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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory and antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_empire_to_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_empire_to_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mongol empire to early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_empire_to_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mongolian_People's_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian_People's_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Mongolian People's Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian_People's_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Post-Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography and climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embassies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embassies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Embassies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embassies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Legal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Major cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mineral_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mineral industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Mongolian cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Sports and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mongolia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 255 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-255" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">255 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Монгол – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Монгол" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Монголие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Монголие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mongolië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolei" title="Mongolei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mongolei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB" title="ሞንጎልያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞንጎልያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मंगोलिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolland" title="Mongolland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mongolland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Монголиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Монголиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="منغوليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منغوليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মংগোলিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মংগোলিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मङ्गोलिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मङ्गोलिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia" title="Mongólia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mongólia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monqolustan" title="Monqolustan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Monqolustan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="موغولیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موغولیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মঙ্গোলিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মঙ্গোলিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4ng-k%C3%B3%CD%98" title="Bông-kó͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bông-kó͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Манголія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Манголія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Манголія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Манголія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मंगोलिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolya" title="Mongolya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mongolya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolei" title="Mongolei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mongolei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="སོག་ཡུལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོག་ཡུལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolija" title="Mongolija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Монгол – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Монгол" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B2lia" title="Mongòlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mongòlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Монголи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Монголи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolsko" title="Mongolsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mongolsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungolia" title="Mungolia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mungolia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliet" title="Mongoliet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mongoliet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مونݣوليا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مونݣوليا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolei" title="Mongolei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mongolei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AE%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%AF%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="މޮންގޯލިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޮންގޯލިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCah_Di%CA%BCilii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Chʼah Diʼilii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼah Diʼilii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolska" title="Mongolska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mongolska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मङ्गोलिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मङ्गोलिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B" title="སོག་པོ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="སོག་པོ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoolia" title="Mongoolia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mongoolia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μογγολία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μογγολία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolio" title="Mongolio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mongolio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مغولستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مغولستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolie" title="Mongolie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mongolie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoalje" title="Mongoalje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mongoalje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monngoliya" title="Monngoliya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Monngoliya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhong%C3%B3il" title="An Mhongóil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhongóil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vongoil" title="Yn Vongoil – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vongoil" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliya" title="Mongoliya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Mongoliya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B2ilia" title="Mongòilia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mongòilia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Моалойче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Моалойче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="મંગોલિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મંગોલિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मंगोलिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ng-k%C3%BA" title="Mùng-kú – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mùng-kú" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%A3%D2%BB%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Моңһлмудин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Моңһлмудин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%BD%EA%B3%A8" title="몽골 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몽골" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangoliya" title="Mangoliya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mangoliya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokolia" title="Monokolia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Monokolia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մոնղոլիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոնղոլիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंगोलिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolska" title="Mongolska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mongolska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolija" title="Mongolija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মঙ্গোলিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মঙ্গোলিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Мангол – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мангол" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3l%C3%ADa" title="Mongólía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mongólía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="מונגוליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונגוליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%8Bgolii" title="Moŋgolii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Moŋgolii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಮಂಗೋಲಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಂಗೋಲಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მონღოლეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონღოლეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2ngolsk%C3%B4" title="Mòngolskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mòngolskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%A3%D2%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Моңғолия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Моңғолия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliya" title="Mongoliya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Mongoliya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolya" title="Mongolya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mongolya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Моңголия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Моңголия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Монголи – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Монголи" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດມົງໂກລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດມົງໂກລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolija" title="Mongolija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolei" title="Mongolei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mongolei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolija" title="Mongolija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B2llia" title="Mongòllia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mongòllia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mongolië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C3%AD" title="Mongolí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mongolí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol" title="Mongol – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mongol" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoulii" title="Mongoulii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mongoulii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mongolo" title="mongolo – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mongolo" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungolia" title="Mungolia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mungolia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia" title="Mongólia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mongólia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मङ्गोलिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मङ्गोलिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Монголија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Монголија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ng%C3%B4lia" title="Môngôlia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môngôlia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മംഗോളിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മംഗോളിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolja" title="Mongolja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mongolja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C5%8Dria" title="Mongōria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mongōria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मंगोलिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="მონღოლეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მონღოლეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مونجوليا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مونجوليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="موغولستون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موغولستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯃꯣꯡꯒꯣꯂꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯣꯡꯒꯣꯂꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ng-g%C5%AB" title="Mùng-gū – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mùng-gū" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia" title="Mongólia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mongólia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Монгол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Монгол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မွန်ဂိုးလီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မွန်ဂိုးလီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mongolië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli%C3%AB" title="Mongolië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mongolië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मङ्गोलिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मङ्गोलिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मंगोलिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%9B%BD" title="モンゴル国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンゴル国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Монголи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Монголи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolei" title="Mongolei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mongolei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolie" title="Mongolie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Mongolie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Монголий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Монголий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ମଙ୍ଗୋଲିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଙ୍ଗୋଲିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongooliyaa" title="Mongooliyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mongooliyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliya" title="Mongoliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mongoliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਮੰਗੋਲੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੰਗੋਲੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंगोलिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मंगोलिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="منگولیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگولیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="မွန်ဂိုလီးယားခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မွန်ဂိုလီးယားခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="منګوليا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منګوليا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangguolia" title="Mangguolia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mangguolia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="ម៉ុងហ្គោលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ុងហ្គោលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolie" title="Mongolie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mongolie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B2lia" title="Mongòlia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mongòlia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolei" title="Mongolei – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mongolei" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia" title="Mongólia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mongólia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliya" title="Mongoliya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mongoliya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%B1%C4%9Fol_Ulus%C4%B1" title="Moñğol Ulusı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Moñğol Ulusı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munqul_suyu" title="Munqul suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Munqul suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Монґолія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Монґолія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogitolia" title="Mogitolia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Mogitolia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मङ्गोलिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मङ्गोलिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱝᱜᱚᱞᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B2lia" title="Mongòlia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mongòlia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolie" title="Mongolie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mongolie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="මොංගෝලියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොංගෝලියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="منگوليا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="منگوليا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMongoliya" title="IMongoliya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMongoliya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolsko" title="Mongolsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mongolsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolija" title="Mongolija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%AB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мѫголи – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мѫголи" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%AFngolijo" title="Můngolijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Můngolijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مەنگۆلیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەنگۆلیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolikondre" title="Mongolikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Mongolikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Монголија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монголија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolija" title="Mongolija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mongolija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoliet" title="Mongoliet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mongoliet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolya" title="Mongolya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mongolya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மங்கோலியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மங்கோலியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungulya" title="Mungulya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mungulya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းမူင်ႇၵူဝ်းလီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမူင်ႇၵူဝ်းလီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>တႆး</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="మంగోలియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మంగోలియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mong%C3%B3lia" title="Mongólia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Mongólia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศมองโกเลีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศมองโกเลีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB" title="ሞንጎልያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሞንጎልያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D2%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Муғулистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муғулистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongok%C5%8Dlia" title="Mongokōlia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mongokōlia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A0" title="ᎹᏂᎪᎵᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎹᏂᎪᎵᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Folistan" title="Moğolistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moğolistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli%C3%BDa" title="Mongoliýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mongoliýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monggoliya" title="Monggoliya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Monggoliya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Моол – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Моол" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Монголия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Монголия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨆᨚᨊᨁᨚᨒᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨚᨊᨁᨚᨒᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Монголія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монголія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="منگولیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگولیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AD%D8%BA%DB%87%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="موڭغۇلىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="موڭغۇلىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mungzguj" title="Mungzguj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mungzguj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongo%C5%82ia" title="Mongołia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mongołia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolii" title="Mongolii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mongolii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ng_C%E1%BB%95" title="Mông Cổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mông Cổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol%C3%A4n" title="Mongolän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mongolän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoolia" title="Mongoolia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mongoolia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B" title="蒙古國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蒙古國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoolje" title="Mongoolje – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mongoolje" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolya" title="Mongolya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mongolya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoli" title="Mongoli – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mongoli" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蒙古国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99" title="מאנגאליי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאנגאליי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2ng%C3%B3l%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Mòngólíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mòngólíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B" title="蒙古國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蒙古國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C4%9Fol%C4%B1stan" title="Moğolıstan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Moğolıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monholi%C3%AB" title="Monholië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Monholië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monguol%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Monguolėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Monguolėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙古国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monggoli" title="Monggoli – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Monggoli" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mongolia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolistan" title="Mongolistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mongolistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q711#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in East Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern sovereign state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mongolia (disambiguation)">Mongolia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Magnolia" title="Magnolia">Magnolia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mongolia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a>)</li><li><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn" style="font-style: normal;">Монгол Улс</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>)</span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mongolia"><img alt="Flag of Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mongolia" title="Flag of Mongolia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Mongolia"><img alt="Emblem of Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/85px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/128px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/170px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Mongolia" title="Emblem of Mongolia"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал</span></span><br /><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Mongol ulsyn töriin duulal</i></span><br />"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Mongolia">National Anthem of Mongolia</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/State_seal_of_Mongolia" title="State seal of Mongolia">State seal</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg/90px-State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg/135px-State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg/180px-State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Mongolia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mongolia&params=48_N_106_E_scale:20000000_source:GNS_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°N</span> <span class="longitude">106°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48°N 106°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48; 106</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official scripts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020<sup id="cite_ref-web-old.archive.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-old.archive.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>95.6% <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li> <li>3.8% <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">other</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020<sup id="cite_ref-web-old.archive.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web-old.archive.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>51.7% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Buddhism</a></li><li>40.6% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li>3.2% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Islam</a></li><li>2.5% <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Shamanism</a></li><li>1.3% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Christianity</a></li><li>0.7% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian" class="mw-disambig" title="Mongolian">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a><sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luvsannamsrain_Oyun-Erdene" title="Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene">Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Great_Khural" title="Chairman of the State Great Khural">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dashzegviin_Amarbayasgalan" title="Dashzegviin Amarbayasgalan">Dashzegviin Amarbayasgalan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu Confederacy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">209 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1206</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Completion of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> conquest </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1691</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Declaration of independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1911</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 November 1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 February 1992</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,564,116 km<sup>2</sup> (603,909 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.67<sup id="cite_ref-cia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,504,741 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">131th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.24/km<sup>2</sup> (5.8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $52.989 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.MN_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $15,087<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.MN_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">103rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $18.782 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.MN_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">136th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $5,348<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.MN_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.MN-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">115th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2018)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">32.7<sup id="cite_ref-wb-gini_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.741<sup id="cite_ref-UNHDR_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">96th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Tögrög</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MNT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+7/+8<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Mongolia" title="Telephone numbers in Mongolia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B976" class="mw-redirect" title="+976">+976</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MN" title="ISO 3166-2:MN">MN</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.mn" title=".mn">.mn</a>, <a href="/wiki/.%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title=".мон">.мон</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mongolia</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, bordered by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the south. It covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometres (603,909 square miles), with a population of 3.5 million, making it the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">most sparsely populated sovereign state</a>. Mongolia is the world's largest landlocked country that does not border a <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">closed sea</a>, and much of its area is covered by grassy <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, with mountains to the north and west and the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> to the south. <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, the capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">largest city</a>, is home to roughly half of the country's population. </p><p>The territory of modern-day Mongolia has been ruled by various <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">nomadic empires</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> and others. In 1206, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, which became the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">contiguous land empire</a> in history. His grandson <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a> and established the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>. After the collapse of the Yuan, the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> retreated to Mongolia and resumed their earlier pattern of factional conflict, except during the era of <a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan" title="Dayan Khan">Dayan Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumen_Zasagt_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumen Zasagt Khan">Tumen Zasagt Khan</a>. </p><p>In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Tibetan Buddhism</a> spread to Mongolia, being further led by the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>-founded <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, which absorbed the country in the 17th century. By the early 20th century, almost one-third of the adult male population were Buddhist monks.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">declared independence</a>, and achieved actual <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">independence from the Republic of China</a> in 1921. Shortly thereafter, the country became a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sik_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sik-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a>, Mongolia conducted its own peaceful <a href="/wiki/1990_Democratic_Revolution_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia">democratic revolution</a> in early 1990. This led to a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">constitution of 1992</a>, and transition to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>. </p><p>Approximately 30% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> or semi-nomadic; <a href="/wiki/Horse_culture_in_Mongolia" title="Horse culture in Mongolia">horse culture</a> remains integral. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> is the majority religion (51.7%), with the nonreligious being the second-largest group (40.6%). <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the third-largest religious identification (3.2%), concentrated among ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>. The vast majority of citizens are ethnic Mongols, with roughly 5% of the population being <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a>, and other ethnic minorities, who are especially concentrated in the western regions. Mongolia is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_NATO#Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of NATO">NATO global partner</a>. Mongolia joined the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade groups.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de"><b>Mongolia</b></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Mongolian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic script">Mongolian Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Монгол Улс <br />(Mongol Uls)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ <br />ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization#Mongolian" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="mn-Latn">Mongol Uls</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The name Mongolia means the "Land of the Mongols" in Latin. The Mongolian word <i>"Mongol"</i> (<span lang="mn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB#Mongolian" class="extiw" title="wikt:монгол">монгол</a></span>) is of uncertain etymology. Sükhbataar (1992) and de la Vaissière (2021) proposed it being a derivation from <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_Mugul%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Yujiulü Mugulü">Mugulü</a>, the 4th-century founder of the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first attested as the 'Mungu',<sup id="cite_ref-Svanty_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svanty-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%85%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:蒙兀">蒙兀</a></span>, <small>Modern Chinese</small> <i>Měngwù</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></small> <i>Muwngu</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> in an 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> list of northern tribes, presumably related to the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a>-era <i>Mungku</i><sup id="cite_ref-Svanty_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svanty-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Chinese: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:蒙古">蒙古</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Modern Chinese</a></small> <i>Měnggǔ</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></small> <i>MuwngkuX</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-BaxSag_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaxSag-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> in 1125, the <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongols</a> became a leading tribe on the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>. However, their wars with the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar confederation</a> had weakened them. The last head of the tribe was <a href="/wiki/Yesugei" title="Yesugei">Yesügei</a>, whose son <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Temüjin</a> (Genghis Khan) eventually united all the Shiwei tribes as the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> (<i>Yekhe Monggol Ulus</i>). In the thirteenth century, the word Mongol grew into an umbrella term for a large group of <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic-speaking</a> tribes united under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the adoption of the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Constitution of Mongolia</a> on 13 February 1992, the official name of the state is "Mongolia" (<i>Mongol Uls</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History of Mongolia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_antiquity">Prehistory and antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Khoit_Tsenkher_Cave_Rock_Art" title="Khoit Tsenkher Cave Rock Art">Khoit Tsenkher Cave</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Novgorodova_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novgorodova-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd Province</a> shows lively pink, brown, and red ochre paintings (dated to 20,000 years ago) of <a href="/wiki/Mammoths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoths">mammoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">bactrian camels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>, earning it the nickname "the <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> of Mongolia". The <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines_of_Mal%27ta" title="Venus figurines of Mal'ta">Venus figurines of Mal'ta</a> (21,000 years ago) testify to the level of Upper Paleolithic art in northern Mongolia; Mal'ta is now part of Russia. Neolithic agricultural settlements (c. 5500–3500 BC), such as those at Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag, and Rashaan Khad, predated the introduction of horse-riding nomadism, a pivotal event in the history of Mongolia which became the dominant culture. The <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_East_Asians" title="Genetic history of East Asians">ethnogenesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a> is largely linked with the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asians</a>. The Mongolian pastoralist lifestyle may in part be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herders</a>, but without much geneflow between these two groups, suggesting cultural transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a> (3500–2500 BC);<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European</a> culture was active to the <a href="/wiki/Khangai_Mountains" title="Khangai Mountains">Khangai Mountains</a> in Central Mongolia. The wheeled vehicles found in the burials of the Afanasevans have been dated to before 2200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastoral nomadism and metalworking became more developed with the later <a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a> (2nd millennium BC), <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> (2300–1000 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a> (1500–300 BC), culminating with the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> Empire in 209 BC. Monuments of the pre-Xiongnu Bronze Age include <a href="/wiki/Deer_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer stone">deer stones</a>, keregsur <a href="/wiki/Kurgans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgans">kurgans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slab_Grave_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Grave Culture">square slab tombs</a>, and rock paintings. </p><p>Although cultivation of crops has continued since the Neolithic, agriculture has always remained small in scale compared to pastoral nomadism. Agriculture may have first been introduced from the west or arose independently in the region. The population during the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> has been described as mongoloid in the east of what is now Mongolia, and as europoid in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Novgorodova_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novgorodova-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tocharians (<a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> inhabited western Mongolia during the Bronze Age. The mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old, was a 30- to 40-year-old man with blond hair; it was found in <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">the Altai</a>, Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As equine nomadism was introduced into Mongolia, the political center of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> also shifted to Mongolia, where it remained until the 18th century. The intrusions of northern pastoralists (e.g. the Guifang, Shanrong, and <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a>) into China during the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (1600–1046 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (1046–256 BC) presaged the age of <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">nomadic empires</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_states">Early states</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZaamarTomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ZaamarTomb.jpg/220px-ZaamarTomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ZaamarTomb.jpg/330px-ZaamarTomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/ZaamarTomb.jpg/440px-ZaamarTomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>7th-century artifacts found 180 km (112 mi) from Ulaanbaatar</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the prehistoric times, Mongolia has been inhabited by nomads who, from time to time, formed great confederations that rose to power and prominence. Common institutions were the office of the <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a> (Supreme Council), left and right wings, imperial army (<a href="/wiki/Keshig" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshig">Keshig</a>) and the decimal military system. The first of these empires, the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> of undetermined ethnicity, were brought together by <a href="/wiki/Modu_Shanyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Modu Shanyu">Modu Shanyu</a> to form a confederation in 209 BC. Soon they emerged as the greatest threat to the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, forcing the latter to construct the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>. It was guarded by up to almost 300,000 soldiers during Marshal <a href="/wiki/Meng_Tian" title="Meng Tian">Meng Tian</a>'s tenure, as a means of defense against the destructive Xiongnu raids. The vast Xiongnu empire (209 BC–93 AD) was followed by the Mongolic <a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei empire</a> (93–234 AD), which also ruled more than the entirety of present-day Mongolia. The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate (330–555), of <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> provenance was the first to use "Khagan" as an imperial title. It ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> (555–745), an even larger empire. </p><p>The Göktürks laid siege to <a href="/wiki/Panticapaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Panticapaeum">Panticapaeum</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>, in 576. They were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> (745–840) who were defeated by the Kyrgyz. The Mongolic <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>, descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the Liao dynasty (907–1125), after which the <a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a> (1125–1206) rose to prominence. </p><p>Lines 3–5 of the memorial inscription of <a href="/wiki/Bilge_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilge Khagan">Bilge Khagan</a> (684–737) in central Mongolia summarizes the time of the <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagans</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> In battles they subdued the nations of all four sides of the world and suppressed them. They made those who had heads bow their heads, and who had knees genuflect them. In the east up to the Kadyrkhan common people, in the west up to the Iron Gate they conquered... These Khagans were wise. These Khagans were great. Their servants were wise and great too. Officials were honest and direct with people. They ruled the nation this way. This way they held sway over them. When they died ambassadors from Bokuli Cholug (Baekje Korea), Tabgach (Tang China), Tibet (Tibetan Empire), <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> (Avar Khaganate), Rome (Byzantine Empire), <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Kirgiz</a>, Uch-Kurykan, Otuz-Tatars, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Tatabis</a> came to the funerals. So many people came to mourn over the great Khagans. They were famous Khagans.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_empire_to_early_20th_century">Mongol empire to early 20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia under Yuan rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia under Qing rule</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">List of Mongol states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">List of Mongol rulers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongol_Empire_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mongol_Empire_map.gif/220px-Mongol_Empire_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mongol_Empire_map.gif/330px-Mongol_Empire_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mongol_Empire_map.gif/440px-Mongol_Empire_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> expansion (1206–1294)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the chaos of the late 12th century, a chieftain named Temüjin finally succeeded in uniting the Mongol tribes between <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>. In 1206, he took the title <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan#Name_and_title" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, and waged a series of military campaigns – renowned for their brutality and ferocity – sweeping through much of Asia, and forming the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>, the largest contiguous land empire in world history. Under his successors it stretched from present-day <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> in the east, and from parts of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> in the south, covering some 33,000,000 square kilometres (13,000,000 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-EarthRule_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EarthRule-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (22% of Earth's total land area) and had a population of over 100 million people (about a quarter of Earth's total population at the time). The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a> also significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia during its height.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Genghis Khan's death, the empire was subdivided into four kingdoms or <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanates</a>. These eventually became quasi-independent after the <a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a> (1260–1264), which broke out in a battle for power following <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a>'s death in 1259. One of the khanates, the "Great Khaanate", consisting of the Mongol homeland and most of modern-day China, became known as the Yuan dynasty under <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, the grandson of Genghis Khan. He set up his capital in present-day Beijing. After more than a century of power, the Yuan dynasty was overthrown by the Ming dynasty in 1368, and the Yuan court fled to the north, thus becoming the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan dynasty</a>. As the Ming armies pursued the Mongols into their homeland, they successfully sacked and destroyed the Mongol capital <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a> and other cities. Some of these attacks were repelled by the Mongols under <a href="/wiki/Biligt%C3%BC_Khan_Ayushiridara" title="Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara">Ayushridar</a> and his general <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ke_Tem%C3%BCr" title="Köke Temür">Köke Temür</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the expulsion of the Yuan rulers from <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>, the Mongols continued to rule their homeland, known in historiography as the Northern Yuan dynasty. With the division of the Mongol tribes, it was subsequently also known as "The Forty and the Four" (Döčin dörben) among them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next centuries were marked by violent power struggles among various factions, notably the Genghisids and the non-Genghisid <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a>, as well as by several Ming invasions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols" title="Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols">five expeditions led by the Yongle Emperor</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genghis_khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Genghis_khan.jpg/250px-Genghis_khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Genghis_khan.jpg/330px-Genghis_khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Genghis_khan.jpg/500px-Genghis_khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Genghis Khan, the first Mongol Emperor</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Dayan_Khan" title="Dayan Khan">Dayan Khan</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">khatun</a> <a href="/wiki/Mandukhai" title="Mandukhai">Mandukhai</a> reunited all Mongol groups under the Genghisids. In the mid-16th century, <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> of the Tümed, a grandson of Dayan Khan – but not a hereditary or legitimate Khan – became powerful. He founded <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a> in 1557. After he met with the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> in 1578, he ordered the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> to Mongolia. (It was the second time this had occurred.) Abtai Khan of the <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a> converted to Buddhism and founded the <a href="/wiki/Erdene_Zuu_Monastery" title="Erdene Zuu Monastery">Erdene Zuu</a> monastery in 1585. His grandson <a href="/wiki/Zanabazar" title="Zanabazar">Zanabazar</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Jebtsundamba Khutughtu</a> in 1640. Following the leaders, the entire Mongolian population embraced Buddhism. Each family kept scriptures and Buddha statues on an altar at the north side of their <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>. Mongolian nobles donated land, money and herders to the monasteries. As was typical in states with established religions, the top religious institutions, the monasteries, wielded significant temporal power in addition to spiritual power.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last Khagan of Mongols was <a href="/wiki/Ligden_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligden Khan">Ligden Khan</a> in the early 17th century. He came into conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> over the looting of Chinese cities, and also alienated most Mongol tribes. He died in 1634. By 1636, most of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolian</a> tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. The Khalkha eventually submitted to Qing rule in 1691, thus bringing all of today's Mongolia under Manchu rule. After several <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a> (western Mongols or Oirats) were virtually annihilated during the Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1757 and 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altan_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Altan_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="232" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> (1507–1582) founded the city of Hohhot, helped introduce Buddhism and originated the title of <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 600,000 or more <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar were killed</a> by a combination of disease and warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outer Mongolia was given relative autonomy, being administered by the hereditary Genghisid khanates of Tusheet Khan, Setsen Khan, Zasagt Khan and Sain Noyon Khan. The <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Jebtsundamba Khutuktu</a> of Mongolia had immense <i>de facto</i> authority. The Manchu forbade mass Chinese immigration into the area, which allowed the Mongols to keep their culture. The Oirats who migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Volga steppes</a> in Russia became known as <a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a>. </p><p>The main trade route during this period was the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Route" title="Siberian Route">Tea Road</a> through Siberia; it had permanent stations located every 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 mi), each of which was staffed by 5–30 chosen families. </p><p>Until 1911, the Qing dynasty maintained control of Mongolia with a series of alliances and intermarriages, as well as military and economic measures. <a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Ambans</a>, Manchu "high officials", were installed in <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Khüree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uliastai" title="Uliastai">Uliastai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khovd_(city)" title="Khovd (city)">Khovd</a>, and the country was divided into numerous feudal and ecclesiastical fiefdoms (which also placed people in power with loyalty to the Qing). Over the course of the 19th century, the feudal lords attached more importance to representation and less importance to the responsibilities towards their subjects. The behavior of Mongolia's nobility, together with <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usurious</a> practices by Chinese traders and the collection of imperial taxes in silver instead of animals, resulted in widespread poverty among the nomads. By 1911 there were 700 large and small monasteries in Outer Mongolia; their 115,000 monks made up 21% of the population. Apart from the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, there were 13 other reincarnating high lamas, called 'seal-holding saints' (<i>tamgatai khutuktu</i>), in Outer Mongolia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khanate of Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">History of modern Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BogdKhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BogdKhan.jpg/170px-BogdKhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/BogdKhan.jpg/255px-BogdKhan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/BogdKhan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>The eighth <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Jebtsundamba Khutuktu</a>, Bogd Khaan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-of-Unified-Mongolia-1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map-of-Unified-Mongolia-1917.jpg/220px-Map-of-Unified-Mongolia-1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map-of-Unified-Mongolia-1917.jpg/330px-Map-of-Unified-Mongolia-1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Map-of-Unified-Mongolia-1917.jpg/440px-Map-of-Unified-Mongolia-1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9147" data-file-height="6199" /></a><figcaption>Map of unified Mongolia in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>With the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia under the <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogd Khaan">Bogd Khaan</a> declared its independence. However, the newly established <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> considered Mongolia to be part of its own territory. <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a>, considered the new republic to be the <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor</a> of the Qing. Bogd Khaan said that <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">both Mongolia and China</a> had been administered by the Manchu during the Qing, and after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the contract of Mongolian submission to the Manchu had become invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area controlled by the Bogd Khaan was approximately that of the former <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a> during the Qing period. In 1919, after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, Chinese troops led by warlord <a href="/wiki/Xu_Shuzheng" title="Xu Shuzheng">Xu Shuzheng</a> occupied Mongolia. Warfare erupted on the northern border. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White</a> Russian Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ungern_von_Sternberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Ungern von Sternberg">Baron Ungern</a> led his troops into Mongolia in October 1920, defeating the Chinese forces in <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Niislel Khüree</a> (now Ulaanbaatar) in early February 1921 with Mongol support. </p><p>To eliminate the threat posed by Ungern, <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Bolshevik Russia</a> decided to support the establishment of a communist Mongolian government and army. This Mongolian army took the <a href="/wiki/Altanbulag,_Selenge" title="Altanbulag, Selenge">Mongolian part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kyakhta" title="Kyakhta">Kyakhta</a> from Chinese forces on 18 March 1921, and on 6 July, Russian and Mongolian troops arrived in Khüree. Mongolia declared its independence again on 11 July 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Mongolia was closely aligned with the Soviet Union over the next seven decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mongolian_People's_Republic"><span id="Mongolian_People.27s_Republic"></span>Mongolian People's Republic</h4></div> <p>In 1924, after the <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogd Khaan">Bogd Khaan</a> died of <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">laryngeal cancer</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, as some sources claim, at the hands of Russian spies,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the country's <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> was changed. The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> was established. In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a> rose to power. The early leaders of the Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1952) included many with <a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Pan-Mongolist</a> ideals. However, changing global politics and increased Soviet pressure led to the decline of Pan-Mongol aspirations in the following period. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horloogiyn_Choybalsan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Horloogiyn_Choybalsan.jpg/150px-Horloogiyn_Choybalsan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Horloogiyn_Choybalsan.jpg/225px-Horloogiyn_Choybalsan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Horloogiyn_Choybalsan.jpg/300px-Horloogiyn_Choybalsan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a> led Mongolia during the Stalinist era, and presided over an environment of intense political persecution</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a> instituted collectivization of livestock, began the destruction of the Buddhist monasteries, and carried out <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Mongolia" title="Stalinist repressions in Mongolia">Stalinist purges</a>, which resulted in the murders of numerous monks and other leaders. In Mongolia during the 1920s, approximately one-third of the male population were monks. By the beginning of the 20th century, 750 monasteries were functioning in Mongolia and by the end of the 1930s almost all had been looted or razed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, the Soviet Union stopped <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryat</a> migration to the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> to prevent Mongolian reunification. All leaders of Mongolia who did not fulfill Stalin's demands to perform <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> against Mongolians were executed, including <a href="/wiki/Peljidiin_Genden" title="Peljidiin Genden">Peljidiin Genden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anandyn_Amar" title="Anandyn Amar">Anandyn Amar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalinist purges in Mongolia</a>, which began in 1937, killed more than 30,000 people. Under Stalinist influence in the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>, an estimated 17,000 monks were killed, official figures show.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Choibalsan</a>, who led a dictatorship and organized <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Mongolia" title="Stalinist repressions in Mongolia">Stalinist purges in Mongolia</a> between 1937 and 1939, died suspiciously in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1952. <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADr_%C5%A0meral" title="Bohumír Šmeral">Bohumír Šmeral</a> said, "People of Mongolia are not important, the land is important. Mongolian land is larger than England, France and Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-Mongolia_2003_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongolia_2003-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg/220px-MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg/330px-MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg/440px-MNRA_soldiers_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian troops fight against the Japanese counterattack at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Khalkhin Gol</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of neighboring Manchuria</a> in 1931, Mongolia was threatened on this front. During the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Soviet-Japanese Border War</a> of 1939, the Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism. Mongolia fought against Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> in 1939 and during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a> in August 1945 to liberate Inner Mongolia from Japan and <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h4></div> <p>The February 1945 <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> provided for the Soviet Union's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. One of the Soviet conditions for its participation, put forward at Yalta, was that after the war Outer Mongolia would retain its independence. <a href="/wiki/1945_Mongolian_independence_referendum" title="1945 Mongolian independence referendum">The referendum</a> took place on 20 October 1945, with (according to official numbers) 100% of the electorate voting for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on 6 October 1949. However, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> used its <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Security Council veto</a> in 1955, to stop the admission of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the only time the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_and_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China and the United Nations">Republic of China</a> ever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-unveto_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unveto-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcveto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcveto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gpveto_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpveto-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a>) </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal_Berlin,_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal_Berlin%2C_VIII.jpg/150px-Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal_Berlin%2C_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal_Berlin%2C_VIII.jpg/225px-Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal_Berlin%2C_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal_Berlin%2C_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian Premier <a href="/wiki/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal" title="Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal">Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal</a> was the longest-serving leader in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, with over 44 years in office</figcaption></figure> <p>On 26 January 1952, <a href="/wiki/Yumjaagiin_Tsedenbal" title="Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal">Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal</a> took power in Mongolia after the death of Choibalsan. Tsedenbal was the leading political figure in Mongolia for more than 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Tsedenbal was visiting Moscow in August 1984, his severe illness prompted the parliament to announce his retirement and replace him with <a href="/wiki/Jambyn_Batm%C3%B6nkh" title="Jambyn Batmönkh">Jambyn Batmönkh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Cold_War">Post-Cold War</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 strongly influenced Mongolian politics and <a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Mongolia" title="Youth in Mongolia">youth</a>. Its people undertook the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">peaceful Democratic Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">January 1990</a> and the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> and a market economy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the transformation of the former <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party</a> to the current social democratic <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Party</a> reshaped the country's political landscape. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">new constitution</a> was introduced in 1992, and the term "People's Republic" was dropped from the country's name.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia#Transition_to_a_market_economy" title="Economy of Mongolia">transition to a market economy</a> was often rocky; during the early 1990s the country had to deal with high inflation and food shortages.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first election victories for non-communist parties came in 1993 (presidential elections) and 1996 (parliamentary elections). China has supported Mongolia's application for membership in the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a> (ACD), <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> (APEC) and granting it observer status in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_1996_CIA_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mongolia_1996_CIA_map.jpg/250px-Mongolia_1996_CIA_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mongolia_1996_CIA_map.jpg/330px-Mongolia_1996_CIA_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mongolia_1996_CIA_map.jpg/500px-Mongolia_1996_CIA_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption>The southern portion of Mongolia is taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>, while the northern and western portions are mountainous</figcaption></figure> <p>At 1,564,116 km<sup>2</sup> (603,909 sq mi), Mongolia is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependencies_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependencies by area">18th-largest</a> country.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. It mostly lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41°</a> and <a href="/wiki/52nd_parallel_north" title="52nd parallel north">52°N</a> (a small area is north of 52°), and longitudes <a href="/wiki/87th_meridian_east" title="87th meridian east">87°</a> and <a href="/wiki/120th_meridian_east" title="120th meridian east">120°E</a>. As a point of reference the northernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same latitude as Berlin (Germany) and Saskatoon (Canada), while the southernmost part is on roughly the same latitude as Rome (Italy) and Chicago (USA). The westernmost part of Mongolia is on roughly the same longitude as Kolkata in India, while the easternmost part is on the same longitude as Qinhuangdao and Hangzhou in China, as well as the western edge of Taiwan. Although Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, its westernmost point is only 36.76 kilometres (22.84 mi) from Kazakhstan, nearly making a <a href="/wiki/Quadripoint" title="Quadripoint">quadripoint</a>. </p><p>The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> to the south and cold, mountainous regions to the north and west. Much of Mongolia consists of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian-Manchurian_grassland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian-Manchurian grassland">Mongolian-Manchurian grassland</a>, with forested areas accounting for 11.2% of the total land area.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole of Mongolia is considered to be part of the Mongolian Plateau. The highest point in Mongolia is the <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%BCiten_Peak" title="Khüiten Peak">Khüiten Peak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tavan_bogd" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavan bogd">Tavan bogd</a> massif in the far west at 4,374 m (14,350 ft). The basin of the <a href="/wiki/Uvs_Lake" title="Uvs Lake">Uvs Lake</a>, shared with <a href="/wiki/Tuva_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuva Republic">Tuva Republic</a> in Russia, is a natural <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Climate of Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Mongolia">Climate change in Mongolia</a></div> <p>Mongolia is known as the "Land of the Eternal Blue Sky" or "Country of Blue Sky" (Mongolian: "Mönkh khökh tengeriin oron") because it has over 250 sunny days a year.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_MNG_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MNG_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MNG_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MNG_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MNG_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MNG_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MNG_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1769" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification zones in Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the country is hot in the summer and extremely cold in the winter, with January averages dropping as low as −30 °C (−22 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-mong26_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mong26-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vast front of cold, heavy, shallow air comes in from Siberia in winter and collects in river valleys and low basins causing very cold temperatures while slopes of mountains are much warmer due to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Temperature_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperature inversion">temperature inversion</a> (temperature increases with altitude). </p><p>In winter the whole of Mongolia comes under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Anticyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian Anticyclone">Siberian Anticyclone</a>. The localities most severely affected by this cold weather are Uvs province (<a href="/wiki/Ulaangom" title="Ulaangom">Ulaangom</a>), western Khovsgol (<a href="/wiki/Rinchinlkhumbe,_Khovsgol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinchinlkhumbe, Khovsgol">Rinchinlhumbe</a>), eastern Zavkhan (<a href="/wiki/Tosontsengel,_Zavkhan" title="Tosontsengel, Zavkhan">Tosontsengel</a>), northern Bulgan (Hutag) and eastern Dornod province (Khalkhiin Gol). Ulaanbaatar is strongly, but less severely, affected. The cold gets less severe as one goes south, reaching the warmest January temperatures in Omnogovi Province (<a href="/wiki/Dalanzadgad" title="Dalanzadgad">Dalanzadgad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khanbogd,_%C3%96mn%C3%B6govi" title="Khanbogd, Ömnögovi">Khanbogd</a>) and the region of the Altai mountains bordering China. A unique microclimate is the fertile grassland-forest region of central and eastern Arkhangai Province (<a href="/wiki/Tsetserleg_(city)" title="Tsetserleg (city)">Tsetserleg</a>) and northern Ovorkhangai Province (<a href="/wiki/Arvaikheer" title="Arvaikheer">Arvaikheer</a>) where January temperatures are on average the same and often higher than the warmest desert regions to the south in addition to being more stable. The <a href="/wiki/Khangai_Mountains" title="Khangai Mountains">Khangai Mountains</a> play a certain role in forming this microclimate. In Tsetserleg, the warmest town in this microclimate, nighttime January temperatures rarely go under −30 °C (−22 °F) while daytime January temperatures often reach 0 °C (32 °F) to 5 °C (41 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorkhi-Terelj_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gorkhi-Terelj_National_Park.jpg/250px-Gorkhi-Terelj_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gorkhi-Terelj_National_Park.jpg/330px-Gorkhi-Terelj_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gorkhi-Terelj_National_Park.jpg/500px-Gorkhi-Terelj_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Khentii_Mountains" title="Khentii Mountains">Khentii Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gorkhi-Terelj_National_Park" title="Gorkhi-Terelj National Park">Terelj</a>, close to the birthplace of Genghis Khan</figcaption></figure> <p>The country is subject to occasional harsh climatic conditions known as <i><a href="/wiki/Zud" title="Zud">zud</a>.</i> It results in large proportions of the country's livestock dying from starvation or freezing temperatures or both, resulting in economic upheaval for the largely pastoral population. The annual average temperature in Ulaanbaatar is −1.3 °C (29.7 °F), making it the world's coldest capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-mong26_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mong26-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia is high, cold and windy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most of its annual precipitation falls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precipitation is highest in the north (average of 200 to 350 millimeters (8 to 14 in) per year) and lowest in the south, which receives 100 to 200 millimeters (4 to 8 in) annually.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest annual precipitation of 622.297 mm (24.500 in) occurred in the forests of <a href="/wiki/Bulgan_Province" title="Bulgan Province">Bulgan Province</a> near the border with Russia and the lowest of 41.735 mm (1.643 in) occurred in the Gobi Desert (period 1961–1990).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sparsely populated far north of Bulgan Province averages 600 mm (24 in) in annual precipitation which means it receives more precipitation than Beijing (571.8 mm or 22.51 in) or Berlin (571 mm or 22.5 in). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia" title="Environmental issues in Mongolia">Environmental issues in Mongolia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_landscape_picture_of_the_Tost_Local_Protected_Area_in_South_Gobi,_Mongolia_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_landscape_picture_of_the_Tost_Local_Protected_Area_in_South_Gobi%2C_Mongolia_02.JPG/220px-A_landscape_picture_of_the_Tost_Local_Protected_Area_in_South_Gobi%2C_Mongolia_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_landscape_picture_of_the_Tost_Local_Protected_Area_in_South_Gobi%2C_Mongolia_02.JPG/330px-A_landscape_picture_of_the_Tost_Local_Protected_Area_in_South_Gobi%2C_Mongolia_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/A_landscape_picture_of_the_Tost_Local_Protected_Area_in_South_Gobi%2C_Mongolia_02.JPG/440px-A_landscape_picture_of_the_Tost_Local_Protected_Area_in_South_Gobi%2C_Mongolia_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96mn%C3%B6govi_Province" title="Ömnögovi Province">Ömnögovi Province</a>. <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a> is a key issue in Mongolia.</figcaption></figure> There are many pressing environmental issues in Mongolia that are detrimental to both human and environmental wellness. These problems have arisen in part due to natural factors, but increasingly because of human actions. One of these issues is <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, which will be responsible for an increase in <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, natural disasters, and <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another is <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, which is expanding due to human activity, pests, disease, and fires. Mongolian lands are becoming more arid through desertification, a process that is being exacerbated due to irresponsible <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a>. Additionally, more and more species are disappearing and at risk for extinction. Moreover, especially in population centers, Mongolians deal with <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mongolia" title="Wildlife of Mongolia">Wildlife of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KhongorynElsCamels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/KhongorynElsCamels.jpg/220px-KhongorynElsCamels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/KhongorynElsCamels.jpg/330px-KhongorynElsCamels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/KhongorynElsCamels.jpg/440px-KhongorynElsCamels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camels" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian camels">Bactrian camels</a> by sand dunes in Gobi Desert</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "Gobi" is a Mongol term for a desert steppe, which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmots</a> but with enough to support camels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gobi rangelands are fragile and easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camels</a> can survive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arid conditions in the Gobi are attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain shadow effect">rain shadow effect</a> caused by the Himalayas. Before the Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate 10 million years ago, Mongolia was a flourishing habitat for major fauna but still somewhat arid and cold due to distance from sources of evaporation. Sea turtle and mollusk fossils have been found in the Gobi, apart from well-known dinosaur fossils. <a href="/wiki/Tadpole_shrimps" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadpole shrimps">Tadpole shrimps</a> are still found in the Gobi today. The eastern part of Mongolia including the <a href="/wiki/Onon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Onon River">Onon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kherlen_River" title="Kherlen River">Kherlen</a> rivers and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Buir" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Buir">Lake Buir</a> form part of the <a href="/wiki/Amur_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur river">Amur river</a> basin draining to the Pacific Ocean. It hosts some unique species like the Eastern brook lamprey, Daurian crayfish (<i>cambaroides dauricus</i>) and Daurian pearl oyster (<i>dahurinaia dahurica</i>) in the Onon/Kherlen rivers as well as Siberian prawn (<i>exopalaemon modestus</i>) in Lake Buir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">Demographics of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinggis_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chinggis_Square.jpg/250px-Chinggis_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chinggis_Square.jpg/330px-Chinggis_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chinggis_Square.jpg/500px-Chinggis_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a> is the capital and largest city of Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolia's total population as of January 2015 was estimated by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a><sup id="cite_ref-US_Census_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Census-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="2015 population from a 2007 source is obviously incorrect (July 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> to be 3,000,251 people, ranking around 121st in the world. But the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs" title="Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs">Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs</a> uses the United Nations (UN) estimations<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of the U.S. Census Bureau estimations. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a> Population Division<sup id="cite_ref-UN_DESA_PD_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_DESA_PD-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimates Mongolia's total population (mid-2007) as 2,629,000 (11% less than the U.S. Census Bureau figure). UN estimates resemble those made by the Mongolian National Statistical Office (2,612,900, end of June 2007). Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.2% (2007 est.).<sup id="cite_ref-UN_DESA_PD_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_DESA_PD-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 59% of the total population is under age 30, 27% of whom are under 14. This relatively young and growing population has placed strains on Mongolia's economy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first census in the 20th century was carried out in 1918 and recorded a population of 647,500.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the end of socialism, Mongolia has experienced a decline of <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (children per woman) that is steeper than in any other country in the world, according to recent UN estimations:<sup id="cite_ref-UN_DESA_PD_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_DESA_PD-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1970–1975, fertility was estimated to be 7.33 children per woman, dropping to about 2.1 in 2000–2005.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decline ended and in 2005–2010, the fertility value increased to 2.8 in 2013 and stabilised afterwards at a rate of about 2.5-2.6 children per woman around 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mongols are moderately homogeneous;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ethnic Mongols account for about 95% of the population and consist of <a href="/wiki/Khalkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha">Khalkha</a> and other groups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongol language. The <a href="/wiki/Khalkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha">Khalkha</a> make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include Oirats, <a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a> and others. <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a>) constitute 4.5% of Mongolia's population, and the rest are Russian, Chinese, Korean and American nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n_Public_Library_and_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n_Public_Library_and_Museum.jpg/220px-M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n_Public_Library_and_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n_Public_Library_and_Museum.jpg/330px-M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n_Public_Library_and_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n_Public_Library_and_Museum.jpg/440px-M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n_Public_Library_and_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Public Library and Museum in Mörön, <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province" title="Khövsgöl Province">Khövsgöl</a> province showing signage in Mongolian (Mongolian Script and Cyrillic) and English</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolia's official and <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> is <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic language</a> family, the standard dialect is <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha Mongol</a>. It coexists with various other, largely mutually intelligible varieties of Mongolic such as <a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a>. Several dialects have been morphing to become more like the central Khalkha dialect in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most speakers of these dialects are located in the western part of the country, namely <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uvs_Province" title="Uvs Province">Uvs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a>, is the majority language in Bayan-Ölgii, while <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a> is another Turkic language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province" title="Khövsgöl Province">Khövsgöl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian Sign Language</a> is the principal language of the deaf community. </p><p>Today, Mongolian is mainly written using the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>, introduced during the 1940s. Since the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">1990 revolution</a> there has been a minor revival of the historic <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>, which is still the official script used by <a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols in neighboring</a> <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. Although Mongolian script has officially been declared the <i>national script</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is taught from the sixth grade onward at schools,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it remains mostly confined to ceremonial usage in daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2025, Mongolia began using both the Cyrillic and traditional Mongolian scripts for legal papers and official documents.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongols-map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mongols-map.png/250px-Mongols-map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mongols-map.png/330px-Mongols-map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Mongols-map.png/500px-Mongols-map.png 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>This map shows the boundary of the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> compared to today's <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. The red area shows where the majority of <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> speakers reside today</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1990, English has quickly supplanted Russian as the most popular foreign language in Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">communist era</a>, Russian was a vital language for mobility and professional communication, with a large number of students studying in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as well as a large number of Soviet professionals and soldiers located within Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, Mongolia's education system has reoriented away from the Soviet Union to the West, and English has become the dominant foreign language, aided by liberalized media, international aid agencies, the rise of private education and tutoring, as well as official government policy. In the 2014–2015 academic year, 59% of the overall student population studied English at public secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, English was declared the "first foreign language", and to be taught from the third grade.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of the 2014–2015 academic year, the most popular foreign language in specialized language courses were (ordered by popularity), English, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>. Korean in particular has gained popularity as tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Mongolians_in_South_Korea" title="Mongolians in South Korea">Mongolians work in South Korea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_diaspora" title="Mongolian diaspora">largest group of Mongolians abroad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion in Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mongolia" title="Freedom of religion in Mongolia">Freedom of religion in Mongolia</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable" style="font-size: 90%"> <caption>Religions in Mongolia <br /><small>(population aged 15 and above)<sup id="cite_ref-Religion2010_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion2010-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Share </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Non-religious</b></td> <td>1,338,528</td> <td>40.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Religious</b></td> <td><i>1,958,338</i></td> <td><i>59.4%</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td>1,704,480</td> <td>51.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td>105,500</td> <td>3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td> <td>82,422</td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td> <td>42,859</td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religions</td> <td>23,078</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b></td> <td><b>3,296,866</b></td> <td><b>100.0%</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the 2020 National Census, among Mongolians aged 15 and above, 59.4% were <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Buddhists</a>, while 40.6% were <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a> has been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, with similar beliefs being common among the nomads of central Asia. They gradually gave way to <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and it continues to be practiced. The Kazakhs of western Mongolia, some Mongols, and other Turkic peoples in the country traditionally adhere to <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Mongolia" title="Islam in Mongolia">Islam</a>. </p><p>Throughout much of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">communist</a> government repressed religious practices. It targeted the clergy of the Mongolian Buddhist Church, which had been tightly intertwined with the previous feudal government structures (e.g. from 1911 on, the head of the Church had also been the <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of the country).<sup id="cite_ref-eb_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1930s, the regime, then led by <a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a>, closed almost all of Mongolia's over 700 Buddhist monasteries and <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Mongolia" title="Stalinist repressions in Mongolia">killed at least 30,000 people, of whom 18,000 were lamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty_thousand_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty_thousand-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monks</a> dropped from 100,000 in 1924 to 110 in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarbayasgalant_monastery_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Amarbayasgalant_monastery_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Amarbayasgalant_monastery_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Amarbayasgalant_monastery_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Amarbayasgalant_monastery_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Amarbayasgalant_monastery_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Amarbayasgalant_monastery_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amarbayasgalant_Monastery" title="Amarbayasgalant Monastery">Amarbayasgalant Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of communism">fall of communism</a> in 1991 restored public religious practice. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, which had been the predominant religion prior to the rise of communism, again rose to become the most widely practised religion in Mongolia. The highest-ranking lama of Buddhism in Mongolia, has been vacant since the 9th Jebtsundamba's passing in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-thediplomat.com_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thediplomat.com-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the search for the next Jebtsundamba Khutuktu is being complicated by Beijing's desire to assert control over Tibetan Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-thediplomat.com_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thediplomat.com-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of religious repression in the 1990s also allowed for other religions to spread in the country. According to the Christian missionary group <a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnabas Fund">Barnabas Fund</a>, the number of Christians grew from just four in 1989 to around 40,000 as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. In May 2013, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) held a cultural program to celebrate twenty years of LDS Church history in Mongolia, with 10,900 members, and 16 church buildings in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-LDS_Members_Celebrate_20_Years_of_Church_in_Mongolia_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDS_Members_Celebrate_20_Years_of_Church_in_Mongolia-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some 1,000 Catholics in Mongolia and, in 2003, a missionary from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> was named Mongolia's first <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a> reported 2,700 members in six churches up from zero members in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-adventistyearbook.org_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adventistyearbook.org-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_parliament_members.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mongolian_parliament_members.jpg/250px-Mongolian_parliament_members.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mongolian_parliament_members.jpg/330px-Mongolian_parliament_members.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Mongolian_parliament_members.jpg/500px-Mongolian_parliament_members.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural</a> chamber in session</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolia is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> representative democratic republic with a directly elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Draft_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draft-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dual_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dual-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people also elect the deputies in the national assembly, the <a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural</a>. The president appoints the prime minister, and nominates the cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">constitution of Mongolia</a> guarantees a number of freedoms, including full <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a>. Mongolia amended its constitution most lately in 2019 transferring some powers from the president to the prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 31, 2023, Mongolia's parliament approved a constitutional amendment that increased the number of seats from 76 to 126 and changed the electoral system re-introducing proportional party voting.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolia has a number of political parties; the largest are the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Mongolia)" title="Democratic Party (Mongolia)">Democratic Party</a>. The non-governmental organization <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> considers Mongolia to be free.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The People's Party – known as the People's Revolutionary Party between 1924 and 2010 – formed the government from 1921 to 1996 (in a one-party system until 1990) and from 2000 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, it was part of a coalition with the Democrats and two other parties, and after 2006 it was the dominant party in two other coalitions. The party initiated two changes of government from 2004 prior to losing power in the 2012 election. The Democrats were the dominant force in a ruling coalition between 1996 and 2000, and an almost-equal partner with the People's Revolutionary Party in a coalition between 2004 and 2006. An election of deputies to the national assembly on 28 June 2012 resulted in no party having an overall majority;<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Mongolia)" title="Democratic Party (Mongolia)">Democratic Party</a> won the largest number of seats,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its leader, <a href="/wiki/Norovyn_Altankhuyag" title="Norovyn Altankhuyag">Norovyn Altankhuyag</a>, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">prime minister</a> on 10 August 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Chimediin_Saikhanbileg" title="Chimediin Saikhanbileg">Chimediin Saikhanbileg</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">MPP</a> won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Mongolian_parliamentary_election" title="2016 Mongolian parliamentary election">2016 elections</a> and the next <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">prime minister</a> was <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">MPP</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh</a>. In June 2020, MPP won a landslide victory in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Mongolian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Mongolian legislative election">election</a>. It took 62 seats and the main opposition DP, 11 of the 76 seats. Before the elections the ruling party had redrawn the electoral map in a way that was beneficial for MPP.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2021, Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh resigned after protests over the treatment of a coronavirus patient.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/Luvsannamsrain_Oyun-Erdene" title="Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene">Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene</a> of MPP became new prime minister. He represents a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Outfits_Guide_Secretary_Kerry_as_He_Prepares_to_Shoot_an_Arrow_at_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_Outside_Ulaanbaatar_(27443915682).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Archers_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Outfits_Guide_Secretary_Kerry_as_He_Prepares_to_Shoot_an_Arrow_at_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_Outside_Ulaanbaatar_%2827443915682%29.jpg/220px-Archers_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Outfits_Guide_Secretary_Kerry_as_He_Prepares_to_Shoot_an_Arrow_at_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_Outside_Ulaanbaatar_%2827443915682%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Archers_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Outfits_Guide_Secretary_Kerry_as_He_Prepares_to_Shoot_an_Arrow_at_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_Outside_Ulaanbaatar_%2827443915682%29.jpg/330px-Archers_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Outfits_Guide_Secretary_Kerry_as_He_Prepares_to_Shoot_an_Arrow_at_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_Outside_Ulaanbaatar_%2827443915682%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Archers_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Outfits_Guide_Secretary_Kerry_as_He_Prepares_to_Shoot_an_Arrow_at_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_Outside_Ulaanbaatar_%2827443915682%29.jpg/440px-Archers_in_Traditional_Mongolian_Outfits_Guide_Secretary_Kerry_as_He_Prepares_to_Shoot_an_Arrow_at_a_%22Mini-Nadaam%22_Outside_Ulaanbaatar_%2827443915682%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4534" data-file-height="3022" /></a><figcaption>Mongolia's President <a href="/wiki/Tsakhia_Elbegdorj" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakhia Elbegdorj">Tsakhia Elbegdorj</a> with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, June 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President of Mongolia</a> is able to veto the laws made by parliament, appoint judges and justice of courts and appoint ambassadors. The parliament can override that veto by a two-thirds majority vote. Mongolia's constitution provides three requirements for taking office as president; the candidate must be a native-born Mongolian, be at least 45 years old, and have resided in Mongolia for five years before taking office. The president must also suspend their party membership. After defeating incumbent <a href="/wiki/Nambaryn_Enkhbayar" title="Nambaryn Enkhbayar">Nambaryn Enkhbayar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakhiagiin_Elbegdorj" title="Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj">Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj</a>, a two-time former prime minister and member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Mongolia)" title="Democratic Party (Mongolia)">Democratic Party</a>, was elected as president on 24 May 2009 and inaugurated on 18 June that year.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_(2010)" title="Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)">Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_(2010)" title="Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)">MPRP</a>) nominated <a href="/wiki/Batbold_Sukhbaatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Batbold Sukhbaatar">Batbold Sukhbaatar</a> as new Prime Minister in October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elbegdorj was re-elected on 26 June 2013 and was inaugurated on 10 July 2013 for his second term as president.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2017, opposition <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Mongolia)" title="Democratic Party (Mongolia)">Democratic Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Khaltmaagiin_Battulga" title="Khaltmaagiin Battulga">Khaltmaagiin Battulga</a> won the presidential <a href="/wiki/2017_Mongolian_presidential_election" title="2017 Mongolian presidential election">election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was inaugurated on 10 July 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2021, former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaa Khurelsukh</a>, the candidate of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">MPP</a>), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning the <a href="/wiki/2021_Mongolian_presidential_election" title="2021 Mongolian presidential election">presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolia uses a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, the State Great Khural, with 76 seats, which is chaired by the Speaker of the House. Its members are directly elected, every four years, by popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per 2023 constitutional amendment the parliament increased the number of seats from 76 to 126.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of Mongolia">Foreign relations of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Ulaanbaatar,_Mongolia_on_September_3,_2024_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vladimir_Putin_in_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_on_September_3%2C_2024_%281%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_on_September_3%2C_2024_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vladimir_Putin_in_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_on_September_3%2C_2024_%281%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_on_September_3%2C_2024_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Vladimir_Putin_in_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_on_September_3%2C_2024_%281%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Ulaanbaatar%2C_Mongolia_on_September_3%2C_2024_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian President <a href="/wiki/Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh" title="Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh">Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh</a> with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 3 September 2024</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolia's foreign relations traditionally focus on its two large neighbors, Russia and China.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia is economically dependent on these countries: China is Mongolia's largest export partner at a 78% share, far above the other top countries (Switzerland at 15%; Singapore 3%). Mongolia receives 36% of imports from China and 29% from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia is also pursuing a trilateral partnership with China and Russia through the <a href="/wiki/Altai_gas_pipeline" title="Altai gas pipeline">Power of Siberia 2</a> natural gas pipeline, with a contract to be signed in the "near future" according to Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to China's status as Mongolia's most important trading partner, Mongolia has been trying to stay out of the current U.S.-China confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has begun seeking positive relations with a wider range of other countries especially in cultural and economic matters, focusing on encouraging <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia has been pursuing a 'third-neighbor' foreign policy since early 1990s to build deeper relations and partnerships with countries beyond its two surrounding neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolia has been a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Forum_of_Small_States_(FOSS)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum of Small States (FOSS)">The Forum of Small States (FOSS)</a> since the group's founding in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-singaporebook_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singaporebook-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then Vice President of the U.S. Joe Biden, visited Mongolia in 2011 supporting Mongolia's third neighbor policy.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embassies">Embassies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Mongolia" title="List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia">List of diplomatic missions of Mongolia</a></div> <p>Mongolia maintains many <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions">diplomatic missions</a> in other countries and has <a href="/wiki/Embassies" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassies">embassies</a> in the following world capitals:<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Mongolian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vostok-2018_military_manoeuvres_(2018-09-13)_51.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vostok-2018_military_manoeuvres_%282018-09-13%29_51.jpg/220px-Vostok-2018_military_manoeuvres_%282018-09-13%29_51.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vostok-2018_military_manoeuvres_%282018-09-13%29_51.jpg/330px-Vostok-2018_military_manoeuvres_%282018-09-13%29_51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Vostok-2018_military_manoeuvres_%282018-09-13%29_51.jpg/440px-Vostok-2018_military_manoeuvres_%282018-09-13%29_51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian, Chinese and Russian national flags set on armored vehicles during the large-scale military exercise <a href="/wiki/Vostok_2018" title="Vostok 2018">Vostok 2018</a> in Eastern Siberia</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolia supported the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>, and has sent several successive contingents of 103 to 180 troops each to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. About 130 troops were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. 200 Mongolian troops are serving in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> on a UN mandate to protect the UN's <a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">special court</a> set up there, and in July 2009, Mongolia decided to send a battalion to <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/MINURCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MINURCAT">MINURCAT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2005 to 2006, about 40 troops were deployed with the Belgian and Luxembourg contingents in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. On 21 November 2005, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> became the first-ever sitting U.S. president to visit Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, under Bulgarian chairmanship, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) invited Mongolia as its newest Asian partner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Mongolia" title="Judiciary of Mongolia">Judiciary of Mongolia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Mongolia" title="Judiciary of Mongolia">judiciary of Mongolia</a> is made of a three-tiered court system: <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">first instance</a> courts in each <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mongolia" title="Districts of Mongolia">provincial district</a> and each <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCrg%C3%BC%C3%BCd_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Düürgüüd of Mongolia">Ulaanbaatar district</a>; <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate</a> courts for each province and also the Capital Ulaanbaatar; and the court of last resort (for non-constitutional matters) at the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Supreme Court of Mongolia">Supreme Court of Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For questions of constitutional law there is a separate constitutional court. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Judicial_General_Council_of_Mongolia" title="Judicial General Council of Mongolia">Judicial General Council</a> (JGC) nominates judges which must then be confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">parliament</a> and appointed by the President. </p><p>Arbitration centres provide <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution" title="Alternative dispute resolution">alternative dispute resolution</a> options for commercial and other disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mongolia" title="Provinces of Mongolia">Provinces of Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mongolia" title="Districts of Mongolia">Districts of Mongolia</a></div> <div class="thumb center"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:702px;"><div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 700px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_blank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolia_blank.svg/700px-Mongolia_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolia_blank.svg/1050px-Mongolia_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mongolia_blank.svg/1400px-Mongolia_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2315" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:34px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-<br />Ölgii</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:114px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Province" title="Uvs Province">Uvs</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:174px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Zavkhan_Province" title="Zavkhan Province">Zavkhan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:146px; top:232px"><a href="/wiki/Govi-Altai_Province" title="Govi-Altai Province">Govi-Altai</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:218px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Bayankhongor_Province" title="Bayankhongor Province">Bayankhongor</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:262px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Arkhangai_Province" title="Arkhangai Province">Arkhangai</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province" title="Khövsgöl Province">Khövsgöl</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:318px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Bulgan_Province" title="Bulgan Province">Bulgan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; font-stretch:condensed; left:334px; top:132px"><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Province" title="Orkhon Province">Orkhon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:290px; top:224px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96v%C3%B6rkhangai_Province" title="Övörkhangai Province">Övörkhangai</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:326px; top:312px"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mn%C3%B6govi_Province" title="Ömnögovi Province">Ömnögovi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:374px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Dundgovi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundgovi Province">Dundgovi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:370px; top:192px"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6v_Province" title="Töv Province">Töv</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; font-stretch:condensed; left:394px; top:164px"><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:362px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Selenge_Province" title="Selenge Province">Selenge</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; font-stretch:condensed; left:390px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/Darkhan-Uul_Province" title="Darkhan-Uul Province">Darkhan-Uul</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; font-stretch:condensed; left:414px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/Govis%C3%BCmber_Province" title="Govisümber Province">Govisümber</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:454px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/Dornogovi_Province" title="Dornogovi Province">Dornogovi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:470px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Khentii_Province" title="Khentii Province">Khentii</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:534px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_Province" title="Sükhbaatar Province">Sükhbaatar</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:546px; top:152px"><a href="/wiki/Dornod_Province" title="Dornod Province">Dornod</a></div> </div><div class="thumbcaption clear">Clickable map of Mongolian provinces.</div> </div></div> <p>Mongolia is divided into 21 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mongolia" title="Provinces of Mongolia">provinces (aimags)</a> and subdivided into 330 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mongolia" title="Districts of Mongolia">districts (sums)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ulaanbaatar is administered separately as a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mongolia" title="Provinces of Mongolia">capital city (municipality)</a> with provincial status. The <i>aimags</i> are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangai_Province" title="Arkhangai Province">Arkhangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayankhongor_Province" title="Bayankhongor Province">Bayankhongor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgan_Province" title="Bulgan Province">Bulgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkhan-Uul_Province" title="Darkhan-Uul Province">Darkhan-Uul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornod_Province" title="Dornod Province">Dornod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornogovi_Province" title="Dornogovi Province">Dornogovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundgovi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Dundgovi Province">Dundgovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govi-Altai_Province" title="Govi-Altai Province">Govi-Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govis%C3%BCmber_Province" title="Govisümber Province">Govisümber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khentii_Province" title="Khentii Province">Khentii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province" title="Khövsgöl Province">Khövsgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mn%C3%B6govi_Province" title="Ömnögovi Province">Ömnögovi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Province" title="Orkhon Province">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96v%C3%B6rkhangai_Province" title="Övörkhangai Province">Övörkhangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenge_Province" title="Selenge Province">Selenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_Province" title="Sükhbaatar Province">Sükhbaatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6v_Province" title="Töv Province">Töv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Province" title="Uvs Province">Uvs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavkhan_Province" title="Zavkhan Province">Zavkhan</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities">Major cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">List of cities in Mongolia</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1279587269">.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:none;position:relative;width:100px;height:100px;border-radius:50%;background-color:yellowgreen;color:black;border:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie div{position:absolute;transform-origin:left bottom;background-color:#655;color:black;top:0;left:50%;width:50%;height:50%;border-radius:0 500%0 0}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie50{transform-origin:left center;height:100%;border-radius:0 100%100%0/50%}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie12-5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,100%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie5{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,32.49197%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie7{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,47.056428%0%,0 100%)}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie .pie1{clip-path:polygon(0%0%,6.2914667%0%,0 100%)}@supports(clip-path:circle(50%)){.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:1em;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend{list-style-type:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li{display:flex;align-items:baseline;gap:.5em;margin:0;margin-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>span{display:block;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-legend>li>.l-color{border:1px solid var(--color-base,black);width:.8em;height:.8em;flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-container{padding:.5em;padding-bottom:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .pie-thumb .smooth-pie-caption{margin-bottom:1em;font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{flex-direction:column-reverse}@media screen and (min-width:641px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner>.smooth-pie-container{width:min-content}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .smooth-pie-container{break-inside:avoid-page}}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-container{align-items:center}body.mw-mf .mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend-container{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-legend{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(190px,1fr));gap:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .thumbinner .smooth-pie-footer{margin-top:.5em}}</style> <div class="pie-thumb thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="smooth-pie-container" style=""> <div class="smooth-pie-legend-container"> <ol class="smooth-pie-legend"> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#1b7837;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Ulaanbaatar (44.2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#7fbf7b;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Erdenet (3.1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#d9f0d3;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Darkhan (2.6%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#762a83;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Choibalsan (1.4%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#af8dc3;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Mörön (1.3%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#e7d4e8;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Nalaikh (1.2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#d73027;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Ölgii (1.2%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#fc8d59;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Arvaikheer (1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#fee090;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Bayankhongor (1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#4575b4;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Khovd (1%)</span></li> <li><span class="l-color" style="-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;background:#FEFDFD;color:#000"></span><span class="l-label">Other (42.0%)</span></li> </ol> <div class="smooth-pie-footer">The percentage of the population the top 10 most populous cities make up.</div></div> <div class="smooth-pie" style="width:200px;height:200px;background:#FEFDFD;color:#000;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;" title="Other (42.0%)" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pie25" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000" title="Ulaanbaatar (44.2%)"></div> <div class="pie25" style="background:#1b7837;color:#000; transform: rotate(0.192turn)" title="Ulaanbaatar (44.2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.442turn); background:#7fbf7b;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 19.72799294% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Erdenet (3.1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.473turn); background:#d9f0d3;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 16.48317442% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Darkhan (2.6%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.499turn); background:#762a83;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 8.81921820% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Choibalsan (1.4%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.513turn); background:#af8dc3;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 8.18635505% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Mörön (1.3%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.526turn); background:#e7d4e8;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 7.55414263% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Nalaikh (1.2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.538turn); background:#d73027;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 7.55414263% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Ölgii (1.2%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.550turn); background:#fc8d59;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Arvaikheer (1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.560turn); background:#fee090;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Bayankhongor (1%)"></div> <div style="transform: rotate(0.570turn); background:#4575b4;color:#000; clip-path: polygon(0% 0%, 6.29146673% 0%, 0 100%)" title="Khovd (1%)"></div> </div> </div></div></div> <p>As of 2020, 47.6% of the population lives in Ulaanbaatar, further 21.4% lived in <a href="/wiki/Darkhan_(city)" title="Darkhan (city)">Darkhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erdenet" title="Erdenet">Erdenet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mongolia" title="Provinces of Mongolia">aimag</a> centers and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mongolia" title="Districts of Mongolia">sum</a> centers, and other permanent settlements, and 31.0% in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_and_towns_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Largest cities and towns of Mongolia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_cities_and_towns_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest cities and towns of Mongolia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_and_towns_of_Mongolia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities and towns of Mongolia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Mongolia</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">National Statistics Office of Mongolia, 2020 <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.1212.mn/tables.aspx?TBL_ID=DT_NSO_0300_004V5">www2<wbr />.1212<wbr />.mn<wbr />/tables<wbr />.aspx?TBL<wbr />_ID=DT<wbr />_NSO<wbr />_0300<wbr />_004V5</a></span></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mongolia" title="Provinces of Mongolia">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mongolia" title="Provinces of Mongolia">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ulaanbaatar"><img alt="Ulaanbaatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg/120px-UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg/180px-UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg/240px-UlaanBaatar-2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erdenet_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Erdenet"><img alt="Erdenet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Erdenet_01.jpg/120px-Erdenet_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Erdenet_01.jpg/180px-Erdenet_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Erdenet_01.jpg/240px-Erdenet_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2040" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Erdenet" title="Erdenet">Erdenet</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,426,645</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulaangom" title="Ulaangom">Ulaangom</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Province" title="Uvs Province">Uvs</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,958 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Erdenet" title="Erdenet">Erdenet</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Province" title="Orkhon Province">Orkhon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">101,421</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baganuur" title="Baganuur"><i>Baganuur*</i></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,342 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Darkhan_(city)" title="Darkhan (city)">Darkhan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Darkhan-Uul_Province" title="Darkhan-Uul Province">Darkhan-Uul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">83,213</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dalanzadgad" title="Dalanzadgad">Dalanzadgad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mn%C3%B6govi_Province" title="Ömnögovi Province">Ömnögovi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)" title="Choibalsan (city)">Choibalsan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dornod_Province" title="Dornod Province">Dornod</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,683</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sainshand" title="Sainshand">Sainshand</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dornogovi_Province" title="Dornogovi Province">Dornogovi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,552 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n" title="Mörön">Mörön</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l_Province" title="Khövsgöl Province">Khövsgöl</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,586</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96nd%C3%B6rkhaan" title="Öndörkhaan">Chinggis City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khentii_Province" title="Khentii Province">Khentii</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,216 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nalaikh" title="Nalaikh"><i>Nalaikh*</i></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,690</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_(city)" title="Sükhbaatar (city)">Sükhbaatar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selenge_Province" title="Selenge Province">Selenge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96lgii_(city)" title="Ölgii (city)">Ölgii</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,310</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BC%C3%BCnkharaa,_Selenge" title="Züünkharaa, Selenge">Züünkharaa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selenge_Province" title="Selenge Province">Selenge</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,093 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arvaikheer" title="Arvaikheer">Arvaikheer</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96v%C3%B6rkhangai_Province" title="Övörkhangai Province">Övörkhangai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,743</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tsetserleg_(city)" title="Tsetserleg (city)">Tsetserleg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arkhangai_Province" title="Arkhangai Province">Arkhangai</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,645 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bayankhongor" title="Bayankhongor">Bayankhongor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bayankhongor_Province" title="Bayankhongor Province">Bayankhongor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,948</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baruun-Urt" title="Baruun-Urt">Baruun-Urt</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_Province" title="Sükhbaatar Province">Sükhbaatar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,255 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khovd_(city)" title="Khovd (city)">Khovd</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khovd_Province" title="Khovd Province">Khovd</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">31,081</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zamyn-%C3%9C%C3%BCd" title="Zamyn-Üüd">Zamyn-Üüd</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dornogovi_Province" title="Dornogovi Province">Dornogovi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,116 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""><sup>*</sup>Under Ulaanbaatar administration</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Economy of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical development of real GDP per capita in Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UB_downtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/UB_downtown.jpg/220px-UB_downtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/UB_downtown.jpg/330px-UB_downtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/UB_downtown.jpg/440px-UB_downtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View of Ulaanbaatar with the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_Tower" title="Blue Sky Tower">Blue Sky Tower</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Economic activity in Mongolia has long been based on herding and agriculture, although development of extensive mineral deposits of copper, coal, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, tin, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> and gold have emerged as a driver of industrial production.<sup id="cite_ref-stategov_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stategov-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides mining (21.8% of GDP) and agriculture (16% of GDP), dominant industries in the composition of GDP are wholesale and retail trade and service, transportation and storage, and real estate activities.<sup id="cite_ref-stategov_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stategov-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, Mongolia produces one-fifth of the world's raw cashmere.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a> is estimated to be at least one-third the size of the official economy.<sup id="cite_ref-stategov_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stategov-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 78% of Mongolia's exports went to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">PRC</a>, and the PRC supplied 36% of Mongolia's imports.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook,_Mongolia_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook,_Mongolia-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> has stated that Mongolia's development prospects are promising due to an expansion of mining and large public investment, although challenges remain from inflation, weaker external demand from China, and persistent fiscal risks due to sizable contingent liabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Asian Development Bank, 27.1% of Mongolia's population lived below the national poverty line in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, GDP per capita was estimated at $12,100.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook,_Mongolia_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook,_Mongolia-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolia's real GDP grew by 7% in 2023 due to record-high coal production, driven by strong demand from China.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_April_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_April-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inflation in early 2024 dropped to 7% due to lower global food and fuel prices.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_April_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_April-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a robust increase in import volumes, Mongolia recorded a current account surplus due to the sharp increase in coal exports. Mining sector growth is expected to continue driving GDP growth, although the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> predicts the current account balance will revert to a sizable deficit due to declining coal prices.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_April_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF_April-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a> analysts determined Mongolia to be one of the "<a href="/wiki/3G_(countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="3G (countries)">global growth generating</a>" countries, which are countries with the most promising growth prospects for 2010–2050.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Stock_Exchange" title="Mongolian Stock Exchange">Mongolian Stock Exchange</a>, established in 1991 in Ulaanbaatar, is among the world's smallest stock exchanges by <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalisation">market capitalisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffs_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffs-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IHT_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHT-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, it has 180 companies listed with a total market capitalization of US$3.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a> (IFC) currently ranks Mongolia as 81st globally in its ease of doing business scoring.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_industry">Mineral industry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Mongolia" title="Mining in Mongolia">Mining in Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oyu_Tolgoi_23.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Oyu_Tolgoi_23.JPG/250px-Oyu_Tolgoi_23.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Oyu_Tolgoi_23.JPG/330px-Oyu_Tolgoi_23.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Oyu_Tolgoi_23.JPG/500px-Oyu_Tolgoi_23.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oyu_Tolgoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyu Tolgoi">Oyu Tolgoi</a> employs 21,000 workers and produced 168,000 tons of copper in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Rio_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rio-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%. Fiscal revenues from mining represented 21% of government income in 2010 and rose to 24% in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 3,000 mining licences have been issued.<sup id="cite_ref-econ-mam_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-mam-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mining continues to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by the number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms starting mining businesses in Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the Mongolian government negotiated an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turquoise_Hill_Resources" title="Turquoise Hill Resources">Ivanhoe Mines</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/Oyu_Tolgoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyu Tolgoi">Oyu Tolgoi</a> copper and gold deposit,<sup id="cite_ref-stategov_124-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stategov-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia at the time. The mine is now a major producer of copper and gold, with plans to further develop underground production and reach an output of 500,000 tons of copper per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Rio_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rio-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolian's gold production in 2015 is 15 metric tons.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolian lawmakers have also attempted to finance the development of the <a href="/wiki/Tavan_Tolgoi" title="Tavan Tolgoi">Tavan Tolgoi</a> area, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. However, proposed international partnerships failed in 2011 and 2015, with Mongolia further cancelling an international <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> in 2020, citing financial and political difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-tavan_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tavan-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2022, Mongolia built and launched a 233-km direct rail link to China, which is a milestone in Mongolia's plan to become China's leading supplier of high-quality coal from the Tavan Tolgoi mine, which has more than six billion tonnes of coal reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia" title="Agriculture in Mongolia">Agriculture in Mongolia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Mongolia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/60px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/120px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_Landscape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mongolia_Landscape.jpg/220px-Mongolia_Landscape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mongolia_Landscape.jpg/330px-Mongolia_Landscape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mongolia_Landscape.jpg/440px-Mongolia_Landscape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian landscape</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia" title="Agriculture in Mongolia">Agriculture in Mongolia</a> constitutes over 10% of Mongolia's annual <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> and employs one-third of the labor force.<sup id="cite_ref-Agriculture_in_Mongolia_auto_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_in_Mongolia_auto-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the high altitude, extreme fluctuation in temperature, long winters, and low precipitation provides limited potential for agricultural development. The growing season is only 95 – 110 days.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of Mongolia's harsh climate, it is unsuited to most cultivation. </p><p>The agriculture sector therefore remains heavily focused on nomadic animal husbandry with 75% of the land allocated to pasture, and cropping only employing 3% of the population. About 35% of all households in Mongolia lived from breeding livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most herders in Mongolia follow a pattern of <a href="/wiki/Nomads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomads">nomadic</a> or semi-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a>. </p> Crops produced in Mongolia include <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>. Animals raised commercially in Mongolia include <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>. They are raised primarily for their meat, although goats are valued for their hair which can be used to produce <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">cashmere</a>. Livestock breeds are increasingly challenged by land degradation and climate change. Populations suffer from more frequent and intense extreme weather events, especially brutal winter seasons called <a href="/wiki/Zud" title="Zud">zuds</a> that destroy forage and can decrease temperatures to around -50°C.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Zud" title="Zud">zuds</a> used to occur about once every ten years, there have now been six in the past decade, with over six million animals (9% of total livestock) killed by these conditions in the winter of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Telecommunications in Mongolia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Mongolia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Telecommunications in Mongolia face unique challenges. As the least densely populated country in the world, with a significant portion of the population living a nomadic lifestyle, it has been difficult for many traditional <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communication_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information and communication technology">information and communication technology</a> (ICT) companies to make headway into Mongolian society. With almost half the population clustered in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, most landline technologies are deployed there. Wireless technologies have had greater success in rural areas. </p> Mobile phones are common, with <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mongolia" title="Provinces of Mongolia">provincial capitals</a> all having <a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a> access. <a href="/wiki/Wireless_local_loop" title="Wireless local loop">Wireless local loop</a> is another technology that has helped Mongolia increase accessibility to telecommunications and bypass fixed-line infrastructure. For Internet, Mongolia relies on <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibers">fiber optic</a> communications with its Chinese and Russian neighbors. In 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider. Private radio and TV broadcasters, multi-channel satellite, and <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable TV</a> providers are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-Telecommunications_in_Mongolia_cia-fb-2013_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telecommunications_in_Mongolia_cia-fb-2013-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p>Postal services are provided by state-owned <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Post" title="Mongol Post">Mongol Post</a> and 54 other licensed operators.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermal_Power_Plant_No._4_(Ulaanbaatar).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thermal_Power_Plant_No._4_%28Ulaanbaatar%29.jpg/220px-Thermal_Power_Plant_No._4_%28Ulaanbaatar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thermal_Power_Plant_No._4_%28Ulaanbaatar%29.jpg/330px-Thermal_Power_Plant_No._4_%28Ulaanbaatar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thermal_Power_Plant_No._4_%28Ulaanbaatar%29.jpg/440px-Thermal_Power_Plant_No._4_%28Ulaanbaatar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Power_Plant_No._4_(Ulaanbaatar)" title="Thermal Power Plant No. 4 (Ulaanbaatar)">Thermal Power Plant No. 4</a> in Ulaanbaaatar is Mongolia's largest power station</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mongolia" title="Energy in Mongolia">Energy in Mongolia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Mongolia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> Mongolia had a total <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> supply (<a href="/wiki/TPES" class="mw-redirect" title="TPES">TPES</a>) of 6.66 <a href="/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent" title="Tonne of oil equivalent">Mtoe</a> in 2019. Electricity consumption was 7.71 <a href="/wiki/TWh" class="mw-redirect" title="TWh">TWh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_in_Mongolia_iea2019_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_in_Mongolia_iea2019-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia is a big producer of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, which is mostly exported.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_in_Mongolia_SourceWatch_2018_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_in_Mongolia_SourceWatch_2018-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestic consumption of coal accounts for about 70% of Mongolia's primary energy and makes up most of the electricity generation, accounting for about 87% of the domestic electricity production in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy_in_Mongolia_iea2019_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Energy_in_Mongolia_iea2019-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p>Mongolia imports 98% of its fuel and is building its first ever oil refinery to reduce its foreign energy dependency.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Transport in Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg/250px-Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg/330px-Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg/500px-Zamyn_Uud_traders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Train in <a href="/wiki/Zamyn-%C3%9C%C3%BCd" title="Zamyn-Üüd">Zamyn-Üüd</a> station in <a href="/wiki/Dornogovi_Province" title="Dornogovi Province">Dornogovi aimag</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rider_in_Mongolia,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg/220px-Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg/330px-Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg/440px-Rider_in_Mongolia%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5759" data-file-height="3061" /></a><figcaption>While the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_horse" title="Mongolian horse">Mongolian horse</a> continues to be revered as the national symbol, they are rapidly being replaced by motorized vehicles.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB_332.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB_332.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB_332.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB_332.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB_332.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB_332.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB_332.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian ferry <i>Sukhbaatar</i> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Khovsgol" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Khovsgol">Lake Khovsgol</a> in Khovsgol Province</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mongolian_Railway" title="Trans-Mongolian Railway">Trans-Mongolian Railway</a> is the main rail link between Mongolia and its neighbors. It begins at the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> in Russia at the town of <a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a>, crosses into Mongolia, runs through Ulaanbaatar, then passes into China at <a href="/wiki/Erenhot" title="Erenhot">Erenhot</a> where it joins the Chinese railway system. A separate railroad link connects the eastern city of <a href="/wiki/Choibalsan_(city)" title="Choibalsan (city)">Choibalsan</a> with the Trans-Siberian Railway. However, that link is closed to passengers after the Mongolian town of <a href="/wiki/Chuluunkhoroot" title="Chuluunkhoroot">Chuluunkhoroot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia also has a 233 km-long cargo rail link from the Tavan Tolgoi coal mine to Chinese border.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolia has a number of domestic airports, with some of them having international status. However, the main international airport is <a href="/wiki/Chinggis_Khaan_International_Airport" title="Chinggis Khaan International Airport">Chinggis Khaan International Airport</a>, located approximately 52 km (32 mi) south of the capital Ulaanbaatar. Direct flight connections exist between Mongolia and South Korea, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, Japan, Russia, Germany, and Turkey. <a href="/wiki/MIAT_Mongolian_Airlines" title="MIAT Mongolian Airlines">MIAT Mongolian Airlines</a> is Mongolia's national air carrier, operating international flights, while air carriers such as Aero Mongolia and Hunnu Airlines serve domestic and short international routes. </p><p>Many overland roads in Mongolia are only gravel roads or simple cross-country tracks. There are paved roads from Ulaanbaatar to the Russian and Chinese borders, from Ulaanbaatar east- and westward (the so-called Millennium Road), and from Darkhan to <a href="/wiki/Bulgan_(city)" title="Bulgan (city)">Bulgan</a>. A number of road construction projects are currently underway. Mongolia has 4,800 km (3,000 mi) of paved roads, with 1,800 km (1,100 mi) of that total completed in 2013 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Education in Mongolia</a></div> <p>During the state socialist period, education was one of the areas of significant achievement in Mongolia. Before the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">People's Republic</a>, literacy rates were below one percent. By 1952, illiteracy was virtually eliminated,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in part through the use of seasonal boarding schools for children of nomadic families. Funding to these boarding schools was cut in the 1990s, contributing to slightly increased illiteracy. </p><p>Primary and secondary education formerly lasted ten years, but was expanded to eleven years. Since the 2008–2009 school year, new first-graders are using the 12-year system, with a full transition to the 12-year system in the 2019–2020 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, English is taught in all secondary schools across Mongolia, beginning in fourth grade. English has taken over from Russian as the dominant foreign language in Mongolia, particularly in Ulaanbaatar.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolian national universities are all spin-offs from the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Mongolia" title="National University of Mongolia">National University of Mongolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Mongolian University of Science and Technology">Mongolian University of Science and Technology</a>. Almost three in five Mongolian youths now enroll in university. There was a six-fold increase in students between 1993 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mongolia" title="Health in Mongolia">Health in Mongolia</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_in_Mongolia&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mongolia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mongolia.png/220px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mongolia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mongolia.png/330px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mongolia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mongolia.png/440px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mongolia.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Mongolia inherited a relatively good healthcare system from its socialist period. A World Bank report from 2007 notes "despite its low per capita income, Mongolia has relatively strong health indicators; a reflection of the important health gains achieved during the socialist period." On average Mongolia's infant mortality rate is less than half of that of similarly economically developed countries, its under-five mortality rate and life expectancy are all better on average than other nations with similar GDP per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1990, key health indicators in Mongolia like life expectancy and <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> have steadily improved, both due to social changes and to improvement in the health sector. <a href="/wiki/Echinococcosis" title="Echinococcosis">Echinococcosis</a> was one of the commonest surgical diagnoses in the 1960s, but now has been greatly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Health_in_Mongolia_Surgery_in_Mongolia_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_in_Mongolia_Surgery_in_Mongolia-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, adult health deteriorated during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century and mortality rates increased significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smallpox, typhus, plague, poliomyelitis, and diphtheria were eradicated by 1981.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Red_Cross_Society" title="Mongolian Red Cross Society">Mongolian Red Cross Society</a> focuses on preventive work. The <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Mongolian_Trade_Unions" title="Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions">Confederation of Mongolian Trade Unions</a> established a network of sanatoriums.<sup id="cite_ref-Health_in_Mongolia_Health_care_system_in_Mongolia_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Health_in_Mongolia_Health_care_system_in_Mongolia-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Serious problems remain, especially in the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2011 study by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), Mongolia's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, has the second highest level of fine particle pollution of any city in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poor air quality is also the largest occupational hazard, as over two-thirds of occupational disease in Mongolia is dust induced chronic <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">pneumoconiosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture of Mongolia</a></div> <p>The symbol in the left bar of the national flag is a Buddhist icon called <a href="/wiki/Soyombo_symbol" title="Soyombo symbol">Soyombo</a>. It represents the sun, moon, stars, and heavens per standard cosmological symbology abstracted from that seen in traditional <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a> paintings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <p>Before the 20th century, most works of the fine arts in Mongolia had a religious function, and therefore Mongolian fine arts were heavily influenced by religious texts.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thangkas" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangkas">Thangkas</a> were usually painted or made in <a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">appliqué</a> technique. Bronze sculptures usually showed Buddhist deities. A number of great works are attributed to the first <a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Jebtsundamba Khutuktu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanabazar" title="Zanabazar">Zanabazar</a>. </p><p>In the late 19th century, painters like <a href="/wiki/Marzan_Sharav" title="Marzan Sharav">"Marzan" Sharav</a> turned to more realistic painting styles. Under the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a> was the dominant painting style,<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however traditional <i>thangka</i>-like paintings dealing with secular, nationalist themes were also popular, a genre known as "<a href="/wiki/Mongol_zurag" title="Mongol zurag">Mongol <i>zurag</i></a>". </p><p>Among the first attempts to introduce <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a> into the fine arts of Mongolia was the painting <i>Ehiin setgel</i> (<i>Mother's love</i>) created by Tsevegjav in the 1960s. The artist was purged as his work was censored.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All forms of fine arts flourished only after <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> in the late 1980s. Otgonbayar Ershuu is arguably one of the most well-known Mongolian modern artists in the Western world, he was portrayed in the film "ZURAG" by Tobias Wulff.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mongolia" title="Architecture of Mongolia">Architecture of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurvger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/220px-Gurvger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/330px-Gurvger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gurvger.jpg/440px-Gurvger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt"><i>ger</i></a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Gurvan_Saikhan_Uul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurvan Saikhan Uul">Gurvan Saikhan Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional Mongolian dwelling is known as a <i>ger</i>. In the past it was known by the Russian term <i><a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a></i>, but this has been changing as the Mongolian term becomes better known in English-speaking countries. According to Mongolian artist and art critic <a href="/w/index.php?title=N._Chultem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. Chultem (page does not exist)">N. Chultem</a>, the <i>ger</i> was the basis for development of traditional Mongolian architecture. In the 16th and 17th centuries, lamaseries were built throughout the country. Many of them started as <i>ger</i>-temples. When they needed to be enlarged to accommodate the growing number of worshippers, the Mongolian architects used structures with 6 and 12 angles<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with pyramidal roofs to approximate to the round shape of a <i>ger</i>. Further enlargement led to a quadratic shape of the temples. The roofs were made in the shape of marquées.<sup id="cite_ref-Chultem_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chultem-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trellis walls, roof poles and layers of felt were replaced by stone, brick, beams and planks, and became permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chultem distinguished three styles in traditional Mongolian architecture: Mongolian, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan architecture">Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a> as well as combinations of the three. Among the first quadratic temples was Batu-Tsagaan (1654) designed by <a href="/wiki/Zanabazar" title="Zanabazar">Zanabazar</a>. An example of the <i>ger</i>-style architecture is the lamasery Dashi-Choiling in Ulaanbaatar. The temple Lavrin (18th century) in the <a href="/wiki/Erdene_Zuu" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdene Zuu">Erdene Zuu</a> lamasery was built in the Tibetan tradition. An example of a temple built in the Chinese tradition is the lamasery Choijing Lamiin Sume (1904), which is a museum today. The quadratic temple Tsogchin in lamasery Gandan in Ulaanbaatar is a combination of the Mongolian and Chinese tradition. The temple of Maitreya (disassembled in 1938) is an example of the Tibeto-Mongolian architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-Chultem_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chultem-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dashi-Choiling monastery has commenced a project to restore the temple and the 25 metres (82 ft) sculpture of Maitreya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Music of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_Musician.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mongolian_Musician.jpg/170px-Mongolian_Musician.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mongolian_Musician.jpg/255px-Mongolian_Musician.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mongolian_Musician.jpg/340px-Mongolian_Musician.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Musician playing the traditional Mongolian musical instrument <a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">morin khuur</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The music of Mongolia is strongly influenced by nature, nomadism, shamanism, and also Tibetan Buddhism. The traditional music includes a variety of instruments, famously the <a href="/wiki/Morin_khuur" title="Morin khuur">morin khuur</a>, and also the singing styles like the <a href="/wiki/Long_song" title="Long song">urtyn duu</a> ("long song"), and throat-singing (<a href="/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing#Khoomei" title="Tuvan throat singing">khoomei</a>). The "tsam" is danced to keep away evil spirits and it was seen as reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mongolia">Media of Mongolia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolia_media.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mongolia_media.jpg/220px-Mongolia_media.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mongolia_media.jpg/330px-Mongolia_media.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mongolia_media.jpg/440px-Mongolia_media.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mongolian media interviewing the opposition <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Green_Party" title="Mongolian Green Party">Mongolian Green Party</a> in 2008. The media has gained significant freedoms since democratic reforms initiated in the 1990s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolian press began in 1920 with close ties to the Soviet Union under the Mongolian Communist Party, with the establishment of the <i>Unen</i> ("Truth") newspaper similar to the Soviet <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until reforms in the 1990s, the government had strict control of the media and oversaw all publishing, in which no independent media were allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> had a significant impact on Mongolia, where the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> grew into a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> democracy, and with that, media freedoms came to the forefront. </p><p>A new law on press freedom, drafted with help from international NGOs on August 28, 1998, and enacted on January 1, 1999, paved the way for media reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-bruun_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruun-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongolian media currently consists of around 300 print and broadcasting outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2006, the media environment has been improving with the government debating a new <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of Information Act</a>, and the removal of any affiliation of media outlets with the government.<sup id="cite_ref-baner_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baner-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Market reforms have led to an annually increasing number of people working in the media, along with students at journalism schools.<sup id="cite_ref-baner_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baner-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its 2013 World Press Freedom Index report, <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> classified the media environment as 98th out of 179, with 1st being most free.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Mongolia was ranked 60th out of 180.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to 2014 Asian Development Bank survey, 80% of Mongolians cited television as their main source of information.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolian_cuisine">Mongolian cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boortsog_Aaruul.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boortsog_Aaruul.JPG/250px-Boortsog_Aaruul.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boortsog_Aaruul.JPG/330px-Boortsog_Aaruul.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Boortsog_Aaruul.JPG/500px-Boortsog_Aaruul.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>From smallest to largest: <a href="/wiki/Boortsog" title="Boortsog">boortsog</a> cookies, <a href="/wiki/Aaruul" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaruul">aaruul</a> (dried curds), and <a href="/wiki/Ul_boov" title="Ul boov">ul boov</a> cakes</figcaption></figure> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian cuisine</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongolian_cuisine&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian cuisine</a> predominantly consists of <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_fat" title="Animal fat">animal fats</a>. The most common rural dish is cooked <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">mutton</a>. In the city, steamed <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumplings</a> filled with meat—"<a href="/wiki/Buuz" title="Buuz">buuz</a>"— are popular. </p><p>The extreme <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">continental climate</a> of Mongolia and the lowest population density in the world of just 2.2 inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup> has influenced the traditional diet. Use of <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a> are limited. Due to geographic proximity and deep historic ties with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, Mongolian cuisine is also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongolian_cuisine_Marshall._268_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongolian_cuisine_Marshall._268-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolia is one of few Asian countries where rice is not a main staple food. Instead, Mongolian people prefer to eat lamb as their staple food rather than rice. </p> Wheat, barley, and buckwheat predominate more than rice in modern Mongolia.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_festivals">Sports and festivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_at_the_Olympics" title="Mongolia at the Olympics">Mongolia at the Olympics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naadam_Festival_2024_Opening_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Naadam_Festival_2024_Opening_Ceremony.jpg/220px-Naadam_Festival_2024_Opening_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Naadam_Festival_2024_Opening_Ceremony.jpg/330px-Naadam_Festival_2024_Opening_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Naadam_Festival_2024_Opening_Ceremony.jpg/440px-Naadam_Festival_2024_Opening_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam</a> is the largest summer celebration</figcaption></figure> <p>The main national festival is <a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam</a>, which has been organized for centuries and takes place over three days in the summer, consisting of three Mongolian traditional sports, archery, cross-country horse-racing, and wrestling, traditionally recognized as the Three Manly Games of Naadam. In modern-day Mongolia, Naadam is held from July 11 to 13 in the honor of the anniversaries of the National Democratic Revolution and foundation of the Great Mongol State. </p><p>Another very popular activity called Shagaa is the "flicking" of sheep ankle bones at a target several feet away, using a flicking motion of the finger to send the small bone flying at targets and trying to knock the target bones off the platform. At Naadam, this contest is popular among older Mongolians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Naadam_riders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Three_Naadam_riders.jpg/220px-Three_Naadam_riders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Three_Naadam_riders.jpg/330px-Three_Naadam_riders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Three_Naadam_riders.jpg/440px-Three_Naadam_riders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Riders during <a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam</a> festival</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture_in_Mongolia" title="Horse culture in Mongolia">Horse riding</a> is especially central to Mongolian culture. The long-distance races that are showcased during Naadam festivals are one aspect of this, as is the popularity of trick riding. One example of trick riding is the legend that the Mongolian military hero <a href="/wiki/Damdin_S%C3%BCkhbaatar" title="Damdin Sükhbaatar">Damdin Sükhbaatar</a> scattered coins on the ground and then picked them up while riding a horse at full gallop. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian wrestling</a> is the most popular of all Mongol sports. It is the highlight of the Three Manly Games of Naadam. Historians claim that Mongol-style wrestling originated some seven thousand years ago. Hundreds of wrestlers from different cities and aimags around the country take part in the national wrestling competition. </p><p>Other sports such as basketball, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powerlifting" title="Powerlifting">powerlifting</a>, association football, athletics, gymnastics, table tennis, <a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">jujutsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">aikido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">kickboxing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> have become popular in Mongolia. More Mongolian table tennis players are competing internationally. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a> has been practised since 1958 in Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolian freestyle wrestlers have won the first and the most Olympic medals of Mongolia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Naidangiin_T%C3%BCvshinbayar" title="Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar">Naidangiin Tüvshinbayar</a> won Mongolia's first ever Olympic gold medal in the men's 100-kilogram class of judo.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amateur_boxing" title="Amateur boxing">Amateur boxing</a> has been practised in Mongolia since 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongolian Olympic boxing national team was founded in 1960. The Communist government of Mongolia banned boxing from 1964 to 1967 but the government soon ended the ban. <a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a> began in Mongolia in the 1990s. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolia national basketball team">Mongolia national basketball team</a> enjoyed some success recently, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_East_Asian_Games" title="Basketball at the East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a>. </p><p>Association football is also played in Mongolia. The <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_national_football_team" title="Mongolia national football team">Mongolia national football team</a> began playing national games again during the 1990s; but has not yet qualified for a major international tournament. The <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolia Premier League">Mongolia Premier League</a> is the top domestic competition. </p><p>Several Mongolian women have excelled in <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">pistol shooting</a>: <a href="/wiki/Otryadyn_G%C3%BCndegmaa" title="Otryadyn Gündegmaa">Otryadyn Gündegmaa</a> is a silver medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games, <a href="/wiki/Munkhbayar_Dorjsuren" title="Munkhbayar Dorjsuren">Munkhbayar Dorjsuren</a> is a double world champion and Olympic bronze medal winner (now representing Germany), while <a href="/wiki/Tsogbadrakhyn_M%C3%B6nkhzul" title="Tsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzul">Tsogbadrakhyn Mönkhzul</a> is, as of May 2007, ranked third in the world in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=25-metre_pistol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="25-metre pistol (page does not exist)">25-metre pistol</a> event.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mongolian <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> wrestler <a href="/wiki/Dolgors%C3%BCrengiin_Dagvadorj" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj">Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj</a> won 25 top division tournament championships, placing him fourth on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sumo_record_holders#Most_career_championships" title="List of sumo record holders">all-time list</a>. In January 2015, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nkhbatyn_Davaajargal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mönkhbatyn Davaajargal">Mönkhbatyn Davaajargal</a> took his 33rd top division championship, giving him the most in the history of sumo. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> is the only sport in which Mongolia has finished higher than third place at the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Asian Winter Games</a>, which happened in <a href="/wiki/Bandy_at_the_2011_Asian_Winter_Games" title="Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games">2011</a> when <a href="/wiki/Mongolia_national_bandy_team" title="Mongolia national bandy team">the national team</a> captured the silver medal. It led to being chosen as the best Mongolian sports team of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia won the bronze medal of the B division at the <a href="/wiki/2017_Bandy_World_Championship" title="2017 Bandy World Championship">2017 Bandy World Championship</a> after which the then <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President of Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsakhiagiin_Elbegdorj" title="Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj">Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj</a>, held a reception for the team.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulaanbataar holds an annual marathon in June. 2015 was the sixth marathon that has been organized by Ar Mongol. The race starts at Sukhbataar Square and is always open to residents and runners who come especially for this event.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagles_and_Hunters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eagles_and_Hunters.JPG/250px-Eagles_and_Hunters.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eagles_and_Hunters.JPG/330px-Eagles_and_Hunters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eagles_and_Hunters.JPG/500px-Eagles_and_Hunters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4270" data-file-height="1757" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> hunters in Mongolia with eagles</figcaption></figure> <p>Mongolia holds other traditional festivals throughout the year. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Festival" title="Golden Eagle Festival">Golden Eagle Festival</a>, held annually, draws about 400 eagle hunters on horseback, including the traveler <span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn-Cyrl">Мөнхбаярт Батсайхан</span></span> (<span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Mönkhbayart Batsaikhan</i></span>), to compete with their birds.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ice_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice Festival">Ice Festival</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thousand_Camel_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thousand Camel Festival (page does not exist)">Thousand Camel Festival</a> are amongst many other traditional Mongolian festivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">Index of Mongolia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mongolia" title="Outline of Mongolia">Outline of Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled as "Ulan Bator".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>: <span lang="mn">Монгол Улс</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Mongolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Mongolian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><i lang="mn-Latn">Mongol Uls</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275" /><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠤᠯᠤᠰ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Mongolian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="mn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">[mɔŋɢəɮ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊɮs]</a></span>, <span title="Mongolian-script transliteration"><span>moŋɣol ulus</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia"<br /><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/82\/En-us-Mongolia.ogg\/En-us-Mongolia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Mongolia.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/82/En-us-Mongolia.ogg/En-us-Mongolia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Mongolia.ogg" title="File:En-us-Mongolia.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mong-<span style="font-size:90%">GOH</span>-lee-ə</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101013639/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36">"Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script"</a>. <i>UB Post</i>. 21 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36">the original</a> on 1 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UB+Post&rft.atitle=Official+Documents+to+be+in+Mongolian+Script&rft.date=2011-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fubpost.mongolnews.mn%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D6478%26Itemid%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web-old.archive.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web-old.archive.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web-old.archive.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230731/https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf">"Хун ам, орон сууцны 2020 оны улсын ээлжит тооллогы нэгдсэн дун"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Mongolian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BD+%D0%B0%D0%BC%2C+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D1%86%D0%BD%D1%8B+2020+%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftuv.nso.mn%2Fuploads%2Fusers%2F87%2Ffiles%2FKhun_am_toollogo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDEA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOdonkhuu2016" class="citation web cs1">Odonkhuu, Munkhsaikhan (February 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy">"Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy"</a>. <i>ConstitutionNet</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance" title="International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance">International IDEA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225144740/http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Mongolia is sometimes described as a semi-presidential system because, while the prime minister and cabinet are collectively responsible to the SGKh, the president is popularly elected, and his/her powers are much broader than the conventional powers of heads of state in parliamentary systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ConstitutionNet&rft.atitle=Mongolia%3A+A+Vain+Constitutional+Attempt+to+Consolidate+Parliamentary+Democracy&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.aulast=Odonkhuu&rft.aufirst=Munkhsaikhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitutionnet.org%2Fnews%2Fmongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/">"Mongolia"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Mongolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmongolia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1212.mn/en/dissemination/73110203">"MONGOLIAN STATISTICAL INFORMATION SERVICE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MONGOLIAN+STATISTICAL+INFORMATION+SERVICE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F1212.mn%2Fen%2Fdissemination%2F73110203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.MN-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MN_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MN_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MN_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.MN_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=948,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mongolia)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Mongolia%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D948%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-gini-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wb-gini_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MN">"GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Mongolia"</a>. <i>data.worldbank.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101132736/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MN">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+Mongolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DMN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml">"Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7"</a>. Time Temperature.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013100212/http://timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mongolia+Standard+Time+is+GMT+%28UTC%29+%2B8%2C+some+areas+of+Mongolia+use+GMT+%28UTC%29+%2B7&rft.pub=Time+Temperature.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timetemperature.com%2Fasia%2Fmongolia_time_zone.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Jerryson, <i>Mongolian Buddhism: The Rise and Fall of the Sangha,</i> (Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 2007), 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315082839/http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/east_asia/mongolia/religion.htm">"Mongolia – Religion"</a>. <i>Michigan State University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa/east_asia/mongolia/religion.htm">the original</a> on March 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michigan+State+University&rft.atitle=Mongolia+%E2%80%93+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.isp.msu.edu%2Fwbwoa%2Feast_asia%2Fmongolia%2Freligion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sik-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sik_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSik1990" class="citation book cs1">Sik, Ko Swan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1ecjepq80QC&pg=PA39"><i>Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792308768" title="Special:BookSources/9780792308768"><bdi>9780792308768</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002110/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1ecjepq80QC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationality+and+International+Law+in+Asian+Perspective&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780792308768&rft.aulast=Sik&rft.aufirst=Ko+Swan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1ecjepq80QC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFСүхбаатар1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Сүхбаатар, Г. (1992). "Монгол Нирун улс" [Mongol Nirun (<a href="/wiki/Rouran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouran">Rouran</a>) state]. <i>Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть</i> [<i>Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III</i>] (in Mongolian). Vol. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">330–</span>550.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD+%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%2C+III+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8C&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E330-%3C%2Fspan%3E550&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80&rft.aufirst=%D0%93.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svanty-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svanty_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svanty_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvantessonTsendinaKarlssonFranzén2005" class="citation book cs1">Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzén, Vivian (2005). <i>The Phonology of Mongolian</i>. Phonologies of the World's Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199554270" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199554270"><bdi>978-0199554270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Mongolian&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Phonologies+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0199554270&rft.aulast=Svantesson&rft.aufirst=Jan-Olof&rft.au=Tsendina%2C+Anna&rft.au=Karlsson%2C+Anastasia&rft.au=Franz%C3%A9n%2C+Vivian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1991" class="citation book cs1">Pulleyblank, Edwin George (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBvsXylluO4C"><i>Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin</i></a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0366-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0366-5"><bdi>0-7748-0366-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+of+Reconstructed+Pronunciation+in+Early+Middle+Chinese%2C+Late+Middle+Chinese%2C+and+Early+Mandarin&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7748-0366-5&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqBvsXylluO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaxSag-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaxSag_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent. <i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425064509/http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207">"Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207">the original</a> on 25 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baxter%E2%80%93Sagart+Old+Chinese+Reconstruction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrlao.ehess.fr%2Fdocannexe.php%3Fid%3D1207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.93 MB)</span></i>. 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27420/Mongolia#394579.hook">"Mongolia: Ethnography of Mongolia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080706041059/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27420/Mongolia#394579.hook">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mongolia%3A+Ethnography+of+Mongolia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-27420%2FMongolia%23394579.hook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Alan J. K. (20 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C"><i>Historical Dictionary of Mongolia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7452-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7452-7</bdi></a>. <q>Since the proclamation of the 1992 Mongolian Constitution, the official name of the independent Mongolian state, previously (1924–92) the Mongolian People's Republic, has been simply Mongolia (<i>Mongol Uls</i>).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Mongolia&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7452-7&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5JN83EDDLl4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2005" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fghrQgAACAAJ"><i>The Concise Dictionary of World Place-names</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860537-9"><bdi>978-0-19-860537-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place-names&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860537-9&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfghrQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novgorodova-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novgorodova_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novgorodova_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eleanora Novgorodova, Archäologische Funde, Ausgrabungsstätten und Skulpturen, in <i>Mongolen (catalogue)</i>, pp. 14–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/11/201105183836.htm">"Population dynamics and the rise of empires in Inner Asia: Genome-wide analysis spanning 6,000 years in the eastern Eurasian Steppe gives insights to the formation of Mongolia's empires"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Population+dynamics+and+the+rise+of+empires+in+Inner+Asia%3A+Genome-wide+analysis+spanning+6%2C000+years+in+the+eastern+Eurasian+Steppe+gives+insights+to+the+formation+of+Mongolia%27s+empires&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2020%2F11%2F201105183836.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYangSarengaowaHeGuo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Xiaomin; Sarengaowa; He, Guanglin; Guo, Jianxin; Zhu, Kongyang; Ma, Hao; Zhao, Jing; Yang, Meiqing; Chen, Jing; Zhang, Xianpeng; Tao, Le; Liu, Yilan; Zhang, Xiu-Fang; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693022">"Genomic Insights Into the Genetic Structure and Natural Selection of Mongolians"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>12</b>: 735786. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.735786">10.3389/fgene.2021.735786</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-8021">1664-8021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8693022">8693022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34956310">34956310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genomic+Insights+Into+the+Genetic+Structure+and+Natural+Selection+of+Mongolians&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=735786&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8693022%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-8021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34956310&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.735786&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Xiaomin&rft.au=Sarengaowa&rft.au=He%2C+Guanglin&rft.au=Guo%2C+Jianxin&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Kongyang&rft.au=Ma%2C+Hao&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Jing&rft.au=Yang%2C+Meiqing&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jing&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xianpeng&rft.au=Tao%2C+Le&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yilan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiu-Fang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chuan-Chao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8693022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians">"Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians"</a>. <i>Science</i>. AAAS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220902191050/https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nomadic+herders+left+a+strong+genetic+mark+on+Europeans+and+Asians&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fnomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Christian1998" class="citation book cs1">David Christian (16 December 1998). <i>A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia</i>. Wiley. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20814-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20814-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20814-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia%2C+Central+Asia+and+Mongolia&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1998-12-16&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20814-3&rft.au=David+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,433600,00.html">"Archeological Sensation-Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia"</a>. <i>Spiegel Online</i>. Spiegel.de. August 25, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522230511/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,433600,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Archeological+Sensation-Ancient+Mummy+Found+in+Mongolia&rft.date=2006-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C433600%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1">"Memorial Complex of Bilge Khagan"</a>. bitig.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203230249/http://www.bitig.org/?lang=e">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+Complex+of+Bilge+Khagan&rft.pub=bitig.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbitig.org%2F%3Flang%3De%26mod%3D1%26tid%3D1%26oid%3D16%26m%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EarthRule-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EarthRule_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce_R._Gordon" class="citation web cs1">Bruce R. Gordon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701103611/http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html">"To Rule the Earth…"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hostkingdom.net/earthrul.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Rule+the+Earth%E2%80%A6&rft.au=Bruce+R.+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hostkingdom.net%2Fearthrul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuzman1988" class="citation journal cs1">Guzman, Gregory G. (1988). "Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?". <i>The Historian</i> (50): <span class="nowrap">568–</span>570.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=Were+the+barbarians+a+negative+or+positive+factor+in+ancient+and+medieval+history%3F&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E568-%3C%2Fspan%3E570&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Guzman&rft.aufirst=Gregory+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_T._Allsen2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Allsen" title="Thomas T. Allsen">Thomas T. Allsen</a> (March 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0StLNcKQNUoC&pg=PA211"><i>Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60270-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60270-9"><bdi>978-0-521-60270-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Conquest+in+Mongol+Eurasia&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60270-9&rft.au=Thomas+T.+Allsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0StLNcKQNUoC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>《扩廓帖木儿传》[biography of Köke Temür]</i> (卷一四一，列传第二八 ed.). <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%89%A9%E5%BB%93%E5%B8%96%E6%9C%A8%E5%84%BF%E4%BC%A0%E3%80%8B%5Bbiography+of+K%C3%B6ke+Tem%C3%BCr%5D&rft.edition=%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%80%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%80%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%AB&rft.pub=History+of+Yuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJunko1997" class="citation journal cs1">Junko, Miyawaki (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928088">"The Birth of the Oyirad Khanship"</a>. <i>Central Asiatic Journal</i>. <b>41</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928088">41928088</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116050322/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928088">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+the+Oyirad+Khanship&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Junko&rft.aufirst=Miyawaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41928088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander" class="citation web cs1">Alexander, Berzin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-mongolia/history-of-buddhism-in-mongolia">"History of Buddhism in Mongolia"</a>. <i>Study Buddhism</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215024500/https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-in-mongolia/history-of-buddhism-in-mongolia">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study+Buddhism&rft.atitle=History+of+Buddhism+in+Mongolia&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Berzin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Fadvanced-studies%2Fhistory-culture%2Fbuddhism-in-mongolia%2Fhistory-of-buddhism-in-mongolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Allworth" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Edward Allworth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313790/Kazakhstan/214566/History#ref=ref598970">"Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212010855/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/313790/Kazakhstan/214566/History#ref=ref598970">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters.&rft.atitle=Young+monks+lead+revival+of+Buddhism+in+Mongolia+after+years+of+repression.&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fuk-mongolia-monks-idUKKCN1J104O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mongolia_2003-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mongolia_2003_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Mongolia,</i> 2003, Volume 5. Mongolian Institute of History</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFБоржигон_Хүсэл2015" class="citation web cs1">Боржигон Хүсэл (18 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/JIS/article/download/394/415">"1945 ОНД БНМАУ-ААС ХЯТАД УЛСАД ҮЗҮҮЛСЭН ТУСЛАМЖ"</a> [Mongolian People's Republic supported the Chinese Anti-Japan War in 1945]. <i>Mongolia Journals Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804060721/https://www.mongoliajol.info/index.php/JIS/article/download/394/415">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongolia+Journals+Online&rft.atitle=1945+%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%94+%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A3-%D0%90%D0%90%D0%A1+%D0%A5%D0%AF%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%94+%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94+%D2%AE%D0%97%D2%AE%D2%AE%D0%9B%D0%A1%D0%AD%D0%9D+%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%96&rft.date=2015-01-18&rft.au=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD+%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mongoliajol.info%2Findex.php%2FJIS%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F394%2F415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nohlen, D, Grotz, F & Hartmann, C (2001) <i>Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II</i>, p491 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924959-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924959-8">0-19-924959-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unveto-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unveto_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/zh/sc/meetings/veto/pdf/a58_47_p2.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">因常任理事国投反对票而未获通过的决议草案或修正案各段</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Chinese). 聯合國. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140323133412/http://www.un.org/zh/sc/meetings/veto/pdf/a58_47_p2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%A0%E5%B8%B8%E4%BB%BB%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%95%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%B9%E7%A5%A8%E8%80%8C%E6%9C%AA%E8%8E%B7%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E7%9A%84%E5%86%B3%E8%AE%AE%E8%8D%89%E6%A1%88%E6%88%96%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88%E5%90%84%E6%AE%B5&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fzh%2Fsc%2Fmeetings%2Fveto%2Fpdf%2Fa58_47_p2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcveto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcveto_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2828985.stm">"The veto and how to use it"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726080318/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2828985.stm">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=The+veto+and+how+to+use+it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F2828985.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gpveto-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gpveto_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/102/32810.html">"Changing Pattern in the Use of Veto in the Security Council"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsedenbal%27s+Mongolia+and+the+Communist+Aid+Donors%3A+A+Reappraisal+%26%23124%3B+Wilson+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Ftsedenbals-mongolia-and-the-communist-aid-donors-reappraisal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF350.orgHunter2024" class="citation web cs1">350.org; Hunter, Daniel (17 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonslibrary.org/authoritarianism-to-democracy-the-story-of-mongolia/">"Authoritarianism to Democracy: The Story of Mongolia"</a>. <i>The Commons Social Change Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Background Note:Mongolia"</a>. State.gov. February 28, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217133623/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2779.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+State.+Bureau+of+East+Asian+and+Pacific+Affairs.+Background+Note%3AMongolia&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2010-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2779.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_DESA_PD-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_DESA_PD_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_DESA_PD_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_DESA_PD_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf">"WPP2006_Highlights_0823.doc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721171003/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511040529/http://www.unescap.org/stat/pop-it/pop-wdt/wdt-mongolia.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mongolia&rft.pub=United+Nations+Economic+and+Social+Commission+for+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescap.org%2Fstat%2Fpop-it%2Fpop-wdt%2Fwdt-mongolia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpoorenberg2009" class="citation journal cs1">Spoorenberg, Thomas (2009). "The impact of the political and economic transition on fertility and family formation in Mongolia. A synthetic parity progression ratio analysis". <i>Asian Population Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">127–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17441730902992067">10.1080/17441730902992067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-1730">1744-1730</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153650562">153650562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Population+Studies&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+political+and+economic+transition+on+fertility+and+family+formation+in+Mongolia.+A+synthetic+parity+progression+ratio+analysis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153650562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1744-1730&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17441730902992067&rft.aulast=Spoorenberg&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=MNG">"Fertility rate: children per woman"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318130315/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?tab=chart&country=MNG">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Fertility+rate%3A+children+per+woman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fchildren-born-per-woman%3Ftab%3Dchart%26country%3DMNG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia/Climate-and-soils">"Mongolia – Climate and soils"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405131415/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia/Climate-and-soils">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Mongolia+%E2%80%93+Climate+and+soils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMongolia%2FClimate-and-soils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/news/business/second-wave-of-chinese-invasion/2007/08/12/1186857347594.html">"Second wave of Chinese invasion"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. August 13, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021224406/http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/second-wave-of-chinese-invasion/2007/08/12/1186857347594.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Second+wave+of+Chinese+invasion&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fsecond-wave-of-chinese-invasion%2F2007%2F08%2F12%2F1186857347594.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_74-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarzlufSaruul-Erdene2019" class="citation book cs1">Marzluf, Philip; Saruul-Erdene, Myagmar (2019). "Mongolia: Language education policy". In Kirkpatrick, Andy; Liddicoat, Anthony J. (eds.). <i>The Routledge international handbook of language education policy in Asia</i>. Routledge international handbooks. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35449-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35449-9"><bdi>978-1-317-35449-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mongolia%3A+Language+education+policy&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+international+handbook+of+language+education+policy+in+Asia&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Routledge+international+handbooks&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-317-35449-9&rft.aulast=Marzluf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Saruul-Erdene%2C+Myagmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legalinfo.mn/">"Монгол хэлний тухай хууль"</a>. <i>Эрх зүйн мэдээллийн нэгдсэн систем</i> (in Mongolian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%85+%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegalinfo.mn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://montsame.mn/en/read/250154">"University and college students to learn Mongolian script from upcoming academic year"</a>. <i>MONTSAME News Agency</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240519063138/https://montsame.mn/en/read/250154">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MONTSAME+News+Agency&rft.atitle=University+and+college+students+to+learn+Mongolian+script+from+upcoming+academic+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmontsame.mn%2Fen%2Fread%2F250154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuaxia2025" class="citation news cs1">Huaxia (2 January 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20250102/8b680b455e18408bbde04b07870fe493/c.html">"Mongolia adopts dual scripts for legal, official documents"</a>. <i>Xinhuanet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250104095800/https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20250102/8b680b455e18408bbde04b07870fe493/c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhuanet&rft.atitle=Mongolia+adopts+dual+scripts+for+legal%2C+official+documents&rft.date=2025-01-02&rft.au=Huaxia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.news.cn%2Fasiapacific%2F20250102%2F8b680b455e18408bbde04b07870fe493%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShinjeeDovchin2023" class="citation book cs1">Shinjee, Bolormaa; <a href="/wiki/Sender_Dovchin" title="Sender Dovchin">Dovchin, Sender</a> (28 July 2023). "SOCIOLINGUISTICS IN MONGOLIA". In Ball, Martin J.; Mesthrie, Rajend; Meluzzi, Chiara (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003198345/routledge-handbook-sociolinguistics-around-world-martin-ball-rajend-mesthrie-chiara-meluzzi"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World</i></a> (2 ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003198345">10.4324/9781003198345</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-19834-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-19834-5"><bdi>978-1-003-19834-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240519063137/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003198345/routledge-handbook-sociolinguistics-around-world-martin-ball-rajend-mesthrie-chiara-meluzzi">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Office of the President, Republic of Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.president.go.kr/cwd/en/archive/archive_view.php?meta_id=en_dip_2006&category=164&id=923b8c655856408486c7764f">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C&rft.pub=www.Legalinfo.mn&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legalinfo.mn%2Flaw%2Fdetails%2F8689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/80622441">"Social and economic profile of Mongolia 2019-2023"</a>. <i>nso.mn</i> (in Mongolian). 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Mongol Ulsyn Ündėsnij Statisikijn Horoo. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99978-758-9-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-99978-758-9-1"><bdi>978-99978-758-9-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522192729/https://www.nso.mn/en/statistic/file-library/view/47811478">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Mongolia&rft.pub=Bureau+of+East+Asian+and+Pacific+Affairs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F2779.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdiya2020" class="citation web cs1">Adiya, Amar (25 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/cashmere-conflict-politicians-herders-middlemen-and-factories">"Cashmere conflict: Politicians, Herders, Middlemen and Factories"</a>. <i>Mongolia Weekly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325205150/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/cashmere-conflict-politicians-herders-middlemen-and-factories">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=CIA+World+Factbook%2C+Mongolia&rft.date=2024-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmongolia%2F%23economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mongolia/overview">"The World Bank in Mongolia"</a>. <i>The World Bank</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528014029/https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/mongolia/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+in+Mongolia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fmongolia%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adb.org/where-we-work/mongolia/poverty#:~:text=Poverty%20Data%3A%20Mongolia&text=In%20Mongolia%2C%2027.1%25%20of%20the,die%20before%20their%205th%20birthday.">"Mongolia and ADB"</a>. <i>Asian Development Bank</i>. 21 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240528015529/https://www.adb.org/where-we-work/mongolia/poverty#:~:text=Poverty%20Data%3A%20Mongolia&text=In%20Mongolia%2C%2027.1%25%20of%20the,die%20before%20their%205th%20birthday.">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dow+Jones+Financial+News+Online&rft.atitle=Mongolia+earns+a+sporting+chance+with+fledgling+operation&rft.date=2007-02-12&rft.aulast=Jeffs&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efinancialnews.com%2Fcontent%2F1047180747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IHT-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IHT_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheng2006" class="citation news cs1">Cheng, Patricia (19 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820205402/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/09/19/bloomberg/bxmongol.php">"Mongolian bourse seeks foreign investment"</a>. <i>International Herald-Tribune</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=Mongolian+bourse+seeks+foreign+investment&rft.date=2006-09-19&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F09%2F19%2Fbloomberg%2Fbxmongol.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/mongolia/market-capitalization">"Mongolia Market Capitalization"</a>. <i>CEIC Data</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Moscow. 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702015556/http://www.indiana.edu/~mongsoc/mong/heritage.htm">"Cultural Heritage of Mongolia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Heritage+of+Mongolia&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~mongsoc%2Fmong%2Fheritage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pr-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pr_172-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pr_172-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressreference.com/Ma-No/Mongolia.html">"Mongolia media"</a>. Press reference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130415220841/http://www.pressreference.com/Ma-No/Mongolia.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Reporters Without Borders. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314000216/https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2016">Archived</a> from the original on March 14, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=2016+World+Press+Freedom+Index&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Franking%2F2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnkhbold2016" class="citation web cs1">Enkhbold, Enerelt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.adb.org/blog/tv-drama-promotes-financial-education-mongolia">"TV drama promotes financial education in Mongolia"</a>. <i>Asian Development Bank Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530104121/http://blogs.adb.org/blog/tv-drama-promotes-financial-education-mongolia">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Development+Bank+Blog&rft.atitle=TV+drama+promotes+financial+education+in+Mongolia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Enkhbold&rft.aufirst=Enerelt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.adb.org%2Fblog%2Ftv-drama-promotes-financial-education-mongolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mongolian_cuisine_Marshall._268-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mongolian_cuisine_Marshall._268_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2007, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrestling.mn/page/show/19">"Монголын Чөлөөт Бөхийн Холбоо"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330025955/http://wrestling.mn/page/show/19">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D0%A7%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%82+%D0%91%D3%A9%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrestling.mn%2Fpage%2Fshow%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark_Bixler2008" class="citation news cs1">Mark Bixler (15 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822162813/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SPORT/08/15/mongolia.medal/index.html">"Mongolia wins first-ever gold medal"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mongolia+wins+first-ever+gold+medal&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.au=Mark+Bixler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FSPORT%2F08%2F15%2Fmongolia.medal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031203607/http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=108135">"Д.Батмєнх: Анх дээлтэй, монгол гуталтай бокс тоглодог байлаа"</a> [D. Batmunkh: The first Mongolian boxer was dressed in Mongolian boots] (in Mongolian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=108135">the original</a> on 31 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94.%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%85%3A+%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%85+%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81+%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olloo.mn%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Dprint%26sid%3D108135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070425032544/http://www.issf-shooting.org/update/worldranking.asp?mode=allbyevent&event=SP">"World ranking: 25 m Pistol Women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Shooting_Sport_Federation" title="International Shooting Sport Federation">International Shooting Sport Federation</a>. 29 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issf-shooting.org/update/worldranking.asp?mode=allbyevent&event=SP">the original</a> on 25 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+ranking%3A+25+m+Pistol+Women&rft.pub=International+Shooting+Sport+Federation&rft.date=2007-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issf-shooting.org%2Fupdate%2Fworldranking.asp%3Fmode%3Dallbyevent%26event%3DSP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140419105406/http://www.ocasia.org/News/IndexNewsRM.aspx?WKegervtea1MGkNnT6j12w==">"Mongolia NOC announces sports press awards"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocasia.org/News/IndexNewsRM.aspx?WKegervtea1MGkNnT6j12w==">the original</a> on 19 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mongolia+NOC+announces+sports+press+awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocasia.org%2FNews%2FIndexNewsRM.aspx%3FWKegervtea1MGkNnT6j12w%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/mongolia/the-ub-post/20170206/281663959744789">"PressReader – the UB Post: 2017-02-06 – President praises national bandy team"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215525/https://www.pressreader.com/mongolia/the-ub-post/20170206/281663959744789">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span> – via PressReader.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PressReader+%E2%80%93+the+UB+Post%3A+2017-02-06+%E2%80%93+President+praises+national+bandy+team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fmongolia%2Fthe-ub-post%2F20170206%2F281663959744789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015162724/http://mongoliatourism.info/1/news/6">"MongoliaTourism – Мэдээ, мэдээлэл – 6th International Ulaanbaatar Marathon – June 2015"</a>. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MongoliaTourism+%E2%80%93+%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%2C+%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB+%E2%80%93+6th+International+Ulaanbaatar+Marathon+%E2%80%93+June+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mongoliatourism.info%2F1%2Fnews%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdiya2022" class="citation web cs1">Adiya, Amar (4 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/most-important-thing-you-need-to-know-about-golden-eagle-hunting-festival-in-mongolia">"Most Important Thing You Need To Know About Golden Eagle Hunting Festival in Mongolia"</a>. <i>Mongolia Weekly</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325211154/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/most-important-thing-you-need-to-know-about-golden-eagle-hunting-festival-in-mongolia">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mongolia+Weekly&rft.atitle=Most+Important+Thing+You+Need+To+Know+About+Golden+Eagle+Hunting+Festival+in+Mongolia&rft.date=2022-09-04&rft.aulast=Adiya&rft.aufirst=Amar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mongoliaweekly.org%2Fpost%2Fmost-important-thing-you-need-to-know-about-golden-eagle-hunting-festival-in-mongolia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLingFitzhughNorbu2009" class="citation book cs1">Ling, Elaine; Fitzhugh, William W.; Norbu, Thubten Konchog (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020021354/http://www.lodimapress.com/html/elaine_ling.html"><i>Mongolia: Land of the Deer Stone</i></a>. Lodima Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888899-57-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888899-57-3"><bdi>978-1-888899-57-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lodimapress.com/html/elaine_ling.html">the original</a> on October 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolia%3A+Land+of+the+Deer+Stone&rft.pub=Lodima+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-888899-57-3&rft.aulast=Ling&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft.au=Fitzhugh%2C+William+W.&rft.au=Norbu%2C+Thubten+Konchog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lodimapress.com%2Fhtml%2Felaine_ling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/nations/Mongolia"><i>Mongolia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080614161810/http://www.britannica.com/nations/Mongolia">Archived</a> 14 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/">Mongolia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109221145/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia">Archived</a> 9 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eap/ci/mg/"><i>Background notes on Mongolia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604160514/https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eap/ci/mg/">Archived</a> 4 June 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US Department of State</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=245">Mongolia: Growth, Democracy, and Two Wary Neighbors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025084557/http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=245">Archived</a> 25 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Q&A with <a href="/wiki/Alan_M._Wachman" title="Alan M. Wachman">Alan Wachman</a>, May 2012)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mongolia</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mongolia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Mongolia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" class="extiw" title="c:Монгол улс">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mongolia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mongolia">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mongolia" class="extiw" title="q:Mongolia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mongolia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Mongolia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mongolia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Mongolia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mongolia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Mongolia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mongolia" class="extiw" title="voy:Mongolia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090316081323/http://www.pmis.gov.mn/gov_eng.htm">Official website of the Government Organizations of Mongolia</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in English and Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081632/http://www.pmis.gov.mn/pmis_eng/index.php">Mongolia Government Overview</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> <span class="languageicon">(in Mongolian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114082958/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/mongolia.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/">Mongolia</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amicusmongolia.com/mongolia-travel-guide/">Mongolia Travel Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085250/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/mongolia.htm">Mongolia</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> at <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15460525">Mongolia profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389335/Mongolia">Mongolia</a> at <i>Britannica.com</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mongolia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mongolia">"Mongolia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">711–</span>712.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mongolia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E711-%3C%2Fspan%3E712&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongolia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Mongolia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Mongolia">Wikimedia Atlas of Mongolia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrestlingroots.org/">Wrestling Roots</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countryreports.org/country/mongolia.htm">Mongolia, Facts and Culture on CountryReports.org</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolia_articles555" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongolia_topics" title="Template:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongolia_topics" title="Template talk:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongolia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolia_articles555" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongolia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirat">Four Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">1921 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">1990 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Mongolia" title="Emblem of Mongolia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/100px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/150px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg/200px-State_emblem_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1355" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mongolia" title="Template:Borders of Mongolia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cities_and_towns_of_Mongolia" title="List of historical cities and towns of Mongolia">Historical cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia" title="Environmental issues in Mongolia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Fauna of Mongolia">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Mongolia" title="List of birds of Mongolia">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Mongolia" title="List of mammals of Mongolia">Mammals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Flora of Mongolia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mongolia" title="List of lakes of Mongolia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l" title="Lake Khövsgöl">Khövsgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvs_Lake" title="Uvs Lake">Uvs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Mongolia" title="List of mountains in Mongolia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khangai_Mountains" title="Khangai Mountains">Khangai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khentii_Mountains" title="Khentii Mountains">Khentii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Mongolia" title="List of national parks of Mongolia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mongolia" title="List of rivers of Mongolia">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selenga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenga River">Selenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_River" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Mongolia" title="Government of Mongolia">Government <span style="font-size:85%;">(cabinet)</span></a></li> <li>Judiciary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Supreme Court of Mongolia">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Constitutional Court of Mongolia">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mongolia" title="Elections in Mongolia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of Mongolia">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_neighbor_policy" title="Third neighbor policy">Third neighbor policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mongolia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mongolia" title="Law enforcement in Mongolia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Mongolia)" title="Chief of General Staff (Mongolia)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mongolia" title="List of political parties in Mongolia">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mongolia" title="Agriculture in Mongolia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia#Banks" title="Economy of Mongolia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mongolia" title="List of companies of Mongolia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Stock_Exchange" title="Mongolian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Tögrög <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mongolia" title="Tourism in Mongolia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mongolia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mongolia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Society of Mongolia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Southern Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mongolia" title="Health in Mongolia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mongolia" title="Prostitution in Mongolia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mongolia" title="Public holidays in Mongolia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongolians" title="List of Mongolians">List of Mongolians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Mongolia" title="Sex trafficking in Mongolia">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mongolia" title="Architecture of Mongolia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee <span style="font-size:85%;">(dance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyol_Fashion_Festival" title="Goyol Fashion Festival">Goyol Fashion Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_culture_in_Mongolia" title="Horse culture in Mongolia">Horse culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mongolia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam <span style="font-size:85%;">(festival)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Sar" title="Tsagaan Sar">Tsagaan Sar <span style="font-size:85%;">(New Year's Day)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mongolia">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mongolia" title="Outline of Mongolia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mongolia" title="Category:Mongolia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_peoples449" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Template talk:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_ethnic_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol ethnic groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongolic_peoples449" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_heartland" title="Mongol heartland">Mongol heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_Grave_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab Grave culture">Slab Grave culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Mongol_clans" title="List of modern Mongol clans">Modern clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Mongolian nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_symbol" title="Soyombo symbol">Soyombo symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yujiul%C3%BC_clan" title="Yujiulü clan">Yujiulü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_tribe" title="Duan tribe">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murong" title="Murong">Murong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qin" title="Western Qin">Qifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)" title="Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didouyu" title="Didouyu">Didouyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC" title="Yelü">Yelü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonos_tribe" title="Chonos tribe">Chonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlos_Mongols" title="Gorlos Mongols">Gorlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalairs" title="Jalairs">Jalair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katagans" title="Katagans">Katagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khongirad" title="Khongirad">Khongirad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkit" title="Merkit">Merkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olkhonud" title="Olkhonud">Olkhonud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongud" title="Ongud">Ongud</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunud" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunud">Sunud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taichiud" title="Taichiud">Taichiud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriankhai" title="Uriankhai">Uriankhai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darkhad" title="Darkhad">Darkhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dariganga_Mongols" title="Dariganga Mongols">Dariganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eljigin" title="Eljigin">Eljigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotogoid" title="Khotogoid">Khotogoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartuul" title="Sartuul">Sartuul</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="in_China29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">in China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asud" title="Asud">Asud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baarins" title="Baarins">Baarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Dorbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Dorbet">Eastern Dorbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharchin_Mongols" title="Kharchin Mongols">Kharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorchin_Mongols" title="Khorchin Mongols">Khorchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaruud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaruud">Jaruud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongols" title="Ordos Mongols">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumed" title="Tumed">Tumed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urad_Mongols" title="Urad Mongols">Urad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Czemchin_Mongols" title="Üzemchin Mongols">Üzemchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Uriankhai" title="Altai Uriankhai">Altai Uriankhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baatud" title="Baatud">Baatud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayads" title="Bayads">Bayad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantuu" title="Chantuu">Chantuu</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choros_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Choros people">Choros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rbet_Oirat" title="Dörbet Oirat">Dörbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoid" title="Khoid">Khoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotons" title="Khotons">Khoton</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyk</a> <ul><li>incl. <a href="/wiki/Buzava" title="Buzava">Buzava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myangad" title="Myangad">Myangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olot_people" title="Olot people">Olot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sart_Kalmyks" title="Sart Kalmyks">Sart Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torghut" title="Torghut">Torghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mongols" title="Upper Mongols">Upper Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhchin" title="Zakhchin">Zakhchin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barga_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Barga Mongols">Barga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnigan" title="Hamnigan">Hamnigan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot" title="Soyot">Soyot</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaq</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_people" title="Bonan people">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongxiangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongxiangs">Dongxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazara</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_people" title="Moghol people">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_people" title="Monguor people">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatso" title="Khatso">Khatso</a> (<i>Yunnan Mongol</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Mongols" title="Sichuan Mongols">Sichuan Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogwo_Arig" title="Sogwo Arig">Sogwo Arig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvan</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Donghu_and_Xianbei" title="Template:Donghu and Xianbei">Donghu and Xianbei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Turco-Mongol" title="Template:Turco-Mongol">Turco-Mongol</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Mongol-speaking_ethnic_groups" title="Template:Modern Mongol-speaking ethnic groups">Modern ethnic groups</a><br /> <sup>*</sup>Mongolized ethnic groups.<sup>**</sup>Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative<br />regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia500" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asian_topics" title="Template talk:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_countries" title="Category:East Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">in Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha in Mongolia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuans" title="Ryukyuans">Ryukyuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">other ethnic groups in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">unrecognized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">historical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of East Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">Age reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_architecture" title="Category:East Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty" title="East Asian blepharoplasty">Blepharoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Dance in East Asia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_festivals_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Cultural festivals in East Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#East_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Hip-and-gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_literature" title="East Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_mythology" title="Category:East Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_East_Asian_surnames" title="Lists of East Asian surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Television in East Asia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Environment of East Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Climate_Partnership" title="East Asia Climate Partnership">East Asia Climate Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">Rainy season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asiatic Region">Flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Politics of East Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model" title="East Asian model">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="East Asian Bureau of Economic Research">East Asian Bureau of Economic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Community" title="East Asian Community">East Asian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Asia" title="Human rights in East Asia">Human rights in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#East_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of East Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in East Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Sport in East Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Athletic_Meeting" title="China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting">China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation" title="East Asian Football Federation">East Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Judo_Championships" title="East Asian Judo Championships">East Asian Judo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Category:East Asian martial arts">East Asian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship" title="EAFF E-1 Football Championship">EAFF E-1 Football Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Education in East Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossAsia" title="CrossAsia">CrossAsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Economic_Review" title="East Asian Economic Review">East Asian Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Image_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Image Collection">East Asia Image Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Law Review">East Asia Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Ludwigshafen)" title="East Asia Institute (Ludwigshafen)">Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Military in East Asia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Science and technology in East Asia">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needham_Research_Institute" title="Needham Research Institute">Needham Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_swords" title="Category:East Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:East Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" 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data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure" title="Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure">Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040056-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80061189">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381220">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15342234j">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12116059x">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119381220">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d2d85bba-1228-4ac1-a36b-69339be49493">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/UDOBF0J7">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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