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成果推介:基于华夫格的长效太阳能海水淡化技术

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="renderer" content="webkit" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <title>成果推介:基于华夫格的长效太阳能海水淡化技术</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1400"> <meta name="description" content="南京大学科技成果推介 第一百二十九篇基于华夫格的长效太阳能海水淡化技术图1:基于马兰戈尼效应以排盐的WSE设计示意图。(A)示意在盐水蒸发过程中,传统的平面蒸发器中的盐分布;因为仅靠浓差扩散,排盐效果较弱。白色斑点表示盐的浓度,青色和橙色渐变分别指蒸汽梯度、温度梯度。(B)示意WSE中的盐分布。华夫格结构的额外设计的侧壁,引入了表面张力梯度,引发了马兰戈尼流动(红色和棕色箭头)。蓝色箭头表示盐分输运。(C)界面光热蒸汽产生装置,其中以纤维素纸和聚苯乙烯泡沫作为供水和隔热材料。所属领域新能源、节能环保项目介绍1. 市场应用前景本工作为稳定、高效、清洁的太阳能海水淡化和淡水生产提供了一种新方案。2. 痛点问题能源、水、粮食等是联合国可持续发展目标的核心。目前,全球三分之二的人口每年至少有一个月面临缺水境地;紧张的淡水资源还面临污染,进一步加剧了危机。在各种水处理技术中,太阳能海水淡化的净化程度最高、碳排放最低,备受关注,亦适用于偏远地区。太阳能蒸发器上的盐析出结晶,是当前的瓶颈问题之一。为克服结盐问题,学者们发展了多种技术,包括基于马兰戈尼效应来驱动对流以抵抗结盐。尽管取得了很多进展,但仍" /> <link type="text/css" href="/_css/_system/system.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link type="text/css" href="/_upload/site/1/style/49/49.css" rel="stylesheet"/> <link type="text/css" 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style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;font-size:16px;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section data-color="#bbe3c5" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:10px 0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;float:left;width:20px;height:20px;overflow:hidden;"><section style="margin:-10px 0px 0px 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!important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;height:10px;color:#6af177;background-color:#08540f;background-image:linear-gradient(116deg, #08540f, #076b00);"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section></section><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px 10px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;background-color:#08540f;color:#6af177;background-image:linear-gradient(116deg, #08540f, #076b00);"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;text-align:center;"><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:none;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#ffffff;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">南京大学科技成果推介 第一百二十九篇</strong></span></p></section></section></section><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;clear:both;height:0px;overflow:hidden;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;float:left;width:20px;height:10px;overflow:hidden;"><section style="margin:0px 0px -10px -10px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#ffffff;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section></section><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;float:right;width:20px;height:10px;overflow:hidden;"><section style="margin:0px -10px -10px 0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;float:right;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#ffffff;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section></section><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px 2px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;height:10px;color:#6af177;background-color:#08540f;background-image:linear-gradient(116deg, #08540f, #076b00);"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section></section></section></section><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;vertical-align:initial;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p></section><section data-color="#31859b" style="margin:10px 0px;padding:0px 3px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;text-align:center;"><section style="margin:0px 0px -2em;padding:0px 10px 10px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:568px;"><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:15px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;text-wrap:wrap;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;">基于华夫格的长效太阳能海水淡化技术</strong></p><p draggable="true" style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-imgfileid="100027194" data-ratio="0.65625" data-type="jpeg" data-w="832" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/WdFsoZsADpXtqaQ5Vo1QYXWQwZu3RfDJgUgBYyTZicLoicjqRoRToyStYXIptM3Eb6sTl0DdnAQMnZ4Xo4U223FQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg" data-original-style="vertical-align:baseline;height:auto !important;" data-index="1" src="/_upload/article/images/6e/57/233155ff456b85b5b7c52ff0ad76/a1d7820d-ca2a-4bf9-b3b1-54bb557e80e6.jpg" _width="677px" __sec_open_place_holder__="true" data-sec-load-status="2" crossorigin="anonymous" alt="图片" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:548px !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;text-align:justify;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#595959;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">图1:基于马兰戈尼效应以排盐的WSE设计示意图。(A)示意在盐水蒸发过程中,传统的平面蒸发器中的盐分布;因为仅靠浓差扩散,排盐效果较弱。白色斑点表示盐的浓度,青色和橙色渐变分别指蒸汽梯度、温度梯度。(B)示意WSE中的盐分布。华夫格结构的额外设计的侧壁,引入了表面张力梯度,引发了马兰戈尼流动(红色和棕色箭头)。蓝色箭头表示盐分输运。(C)界面光热蒸汽产生装置,其中以纤维素纸和聚苯乙烯泡沫作为供水和隔热材料。</span></p></section><section style="margin:0px 0px 0px -3px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;width:6px;height:6px;float:left;border-radius:100%;color:#6af177;background-color:#08540f;background-image:linear-gradient(116deg, #08540f, #076b00);"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section><section style="margin:0px -3px 0px 0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;width:6px;height:6px;float:right;border-radius:100%;color:#6af177;background-color:#08540f;background-image:linear-gradient(116deg, #08540f, #076b00);"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;height:2em;border-left:1px solid #08540f;border-top-color:#08540f;border-right:1px solid #08540f;border-bottom:1px solid #08540f;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section></section><section data-role="paragraph" data-color="#548dd4" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section data-color="#548dd4" style="margin:10px 0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section data-color="#548dd4" style="margin:10px 0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><section data-color="#548dd4" style="margin:10px 0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:4px 10px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;display:inline-block;width:677px;vertical-align:top;background-color:#08540f;color:#6af177;background-image:linear-gradient(116deg, #08540f, #076b00);"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;"><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#ffffff;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">所属领域</strong></span><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></p></section><section style="margin:0px 3px 0px 5px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;width:0px;border-left:8px solid #ffffff;border-top:5px solid transparent;border-bottom:5px solid transparent;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:10px;overflow:hidden;border-right-color:#08540f;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section data-color="#31859b" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;text-indent:0em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">新能源、节能环保</strong></span></p></section><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p></section></section></section><section style="margin:0px;padding:4px 10px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;display:inline-block;width:677px;vertical-align:top;background-color:#08540f;color:#6af177;background-image:linear-gradient(116deg, #08540f, #076b00);"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;"><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#ffffff;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">项目介绍</strong></span><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></p></section><section style="margin:0px 3px 0px 5px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;width:0px;border-left:8px solid #ffffff;border-top:5px solid transparent;border-bottom:5px solid transparent;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;height:10px;overflow:hidden;border-right-color:#08540f;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section data-color="#31859b" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><p style="padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;vertical-align:initial;text-indent:0em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;cursor:text;color:#333333;caret-color:#ff0000;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;max-width:100%;max-inline-size:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;cursor:text;caret-color:red;max-width:100%;max-inline-size:100%;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;cursor:text;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;max-width:100%;max-inline-size:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">1. 市场应用前景</span></strong><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;max-width:100%;max-inline-size:100%;" /></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;cursor:text;color:#333333;caret-color:#ff0000;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;max-width:100%;max-inline-size:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;cursor:text;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;max-width:100%;max-inline-size:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">本工作为稳定、高效、清洁的太阳能海水淡化和淡水生产提供了一种新方案。</span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">2. 痛点问题</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">能源、水、粮食等是联合国可持续发展目标的核心。目前,全球三分之二的人口每年至少有一个月面临缺水境地;紧张的淡水资源还面临污染,进一步加剧了危机。在各种水处理技术中,太阳能海水淡化的净化程度最高、碳排放最低,备受关注,亦适用于偏远地区。<strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">太阳能蒸发器上的盐析出结晶,是当前的瓶颈问题之一。</strong></span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">为克服结盐问题,学者们发展了多种技术,包括基于马兰戈尼效应来驱动对流以抵抗结盐。尽管取得了很多进展,但仍存在一些挑战。首先,马兰戈尼效应依赖于表面张力梯度,因此它与液气界面的面积有关。如果液体的暴露表面面积小,则马兰戈尼流亦较弱。其次,浓度差和温度差诱导的马兰戈尼流的作用力方向,有时候不一致,影响了抵抗结盐效果。</span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">3. 解决方案</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">近日,南京大学王学斌教授课题组联合其合作者,<strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">制作了华夫格结构的太阳能蒸发器件(waffle-shaped solar evaporator,WSE),增强了马兰戈尼流,并实现了浓差和温差驱动马兰戈尼流的协同,最终演示了长期稳定抵抗结盐的真实海水淡化测试。</strong></span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">华夫格结构,包括脊骨、盆地(图1)。在华夫格结构上进行海水蒸发时,由于其结构特点,会建立浓度梯度、温度梯度:由于脊骨表面的蒸发速率高于盆地,同时热量利用率也更高,因此,脊骨表面的盐度高于盆地表面、脊骨表面的温度低于盆地表面;由此,在脊骨的侧壁上,建立了浓度梯度、温度梯度,并且两者产生了相同方向的表面张力梯度,引发了强烈的马兰戈尼流。该马兰戈尼流,从盆地流向脊骨方向,驱使较低浓度的体相海水流向脊骨,稀释了脊骨表面的盐度。换而言之,该马兰戈尼流的补偿流,驱使高浓度海水从脊骨区域流向体相,从而避免了结盐。</span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;"><strong style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">4. 竞争优势分析</span></strong></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">王学斌教授课题组首先立足其长期从事的热裂解制碳技术,基于锌辅助热裂解方法,采用低成本生物质碳源,制备了WSE(图2)。在进一步的光热蒸发测试中,由于马兰戈尼流可以输运盐分,使体系的最大盐度维持在饱和值以下,避免了盐结晶。甚至,在设计的验证试验中,若人为地将盐晶体撒在该蒸发器上,这些盐晶体亦可被输运至海水体相。在处理5 wt%的NaCl溶液时,WSE可连续运行50 h以上。在处理10 wt%的NaCl溶液时,WSE可连续运行11天以上,没有任何盐结晶(图3)。总之,WSE具有高的太阳光吸收率(98.5%)、蒸发速率(1.40 kg m-2 h-1)、持久性,体现了一种有前途的设计方案(图4)。</span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;color:#3f3f3f;caret-color:red;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-imgfileid="100027193" data-ratio="0.5432692307692307" data-type="jpeg" data-w="832" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/WdFsoZsADpXtqaQ5Vo1QYXWQwZu3RfDJfJIJY9sL4lH51kaR49uTZhQHJv94ZFjmYEsnV7sDjUmpy7TXvopaUg/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg" data-original-style="vertical-align:baseline;height:auto !important;" data-index="0" src="/_upload/article/images/6e/57/233155ff456b85b5b7c52ff0ad76/1f3ca7cc-05af-4043-a913-cb315d6ed9d4.jpg" _width="677px" __sec_open_place_holder__="true" crossorigin="anonymous" alt="图片" data-fail="0" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:661px !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;caret-color:red;color:#595959;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">图2. 华夫格结构的碳材料。(A)制备方案。(B)接触角测试显示其亲水性。(C)SEM图像显示其互连多孔结构。(D)吸收光谱。</span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;caret-color:red;color:#595959;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-imgfileid="100027192" data-ratio="1.0769230769230769" data-type="jpeg" data-w="832" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/WdFsoZsADpXtqaQ5Vo1QYXWQwZu3RfDJPxC5ZwCPkHjwySciavVmHb2ONXicZsFlDnGMHh8FsicCicEjCgTNn9JUMQ/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg" data-original-style="vertical-align:baseline;height:auto !important;" data-index="1" src="/_upload/article/images/6e/57/233155ff456b85b5b7c52ff0ad76/6942ebdf-1677-46d1-8d81-7484e6a48d79.jpg" _width="677px" __sec_open_place_holder__="true" crossorigin="anonymous" alt="图片" data-fail="0" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:661px !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;caret-color:red;color:#595959;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">图3. WSE在1太阳辐照强度下的抗结盐性能。(A)处理5 wt%盐溶液时,WSE蒸发器保持清洁,而平面蒸发器被盐晶体覆盖。(B)WSE和平面蒸发器处理5 wt%盐溶液的蒸发性能。(C)在WSE上人为地添加2.5g盐晶体,甚至这些盐晶体亦可被输运至海水体相。(D)WSE处理10 wt%盐溶液的11天长期性能。(E)马兰戈尼效应驱动了WSE内的对流,降低了整个体系的最高盐度。(F)平面蒸发器体系的最高盐度,超过了饱和值。</span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:center;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;caret-color:red;color:#595959;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-imgfileid="100027191" data-ratio="0.6105769230769231" data-type="jpeg" data-w="832" data-src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/WdFsoZsADpXtqaQ5Vo1QYXWQwZu3RfDJqTDXGUGeibfGSVvUlnwkNdI9hB9Mmia0uuRkD61fSMFxJE47cC3ZHuaw/640?wx_fmt=jpeg&amp;from=appmsg" data-original-style="vertical-align:baseline;height:auto !important;" data-index="2" src="/_upload/article/images/6e/57/233155ff456b85b5b7c52ff0ad76/95823b4e-d17f-4435-9de0-00d8e4aede84.jpg" _width="677px" __sec_open_place_holder__="true" crossorigin="anonymous" alt="图片" data-fail="0" style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;vertical-align:baseline;height:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:661px !important;" /></span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;caret-color:red;color:#595959;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;">图4. WSE原型器件。(A)用于室外盐水处理的淡水生产。(B)2022年1月18日测得的WSE的淡水生产速率、太阳辐照强度、环境温度和湿度。(C)由胡萝卜、土豆、纤维素等生物质制作的WSE。(D)多种太阳能蒸发器的性能对比图。</span></p><p style="padding:0px 0.5em;outline:0px;max-width:100%;clear:both;min-height:1em;text-align:justify;vertical-align:initial;line-height:2em;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;margin-top:15px;margin-bottom:0px;"><br style="margin:0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;" /></p><section data-color="#548dd4" style="margin:10px 0px;padding:0px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;"><section style="margin:0px;padding:4px 10px;outline:0px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box !important;overflow-wrap:break-word !important;display:inline-block;width:677px;vertical-align:top;background-color:#08540f;color:#6af177;background-image:linear-gradient(116deg, #08540f, #076b00);"><section 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