Radiography

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class="lcds-share__item"> <a href="https://x.com/intent/tweet/?text=Radiography&url=https://www.fda.gov%2Fradiation-emitting-products%2Fmedical-x-ray-imaging%2Fradiography" target="_blank" class="lcds-share__btn lcds-share--default__btn-x-twitter js-share" id="twitter-share"> <svg class="icon-svg-inline" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="/themes/custom/preview/assets/images/fa-icons.svg#icon-x-twitter"> </svg> Post </a> </li> <li class="lcds-share__item hidden-xs"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.fda.gov%2Fradiation-emitting-products%2Fmedical-x-ray-imaging%2Fradiography&title=Radiography&source=FDA" class="lcds-share__btn lcds-share--default__btn-linkedin js-share" id="linkedin-share" target="_blank"><span class="fa icon-linkedin" aria-hidden="true"></span>Linkedin</a> </li> <li class="lcds-share__item"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Radiography&body=https://www.fda.gov%2Fradiation-emitting-products%2Fmedical-x-ray-imaging%2Fradiography" class="lcds-share__btn lcds-share--default__btn-mail"><span class="fa icon-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></span>Email</a> </li> <li class=" lcds-share__item hidden-xs"> <a href="javascript:window.print();" title="Print this page" class="lcds-share__btn lcds-share--default__btn-print"><span class="fa icon-print" aria-hidden="true"></span>Print</a> </li> </ul> <div class="form-group"> </div> </div> </div> </section> </header> <div class="col-md-8 col-md-push-2" role="main"> <h2>On this page:</h2> <ul> <li><a href="#d">Description</a></li> <li><a href="#u">Uses</a></li> <li><a href="#rb">Risks/Benefits</a></li> <li><a href="#ipa">Information for Patients</a></li> <li><a href="#ipr">Information for Professionals </a></li> <li><a href="#lrps">Laws, Regulations & Performance Standards</a></li> <li><a href="#ig">Industry Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="#resources">Other Resources </a></li> </ul> <hr> <h2><a id="d" name="d"></a>Description</h2> <p>Medical radiography is a broad term that covers several types of studies that require the visualization of the internal parts of the body using x-ray techniques. For the purposes of this page radiography means a technique for generating and recording an x-ray pattern for the purpose of providing the user with a static image(s) after termination of the exposure. It is differentiated from <a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/fluoroscopy"><em>fluoroscopy</em></a>,<em> <a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/mammography">mammography</a></em>, and <a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/computed-tomography-ct"><em>computed tomography</em></a> which are discussed elsewhere. Radiography may also be used during the planning of radiation therapy treatment. (links are to the pages in this section)</p> <p>It is used to diagnose or treat patients by recording images of the internal structure of the body to assess the presence or absence of disease, foreign objects, and structural damage or anomaly.</p> <p>During a radiographic procedure, an x-ray beam is passed through the body. A portion of the x-rays are absorbed or scattered by the internal structure and the remaining x-ray pattern is transmitted to a detector so that an image may be recorded for later evaluation. The recoding of the pattern may occur on film or through electronic means.</p> <h2><a id="u" name="u"></a>Uses</h2> <p>Radiography is used in many types of examinations and procedures where a record of a static image is desired. Some examples include</p> <ul> <li>Dental examination</li> <li>Verification of correct placement of surgical markers prior to invasive procedures</li> <li>Mammography</li> <li>Orthopedic evaluations</li> <li>Spot film or static recording during fluoroscopy</li> <li>Chiropractic examinations</li> </ul> <h2><a id="rb" name="rb"></a>Risks/Benefits</h2> <p>Radiography is a type of x-ray procedure, and it carries the same types of risks as other x-ray procedures. The radiation dose the patient receives varies depending on the individual procedure, but is generally less than that received during fluoroscopy and computed tomography procedures.</p> <p>The major risks associated with radiography are the small possibilities of</p> <ul> <li>developing a radiation-induced cancer or cataracts some time later in life, and</li> <li>causing a disturbance in the growth or development of an embryo or fetus (teratogenic defect) when performed on a pregnant patient or one of childbearing age.</li> </ul> <p>When an individual has a medical need, the benefit of radiography far exceeds the small cancer risk associated with the procedure. Even when radiography is medically necessary, it should use the lowest possible exposure and the minimum number of images. In most cases many of the possible risks can be reduced or eliminated with proper shielding.</p> <h2><a id="ipa" name="ipa"></a>Information for Patients</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en">RadiologyInfo: The Radiology Information Resource for Patients</a></li> </ul> <h2><a id="ipr" name="ipr"></a>Information for Professionals</h2> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=1000.55">Recommendation for quality assurance programs in diagnostic radiology facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/cdrh-organ-dose-handbooks">CDRH Organ Dose handbooks containing reference values of radiation doses absorbed in tissues of patients undergoing representative procedures</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1000&showFR=1&subpartNode=21:8.0.1.3.36.3">Recommendation for the use of specific area gonad shielding on patients during medical diagnostic x-ray procedures</a></li> </ul> <h2><a id="lrps" name="lrps"></a>Laws, Regulations & Performance Standards</h2> <p>Manufacturers of electronic radiation emitting products sold in the United States are responsible for compliance with the <a href="/fdc-act-chapter-v-drugs-and-devices">Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), Chapter V, Subchapter C - Electronic Product Radiation Control</a>. </p> <p>Manufacturers of diagnostic x-ray products are responsible for compliance with all applicable requirements of Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations (Subchapter J, Radiological Health) Parts 1000 through 1005:</p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1000">1000 - General</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1002">1002 - Records and Reports</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1003">1003 - Notification of defects or failure to comply</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1004">1004 - Repurchase, repairs, or replacement of electronic products</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1005">1005 - Importation of electronic products</a></p> <p>In addition, fluoroscopy products must comply with radiation safety performance standards in Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations (Subchapter J, Radiological Health) Parts 1010 and 1020 :</p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1010">1010 - Performance standards for electronic products: general</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/showCFR.cfm?FR=1020.30">1020.30 - Diagnostic x-ray systems and their major components</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?FR=1020.31">1020.31 - Radiographic equipment</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?FR=1020.32">1020.32 - Fluoroscopic equipment (for spot film devices)</a></p> <p>Because they are medical devices, radiographic equipment must also comply with the medical device regulations. For more information, see <a href="/how-study-and-market-your-device">Getting to Market with a Medical Device.</a></p> <h3>Required Reports for the Radiography Manufacturers or Industry</h3> <ul> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="94abf438-6faf-40c4-990e-0e7294f22c77" href="/industry/fda-esubmitter" title="FDA eSubmitter">FDA eSubmitter</a></li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ea6941c7-154a-49b6-8a1a-9c494edf5bbb" href="/radiation-emitting-products/getting-radiation-emitting-product-market-frequently-asked-questions/submitting-reports-and-requirements-maintaining-records-radiation" title="Submitting Reports and Requirements for Maintaining Records for Radiation">Submitting Reports and Requirements for Maintaining Records for Radiation</a></li> </ul> <h2><a id="ig" name="ig"></a>Industry Guidance - Documents of Interest</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/routine-compliance-testing-procedures-diagnostic-x-ray-systems">Routine Compliance Testing Procedures for Diagnostic X-Ray Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/resource-manual-compliance-test-parameters-diagnostic-x-ray-systems">Resource Manual for Compliance Test Parameters of Diagnostic X-Ray Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/radiation-emitting-products/industry-guidance-radiation-emitting-products/information-disclosure-manufacturers-assemblers-diagnostic-x-ray-systems-guidance-industry-and-fda">Information Disclosure by Manufacturers to Assemblers for Diagnostic X-ray Systems; Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/fda-issues-amendments-federal-radiation-safety-performance-standard-diagnostic-x-ray-systems">FDA Issues Amendments to the Federal Radiation Safety Performance Standard for Diagnostic X-Ray Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/medical-devices/guidance-documents-medical-devices-and-radiation-emitting-products/clarification-radiation-control-regulations-diagnostic-x-ray-equipment-fda-89-8221">Clarification of Radiation Control Regulations for Diagnostic X-Ray Equipment (FDA 89-8221)</a></li> <li><a href="/media/72549/download">A Guide for the Submission of Initial Reports on Diagnostic X-ray Systems and Their Major Components</a></li> <li><a href="/medical-devices/guidance-documents-medical-devices-and-radiation-emitting-products/guidance-industry-and-fda-staff-addition-urls-electronic-product-labeling">Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Addition of URLs to Electronic Product Labeling</a></li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="fbf6a7c4-4efc-4596-9c9f-0defa20e7531" href="/radiation-emitting-products/submitting-reports-and-requirements-maintaining-records-radiation/electronic-product-radiation-control-eprc-variance-application-process-fda" title="Electronic Product Radiation Control (EPRC) Variance Application Process| FDA">Variance Application Process</a></li> </ul> <h2><a name="resources"></a>Other Resources</h2> <ul> <li><a href="/medical-devices/classify-your-medical-device/does-product-emit-radiation">Does the Product Emit Radiation?</a></li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="767f2bc9-3850-4b57-97c7-b89be23b70a1" href="/medical-devices/device-advice-comprehensive-regulatory-assistance/how-study-and-market-your-device" title="How to Study and Market Your Device">How to Study and Market Your Device</a></li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="ea6941c7-154a-49b6-8a1a-9c494edf5bbb" href="/radiation-emitting-products/getting-radiation-emitting-product-market-frequently-asked-questions/submitting-reports-and-requirements-maintaining-records-radiation" title="Submitting Reports and Requirements for Maintaining Records for Radiation">Records and Reporting (Radiation-Emitting Products)</a></li> <li><a data-entity-substitution="canonical" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="30586fa8-1b68-450a-adb4-4293a5fce485" href="/radiation-emitting-products/getting-radiation-emitting-product-market-frequently-asked-questions/importing-and-exporting-electronic-products" title="Importing and Exporting Electronic Products">Importing and Exporting Electronic Products</a></li> </ul>   </div> <aside class="col-md-2 col-md-push-2" role="complementary"> <section id="block-entityviewcontent-4" data-block-plugin-id="entity_view:node" class="block block-ctools block-entity-viewnode clearfix"> <div class="region region-"> <aside class="lcds-card lcds-card--border-top"> <ul role="menu" 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lcds-section-nav--side__parent-link"> Medical X-ray Imaging </a> <div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-in-this-section view-id-in_this_section view-display-id-block_4 js-view-dom-id-a92cb262f410ab0fbca06a1d4f1647e41e9403ae909cba18f2006a98246dd8a1"> <div class="item-list"> <ul class="lcds-section-nav__active lcds-section-nav__list lcds-section-nav--side__list"> <li><a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/radiography" class="lcds-section-nav__link lcds-section-nav--side__link">Radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/computed-tomography-ct" class="lcds-section-nav__link lcds-section-nav--side__link">Computed Tomography (CT)</a></li> <li><a href="/radiation-emitting-products/medical-x-ray-imaging/dental-cone-beam-computed-tomography" class="lcds-section-nav__link lcds-section-nav--side__link">Dental Cone-beam Computed Tomography</a></li> <li><a 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