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Miocè - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d&#039;actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l&#039;Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Mioc%C3%A8" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Mioc%C3%A8" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d&#039;usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&amp;returnto=Mioc%C3%A8" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&amp;returnto=Mioc%C3%A8" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l&#039;edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d&#039;aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paleogeografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Fauna</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mamífers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamífers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mamífers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamífers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Aus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Oceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_Catalunya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_Catalunya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>A Catalunya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_Catalunya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Miocè</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 75 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseen" title="Mioseen - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mioseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="العصر الميوسيني - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الميوسيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenu" title="Miocenu - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Miocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Міяцэн - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міяцэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AFosen" title="Mïosen - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mïosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A6n" title="Miocæn - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Μειόκαινο - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μειόκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Miocene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotseen" title="Miotseen - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Miotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miozeno" title="Miozeno - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Miozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="میوسن - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseeni" title="Mioseeni - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mioseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A8ne" title="Miocène - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_M%C3%A9ic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Méicéineach - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Méicéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="מיוקן - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="मध्यनूतन युग - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मध्यनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Միոցեն - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AD%C3%B3sen" title="Míósen - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Míósen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Miocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მიოცენი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%84%B8" title="마이오세 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마이오세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocaenum" title="Miocaenum - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Miocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miozen" title="Miozen - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Miozen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosene" title="Miosene - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Miosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocenas" title="Miocenas - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C4%93ns" title="Miocēns - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="മയോസീൻ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മയോസീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miosen" title="Miosen - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Miosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="میوسن - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceen" title="Mioceen - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mioceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A8n" title="Miocèn - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Miocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਾਇਓਸੀਨ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਇਓਸੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioceno" title="Mioceno - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mioceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioc%C3%A9n" title="Miocén - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Miocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миоцен - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Миоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioz%C3%A4n" title="Miozän - Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Miozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="మియోసిన్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మియోసిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Миосен - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Миосен" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยไมโอซีน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยไมโอซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mioseno" title="Mioseno - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mioseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyosen" title="Miyosen - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Miyosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Міоцен - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miotsen_bo%CA%BBlimi" title="Miotsen boʻlimi - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Miotsen boʻlimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Miocen" title="Thế Miocen - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Miocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Miocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Tiong-sin-sè - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76267#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8_inferior&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Miocè inferior">Miocè inferior</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><table cellspacing="0" style="padding: 0.3em; float:right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background-color:#F0C020; padding:5px; border:1px solid #8888aa; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; background:#00DDDD; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="border:1px solid #8888aa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Geological_time_spiral.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/200px-Geological_time_spiral.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/300px-Geological_time_spiral.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Geological_time_spiral.png/400px-Geological_time_spiral.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2145" /></a></span><br /><big><b><a href="/wiki/Fanerozoic" title="Fanerozoic">Fanerozoic</a></b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="border:1px solid #8888aa;"><big><b><a href="/wiki/Quaternari" title="Quaternari">Quaternari</a></b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holoc%C3%A8" title="Holocè">Holocè</a> <small>(0,0117&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plistoc%C3%A8" title="Plistocè">Plistocè</a> <small>(2,58&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="border:1px solid #8888aa;"><big><b><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a></b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plioc%C3%A8" title="Pliocè">Pliocè</a> <small>(5,333&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miocè</a> <small>(23,03&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="border:1px solid #8888aa;"><big><b><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Paleogen</a></b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A8" title="Oligocè">Oligocè</a> <small>(33,9&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eoc%C3%A8" title="Eocè">Eocè</a> <small>(56,0&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paleoc%C3%A8" title="Paleocè">Paleocè</a> <small>(66,0&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="border:1px solid #8888aa;"><big><b><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a></b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cretaci" title="Cretaci">Cretaci</a> <small>(~&#160;145,0&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jur%C3%A0ssic" title="Juràssic">Juràssic</a> <small>(201,3 ± 0,2&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tri%C3%A0sic" title="Triàsic">Triàsic</a> <small>(251,902&#160;± 0,024&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="border:1px solid #8888aa;"><big><b><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></b></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Permi%C3%A0" title="Permià">Permià</a> <small>(298,9 ± 0,15&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon%C3%ADfer" title="Carbonífer">Carbonífer</a> <small>(358,9 ± 0,4&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devoni%C3%A0" title="Devonià">Devonià</a> <small>(419,2 ± 3,2&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siluri%C3%A0" title="Silurià">Silurià</a> <small>(443,8 ± 1,5&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ordovici%C3%A0" title="Ordovicià">Ordovicià</a> <small>(485,4 ± 1,9&#160;Ma)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cambri%C3%A0" title="Cambrià">Cambrià</a> <small>(538,8 ± 0,2&#160;<a href="/wiki/Milions_d%27anys" class="mw-redirect" title="Milions d&#39;anys">Ma</a>)</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>El <b>Miocè</b><sup id="cite_ref-Miocè_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miocè-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nota 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> o <b>Miocé</b><sup id="cite_ref-Miocé_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miocé-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>nota 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> és la primera <a href="/wiki/%C3%88poca_geol%C3%B2gica" title="Època geològica">època</a> del <a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a>, una de les subdivisions del <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>. Comprèn el temps entre el final de l'<a href="/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A8" title="Oligocè">Oligocè</a> (fa 23,0&#160;±&#160;0,1&#160;milions d'anys) i el principi del <a href="/wiki/Plioc%C3%A8" title="Pliocè">Pliocè</a> (fa 5,3&#160;±&#160;0,1&#160;milions d'anys).<sup id="cite_ref-Aquitanià_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aquitanià-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Messinià_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messinià-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El límit Oligocè-Miocè no queda marcat per un únic esdeveniment global de fàcil identificació, sinó que es troba en límits regionals entre l'<a href="/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A8_superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligocè superior">Oligocè superior</a>, més càlid, i l'<a href="/wiki/Aquitani%C3%A0" title="Aquitanià">Aquitanià</a>, més fred. De la mateixa manera, el límit Miocè-Pliocè també es troba en límits regionals entre el <a href="/wiki/Messini%C3%A0" title="Messinià">Messinià</a>, més càlid, i el <a href="/wiki/Plioc%C3%A8_inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliocè inferior">Pliocè inferior</a>, més fred. Com en altres <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADodes_geol%C3%B2gics" class="mw-redirect" title="Períodes geològics">períodes geològics</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Estrat_(geologia)" title="Estrat (geologia)">estrats</a> que delimiten aquest període estan ben identificats, però no han estat datats amb màxima precisió. </p><p>El nom del Miocè, definit per l'<a href="/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra">anglès</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, prové dels mots <a href="/wiki/Grec_antic" title="Grec antic">grecs</a> μείων (<i>meiōn</i>, menys) i καινός (<i>kainos</i>, nou), i fa referència a l'escassa <a href="/wiki/Biodiversitat" title="Biodiversitat">diversitat</a> relativa d'<a href="/wiki/Invertebrats" title="Invertebrats">invertebrats</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar" title="Mar">marins</a> en aquesta època; el 17% d'espècies del Miocè encara viu en l'actualitat, en comparació amb un 50%-67% de les espècies del Pliocè.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Subdivisions"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable float-right" width="10%" align="right" rules="all" cellpadding="1" style="border: 1px solid #000000; margin-left:20px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ADode_geol%C3%B2gic" class="mw-redirect" title="Període geològic">Període</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8ries_(estratigrafia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sèries (estratigrafia)">Sèrie</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Estatge_geol%C3%B2gic" title="Estatge geològic">Estage</a> </th> <th>Edat (<a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFEEBD;"><small><a href="/wiki/Quaternari" title="Quaternari">Quaternari</a></small> </td> <td style="background-color: #FBEAB9;"><small><a href="/wiki/Plistoc%C3%A8" title="Plistocè">Plistocè</a></small> </td> <td style="background-color: #F7E4B0;"><small><a href="/wiki/Gelasi%C3%A0" title="Gelasià">Gelasià</a></small> </td> <td align="center"><small><b>més recent</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color: #FFDE00;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FFFAAC;"><a href="/wiki/Plioc%C3%A8" title="Pliocè">Pliocè</a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFF6B8;"><a href="/wiki/Plasenci%C3%A0" title="Plasencià">Plasencià</a> </td> <td>3,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFF5A3;"><a href="/wiki/Zancli%C3%A0" title="Zanclià">Zanclià</a> </td> <td>5,333 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="background-color: #FFF200;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miocè</a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFF483;"><a href="/wiki/Messini%C3%A0" title="Messinià">Messinià</a> </td> <td>7,246 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFF261;"><a href="/wiki/Tortoni%C3%A0" title="Tortonià">Tortonià</a> </td> <td>11,63 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFF146;"><a href="/wiki/Serraval%C2%B7li%C3%A0" title="Serraval·lià">Serraval·lià</a> </td> <td>13,82 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFED36;"><a href="/wiki/Langui%C3%A0" title="Languià">Languià</a> </td> <td>15,97 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FCE623;"><a href="/wiki/Burdigali%C3%A0" title="Burdigalià">Burdigalià</a> </td> <td>20,44 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FBE400;"><a href="/wiki/Aquitani%C3%A0" title="Aquitanià">Aquitanià</a> </td> <td>23,03 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFAA73;"><small><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Paleogen</a></small> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFDAA4;"><small><a href="/wiki/Oligoc%C3%A8" title="Oligocè">Oligocè</a></small> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFE9C0;"><small><a href="/wiki/Cati%C3%A0" title="Catià">Catià</a></small> </td> <td align="center"><small><b>més antic</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="background-color: #EAEAEA;">Subdivisió del període Neogen segons <a href="/wiki/IUGS" class="mw-redirect" title="IUGS">IUGS</a>, el juliol del 2009. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>El Miocè se subdivideix en <b>Miocè inferior</b> (<a href="/wiki/Aquitani%C3%A0" title="Aquitanià">Aquitanià</a>+<a href="/wiki/Burdigali%C3%A0" title="Burdigalià">Burdigalià</a>), <b>Miocè mitjà</b> (<a href="/wiki/Langui%C3%A0" title="Languià">Languià</a>+<a href="/wiki/Serraval%C2%B7li%C3%A0" title="Serraval·lià">Serraval·lià</a>) i <b>Miocè superior</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tortoni%C3%A0" title="Tortonià">Tortonià</a>+<a href="/wiki/Messini%C3%A0" title="Messinià">Messinià</a>). De manera menys habitual, també es pot subdividir únicament en inferior i superior. </p><p>Els sis <a href="/wiki/Estatge_faun%C3%ADstic" class="mw-redirect" title="Estatge faunístic">estatges faunístics</a> del Miocè són: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Aquitani%C3%A0" title="Aquitanià">Aquitanià</a></b>: començà fa 23,03&#160;milions d'anys. <a href="/wiki/Estratigrafia" title="Estratigrafia">Estratigràficament</a>, el seu inici queda marcat per la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronozona&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronozona (encara no existeix)">cronozona</a> de <a href="/wiki/Polaritat_magn%C3%A8tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Polaritat magnètica">polaritat magnètica</a> C6Cn.2n, la primera aparició del <a href="/wiki/Foramin%C3%ADfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foraminífer">foraminífer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A0ncton" title="Plàncton">planctònic</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paragloborotalia_kugleri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paragloborotalia kugleri (encara no existeix)">Paragloborotalia kugleri</a></i> i la quasi-extinció del <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B2ssil" title="Fòssil">nanofòssil</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedra_calc%C3%A0ria" title="Pedra calcària">calcari</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reticulofenestra_bisecta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reticulofenestra bisecta (encara no existeix)">Reticulofenestra bisecta</a></i>. El seu final queda marcat per una de les primeres aparicions del foraminífer planctònic <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globigerinoides_altiaperturus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Globigerinoides altiaperturus (encara no existeix)">Globigerinoides altiaperturus</a></i> o la part superior de la cronozona de polaritat magnètica C6An. S'acabà fa 20,43&#160;±&#160;0,05&#160;milions d'anys i el seu nom, encunyat el <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a> pel <a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%B2leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Geòleg">geòleg</a> <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%AFssa" title="Suïssa">suís</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mayer-Eymar" title="Karl Mayer-Eymar">Karl Mayer-Eymar</a>, fa referència al nom <a href="/wiki/Llat%C3%AD" title="Llatí">llatí</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Aquit%C3%A0nia" title="Aquitània">Aquitània</a>, una <a href="/wiki/Regi%C3%B3_francesa" title="Regió francesa">regió francesa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aquitanià_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aquitanià-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Burdigali%C3%A0" title="Burdigalià">Burdigalià</a></b>: començà fa 20,43&#160;±&#160;0,05&#160;milions d'anys. <a href="/wiki/Estratigrafia" title="Estratigrafia">Estratigràficament</a>, el seu inici queda marcat per una de les primeres aparicions del foraminífer planctònic <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globigerinoides_altiaperturus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Globigerinoides altiaperturus (encara no existeix)">Globigerinoides altiaperturus</a></i> o la part superior de la cronozona de polaritat magnètica C6An. El seu final queda marcat per una de les primeres aparicions del foraminífer planctònic <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praeorbulina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Praeorbulina (encara no existeix)">Praeorbulina</a></i> o la part superior de la cronozona de polaritat magnètica C5Cn.1n. S'acabà fa 15,97&#160;±&#160;0,05&#160;milions d'anys i el seu nom, encunyat el <a href="/wiki/1892" title="1892">1892</a> pel <a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%B2leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Geòleg">geòleg</a> <a href="/wiki/Rossell%C3%B3" title="Rosselló">rossellonès</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dep%C3%A9ret" title="Charles Depéret">Charles Depéret</a>, fa referència a <i>Burdigala</i>, el nom original cèltic de l'actual <a href="/wiki/Bordeus" title="Bordeus">Bordeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burdigalià_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burdigalià-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Langui%C3%A0" title="Languià">Languià</a></b>: començà fa 15,97&#160;±&#160;0,05&#160;milions d'anys. <a href="/wiki/Estratigrafia" title="Estratigrafia">Estratigràficament</a>, el seu inici queda marcat per una de les primeres aparicions del foraminífer planctònic <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praeorbulina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Praeorbulina (encara no existeix)">Praeorbulina</a></i> o la part superior de la cronozona de polaritat magnètica C5Cn.1n. Durant aquest període es produí la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disrupci%C3%B3_del_Mioc%C3%A8_mitj%C3%A0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Disrupció del Miocè mitjà (encara no existeix)">disrupció del Miocè mitjà</a>, una onada d'<a href="/wiki/Extincions" class="mw-redirect" title="Extincions">extincions</a> que afectà tant els organismes marins com els terrestres, les causes de la qual encara no es coneixen amb certesa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> El seu final queda marcat per una de les primeres aparicions del nanofòssil <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphenolithus_heteromorphus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphenolithus heteromorphus (encara no existeix)">Sphenolithus heteromorphus</a></i>, dins de la cronozona de polaritat magnètica C5ABr. S'acabà fa 13,65&#160;±&#160;0,05&#160;milions d'anys i el seu nom, encunyat el <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a> pel <a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%B2leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Geòleg">geòleg</a> <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">italià</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Pareto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo Pareto (encara no existeix)">Lorenzo Pareto</a>, fa referència a les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Langhe&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Langhe (encara no existeix)">Langhe</a>, una zona muntanyosa del <a href="/wiki/Piemont" title="Piemont">Piemont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Languià_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languià-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serraval%C2%B7li%C3%A0" title="Serraval·lià">Serraval·lià</a></b>: començà fa 13,65&#160;±&#160;0,05&#160;milions d'anys. <a href="/wiki/Estratigrafia" title="Estratigrafia">Estratigràficament</a>, el seu inici queda marcat per una de les primeres aparicions del nanofòssil <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphenolithus_heteromorphus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphenolithus heteromorphus (encara no existeix)">Sphenolithus heteromorphus</a></i>, dins de la cronozona de polaritat magnètica C5ABr. El seu final queda marcat per les últimes aparicions comunes del nanofòssil calcari <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discoaster_kugleri&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discoaster kugleri (encara no existeix)">Discoaster kugleri</a></i> i el <a href="/wiki/Foramin%C3%ADfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Foraminífer">foraminífer</a> <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A0ncton" title="Plàncton">planctònic</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globigerinoides_subquadratus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Globigerinoides subquadratus (encara no existeix)">Globigerinoides subquadratus</a></i>, i està associat amb el subcron curt de polaritat normal C5r.2n. S'acabà fa 11,608&#160;±&#160;0,005&#160;milions d'anys i el seu nom, encunyat el <a href="/wiki/1864" title="1864">1864</a> pel <a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%B2leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Geòleg">geòleg</a> <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">italià</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Pareto&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorenzo Pareto (encara no existeix)">Lorenzo Pareto</a>, fa referència a <a href="/wiki/Serravalle_Scrivia" title="Serravalle Scrivia">Serravalle Scrivia</a>, un municipi de la <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_d%27Alessandria" title="Província d&#39;Alessandria">província d'Alessandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Serraval·lià_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serraval·lià-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tortoni%C3%A0" title="Tortonià">Tortonià</a></b>: 11,608 – 7,246&#160;milions d'anys</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Messini%C3%A0" title="Messinià">Messinià</a></b>: 7,246 – 5,332&#160;milions d'anys</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clima">Clima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Clima"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El clima del Miocè va seguir sent moderadament càlid tot i que el refredament global que acabaria portant al <a href="/wiki/Plistoc%C3%A8" title="Plistocè">Plistocè</a> encara continuava. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeografia">Paleogeografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Paleogeografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> van continuar a <a href="/wiki/Deriva_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Deriva continental">moure's</a> vers les seves posicions actuals. De tots els trets geològics moderns, només hi mancava el pont terrestre entre <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_del_Sud" title="Amèrica del Sud">Amèrica del Sud</a> i <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A8rica_del_Nord" title="Amèrica del Nord">Amèrica del Nord</a>. </p><p>Hi tingué lloc també l'aparició de muntanyes a l'oest d'Amèrica del Nord i a <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. Tant els dipòsits marins com continentals del Miocè són comuns en tot el món a prop de les costes actuals. També hi ha exposicions continentals ben estudiades en les Grans Planes Americanes i a l'<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora">Flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Flora"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'herba començà a escampar-se, i juntament amb ella els herbívors menjadors d'herba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna">Fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Fauna"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tant la <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> marina com continental eren bastant modernes. Només en llocs aïllats com <a href="/wiki/Sud-am%C3%A8rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sud-amèrica">Sud-amèrica</a> o <a href="/wiki/Austr%C3%A0lia" title="Austràlia">Austràlia</a> hi havia fauna realment divergent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamífers"><span id="Mam.C3.ADfers"></span>Mamífers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Mamífers"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Oreopithecus_bambolii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Oreopithecus_bambolii.jpg/220px-Oreopithecus_bambolii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Oreopithecus_bambolii.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus_bambolii" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreopithecus bambolii">Oreopithecus bambolii</a></i>, un dels últims hominoïdeus a aparèixer al Miocè.</figcaption></figure> <p>El Miocè és la primera època del <a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a>, i el món ja començava a assemblar-se marcadament al d'avui en dia. Tant la <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> marina com la terrestre eren bastant modernes, tot i que els mamífers marins eren menys nombrosos. Tanmateix, encara romanien animals molt divergents a Sud-amèrica i Austràlia, que es trobaven aïllades de la resta dels continents. A principi del Miocè encara hi havia diversos grups de l'Oligocè amb una gran diversitat, com ara els <a href="/wiki/Nimr%C3%A0vids" title="Nimràvids">nimràvids</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Entelodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Entelodont">entelodonts</a> i els cavalls de tres peülles. Com en l'Oligocè, els <a href="/wiki/Mericoidodonto%C3%AFdeus" title="Mericoidodontoïdeus">mericoidodontoïdeus</a> encara eren diversos, però acabarien desapareguent al <a href="/wiki/Plioc%C3%A8" title="Pliocè">Pliocè</a> molt primerenc. A l'acabament del Miocè, els mamífers esdevingueren encara més moderns, amb l'aparició de <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A8nids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiènids">hiènids</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgustí1997110-11148._Protictitherium_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgustí1997110-11148._Protictitherium-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0nids" title="Cànids">cànids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Os_rentador" title="Os rentador">ossos rentadors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalls">cavalls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castors" class="mw-redirect" title="Castors">castors</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9rvols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cérvols">cérvols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camell" title="Camell">camells</a> i <a href="/wiki/Balenes" title="Balenes">balenes</a> recognoscibles, així com grups extints com ara els <a href="/wiki/Borofag%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Borofagí">borofagins</a>, els <a href="/wiki/Gomfoteri" title="Gomfoteri">gomfoteris</a>, els cavalls de tres peülles, o <a href="/wiki/Rinoceronts" title="Rinoceronts">rinoceronts</a> semiaquàtics i amb banyes petites com ara <i><a href="/wiki/Teleoceras" title="Teleoceras">Teleoceras</a></i> o <i><a href="/wiki/Aphelops" title="Aphelops">Aphelops</a></i>. Amb la formació de les primeres illes entre Sud- i Nord-amèrica a la fi del Miocè, <a href="/wiki/Peres%C3%B3s_gegant" class="mw-redirect" title="Peresós gegant">peresosos gegants</a> com ara <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thinobadistes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thinobadistes (encara no existeix)">Thinobadistes</a></i> pogueren saltar d'illa en illa cap a Nord-amèrica. </p><p>Els <a href="/wiki/Simis" title="Simis">simis</a> i <a href="/wiki/Micos" title="Micos">micos</a> començaren a estendre's d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica">Àfrica</a> a <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%80sia" title="Àsia">Àsia</a> durant el Miocè.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Poc després, els seguiren els <a href="/wiki/Loris_(subfam%C3%ADlia)" title="Loris (subfamília)">loris</a> i els <a href="/wiki/Tarser" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarser">tarsers</a>, Els primers fòssils d'<a href="/wiki/Hom%C3%ADnid" class="mw-redirect" title="Homínid">homínids</a> foren descoberts al nord d'Àfrica i daten de fa entre vuit i cinc milions d'anys.<sup id="cite_ref-evolution_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evolution-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Els micos del Vell Món no desapareixerien d'Europa fins fa uns 1,8&#160;milions d'anys.<sup id="cite_ref-Strier2007_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strier2007-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> També evolucionaren els primers <a href="/wiki/Cercopiteco%C3%AFdeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercopitecoïdeu">cercopitecoïdeus</a>, incloent-hi <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A8neres" class="mw-redirect" title="Gèneres">gèneres</a> coneguts com ara <i><a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">Proconsul</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dendropithecus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dendropithecus (encara no existeix)">Dendropithecus</a></i> o <i><a href="/wiki/Nyanzapithecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyanzapithecus">Nyanzapithecus</a></i>, tots de l'est d'Àfrica. La presència d'altres hominoïdeus no cercopitècids del Miocè mitjà de localitats molt distants (com <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otavipithecus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Otavipithecus (encara no existeix)">Otavipithecus</a></i> de jaciments cavernosos de Namíbia, o <i><a href="/wiki/Pierolapithecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierolapithecus">Pierolapithecus</a></i> i <i><a href="/wiki/Dryopithecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryopithecus">Dryopithecus</a></i> de França, <a href="/wiki/Catalunya" title="Catalunya">Catalunya</a> i Àustria) demostra una gran diversitat de formes arreu d'Àfrica i la conca del <a href="/wiki/Mediterrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterrani">Mediterrani</a> durant els règims climàtics càlids i relativament estables del Miocè inferior i mitjà. L'hominoïdeu més recent del Miocè, <i><a href="/wiki/Oreopithecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreopithecus">Oreopithecus</a></i>, fou descobert en estrats italians de fa nou milions d'anys. </p><p>Els <a href="/wiki/Carn%C3%ADvors" title="Carnívors">carnívors</a> evolucionaren en un dels seus grups fòssils més coneguts, el dels <a href="/wiki/Hemicionins" title="Hemicionins">hemicionins</a>. Els hemicionins, o «ossos-gos», eren carnívors semblants a <a href="/wiki/%C3%93ssos" title="Óssos">ossos</a>. Mesuraven aproximadament 150 cm de llarg i 70 cm d'alt, amb proporcions semblants a les dels <a href="/wiki/Tigre" title="Tigre">tigres</a> i dents semblants a les dels gossos. Visqueren a <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%80sia" title="Àsia">Àsia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nord-am%C3%A8rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Nord-amèrica">Nord-amèrica</a>, i possiblement a <a href="/wiki/%C3%80frica" title="Àfrica">Àfrica</a>. Hi ha un ample consens que els hemicionins eren <a href="/wiki/Hipercarn%C3%ADvor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipercarnívor">hipercarnívors</a> (s'alimentaven estrictament de <a href="/wiki/Carn" title="Carn">carn</a>) i grans <a href="/wiki/Depredadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Depredadors">depredadors</a>. A diferència dels ossos moderns, els hemicionins caminaven sobre els dits, és a dir, no eren <a href="/wiki/Plant%C3%ADgrad" title="Plantígrad">plantígrads</a> sinó <a href="/wiki/Digit%C3%ADgrad" title="Digitígrad">digitígrads</a>, amb llargs <a href="/wiki/Metatarsi%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsià">metàpodes</a>. Això suggereix que els hemicionins devien haver estat caçadors actius i bons corredors, i aparentment caçaven a les planes, possiblement en grups. </p><p>Al Miocè tingué lloc la transició de les formes primitives d'èquids a les formes modernes. Animals com ara <i><a href="/wiki/Parahippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parahippus">Parahippus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Merychippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Merychippus">Merychippus</a></i> o <i><a href="/wiki/Hipparion" title="Hipparion">Hipparion</a></i> continuaren l'evolució cap a unes potes tridàctiles.<sup id="cite_ref-to_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Els èquids havien continuat augmentant de mida i ja tenien unes dimensions semblants a les d'un poni. Aquesta tendència es completà amb <i><a href="/wiki/Pliohippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pliohippus">Pliohippus</a></i>, morfològicament molt similar als <i>Equus</i> d'avui en dia i que durant molt de temps en fou considerat l'avantpassat directe. Es tractava d'un veloç animal d'estepes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aus">Aus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Aus"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aus com el <a href="/wiki/Corb" title="Corb">corb</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%80nec" class="mw-redirect" title="Ànec">ànec</a> o el <a href="/wiki/Mussol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussol">mussol</a> van aparèixer durant el Miocè. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceans">Oceans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Oceans"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els oceans van continuar refredant-se, i les <a href="/wiki/Algues_marrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Algues marrons">algues marrons</a>, anomenades <a href="/wiki/Varec" class="mw-redirect" title="Varec">varec</a>, van proliferar, donant aliment a noves espècies marines, com les <a href="/wiki/Ll%C3%BAdries" title="Llúdries">llúdries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peixos" title="Peixos">peixos</a> i diversos <a href="/wiki/Invertebrats" title="Invertebrats">invertebrats</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_Catalunya">A Catalunya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la secció: A Catalunya"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El major exponent a <a href="/wiki/Catalunya" title="Catalunya">Catalunya</a> és la depressió del Vallès-Penedès, amb una gran riquesa fossilífera. Un dels <a href="/wiki/Jaciment_(paleontologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaciment (paleontologia)">jaciments</a> més importants de Catalunya és el d'Els Cassots, a prop de <a href="/wiki/Sant_Sadurn%C3%AD_d%27Anoia" title="Sant Sadurní d&#39;Anoia">Sant Sadurní d'Anoia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Notes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Miocè-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Miocè_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En els <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A0_oriental" title="Català oriental">parlars orientals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miocé-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Miocé_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En els <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A0_occidental" title="Català occidental">parlars occidentals</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-count references-column-count-&#123;&#123;&#123;col&#125;&#125;&#125;" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aquitanià-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Aquitanià_3-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Aquitanià_3-1">1,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRohde2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rohde</span>, Robert A.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205102125/http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Aquitanian.html">Aquitanian ICS Stage</a>».&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org">GeoWhen Database</a></i>.&#32; International Commission on Stratigraphy,&#32;2005. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Aquitanian.html">original</a> el 2007-12-05.&#32;[Consulta: 21 desembre 2008].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messinià-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Messinià_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRohde2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rohde</span>, Robert A.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205102435/http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Messinian.html">Messinian ICS Stage</a>».&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org">GeoWhen Database</a></i>.&#32; International Commission on Stratigraphy,&#32;2005. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Messinian.html">original</a> el 2007-12-05.&#32;[Consulta: 21 desembre 2008].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Richa Arora. <i>Encyclopaedia of Evolutionary Biology</i>.&#32; Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd,&#32;2004,&#32;p.&#160;22. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-8126115006" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-8126115006">ISBN 978-8126115006</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Evolutionary+Biology&amp;rft.au=Richa+Arora&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt+Ltd&amp;rft.pages=22&amp;rft.isbn=978-8126115006"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burdigalià-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Burdigalià_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRohde2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rohde</span>, Robert A.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205102155/http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Burdigalian.html">Burdigalian ICS Stage</a>».&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org">GeoWhen Database</a></i>.&#32; International Commission on Stratigraphy,&#32;2005. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Burdigalian.html">original</a> el 2007-12-05.&#32;[Consulta: 25 febrer 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAllmon2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Allmon</span>, Warren D.;&#32;Bottjer, David J.. <i>Evolutionary Paleoecology: The Ecological Context of Macroevolutionary Change</i>.&#32; Nova York:&#32;Columbia University Press,&#32;2001. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0231109946" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0231109946">ISBN 0231109946</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolutionary+Paleoecology%3A+The+Ecological+Context+of+Macroevolutionary+Change&amp;rft.aulast=Allmon&amp;rft.aufirst=Warren+D.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.place=Nova+York&amp;rft.isbn=0231109946"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Languià-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Languià_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRohde2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rohde</span>, Robert A.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205102403/http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Langhian.html">Langhian ICS Stage</a>».&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org">GeoWhen Database</a></i>.&#32; International Commission on Stratigraphy,&#32;2005. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Langhian.html">original</a> el 2007-12-05.&#32;[Consulta: 25 febrer 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serraval·lià-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Serraval·lià_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFRohde2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Rohde</span>, Robert A.&#32;«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071205102613/http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Serravallian.html">Serravallian ICS Stage</a>».&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org">GeoWhen Database</a></i>.&#32; International Commission on Stratigraphy,&#32;2005. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Serravallian.html">original</a> el 2007-12-05.&#32;[Consulta: 4 maig 2009].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgustí1997110-11148._Protictitherium-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgustí1997110-11148._Protictitherium_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgustí1997">Agustí, 1997</a>, p.&#160;110-111, 48. Protictitherium.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">Andrews, P. &amp; Kelley, J.&#32;«Middle Miocene Dispersals of Apes».&#32;<i>Folia Primatologica</i>,&#32;78,&#32;2007,&#32;pàg.&#160;328–343. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000105148">10.1159/000105148</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evolution-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-evolution_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Hartwig, W..&#32;«Primate Evolution». A:&#32;Campbell, C., Fuentes, A., MacKinnon, K., Panger, M. &amp; Bearder, S.. <i>Primates in Perspective</i>.&#32; Oxford University Press,&#32;2007,&#32;p.&#160;13-17. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-19-517133-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-19-517133-4">ISBN 978-0-19-517133-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Primates+in+Perspective&amp;rft.atitle=Primate+Evolution&amp;rft.au=Hartwig%2C+W.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.pages=13-17&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-517133-4"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strier2007-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Strier2007_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal">Strier, K.. <i>Primate Behavioral Ecology</i>. 3a ed..&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allyn_%26_Bacon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Allyn &amp; Bacon (encara no existeix)">Allyn &amp; Bacon</a>,&#32;2007,&#32;p.&#160;7, 64, 71, 77, 182-185, 273–280, 284, 287–298. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-205-44432-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-205-44432-6">ISBN 0-205-44432-6</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Primate+Behavioral+Ecology&amp;rft.au=Strier%2C+K.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.edition=3a+ed.&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAllyn+%26+Bacon%5D%5D&amp;rft.pages=7%2C+64%2C+71%2C+77%2C+182-185%2C+273%E2%80%93280%2C+284%2C+287%E2%80%93298&amp;rft.isbn=0-205-44432-6"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-to-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-to_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, Kathleen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/horses/horse_evol.html"><i>Horse Evolution</i></a>. TalkOrigins Archive.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAgustí1997"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Agustí</span>, Jordi. <i>Memoria de la Tierra: Vertebrados fósiles de la Península Ibérica</i>.&#32; Barcelona:&#32;El Serbal,&#32;1997. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-7628-195-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-7628-195-1">ISBN 84-7628-195-1</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Memoria+de+la+Tierra%3A+Vertebrados+f%C3%B3siles+de+la+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica&amp;rft.aulast=Agust%C3%AD&amp;rft.aufirst=Jordi&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=El+Serbal&amp;rft.place=Barcelona&amp;rft.isbn=84-7628-195-1"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-center{clear:both;margin:auto}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">A <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0gina_principal?uselang=ca">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Miocene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Miocene">Miocè</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocyon" title="Pseudocyon">Pseudocyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaci%C3%B3_Nagura" class="mw-redirect" title="Formació Nagura">Formació Nagura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mioc%C3%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifica la secció: Notes"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist &#123;&#123;#if: &#124; references-column-width" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d&#39;autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958274x">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4039517-0">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85097132">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_Txeca" title="Biblioteca Nacional de la República Txeca">NKC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph117616&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEC" class="mw-redirect" title="GEC">GEC</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/mioce">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5484c6d78d‐2bffq Cached time: 20241111173706 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.256 seconds Real time usage: 0.683 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 3475/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 25546/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 7708/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 13333/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.057/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1383036/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 329.640 1 -total 28.27% 93.197 2 Plantilla:Referències 23.64% 77.925 1 Plantilla:Temps_del_Fanerozoic 19.20% 63.289 1 Plantilla:Commonscat 16.99% 55.994 1 Plantilla:Sister 16.33% 53.822 1 Plantilla:Caixa_lateral 14.54% 47.923 5 Plantilla:Ref-web 8.38% 27.634 5 Plantilla:Ref-llibre 7.77% 25.599 1 Plantilla:Autoritat 7.72% 25.464 1 Plantilla:Neogen --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key cawiki:pcache:idhash:33546-0!canonical and timestamp 20241111173706 and revision id 33275753. 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