" title="Clare Downham">Clare Downham</a> in <i>Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland</i>, are "people of Scandinavian culture who were active outside Scandinavia ... <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a>, Swedish, Hiberno-Scandinavians, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scandinavian" title="Anglo-Scandinavian">Anglo-Scandinavians</a>, or the inhabitants of any Scandinavian colony who affiliated themselves more strongly with the culture of the colonizer than with that of the indigenous population."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts of the tactics and warfare of the Vikings were driven by their cultural belief, themselves rooted in Norse culture and <a href="/wiki/Norse_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse religion">religion</a>, and vividly recalled in the later <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a> written in the 13th-14th centuries; after the Christianisation of the Nordic world. </p><p>In the early Viking Age, during the late 8th century and most of the 9th, Norse society consisted of minor kingdoms with limited central authority and organization, leading to communities ruled according to laws made and pronounced by local assemblies called <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">things</a>. Lacking any kind of public executive apparatus—e.g. police—the enforcement of laws and verdicts fell upon the individual involved in a dispute. As a natural consequence, violence was a common feature of the Norse legal environment. This use of violence as an instrument regarding disputes was not limited to a man, but extended to his <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">kin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal reputation and honour was an important value among <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>, and so actionable slander was also a legal category, in addition to physical and material injuries. Honour could be shamed from mere insults, where Norsemen were legally allowed to react violently. With this prevalence of violence came the expectation of fearlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norsemen believed that the time of death for any individual is predetermined, but that nothing else in life is. Considering this, Norsemen believed there to be two possibilities in life: "success with its attendant fame; or death."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The necessity of defending honour with violence, the belief that time of death was preordained, adventure and fearlessness were core values to the Viking Age.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These principal values and convictions were displayed in the tactics of Viking raids and warfare. </p><p>As in most societies with limited mechanisms for projecting central power, Norse society also shared traits of bonding through mutual gift-giving to ensure alliances and loyalty. One of the reasons many Norse went on such expeditions was the opportunity to gather loot and wealth by trading and raiding. This wealth was then brought back to Scandinavia and used for political gain;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. Olaf Tryggvason and Olaf Haraldsson both led successful raiding campaigns that served their later claims to kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was one reason that monasteries and churches were often targeted, due to their wealth in relics and luxury goods like precious metals, fine cloths, and books such as the Codex Aureus which was stolen by a Viking and then sold to an Anglo-Saxon couple later on (a note was written inside the book after its recovery "I ealdorman Alfred and Wærburh my wife obtained these books from the heathen army with out pure money, that was with pure gold, and that we did for the love of God and for the benefit of our souls and because we did not wish these holy books to remain longer in heathen possession"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raids">Raids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vikings regularly attacked coastal regions due to the difficult nature of defending such regions, as well as utilising rivers and stolen horses to raid deeper inland by the mid 9th century. </p><p>The Norse were born into a seafaring culture. With the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> bordering southern Scandinavia, seafaring proved to be an important means of communication for Scandinavians, and a vital instrument for the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasulo22_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasulo22-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite reports since the 5th Century of the presence of seafaring Germanic peoples both in the Black Sea and in Frisia, and archaeological evidence of earlier contact with the British Isles, the Viking Age proper is characterized by extensive raiding, entering history by being recorded in various annals and chronicles by their victims."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annales_Bertiniani" title="Annales Bertiniani">The Annals of St. Bertin</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Annales_Fuldenses" title="Annales Fuldenses">the Annals of Fulda</a><sup id="cite_ref-:32_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contain East and West Frankish records (respectively) of Viking attacks, as does <a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Pr%C3%BCm" title="Regino of Prüm">Regino of Prum's</a> Chronicle<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - which was written as a history of the Carolingian Empire in its final years. </p><p>These raids continued for the entirety of the Viking Age and Vikings would target monasteries along the coast, raid the towns for their <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">booty</a>, and were known to set fires in their wake. While there is evidence that Viking arson attacks did occur, more recent scholarship has cast doubt on quite how severe the physical damages (rather than their psychological impact) truly were. Regino of Prum’s Chronicle records that the palace of Aachen was burned to the ground<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is no archaeological evidence of destruction on such a scale at the site. These attacks caused widespread fear, so much so that the Vikings were thought by some monks to be a punishment from God.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also the complication of a lack of direct written sources about these raids from the Viking perspective. This leads to biased views of the raiders from Christians who were being attacked in their churches and lands.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the Vikings limited their attacks to "hit-and-run" raids. However, they soon expanded their operations. In the years 814–820, Danish Vikings repeatedly sacked the regions of Northwestern France via the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> River and also repeatedly sacked monasteries in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> via the Loire River. Eventually, the Vikings settled in these areas and turned to farming. This was mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>, a Viking leader who seized what is now <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in 879, and formally in 911 when <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles the Simple</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> granted him the Lower Seine.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became a precursor to the Viking expansion that established important trade posts and agrarian settlements deep into Frankish territory, English territory, and much of what is now European Russian territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vikings had taken control of most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms like Wessex and others by the 870s, which was after the time of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> that swept the Anglo-Saxon rulers away from power in 865. This army focused not on raiding, but on conquering and settling in Anglo-Saxon Britain, being composed of small bands that were already in Britain and Ireland that worked together for a period of time to accomplish their goals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vikings were also able to establish an extended period of economic and political rule of much of Ireland, England, and Scotland during the Norse <a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Ivarr Dynasty</a> that started in the late 9th century and lasted until 1094.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ireland, coastal fortifications known as <a href="/wiki/Longphort" title="Longphort">longphorts</a> were established in many places after initial raidings, and they developed into trading posts and settlements over time. Quite a few modern towns in Ireland were founded in this way, including <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Limerick and Waterford. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warships">Warships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Warships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></div> <p>Much of the Vikings' success was due to the technical superiority of their shipbuilding. Their ships proved to be very fast. Their build was not designed for battle at sea, as this was a form of warfare that the Vikings very rarely engaged in, but these long narrow ships could accommodate 50–60 seamen who powered the ship by rowing, as well as a complement of warriors, and so able to carry sizeable forces at speed to land wherever advantageous. Due to their shallow draft, Viking ships could land directly on sandy beaches rather than docking in well-fortified harbours.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasulo2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasulo2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viking ships made it possible to land practically anywhere on a coast and to navigate rivers in Britain and on the Continent, with raids reported far up rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a>, and many more. Vikings also navigated the extensive network of rivers in Eastern Europe, but they would more often engage in trade than in raiding. </p><p>Depending on local resources, the ships were mainly built from strong oak, though some with pine, but all with riven (split) and then hewn planks that preserved the wood grain unbroken, resulting in light, but very strong and flexible strakes. Steering was accomplished with a single <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a relatively short mast that allowed fast rigging and unrigging. The low mast, built for speed when the winds were favourable, could often easily pass under bridges erected in rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These masts were designed to maneuver under the fortified bridges that <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a> created from 848 to 877.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These boats have a shallow <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a> of around a metre of water.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viking longships were built with speed and flexibility in mind, which allowed Norse builders to craft strong yet elegant ships. Close to 28 metres long and five metres wide, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gokstad_ship" title="Gokstad ship">Gokstad</a></i> ship is often cited as an example of a typical Viking ship.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variants of these <i>longships</i> were built with a deeper hull for transporting goods, but what they added in <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull depth</a> and durability they sacrificed in speed and mobility. These cargo ships were built to be sturdy and solid, rather than Drakkar warships which were built to be fast.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a mention of the Knörr being used as warships in poems written by <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalds</a>. Specifically, the poem "Lausavisor" by Vígfúss Víga-Glúmsson describes a Knörr being used as a battleship.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seafaring_military_strategies">Seafaring military strategies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seafaring military strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fast design of Viking ships was essential to their hit-and-run raids. For instance, in the sacking of <a href="/wiki/Frisia" title="Frisia">Frisia</a> in the early 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> mobilized his troops as soon as he heard of the raid, but found no Vikings by the time he arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their ships gave the Vikings an element of surprise. Travelling in small bands, they could easily go undetected, swiftly enter a village or monastery, pillage and collect booty, and leave before reinforcements arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vikings understood the advantages of the longships' mobility and used them to a great extent. </p><p>Viking fleets of over a hundred ships did occur, but these fleets usually only banded together for one single—and temporary—purpose, being composed of smaller fleets each led by its own chieftain, or of different Norse bands. This was most often seen in the Francia raids between 841 and 892. They can be attributed to the fact that it was during this time that the Frankish <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> began paying off Vikings and buying <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> in return for protection from Viking raids. Thus, there appeared rudimentary structures of Viking armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viking ships would rarely try to ram ships in the open sea, due to their construction not allowing for it. Vikings did attack ships, not with the intent to destroy them, but rather to board and seize them. Vikings raided for economic rather than political or territorial gains,<sup id="cite_ref-Abels3_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so were eager to enrich themselves through ransom, extortion, and slave trading. A noteworthy examples of ransom/tribute being paid to end a conflict is the 882 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">siege of Asselt</a> which ended with emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> paying the Vikings 1,094 kg (2,412 lb) of gold and silver, as well as granting them land and allowing them to sail back to Scandinavia with an alleged two-hundred captives.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While naval Viking battles were not as common as battles on land, they did occur. As they had little to fear from other European countries invading the inhospitable regions of Scandinavia, most naval battles were fought amongst Vikings themselves, "Dane against Norwegian, Swede against Norwegian, Swede against Dane."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Viking-on-Viking naval battles were little more than infantry battles on a floating platform. Viking fleets would lash their boats together, their prows facing the enemy. When they got close enough, the fighters would throw ballast stones, spears and use their <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbows</a>. Archers would be positioned in the back of the ships protected by a <a href="/wiki/Shield_wall" title="Shield wall">shield wall</a> formation constructed in the front of the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the size of the defending fleet, some would attack from smaller craft to <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flank</a> the bigger ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_tactics_on_land">Battle tactics on land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle tactics on land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These very small fleets brutally effectively scared locals and made it difficult for English and Frankish territories to counter these alien tactics. Sprague compares these tactics to those of contemporary western <a href="/wiki/Special_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces">Special Forces</a> soldiers, who "attack in small units with specific objectives."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 860s, the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a> brought about a more organized type of warfare for the Vikings. Large squads of raiders banded together to attack towns and cities, landing from fleets comprising hundreds of ships.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viking raiders would anchor their largest warships before storming a beach. "It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_352" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 352">Sö 352</a> depicts an anchor and rope...It is perhaps more plausibly an anchor-stone...".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was more common practice for Vikings to beach their regular warships on land, where their battle tactics contained elements of surprise. "Vikings were notorious for laying ambushes and using woods to lay in wait for armies approaching along established roads."<sup id="cite_ref-Abels4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If confronted by legitimate forces in raids, Vikings would create a <a href="/wiki/Flying_wedge" title="Flying wedge">wedge formation</a>, with their best men at the front of this wedge. They would throw spears, and rush this wedge through enemy lines where they could engage in <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a>, which was their forte.<sup id="cite_ref-Abels4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abels4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some survivors of sea battles were pressed into guarding the ships during land skirmishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic Sagas">Sagas</a> of the Viking Age often mention <a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserkers</a>. These fabled Viking warriors are said to have spiritual magical powers from the god of war Odin<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that allowed them to become impervious to injuries on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these stories are exaggerated, the term <i>berserks</i> is rooted in truths about Viking warriors who were able to enter an intense, trance-like state whereupon they would "engage in reckless fighting."<sup id="cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasulo4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These warriors were greatly feared by Christians in Frankish and English regions who viewed such men as <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">satanic</a>. The reason for these raids is unknown, but some have suggested that the increase in trade created a growth in piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viking tactics were unconventional by wider European standards at the time and this element of "otherness" brought with it a tactical advantage. They also attacked holy sites far more regularly than Frankish and other Christian armies did,<sup id="cite_ref-:22_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they never arranged battle times. Deceit, stealth, and ruthlessness were not seen as cowardly.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During raids, the Vikings targeted religious sites because of their vulnerability,<sup id="cite_ref-Winroth2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winroth2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often killing or taking the clergy at these sites prisoner, to then be either ransomed or taken as slaves. Norsemen who sailed back to Scandinavia after raiding brought back their loot as a symbol of pride and power. "The Viking chieftains Sigfrid and Gorm 'sent ships loaded with treasure and captives back to their country' in 882".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, 'overwintering' was a widely used form of short-term occupation by Viking warbands in which they would descend on "monasteries, towns and royal estates"<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the harvests had been gathered and then use the sites as fortified hubs from which they launched raids deeper inland. The Franks rarely, if ever, campaigned during the winter, even under Charlemagne, and once the Vikings had "dug in", as it were, it was incredibly difficult for armies to be raised in order to root them out, due to the resource-intensive nature of mustering and maintaining an army, especially when living off the land was not an option. Occupying warbands would then withdraw in early spring before the weather turned against them and armies could be raised again. </p><p>Warriors could be as young as 12 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various basic physical tests were required to join the Viking forces, but these tests were considered easy to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, during inland raiding campaigns, the loot from a given target would be stored in a warband's ship that would then sail further upriver while the raiding party proceeded by land to a rendezvous point.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By doing this, Vikings could ensure the safety of their plunder from counter-raids, as well as drastically increase the amount they could carry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_weapons">Common weapons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Common weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spear">Spear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common weapon in the Viking arsenal was the <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>. They were inexpensive and effective weapons, and could also be used when hunting. In the late Roman Iron Age (ending c. 500 CE), the Norse were reputed for their preference of and prowess with the light spear. The wooden shaft of the Viking spear was between two and three meters long. There were two types of spears; one was made for throwing while the other was generally used for thrusting. The shafts were similar, but the tips of throwing spears were roughly thirty centimetres while the thrusting spears were close to sixty.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasulo4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spears were sometimes used as projectile weapons in the occasional naval fight, as well as during raids onshore and in battle. The spear was popular because it was inexpensive and had a longer reach than the sword, making it the most common battlefield weapon all over the world, despite popular belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archery">Archery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another common weapon in the Viking arsenal was the <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">bow</a>. "In combat, archers formed up behind a line of spearmen who defended against a mounted attack."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bows">Bows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One bow found in an Irish grave was of yew with a rounded rectangular cross section flattened toward the tips, which had been heat bent toward the belly's side. Other bows, either complete or in pieces, were made of yew and elm, as found in <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Hedeby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrows">Arrows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arrows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viking arrows have been found in pieces,ancient arrow shafts were made from light and strait woods such as ash, pine, poplar and spruce. Three feathers were used for fletching. "The Viking's long arrows are meant to be drawn to the ear for instinctive shooting, meaning that the archer does not sight on or even look at his arrow."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axe">Axe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Axe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></div> <p>The axe overtook the spear as the most common weapon in the turbulent Migration Age, which saw much internal raiding and warfare in Scandinavia. It was the first "siege weapon" for raiding enemy farmhouses, where a spear or a sword could do little damage. The axe was commonly used for all kinds of farm labour and logging, as well as in construction and shipbuilding, and eventually adapted for use in Viking raids.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasulo4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Axes varied in size from small handheld <a href="/wiki/Broadaxe" title="Broadaxe">broadaxes</a> that could be used both for raids and in farming, to <a href="/wiki/Danish_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish axe">Danish axes</a> that were well over a meter in length.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of the axe is often misunderstood in modern culture. The battle-axe was not seen as a superior weapon to the spear, and historical evidence shows that its use was rather limited. These axes had a wooden shaft, with a large, curved iron blade. They required less swinging power than expected, as the heads, while large, usually weighed only 0.8–0.9 kg, and as such were light and fast weapons, not depending on gravity and momentum to do most of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-Winroth262_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winroth262-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The axe had points on each tip of the blade where the curve tapered off. This allowed it to be used to hook an opponent, while also doubling as a thrusting weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Magnus_of_Norway_And_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus of Norway And Denmark">King Magnus</a> of Norway inherited his axe from his patron saint father, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a>. He named this axe <a href="/wiki/Hel_(being)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hel (being)">Hel</a>, the name of the Norse goddess of death (Christians associated this name with the word <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>). The axe of Magnus is still portrayed in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Norwegian coat of arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Winroth262_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winroth262-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sword">Sword</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sword"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Viking sword</a></div> <p>Viking swords were <a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">pattern welded</a> and most commonly decorated with copper inlays and icons, featuring a fuller down the centre of the blade in order to reduce the weight of the blade;<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a few single-bladed swords around a meter in length have been unearthed but the most commonly found swords in Viking graves are double-edged with blades measuring around 90 cm long<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 15 cm wide. </p><p>Viking Age swords were common in battles and raids. They were used as a secondary weapon when fighting had fallen out of formation or their primary weapon was damaged. While there were many variations of swords, the Vikings used double-edged swords, often with blades 90 centimetres long and 15 centimetres wide.<sup id="cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasulo4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These swords were designed for slashing and cutting, rather than thrusting, so the blade was carefully sharpened while the tip was often left relatively dull.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sword was considered a personal object amongst Vikings. Warriors named their swords, as they felt such objects guarding their lives deserved identities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sword, depending on the make, was often associated with prestige and value due to the importance of honour in the Viking Age. While the Vikings used their own swords in battle, they were interested in the Frankish battle swords because of their acclaimed craftsmanship.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weapons often served more than one purpose. If two people were in disagreement, one would often challenge his offender to a duel of honour that was supposed to resolve the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This challenge would take place either on a small island or marked off area.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A square with sides between 9–12 ft would be marked off with an animal hide placed inside the square.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each man was allowed three shields and a shield-bearer who carried the shield during battle. The helper could replace or carry shields for the combatant.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person who had been challenged was entitled to the first blow at the shields.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opponent could parry the blow and counter with his own strike; only one strike at a time was allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once all of someone's shields had been destroyed he could continue to defend himself as best he could with a sword.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would continue until someone was injured; if blood fell on the animal hide then that person was required to pay three marks of silver to be set free and have his honour restored.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defensive_equipment">Defensive equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Defensive equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While few intact helmets have been recovered from Viking burial sites (often just fragments of metal), contemporary depictions of Viking warriors do show them wearing helmets which has led some historians, like Anne Pedersen, to suspect that most warriors wore leather helmets rather than metal, something that would offer little protection and of which there is little evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another piece of defensive equipment used by warriors was a shield.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shield itself was round and easy to maneuver with;<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, if on horseback, it left the legs exposed. Shields were made out of wooden boards and held together by a rim of either leather or thin iron fittings. Shields also appears to have been covered in thin leather, preventing them from splintering. In addition to this, the weapons of their enemies sometimes became stuck in the shield, giving the Viking an opportunity to kill them.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprague3_46-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shields had its hand grip hidden behind an iron boss and measures about 1 m in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf3_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fragments of <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">chain mail</a> have been uncovered in particularly wealthy Viking graves<sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 9th-10th centuries such armour would have been incredibly expensive due to the material, time, and labour costs that would have been required to manufacture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Viking raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuiniks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushkuiniks">Ushkuiniks</a> – <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> who inherited Vikings' warfare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timawa#Raids" title="Timawa">Mangayaw</a>, similar seasonal naval raids for prestige and loot among Austronesian societies in the Philippines</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.natmus.dk/historical-knowledge/denmark/prehistoric-period-until-1050-ad/the-viking-age/expeditions-and-raids/">The Denmark National Museum on Expeditions and Raids</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fasulo4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasulo4_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fasulo (2011), <i>Viking Warfare</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downham, Clare. <i>Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland the Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014</i>. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic, 2008. Print, p. xv. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short (2010), pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short (2010), pp. 40–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short (2010), p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short (2010), <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWinroth2012" class="citation book cs1">Winroth, Anders (2012). <i>The Conversion of Scandinavia</i>. Yale University Press. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Scandinavia&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Winroth&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2011" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Gareth (2011). <i><span></span>'Raiding and Warfare' in S. Brink, N. Pierce (eds) "The Viking World"</i>. Routledge. pp. 193–203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Raiding+and+Warfare%27+in+S.+Brink%2C+N.+Pierce+%28eds%29+%22The+Viking+World%22&rft.pages=193-203&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupland2014" class="citation journal cs1">Coupland, Simon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.viator.1.103783">"Holy Ground? The Plundering and Burning of Churches by Vikings and Franks in the Ninth Century"</a>. <i>Viator</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 73–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fj.viator.1.103783">10.1484/j.viator.1.103783</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0083-5897">0083-5897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viator&rft.atitle=Holy+Ground%3F+The+Plundering+and+Burning+of+Churches+by+Vikings+and+Franks+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-97&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2Fj.viator.1.103783&rft.issn=0083-5897&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1484%2Fj.viator.1.103783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fasulo22-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fasulo22_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fasulo, <i>Viking Shipbuilding</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanton1996" class="citation book cs1">Swanton, Michael (1996). <i>The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+Chronicle&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Swanton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2000" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Janet L. (2000). <i>The Annals of St. Bertin</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3426-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-3426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+St.+Bertin&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3426-8&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Janet+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter1992" class="citation book cs1">Reuter, Timothy (1992). <i>The Annals of Fulda</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526112736" title="Special:BookSources/9781526112736"><bdi>9781526112736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+Fulda&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781526112736&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacelean2009" class="citation book cs1">Macelean, Simon (2009). <i>The Chronicle of Regino of Prum and Adalbert of Magdeburg</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Regino+of+Prum+and+Adalbert+of+Magdeburg&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Macelean&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Ryan2013" class="citation book cs1">J. Ryan, Martin (2013). <i>The Anglo-Saxon World</i>. Yale University Press. p. 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+World&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=J.+Ryan&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), pp. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abels2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abels (2009).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Ryan2013" class="citation book cs1">J. Ryan, Martin (2013). <i>The Anglo-Saxon World</i>. Yale University Press. pp. 233–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Saxon+World&rft.pages=233-59&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=J.+Ryan&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor et al (2007), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fasulo2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fasulo2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fasulo, <i>Viking Shipbuilding</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch2001" class="citation book cs1">Jesch, Judith (2001). <i>Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age</i>. Boydell and Brewer, Boydell Press. pp. 132–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Men+in+the+Late+Viking+Age&rft.pages=132-33&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer%2C+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruun (1997), p. 1286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abels_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abels (2009).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeVries et al. (2012), pp. 291–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Hale1998" class="citation journal cs1">R. Hale, John (1998). "The Viking Longship". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>278</b> (2): 57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SciAm.278b..56H">1998SciAm.278b..56H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0298-56">10.1038/scientificamerican0298-56</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26057665">26057665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Viking+Longship&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26057665%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0298-56&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998SciAm.278b..56H&rft.aulast=R.+Hale&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch2001" class="citation book cs1">Jesch, Judith (2001). <i>Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age</i>. Boydell and Brewer, Boydell Press. pp. 140–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Men+in+the+Late+Viking+Age&rft.pages=140-41&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer%2C+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch2001" class="citation book cs1">Jesch, Judith (2001). <i>Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age</i>. Boydell and Brewer, Boydell Press. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Men+in+the+Late+Viking+Age&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer%2C+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winroth (2014), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winroth (2014), pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abels3_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels3_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abels (2009).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinroth2012" class="citation book cs1">Winroth, Anders (2012). <i>The Conversion of Scandinavia</i>. Yale University Press. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Scandinavia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Winroth&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesch2001" class="citation book cs1">Jesch, Judith (2001). <i>Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age</i>. Boydell and Brewer, Boydell Press. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ships+and+Men+in+the+Late+Viking+Age&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer%2C+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jesch&rft.aufirst=Judith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abels4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abels4_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abels4_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Abels (2009).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sprague2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague2_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague2_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague2_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague, Martina. <i>Norse Warfare</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf3-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf3_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf3_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf3_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, Kirsten. <i>The Daily Life of the Vikings</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short (2010), p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoupland2014" class="citation journal cs1">Coupland, Simon (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.viator.1.103783">"Holy Ground? The Plundering and Burning of Churches by Vikings and Franks in the Ninth Century"</a>. <i>Viator</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 73–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fj.viator.1.103783">10.1484/j.viator.1.103783</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0083-5897">0083-5897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viator&rft.atitle=Holy+Ground%3F+The+Plundering+and+Burning+of+Churches+by+Vikings+and+Franks+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-97&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2Fj.viator.1.103783&rft.issn=0083-5897&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1484%2Fj.viator.1.103783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winroth2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winroth2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winroth (2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinroth2012" class="citation book cs1">Winroth, Anders (2012). <i>The Conversion of Scandinavia</i>. Yale University Press. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Scandinavia&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Winroth&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sprague3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sprague3_46-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague, Martina. <i>Norse Warfare</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Eric. "Viking Archery." NewspaperDirect (Firm). Primitive Archer. Lufkin, TX: Steve Hulsey. Volume 17 (3) pages 38-40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bows & Arrows of the Vikings, Dan Høj, Liljebjerget, Museum of Southwest Jutland, Ribe, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roth, Eric. "Viking Archery." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881085890">Primitive Archer</a>. Volume 17 (3) pages 38–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winroth262-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winroth262_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winroth262_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winroth (2014), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Short (2010), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2011" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen, Anne (2011). <i>"Viking Weaponry" in 'Brink S. Pierce N. (eds)The Viking World'<span></span></i>. Routledge. pp. 204–211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Viking+Weaponry%22+in+%27Brink+S.+Pierce+N.+%28eds%29The+Viking+World%27&rft.pages=204-211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sprague (2007), pp. 139–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinroth2012" class="citation book cs1">Winroth, Anders (2012). <i>The Conversion of Scandinavia</i>. Yale University Press. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conversion+of+Scandinavia&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Winroth&rft.aufirst=Anders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViking+raid+warfare+and+tactics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><ul><li>Abels, Richard. "Alfred the Great and Æthelred II 'the Unready": The Viking Wars in England, C. 850–1016." Vikings Revised (2009): n.p. United States Naval Academy. United States Naval Academy Press, 20 July 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/30747712/Alfred_the_Great_and_%C3%86thelred_II_the_Unready_the_Viking_Wars_in_England_c_850_1016">https://www.academia.edu/30747712/Alfred_the_Great_and_%C3%86thelred_II_the_Unready_the_Viking_Wars_in_England_c_850_1016</a></li> <li>Bruun, Per. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/4298737?ref=no-x-route:22930a4bd5b84a6dae07e9fac7ca9a20">"The Viking Ship."</a> Journal of Coastal Research 13.4 (1997): 1282–89. JSTOR. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.</li> <li>Brink, Stefan, and Pierce Niel (eds). "The Viking World". Routledge 2008 (print) 2011 Epub</li> <li>Coupland, S. ‘Holy Ground? The Plundering and Burning of Churches by Vikings and Franks in the Ninth Century’, <i>Viator, Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 45.</i> (2014)<i>,</i> pp. 73 – 97 Epub</li> <li>DeVries, Kelly Robert, and Robert Douglas Smith. Medieval Military Technology, Second Edition. Toronto: U of Toronto, 2012. Google Books. 1 May 2012. Web. 17 Nov 2014.</li> <li>Fasulo, David F. Medieval Scandinavia: Overview of Viking Shipbuilding. Great Neck: Great Neck, n.d. Ebsco Host. Great Neck Publishing, 2011. Web. 15 Nov 2014.</li> <li>Fasulo, David F. Medieval Scandinavia: Overview of Viking Warfare. Great Neck: Great Neck, n.d. Ebsco Host. Great Neck Publishing, 2011. Web. 16 Nov 2014.</li> <li>Maclean, Simon, <i>translator</i> Regino of Prum's Chronicle (2009) Epub</li> <li>Nelson, Janet, <i>translator.</i> The Annals of St. Bertin (2000) Epub</li> <li>Pedersen, Anne. 'Viking Weaponry', Brink, Stefan, and Pierce Niel (eds). "The Viking World". Routledge 2008 (print) 2011 Epub</li> <li>Reuter, Timothy, <i>translator</i>. The Annals of Fulda (1992) Epub</li> <li>Short, William Rhuel. Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. Print.</li> <li>Sprague, Martina. Norse Warfare: The Unconventional Battle Strategies of the Ancient Vikings. New York: Hippocrene, 2007. Print.</li> <li>Taylor, Simon, Garreth Williams, B.E Crawford, and Beverly Ballin Smith. West Over Sea : Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300: A Festschrift in Honour of Dr Barbara Crawford. Leiden: In the Northern World, 2007. Print.</li> <li>Williams, Gareth. 'Raiding and Warfare', Brink, Stefan, and Pierce Niel (eds). "The Viking World". Routledge 2008 (print) 2011 Epub</li> <li>Winroth, Anders. <i>The Age of the Vikings.</i> (eBook and hardcover). Princeton University Press, 1 Sep 2014. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Viking_warfare" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Viking warfare">Viking warfare</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vikings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vikings" title="Template:Vikings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vikings" title="Template talk:Vikings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vikings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vikings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brisingamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisingamen">Brisingamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">Danegeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Gothi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnefatafl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hnefatafl">Hnefatafl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmgang" title="Holmgang">Holmgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leysingi" title="Leysingi">Leysingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse funeral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Norse rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%AD%C3%B0bla%C3%B0nir" title="Skíðblaðnir">Skíðblaðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing" title="Tyrfing">Tyrfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">Viking Age trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wergeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Wergeld">Wergeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikingshipmini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/130px-Vikingshipmini.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/195px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vikingshipmini.jpg/260px-Vikingshipmini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ships<br />and navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knarr" title="Knarr">Knarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking ships">Viking ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking ship replica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_lenses" title="Visby lenses">Visby lenses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homelands<br />and colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Iceland" title="Settlement of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Orkney" title="Earldom of Orkney">Orkney Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland#Viking_expansion" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_settlement_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsborg" title="Jomsborg">Jomsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles" title="Viking activity in the British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Brittany" title="Vikings in Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings_in_Iberia" title="Vikings in Iberia">Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Scandinavian_Dublin" title="Early Scandinavian Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tactics and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea" title="Battle of Aclea">Battle of Aclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton" title="First Battle of Alton">First Battle of Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anglesey_Sound" title="Battle of Anglesey Sound">Battle of Anglesey Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown" title="Battle of Ashdown">Battle of Ashdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun" title="Battle of Assandun">Battle of Assandun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basing" title="Battle of Basing">Battle of Basing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barry" title="Battle of Barry">Battle of Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bauds" title="Battle of Bauds">Battle of Bauds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet" title="Battle of Benfleet">Battle of Benfleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Battle of Brávellir">Battle of Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)" title="Battle of Brentford (1016)">Battle of Brentford (1016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Battle of Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh" title="Battle of Brunanburh">Battle of Brunanburh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington" title="Battle of Buttington">Battle of Buttington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cathair_Cuan" title="Battle of Cathair Cuan">Battle of Cathair Cuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham" title="Battle of Chippenham">Battle of Chippenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Confey" title="Battle of Confey">Battle of Confey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge" title="Battle of Corbridge">Battle of Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit" title="Battle of Cynwit">Battle of Cynwit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Derby" title="Battle of Derby">Battle of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dollar" title="Battle of Dollar">Battle of Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edington" title="Battle of Edington">Battle of Edington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield" title="Battle of Englefield">Battle of Englefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Epiphany" title="Battle of Epiphany">Battle of Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fitjar" title="Battle of Fitjar">Battle of Fitjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florv%C3%A5g" title="Battle of Florvåg">Battle of Florvåg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BDrisvellir" title="Battle of Fýrisvellir">Battle of Fýrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Battle of Glenmama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Helge%C3%A5" title="Battle of Helgeå">Battle of Helgeå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down" title="Battle of Hingston Down">Battle of Hingston Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme" title="Battle of the Holme">Battle of the Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hj%C3%B6rungav%C3%A1gr" title="Battle of Hjörungavágr">Battle of Hjörungavágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Islandbridge" title="Battle of Islandbridge">Battle of Islandbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leuven_(891)" title="Battle of Leuven (891)">Battle of Leuven (891)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_London" title="Anglo-Saxon London">Battle of London Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCneburg_Heath" title="Battle of Lüneburg Heath">Battle of Lüneburg Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyrskov_Heath" title="Battle of Lyrskov Heath">Battle of Lyrskov Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mag_Femen" title="Battle of Mag Femen">Battle of Mag Femen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun" title="Battle of Meretun">Battle of Meretun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesjar" title="Battle of Nesjar">Battle of Nesjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nis%C3%A5" title="Battle of Niså">Battle of Niså</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norditi" title="Battle of Norditi">Battle of Norditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe" title="Battle of Pinhoe">Battle of Pinhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rastarkalv" title="Battle of Rastarkalv">Battle of Rastarkalv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)" title="Battle of Reading (871)">Battle of Reading (871)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renfrew" title="Battle of Renfrew">Battle of Renfrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remich" title="Battle of Remich">Battle of Remich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere" title="Battle of Ringmere">Battle of Ringmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rochester" title="Battle of Rochester">Battle of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sasireti" title="Battle of Sasireti">Battle of Sasireti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saucourt-en-Vimeu" title="Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu">Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skyhill" title="Battle of Skyhill">Battle of Skyhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)" title="Battle of Stamford (894)">Battle of Stamford (894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)" title="Battle of Stamford (918)">Battle of Stamford (918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strangford_Lough" title="Battle of Strangford Lough">Battle of Strangford Lough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Svolder" title="Battle of Svolder">Battle of Svolder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sulcoit" title="Battle of Sulcoit">Battle of Sulcoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battle of Tara (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbat_Ness" title="Tarbat Ness">Battle of Tarbat Ness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford" title="Battle of Tempsford">Battle of Tempsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall" title="Battle of Tettenhall">Battle of Tettenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thetford" title="Battle of Thetford">Battle of Thetford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thimeon" title="Battle of Thimeon">Battle of Thimeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)" title="Battle of York (867)">Battle of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Luimneach" title="Burning of Luimneach">Burning of Luimneach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Galicia_and_Asturias" title="Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias">Viking raid on Galicia and Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raids_in_the_Rhineland" title="Viking raids in the Rhineland">Raids in the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_on_Seville" title="Viking raid on Seville">Raid on Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Sack of Santiago de Compostela">Sack of Santiago de Compostela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Asselt" title="Siege of Asselt">Siege of Asselt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chartres_(911)" title="Siege of Chartres (911)">Siege of Chartres (911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(860)" title="Siege of Constantinople (860)">Siege of Constantinople (860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)" title="Siege of Paris (845)">Sack of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(885%E2%80%93886)" title="Siege of Paris (885–886)">Siege of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great%27s_invasion_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great's invasion of England">Cnut the Great's invasion of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Arms, armour</a> <br /> and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berserker" title="Berserker">Berserker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersir" title="Hersir">Hersir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hird" title="Hird">Hird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_arms_and_armour" title="Viking Age arms and armour">Viking Age arms and armour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_halberd" title="Viking halberd">Halberd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atgeir" title="Atgeir">Atgeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_axe" title="Bearded axe">Skeggöx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dane_axe" title="Dane axe">Dane axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarm_helmet" title="Yarm helmet">Yarm helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulfberht_swords" title="Ulfberht swords">Ulfberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelrii" title="Ingelrii">Ingelrii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Ring Fortress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Raid Warfare and Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svinfylking" title="Svinfylking">Svinfylking Formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_Guard" title="Varangian Guard">Varangian Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airdeconut" title="Airdeconut">Airdeconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cenncairech" title="Amlaíb Cenncairech">Amlaíb Cenncairech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n" title="Amlaíb Cuarán">Amlaíb Cuarán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Conung" title="Amlaíb Conung">Amlaíb Conung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auisle" title="Auisle">Auisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagsecg" title="Bagsecg">Bagsecg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berle-Kari" title="Berle-Kari">Berle-Kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birka_female_Viking_warrior" class="mw-redirect" title="Birka female Viking warrior">Birka female Viking warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rn_(floruit_856%E2%80%9358)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjørn (floruit 856–58)">Bjørn (floruit 856–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Asbrandsson" title="Bjorn Asbrandsson">Bjorn Asbrandsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarni_Herj%C3%B3lfsson" title="Bjarni Herjólfsson">Bjarni Herjólfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ironside" title="Björn Ironside">Björn Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_the_Easterner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn the Easterner">Bjorn the Easterner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egill_Skallagr%C3%ADmsson" title="Egill Skallagrímsson">Egill Skallagrímsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia" title="Eohric of East Anglia">Eohric of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_the_Red" title="Erik the Red">Erik the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_I_of_Denmark" title="Eric I of Denmark">Eric I of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson" title="Eiríkr Hákonarson">Eiríkr Hákonarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyd%C3%ADs_Eir%C3%ADksd%C3%B3ttir" title="Freydís Eiríksdóttir">Freydís Eiríksdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freygeirr" title="Freygeirr">Freygeirr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar_Svavarsson" title="Garðar Svavarsson">Garðar Svavarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid_Haraldsson" title="Godfrid Haraldsson">Godfrid Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrid,_Duke_of_Frisia" title="Godfrid, Duke of Frisia">Godfrid, Duke of Frisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%ADmur_Kamban" title="Grímur Kamban">Grímur Kamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrid_Thorbjarnard%C3%B3ttir" title="Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir">Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_H%C3%A1mundarson" title="Gunnar Hámundarson">Gunnar Hámundarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthred" title="Guthred">Guthred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guthrum" title="Guthrum">Guthrum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakon_Rognvaldsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakon Rognvaldsson (page does not exist)">Hakon Rognvaldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_the_Good" title="Haakon the Good">Haakon the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson" title="Haakon Sigurdsson">Haakon Sigurdsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Long-Leg" title="Halfdan Long-Leg">Halfdan Long-Leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagrold" title="Hagrold">Hagrold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth" title="Harald Bluetooth">Harald Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Wartooth" title="Harald Wartooth">Harald Wartooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemming_Halfdansson" title="Hemming Halfdansson">Hemming Halfdansson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervor" title="Hervor">Hervor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrafna-Fl%C3%B3ki_Vilger%C3%B0arson" title="Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson">Hrafna-Flóki Vilgerðarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled" title="Ingvar the Far-Travelled">Ingvar the Far-Travelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%B3lfr_Arnarson" title="Ingólfr Arnarson">Ingólfr Arnarson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless" title="Ivar the Boneless">Ivar the Boneless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jomsvikings" title="Jomsvikings">Jomsvikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Ketilsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketill_Flatnose" title="Ketill Flatnose">Ketill Flatnose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketil_Trout_(Iceland)" title="Ketil Trout (Iceland)">Ketil Trout (Iceland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagertha" title="Lagertha">Lagertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Erikson" title="Leif Erikson">Leif Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot" title="Magnus Barefoot">Magnus Barefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naddodd" title="Naddodd">Naddodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1ttfari" title="Náttfari">Náttfari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason" title="Olaf Tryggvason">Olaf Tryggvason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_the_White" title="Olaf the White">Olaf the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orm_Storolfsson" title="Orm Storolfsson">Orm Storolfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere of Hålogaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottir" title="Ottir">Ottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palnatoke" title="Palnatoke">Palnatoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok" title="Ragnar Lodbrok">Ragnar Lodbrok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ragnar_Ragnarsson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ragnar Ragnarsson (page does not exist)">Ragnar Ragnarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Eriksdotter" title="Ragnhild Eriksdotter">Ragnhild Eriksdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnall_ua_Imair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnall ua Imair">Ragnall ua Imair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raud_the_Strong" title="Raud the Strong">Raud the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginheri" title="Reginheri">Reginheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rognvald_Eysteinsson" title="Rognvald Eysteinsson">Rognvald Eysteinsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rorik_of_Dorestad" title="Rorik of Dorestad">Rorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6frithr_Sv%C3%A1sadottir" title="Snæfrithr Svásadottir">Snæfrithr Svásadottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvaldi_Strut-Haraldsson" title="Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson">Sigvaldi Strut-Haraldsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ring" title="Sigurd Ring">Sigurd Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Snake-in-the-Eye" title="Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye">Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_the_Stout" title="Sigurd the Stout">Sigurd the Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitric_Caech" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitric Caech">Sitric Caech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalla-Gr%C3%ADmr" title="Skalla-Grímr">Skalla-Grímr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinunn_Refsd%C3%B3ttir" title="Steinunn Refsdóttir">Steinunn Refsdóttir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrbj%C3%B6rn_the_Strong" title="Styrbjörn the Strong">Styrbjörn the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Asleifsson" title="Sweyn Asleifsson">Sweyn Asleifsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorbj%C3%B6rg_L%C3%ADtilv%C3%B6lva" title="Þorbjörg Lítilvölva">Þorbjörg Lítilvölva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_the_Mighty" title="Thorfinn the Mighty">Thorfinn the Mighty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorfinn_Torf-Einarsson" title="Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson">Thorfinn Torf-Einarsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall" title="Thorkell the Tall">Thorkell the Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorir_Hund" title="Thorir Hund">Thorir Hund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorolf_Kveldulfsson" title="Thorolf Kveldulfsson">Thorolf Kveldulfsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_the_Red" title="Thorstein the Red">Thorstein the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryggvi_the_Pretender" title="Tryggvi the Pretender">Tryggvi the Pretender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgesius" title="Turgesius">Turgesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valtoke_Gormsson" title="Valtoke Gormsson">Valtoke Gormsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagn_%C3%85kesson" title="Vagn Åkesson">Vagn Åkesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubba" title="Ubba">Ubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aud_the_Deep-Minded_(Ketilsd%C3%B3ttir)" title="Aud the Deep-Minded (Ketilsdóttir)">Unn the Deep-Minded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Runestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballstorp_Runestone" title="Ballstorp Runestone">Ballstorp Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_area_runestones" title="Baltic area runestones">Baltic area runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_66" title="Danish Runic Inscription 66">Danish Runic Inscription 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_154" title="Danish Runic Inscription 154">Danish Runic Inscription 154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Runic_Inscription_380" title="Danish Runic Inscription 380">Danish Runic Inscription 380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egtved_Runestone" title="Egtved Runestone">Egtved Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_runestones" title="England runestones">England runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_runestones" title="Greece runestones">Greece runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar%27s_bridge_runestones" title="Gunnar's bridge runestones">Gunnar's bridge runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagby_Runestones" title="Hagby Runestones">Hagby Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakon_Jarl_runestones" title="Hakon Jarl runestones">Hakon Jarl runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4llestad_Runestones" title="Hällestad Runestones">Hällestad Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingvar_runestones" title="Ingvar runestones">Ingvar runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_runestones" title="Italy runestones">Italy runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlevi_Runestone" title="Karlevi Runestone">Karlevi Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingsberg_Runestones" title="Lingsberg Runestones">Lingsberg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_H%C3%A4rene_Runestone" title="Norra Härene Runestone">Norra Härene Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkesta_Runestones" title="Orkesta Runestones">Orkesta Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_at_Aspa" title="Runestones at Aspa">Runestones at Aspa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestones_of_H%C3%B6gby" title="Runestones of Högby">Runestones of Högby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6dinge_Runestone" title="Sædinge Runestone">Sædinge Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigtrygg_Runestones" title="Sigtrygg Runestones">Sigtrygg Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simris_Runestones" title="Simris Runestones">Simris Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6rup_Runestone" title="Sjörup Runestone">Sjörup Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%A5land_Runic_Inscription_48" title="Småland Runic Inscription 48">Småland Runic Inscription 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_174" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 174">Södermanland Runic Inscription 174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermanland_Runic_Inscription_333" title="Södermanland Runic Inscription 333">Södermanland Runic Inscription 333</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparl%C3%B6sa_Runestone" title="Sparlösa Runestone">Sparlösa Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stangeland_stone" title="Stangeland stone">Stangeland stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_of_Eric" title="Stone of Eric">Stone of Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone_U_582" title="Runestone U 582">Runestone U 582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Runic_Inscription_158" title="Uppland Runic Inscription 158">Uppland Runic Inscription 158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangian_runestones" title="Varangian runestones">Varangian runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland_Runic_Inscription_40" title="Västergötland Runic Inscription 40">Västergötland Runic Inscription 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_N%C3%B6bbel%C3%B6v_Runestone" title="Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone">Västra Nöbbelöv Runestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_runestones" title="Viking runestones">Viking runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_revival" title="Viking revival">Viking revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&oldid=1251311586">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics&oldid=1251311586</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Viking_warfare" title="Category:Viking warfare">Viking warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vikings" 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