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As a student at [[Columbia University]] in the 1940s, he began friendships with [[Lucien Carr]], [[William S. Burroughs]] and [[Jack Kerouac]], forming the core of the [[Beat Generation]]. He vigorously opposed [[militarism]], [[economic materialism]], and [[sexual repression]], and he embodied various aspects of this [[counterculture]] with his views on drugs, sex, [[multiculturalism]], hostility to [[bureaucracy]], and openness to [[Eastern religions]].<ref name="glbtq.com">{{Cite web |title=Ginsberg, Allen (1926–1997) |url=http://www.glbtq.com/literature/ginsberg_a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313003635/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/ginsberg_a.html |archive-date=March 13, 2007 |access-date=August 9, 2015 |website=[[glbtq.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ginsberg |first=Allen |title=Howl, Kaddish and Other Poems |date=July 1, 2009 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] Ltd. |isbn=978-0-14-119016-7 |location=London |page=0}}</ref> Best known for his poem "[[Howl (poem)|Howl]]", Ginsberg denounced what he saw as the destructive forces of [[capitalism]] and [[conformity]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ginsberg |first=Allen |title=Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952–1995 |date=March 20, 2001 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0-06-093081-3 |location=New York |page=xx–xxi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 29, 2002 |title=About Allen Ginsberg |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/allen-ginsberg/about-allen-ginsberg/613/ |publisher=[[PBS]]}}</ref> San Francisco police and US Customs seized copies of "Howl" in 1956, and a subsequent obscenity trial in 1957 attracted widespread publicity due to the poem's language and descriptions of heterosexual and homosexual sex at a time when [[Sodomy laws in the United States|sodomy laws]] made (male) homosexual acts a crime in every state.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Censorship: a world encyclopedia. Volume 1–4 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-135-00400-2 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Derek |location=Abingdon |page=955 |oclc=910523065}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Ronald K. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NEaEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 |title=The People v. Ferlinghetti: The Fight to Publish Allen Ginsberg's Howl |last2=Skover |first2=David |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-5381-2590-8 |page=xi |author-link=Ronald K. L. Collins |author-link2=David Skover}}</ref> The poem reflected Ginsberg's own sexuality and his relationships with a number of men, including [[Peter Orlovsky]], his lifelong partner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kramer |first=Jane |title=Allen Ginsberg in America |date=1968 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-1-299-40095-5 |location=New York |pages=43–46}}</ref> Judge Clayton W. Horn ruled that "Howl" was not obscene, asking: "Would there be any freedom of press or speech if one must reduce his vocabulary to vapid innocuous euphemisms?"<ref name="lean">{{Cite book |last=de Grazia |first=Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/girlsleanbackeve00degr_0 |title=Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Law of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius |date=March 2, 1993 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-0-679-74341-5 |location=New York |page=338 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Ginsberg was a Buddhist who extensively studied [[Eastern religions|Eastern religious disciplines]]. He lived modestly, buying his clothing in second-hand stores and residing in apartments in New York City's [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allen Ginsberg Project{{snd}}Bio |url=http://www.allenginsberg.org/index.php?page=bio |access-date=February 18, 2013 |publisher=allenginsberg.org}}</ref> One of his most influential teachers was Tibetan Buddhist [[Chögyam Trungpa]], the founder of the [[Naropa University|Naropa Institute]] in [[Boulder, Colorado]].<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001|pp=440–444}}</ref> At Trungpa's urging, Ginsberg and poet [[Anne Waldman]] started [[Jack Kerouac School|The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics]] there in 1974.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001|pp=454–455}}</ref> For decades, Ginsberg was active in political protests across a range of issues from the [[Vietnam War]] to the [[war on drugs]].<ref>Ginsberg, Allen, ''Deliberate Prose'', the foreword by Edward Sanders, p. xxi.</ref> His poem "[[September on Jessore Road]]" drew attention to refugees fleeing the [[Bangladesh genocide|1971 Bangladeshi genocide]], exemplifying what literary critic [[Helen Vendler]] described as Ginsberg's persistent opposition to "imperial politics" and the "persecution of the powerless".<ref>Vendler, Helen (January 13, 1986), "Books: A Lifelong Poem Including History", ''The New Yorker'', p. 81.</ref> His collection ''The Fall of America'' shared the annual [[National Book Award for Poetry]] in 1974.<ref name="nba1974" /> In 1979, he received the [[National Arts Club]] gold medal and was inducted into the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]].<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001|p=484}}</ref> He was a [[Pulitzer Prize]] finalist in 1995 for his book ''Cosmopolitan Greetings: Poems 1986–1992''.<ref name="The Pulitzer Prizes {{pipe}} Poetry">{{Cite web |title=The Pulitzer Prizes {{pipe}} Poetry |url=http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Poetry |access-date=October 31, 2010 |publisher=Pulitzer.org}}</ref> ==Biography== ===Early life and family=== Ginsberg was born into a Jewish<ref>Pacernick, Gary. "[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Allan+Ginsberg%3A+an+interview+by+Gary+Pacernick.-a019918392 Allen Ginsberg: An interview by Gary Pacernick]" (February 10, 1996), ''[[The American Poetry Review]]'', July/August 1997. "Yeah, I am a Jewish poet. I'm Jewish."</ref> family in [[Newark, New Jersey]], and grew up in nearby [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]].<ref name="NYT" /> He was the second son of [[Louis Ginsberg]], also born in Newark, a schoolteacher and published poet, and the former Naomi Levy, born in [[Nevel (town)|Nevel]] (Russia) and a fervent [[Marxist]].<ref name="NYTObit">{{Cite news |last=Hampton |first=Wilborn |date=April 6, 1997 |title=Allen Ginsberg, Master Poet Of Beat Generation, Dies at 70 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/06/nyregion/allen-ginsberg-master-poet-of-beat-generation-dies-at-70.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 14, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032659/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE6D7143CF935A35757C0A961958260 |archive-date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> As a teenager, Ginsberg began to write letters to ''[[The New York Times]]'' about political issues, such as [[World War II]] and [[workers' rights]].<ref name="BioProject" /> He published his first poems in the ''Paterson Morning Call''.<ref>David S. Wills, [https://www.beatdom.com/allen-ginsberg-first-poem/ "Allen Ginsberg's First Poem?"]</ref> While in high school, Ginsberg became interested in the works of [[Walt Whitman]], inspired by his teacher's passionate reading.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> In 1943, Ginsberg graduated from [[Eastside High School (Paterson, New Jersey)|Eastside High School]] and briefly attended [[Montclair State University|Montclair State College]] before entering [[Columbia University]] on a scholarship from the [[Jewish Community Center|Young Men's Hebrew Association]] of Paterson. Ginsberg intended to study [[law]] at [[Columbia University|Columbia]] but later changed his major to [[literature]]. <ref name="NYTObit" /> In 1945, he joined the [[Merchant navy|Merchant Marine]] to earn money to continue his education at Columbia.<ref>Ginsberg, Allen (2008) ''The Letters of Allen Ginsberg''. Philadelphia, Da Capo Press, p. 6.</ref> While at Columbia, Ginsberg contributed to the ''Columbia Review'' literary journal, the ''[[Jester of Columbia|Jester]]'' humor magazine, won the Woodberry Poetry Prize, served as president of the [[Philolexian Society]] (literary and debate group), and joined [[Boar's Head Society]] (poetry society).<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref><ref name="columbiareview">{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2014 |title=History |url=http://columbiareviewmag.com/history/ |access-date=March 5, 2016 |publisher=Columbia Review}}</ref> He was a resident of [[Hartley Hall]], where other Beat Generation poets such as [[Jack Kerouac]] and [[Herbert Gold]] also lived.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My generation – Columbia Spectator |url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/2012/04/25/my-generation/ |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Krajicek |first=David J. |date=April 5, 2012 |title=Where Death Shaped the Beats |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/books/columbia-u-haunts-of-lucien-carr-and-the-beats.html |access-date=January 20, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ginsberg has stated that he considered his required freshman seminar in Great Books, taught by [[Lionel Trilling]], to be his favorite Columbia course. In 1948, he graduated from Columbia with a B.A in English and American Literature.<ref>Charters, Ann (July 2000) "Ginsberg's Life." American National Biography Online. American Council of Learned Societies.</ref> According to The Poetry Foundation, Ginsberg spent several months in a mental institution after he pleaded insanity during a hearing. He was allegedly being prosecuted for harboring stolen goods in his dorm room. It was noted that the stolen property was not his, but belonged to an acquaintance.<ref>Allen Ginsberg." Allen Ginsberg Biography. Poetry Foundation, 2014. Web. November 6, 2014.</ref> Ginsberg also took part in public readings at the Episcopal [[St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery]] which would later hold a memorial service for him after his death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery |url=https://www.literarymanhattan.org/place/st-marks-church-in-the-bowery/ |access-date=April 21, 2022 |website=www.literarymanhattan.org |archive-date=March 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312154310/https://www.literarymanhattan.org/place/st-marks-church-in-the-bowery/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Bill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nt1xVR4SrAC&pg=PA104 |title=Beat Generation in New York: A Walking Tour of Jack Kerouac's City |date=November 1997 |publisher=City Lights Books |isbn=978-0-87286-325-5}}</ref> ===Relationship with his parents=== Ginsberg referred to his parents in a 1985 interview as "old-fashioned delicatessen philosophers".<ref name="NYT" /> His mother was also an active member of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] and took Ginsberg and his brother Eugene to party meetings. Ginsberg later said that his mother "made up bedtime stories that all went something like: 'The good king rode forth from his castle, saw the suffering workers and healed them.'"<ref name="BioProject">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Bonesy |title=Biographical Notes on Allen Ginsberg |url=http://www.popsubculture.com/pop/bio_project/allen_ginsberg.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023041027/http://www.popsubculture.com/pop/bio_project/allen_ginsberg.html |archive-date=October 23, 2005 |access-date=October 20, 2005 |publisher=Biography Project}}</ref> Of his father Ginsberg said: "My father would go around the house either reciting [[Emily Dickinson]] and [[Henry Wadsworth Longfellow|Longfellow]] under his breath or attacking [[T. S. Eliot]] for ruining poetry with his '[[obscurantism]].' I grew suspicious of both sides."<ref name="NYT" /> Naomi Ginsberg had [[schizophrenia]] which often manifested as [[paranoid]] [[delusions]], [[Thought disorder|disordered thinking]] and multiple [[Suicide|suicide attempts]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=HADDA |first=JANET |date=2008 |title=Ginsberg in Hospital |journal=American Imago |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=229–259 |issn=0065-860X |jstor=26305281}}</ref> She would claim, for example, that the president had implanted listening devices in their home and that her mother-in-law was trying to kill her.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001|p=26}}</ref><ref>Hyde, Lewis and Ginsberg, Allen (1984) ''On the poetry of Allen Ginsberg''. University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-06353-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-472-06353-6}}. p. 421.</ref> Her suspicion of those around her caused Naomi to draw closer to young Allen, "her little pet," as Bill Morgan says in his biography of Ginsberg, titled ''I Celebrate Myself: The Somewhat Private Life of Allen Ginsberg''.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|p=18}}</ref> She also tried to kill herself by slitting her wrists and was soon taken to [[Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital|Greystone]], a mental hospital; she would spend much of Ginsberg's youth in mental hospitals.<ref>Dittman, Michael J. (2007), ''Masterpieces of Beat literature''. Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|0-313-33283-5}}, pp. 57–58.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|p=13}}</ref> His experiences with his mother and her mental illness were a major inspiration for his two major works, "[[Howl (poem)|Howl]]" and his long autobiographical poem "[[Kaddish (poem)|Kaddish for Naomi Ginsberg (1894–1956)]]".<ref name="Breslin">Breslin, James (2003), "Allen Ginsberg: The Origins of ''Howl'' and ''Kaddish.''" in ''Poetry Criticism''. David M. Galens (ed.). Vol. 47. Detroit: Gale.</ref> When he was in junior high school, he accompanied his mother by bus to her therapist. The trip deeply disturbed Ginsberg—he mentioned it and other moments from his childhood in "Kaddish".<ref name="Modern">{{Cite web |last=Charters |first=Ann |title=Allen Ginsberg's Life |url=http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511185747/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm |archive-date=May 11, 2008 |access-date=October 20, 2005 |publisher=Modern American Poetry website}}</ref> His experiences with his mother's mental illness and her institutionalization are also frequently referred to in "Howl." For example, "Pilgrim State, Rockland, and Grey Stone's foetid halls" is a reference to institutions frequented by his mother and [[Carl Solomon]], ostensibly the subject of the poem: Pilgrim State Hospital and [[Rockland Psychiatric Center|Rockland State Hospital]] in New York and [[Greystone Park Psychiatric Hospital]] in [[New Jersey]].<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|p=18}}</ref><ref name="orig">Ginsberg, Allen (1995). ''Howl: Original Draft Facsimile, Transcript & Variant Versions, Fully Annotated by Author, with Contemporaneous Correspondence, Account of First Public Reading, Legal Skirmishes, Precursor Texts & Bibliography.'' Barry Miles (Ed.). Harper Perennial. {{ISBN|0-06-092611-2}}. pp. 131, 132, 139–140.</ref><ref>Theado, Matt (2003) ''The Beats: A Literary Reference''. Carroll & Graf Publishers. {{ISBN|0-7867-1099-3}}. p. 53.</ref> This is followed soon by the line "with mother finally ******." Ginsberg later admitted the deletion was the expletive "fucked."<ref name="orig"/> He also says of Solomon in section three, "I'm with you in Rockland where you imitate the shade of my mother," once again showing the association between Solomon and his mother.<ref>{{harvnb|Raskin|2004|pp=156–157}}</ref> Ginsberg received a letter from his mother after her death responding to a copy of "Howl" he had sent her. It admonished Ginsberg to be good and stay away from drugs; she says, "The key is in the window, the key is in the sunlight at the window—I have the key—Get married Allen don't take drugs—the key is in the bars, in the sunlight in the window."<ref>Hyde, Lewis and Ginsberg, Allen (1984), ''On the poetry of Allen Ginsberg''. University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-06353-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-472-06353-6}}, pp. 426–427.</ref> In a letter she wrote to Ginsberg's brother Eugene, she said, "God's informers come to my bed, and God himself I saw in the sky. The sunshine showed too, a key on the side of the window for me to get out. The yellow of the sunshine, also showed the key on the side of the window."<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|pp=219–220}}</ref> These letters and the absence of a facility to recite [[kaddish]] inspired Ginsberg to write "Kaddish", which makes references to many details from Naomi's life, Ginsberg's experiences with her, and the letter, including the lines "the key is in the light" and "the key is in the window."<ref>Ginsberg, Allen (1961), ''Kaddish and Other Poems''. Volume 2, Issue 14 of The Pocket Poets series. City Lights Books.</ref> ===New York Beats=== {{refimprovesect|date=August 2024}} In Ginsberg's first year at Columbia he met fellow undergraduate [[Lucien Carr]], who introduced him to a number of future Beat writers, including [[Jack Kerouac]], [[William S. Burroughs]], and [[John Clellon Holmes]]. They bonded, because they saw in one another an excitement about the potential of American youth, a potential that existed outside the strict conformist confines of post–World War II, [[McCarthyism|McCarthy]]-era America.<ref>{{harvnb|Raskin|2004}}</ref> Ginsberg and Carr talked excitedly about a "New Vision" (a phrase adapted from Yeats' "A Vision"), for literature and America. Carr also introduced Ginsberg to [[Neal Cassady]], for whom Ginsberg had a long infatuation.<ref>Barry Gifford, ed., ''As Ever: The Collected Correspondence of Allen Ginsberg & Neal Cassady''.</ref> In the first chapter of his 1957 novel ''[[On the Road]]'' Kerouac described the meeting between Ginsberg and Cassady.<ref name="Modern" /> Kerouac saw them as the dark (Ginsberg) and light (Cassady) side of their "New Vision", a perception stemming partly from Ginsberg's association with communism, of which Kerouac had become increasingly distrustful. Though Ginsberg was never a member of the Communist Party, Kerouac named him "Carlo Marx" in ''On the Road''. This was a source of strain in their relationship.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> Also, in New York, Ginsberg met [[Gregory Corso]] in the Pony Stable Bar. Corso, recently released from prison, was supported by the Pony Stable patrons and was writing poetry there the night of their meeting. Ginsberg claims he was immediately attracted to Corso, who was straight, but understood homosexuality after three years in prison. Ginsberg was even more struck by reading Corso's poems, realizing Corso was "spiritually gifted." Ginsberg introduced Corso to the rest of his inner circle. In their first meeting at the Pony Stable, Corso showed Ginsberg a poem about a woman who lived across the street from him and sunbathed naked in the window. Amazingly, the woman happened to be Ginsberg's girlfriend that he was living with during one of his forays into heterosexuality. Ginsberg took Corso over to their apartment. There the woman proposed sex with Corso, who was still very young and fled in fear. Ginsberg introduced Corso to Kerouac and Burroughs and they began to travel together. Ginsberg and Corso remained lifelong friends and collaborators.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}{{page needed|date=August 2024}}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=August 2024}} Shortly after this period in Ginsberg's life, he became romantically involved with [[Elise Cowen|Elise Nada Cowen]] after meeting her through Alex Greer, a philosophy professor at [[Barnard College]] whom she had dated for a while during the burgeoning Beat generation's period of development. As a Barnard student, Elise Cowen extensively read the poetry of [[Ezra Pound]] and [[T. S. Eliot]], when she met [[Joyce Johnson (author)|Joyce Johnson]] and Leo Skir, among other Beat players.{{fact|date=August 2024}} As Cowen had felt a strong attraction to darker poetry most of the time, Beat poetry seemed to provide an allure to what suggests a shadowy side of her persona. While at Barnard, Cowen earned the nickname "Beat Alice" as she had joined a small group of anti-establishment artists and visionaries known to outsiders as beatniks, and one of her first acquaintances at the college was the beat poet Joyce Johnson who later portrayed Cowen in her books, including "Minor Characters" and ''Come and Join the Dance'', which expressed the two women's experiences in the Barnard and Columbia Beat community.{{fact|date=August 2024}} Through his association with Elise Cowen, Ginsberg discovered that they shared a mutual friend, [[Carl Solomon]], to whom he later dedicated his most famous poem "Howl." This poem is considered an autobiography of Ginsberg up to 1955, and a brief history of the Beat Generation through its references to his relationship to other Beat artists of that time.{{fact|date=August 2024}} ===The "Blake vision"=== In 1948, in an apartment in [[East Harlem]], Ginsberg experienced an [[auditory hallucination]] while masturbating and reading the poetry of [[William Blake]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Bill |title=The Typewriter Is Holy: The Complete, Uncensored History of the Beat Generation |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4165-9242-6 |page=34}}</ref> which he later referred to as his "Blake vision". Ginsberg claimed to have heard the voice of God—also described as the "voice of the [[Ancient of Days]]"—or of Blake himself reading "[[Ah! Sun-flower]]", "[[The Sick Rose]]" and "[[The Little Girl Lost]]". The experience lasted several days, with him believing that he had witnessed the interconnectedness of the universe; Ginsberg recounted that after looking at latticework on the [[fire escape]] of the apartment and then at the sky, he intuited that one had been crafted by human beings, while the other had been crafted by itself.<ref name="On the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg">{{Cite book |last=Ginsberg |first=Allen |title=On the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg |date=1984 |publisher=The University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-09353-3 |editor-last=Hyde |editor-first=Lewis |edition=2002 |location=United States |page=[https://archive.org/details/onpoetryofalleng0000unse/page/123 123] |chapter=A Blake Experience |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/onpoetryofalleng0000unse/page/123}}</ref> He explained that this hallucination was not inspired by drug use, but said he sought to recapture the feeling of interconnectedness later with various drugs.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> ===San Francisco Renaissance=== Ginsberg moved to [[San Francisco]] during the 1950s. Before ''[[Howl and Other Poems]]'' was published in 1956 by [[City Lights Bookstore|City Lights]], he worked as a market researcher.<ref name="Schumacher, Michael 2002">Schumacher, Michael (January 27, 2002). "Allen Ginsberg Project".</ref> In 1954, in San Francisco, Ginsberg met [[Peter Orlovsky]] (1933–2010), with whom he fell in love and who remained his lifelong partner.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> Selections from their [[Love letter|correspondence]] have been published.<ref>''Straight Hearts' Delight: Love Poems and Selected Letters'', by Allen Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky, edited by Winston Leyland. Gay Sunshine Press, 1980, {{ISBN|0-917342-65-8}}.</ref> Also in San Francisco, Ginsberg met members of the [[San Francisco Renaissance]] (James Broughton, Robert Duncan, Madeline Gleason and Kenneth Rexroth) and other poets who would later be associated with the Beat Generation in a broader sense. Ginsberg's mentor [[William Carlos Williams]] wrote an introductory letter to San Francisco Renaissance figurehead [[Kenneth Rexroth]], who then introduced Ginsberg into the San Francisco poetry scene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartlaub |first=Peter |date=December 4, 2015 |orig-date=December 4, 2015 |title=How the Beats helped build San Francisco's progressive future |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/oursf/article/Our-SF-The-Beats-help-build-city-s-progressive-6676634.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104174446/https://www.sfchronicle.com/oursf/article/Our-SF-The-Beats-help-build-city-s-progressive-6676634.php |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=The San Francisco Chronicle |language=English}}</ref> There, Ginsberg also met three budding poets and [[Zen]] enthusiasts who had become friends at [[Reed College]]: [[Gary Snyder]], [[Philip Whalen]], and [[Lew Welch]]. In 1959, along with poets John Kelly, [[Bob Kaufman]], [[A. D. Winans]], and William Margolis, Ginsberg was one of the founders of the ''[[Beatitude (magazine)|Beatitude]]'' poetry magazine. [[Wally Hedrick]]—a painter and co-founder of the [[Six Gallery reading|Six Gallery]]—approached Ginsberg in mid-1955 and asked him to organize a poetry reading at the [[Six Gallery reading|Six Gallery]]. At first, Ginsberg refused, but once he had written a rough draft of "Howl," he changed his "fucking mind," as he put it.<ref>{{harvnb|Raskin|2004}}</ref> Ginsberg advertised the event as "Six Poets at the Six Gallery." One of the most important events in Beat mythos, known simply as "The [[Six Gallery reading]]" took place on October 7, 1955.<ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Siegel |first=Robert |date=October 7, 2005 |title=Birth of the Beat Generation: 50 Years of 'Howl' |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4950578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017033639/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4950578 |archive-date=October 17, 2006 |access-date=October 2, 2006 |website=All Things Considered}}</ref> The event, in essence, brought together the East and West Coast factions of the [[Beat Generation]]. Of more personal significance to Ginsberg, the reading that night included the first public presentation of "Howl," a poem that brought worldwide fame to Ginsberg and to many of the poets associated with him. An account of that night can be found in Kerouac's novel ''[[The Dharma Bums]]'', describing how change was collected from audience members to buy jugs of wine, and Ginsberg reading passionately, drunken, with arms outstretched. [[File:Howl and Other Poems (first edition).jpg|thumb|First edition cover of Ginsberg's landmark poetry collection, ''[[Howl and Other Poems]]''{{nbsp}}(1956)]] Ginsberg's principal work, "Howl," is well known for its opening line: "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked&nbsp;[...]." "Howl" was considered scandalous at the time of its publication, because of the rawness of its language. Shortly after its 1956 publication by San Francisco's [[City Lights Bookstore]], it was banned for obscenity. The ban became a [[wikt:cause célèbre|cause célèbre]] among defenders of the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]], and was later lifted, after Judge Clayton W. Horn declared the poem to possess redeeming artistic value.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> Ginsberg and [[Shig Murao]], the City Lights manager who was jailed for selling "Howl," became lifelong friends.<ref>Ball, Gordon, {{" '}}Howl' and Other Victories: A friend remembers City Lights' Shig Murao", ''San Francisco Chronicle'', November 28, 1999.</ref> ====Biographical references in "Howl"==== Ginsberg claimed at one point that all of his work was an extended biography (like Kerouac's ''[[Duluoz Legend]]''). "Howl" is not only a biography of Ginsberg's experiences before 1955, but also a history of the Beat Generation. Ginsberg also later claimed that at the core of "Howl" were his unresolved emotions about his schizophrenic mother. Though [[Kaddish (poem)|"Kaddish"]] deals more explicitly with his mother, "Howl" in many ways is driven by the same emotions. "Howl" chronicles the development of many important friendships throughout Ginsberg's life. He begins the poem with "I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness", which sets the stage for Ginsberg to describe Cassady and Solomon, immortalizing them into American literature.<ref>{{harvnb|Raskin|2004}}</ref> This madness was the "angry fix" that society needed to function—madness was its disease. In the poem, Ginsberg focused on "Carl Solomon! I'm with you in Rockland", and, thus, turned Solomon into an archetypal figure searching for freedom from his "straightjacket". Though references in most of his poetry reveal much about his biography, his relationship to other members of the Beat Generation, and his own political views, "Howl," his most famous poem, is still perhaps the best place to start.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} ===To Paris and the "Beat Hotel", Tangier and India=== In 1957, Ginsberg surprised the literary world by abandoning San Francisco. After a spell in [[Morocco]], he and Peter Orlovsky joined Gregory Corso in Paris. Corso introduced them to a shabby lodging house above a bar at 9 [[rue Gît-le-Cœur]] that was to become known as the [[Beat Hotel]]. They were soon joined by Burroughs and others. It was a productive, creative time for all of them. There, Ginsberg began his epic poem "Kaddish", Corso composed ''Bomb'' and ''Marriage'', and Burroughs (with help from Ginsberg and Corso) put together ''[[Naked Lunch]]'' from previous writings. This period was documented by the photographer [[Harold Chapman (photographer)|Harold Chapman]], who moved in at about the same time, and took pictures constantly of the residents of the "hotel" until it closed in 1963. During 1962–1963, Ginsberg and Orlovsky travelled extensively across India, living half a year at a time in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) and [[Benares]] (Varanasi). On his road to India he stayed two months in Athens ( August 29, 1961 – October 31, 1961) where he visited various sites such as [[Delphi]], [[Mykines, Greece|Mycines]], [[Crete]], and then continued his journey to [[Israel]], [[Kenya]] and finally [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 28, 2016 |title=Όταν ο ποιητής Άλεν Γκίνσμπεργκ επισκέφτηκε το Πέραμα. {{!}} LiFO |url=https://www.lifo.gr/now/athens/otan-o-poiitis-alen-gkinsmpergk-episkeftike-perama |access-date=July 13, 2022 |website=www.lifo.gr |language=el}}</ref> Also during this time, he formed friendships with some of the prominent young [[Bengalis|Bengali]] poets of the time including [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]] and [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]. Ginsberg had several political connections in India; most notably [[Pupul Jayakar]] who helped him extend his stay in India when the authorities were eager to expel him. ===England and the International Poetry Incarnation=== In May 1965, Ginsberg arrived in London, and offered to read anywhere for free.<ref name="Ref-1">Nuttall, J (1968) ''Bomb Culture'' MacGibbon & Kee, {{ISBN|0-261-62617-5}}</ref> Shortly after his arrival, he gave a reading at [[Better Books]], which was described by [[Jeff Nuttall]] as "the first healing wind on a very parched collective mind."<ref name="Ref-1" /> [[Thomas McGrath (poet)|Tom McGrath]] wrote: "This could well turn out to have been a very significant moment in the history of England—or at least in the history of English Poetry."<ref name="Ref-2">Fountain, N: ''Underground: the London alternative press, 1966–1974'', p. 16. [[Taylor & Francis]], 1988 {{ISBN|0-415-00728-3}}.</ref> Soon after the bookshop reading, plans were hatched for the [[International Poetry Incarnation]],<ref name="Ref-2" /> which was held at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in London on June 11, 1965. The event attracted an audience of 7,000, who heard readings and live and tape performances by a wide variety of figures, including Ginsberg, [[Adrian Mitchell]], [[Alexander Trocchi]], [[Harry Fainlight]], [[Anselm Hollo]], [[Christopher Logue]], [[George MacBeth]], Gregory Corso, [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]], [[Michael Horovitz]], [[Simon Vinkenoog]], [[Spike Hawkins]] and [[Thomas McGrath (poet)|Tom McGrath]]. The event was organized by Ginsberg's friend, the filmmaker [[Barbara Rubin]].<ref name="ginsbergproject">{{Cite web |last=Hale |first=Peter |date=March 31, 2014 |title=Barbara Rubin (1945–1980) |url=http://ginsbergblog.blogspot.com/2014/03/barbara-rubin-1945-1980.html |website=The Allen Ginsberg Project}}</ref><ref name="osterweil">{{Cite web |last=Osterweil |first=Ara |year=2010 |title=Queer Coupling, or The Stain of the Bearded Woman |url=http://www.araosterweil.com/download/i/mark_dl/u/4009891857/4561222908/Framework%2051-2.1%20Osterweil%20article.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020065346/http://www.araosterweil.com/download/i/mark_dl/u/4009891857/4561222908/Framework%2051-2.1%20Osterweil%20article.pdf |archive-date=October 20, 2014 |access-date=October 13, 2014 |website=araosterweil.com |publisher=Wayne State University Press}}</ref> [[Peter Whitehead (filmmaker)|Peter Whitehead]] documented the event on film and released it as ''[[Wholly Communion]]''. A book featuring images from the film and some of the poems that were performed was also published under the same title by Lorrimer in the UK and Grove Press in US. ===Continuing literary activity=== [[File:Allen Ginsberg und Peter Orlowski ArM.jpg|thumb|250px|Ginsberg with his partner, poet [[Peter Orlovsky]]. Photo taken in 1978]] Though the term "Beat" is most accurately applied to Ginsberg and his closest friends (Corso, Orlovsky, Kerouac, Burroughs, etc.), the term "Beat Generation" has become associated with many of the other poets Ginsberg met and became friends with in the late 1950s and early 1960s. A key feature of this term seems to be a friendship with Ginsberg. Friendship with Kerouac or Burroughs might also apply, but both writers later strove to disassociate themselves from the name "[[Beat Generation]]." Part of their dissatisfaction with the term came from the mistaken identification of Ginsberg as the leader. Ginsberg never claimed to be the leader of a movement. He claimed that many of the writers with whom he had become friends in this period shared many of the same intentions and themes. Some of these friends include: [[David Amram]], [[Bob Kaufman]]; [[Diane di Prima]]; [[Jim Cohn]]; poets associated with the [[Black Mountain College]] such as [[Charles Olson]], [[Robert Creeley]], and [[Denise Levertov]]; poets associated with the [[New York School (art)|New York School]] such as [[Frank O'Hara]] and [[Kenneth Koch]]. LeRoi Jones before he became [[Amiri Baraka]], who, after reading "Howl", wrote a letter to Ginsberg on a sheet of toilet paper. Baraka's independent publishing house Totem Press published Ginsberg's early work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amiri Baraka papers, 1945–2015 |url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_6909686/ |access-date=October 10, 2020 |website=www.columbia.edu |quote=Baraka's Totem Press: published early works by Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, and other Beat and Downtown experimental writers. |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319042505/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_6909686/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=August 2024}} Through a party organized by Baraka, Ginsberg was introduced to [[Langston Hughes]] while [[Ornette Coleman]] played saxophone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harrison |first=K. C. |year=2014 |title=LeRoi Jones's Radio and the Literary "Break" from Ellison to Burroughs |journal=African American Review |volume=47 |issue=2/3 |pages=357–374 |doi=10.1353/afa.2014.0042 |jstor=24589759 |s2cid=160151597}}</ref> [[File:Ginsberg-dylan.jpg|thumb|250px|Portrait with [[Bob Dylan]], taken in 1975]] Later in his life, Ginsberg formed a bridge between the [[Beat Generation|beat movement]] of the 1950s and the [[hippie]]s of the 1960s, befriending, among others, [[Timothy Leary]], [[Ken Kesey]], [[Hunter S. Thompson]], and [[Bob Dylan]]. Ginsberg gave his last public reading at [[Booksmith]], a bookstore in the [[Haight-Ashbury]] neighborhood of San Francisco, a few months before his death.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140634/http://fora.tv/2008/10/23/Bill_Morgan_The_Letters_of_Allen_Ginsberg Bill Morgan: The Letters of Allen Ginsberg]}}. Video at fora.tv. October 23, 2008.</ref> In 1993, Ginsberg visited the [[University of Maine at Orono]] to pay homage to the 90-year-old great [[Carl Rakosi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=PERLOFF |first=MARJORIE |year=2013 |title=Allen Ginsberg |journal=Poetry |volume=202 |issue=4 |pages=351–353 |jstor=23561794}}</ref> ===Buddhism and Krishna=== {{See also|A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Mantra-Rock Dance}} In 1950, Kerouac began studying Buddhism<ref name="tyger">{{Cite web |last=Ginsberg |first=Allen |date=April 3, 2015 |title=The Vomit of a Mad Tyger |url=http://www.lionsroar.com/the-vomit-of-a-mad-tyger/ |access-date=April 3, 2015 |publisher=[[Shambhala Sun|Lion's Roar]]}}</ref> and shared what he learned from [[Zen in the United States#Dwight Goddard|Dwight Goddard's]] ''Buddhist Bible'' with Ginsberg.<ref name="tyger" /> Ginsberg first heard about the [[Four Noble Truths]] and such sutras as the [[Diamond Sutra]] at this time.<ref name="tyger" /> Ginsberg's endorsement helped establish the Krishna movement within New York's [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] culture.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Prideaux |first1=Ed |title=The true story of Hare Krishna: Sex, drugs, The Beatles and 50 years of scandal |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/hare-krishna-sex-god-beatles-hindu-guru-chant-temple-message-a9226531.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=The Independent |date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> Ginsberg's spiritual journey began early on with his spontaneous visions, and continued with an early trip to India with [[Gary Snyder]].<ref name="tyger" /> Snyder had previously spent time in [[Kyoto]] to study at the First Zen Institute at [[Daitoku-ji]] Monastery.<ref name="tyger" /> At one point, Snyder chanted the [[Prajnaparamita]], which in Ginsberg's words "blew my mind."<ref name="tyger" /> His interest piqued, Ginsberg traveled to meet [[14th Dalai Lama|the Dalai Lama]] as well as the [[Karmapa]] at Rumtek Monastery.<ref name="tyger" /> Continuing on his journey, Ginsberg met [[Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje|Dudjom Rinpoche]] in [[Kalimpong]], who taught him: "If you see something horrible, don't cling to it, and if you see something beautiful, don't cling to it."<ref name="tyger" /> After returning to the United States, a chance encounter on a New York City street with [[Chögyam Trungpa]] [[Rinpoche]] (they both tried to catch the same cab),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fields |first=Rick |title=How the Swans Came to the Lake: A Narrative History of Buddhism in America |publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-87773-631-8 |page=311}}</ref> a [[Kagyu]] and [[Nyingma]] [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] master, led to Trungpa becoming his friend and lifelong teacher.<ref name="tyger" /> Ginsberg helped Trungpa and New York poet [[Anne Waldman]] in founding the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at [[Naropa University]] in [[Boulder, Colorado]]. Ginsberg was also involved with [[Vaishnavism|Krishnaism]]. He had started incorporating chanting the [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna mantra]] into his religious practice in the mid-1960s. After learning that [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], the founder of the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] movement in the Western world had rented a store front in New York, he befriended him, visiting him often and suggesting publishers for his books, and a fruitful relationship began. This relationship is documented by [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]] in his biographical account ''Srila Prabhupada Lilamrta''. Ginsberg donated money, materials, and his reputation to help the Swami establish the first temple, and toured with him to promote his cause.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wills, D. |year=2007 |title=Buddhism and the Beats |volume=1 |pages=9–13 |work=Beatdom |publisher=Mauling Press |location=Dundee |editor-last=Wills, D. |url=http://www.beatdom.com/buddhism_and_the_beats.htm |access-date=March 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501050535/http://www.beatdom.com/buddhism_and_the_beats.htm |archive-date=May 1, 2010}}</ref> [[File:Prabhupada's arrival in San Francisco 1967.jpg|thumb|left|Allen Ginsberg greeting [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] at [[San Francisco International Airport]]. January 17, 1967]] Despite disagreeing with many of Bhaktivedanta Swami's [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness#Four regulative principles|required prohibitions]], Ginsberg often sang the Hare Krishna mantra publicly as part of his philosophy<ref name="Brooks 1992 78–9">{{Harvnb|Brooks|1992|pp=78–9}}</ref> and declared that it brought a state of ecstasy.<ref>{{Harvnb|Szatmary|1996|p=149}}</ref> He was glad that Bhaktivedanta Swami, an authentic [[swami]] from India, was now trying to spread the chanting in America. Along with other [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] ideologists like [[Timothy Leary]], [[Gary Snyder]], and [[Alan Watts]], Ginsberg hoped to incorporate Bhaktivedanta Swami and his chanting into the hippie movement, and agreed to take part in the Mantra-Rock Dance concert and to introduce the swami to the Haight-Ashbury hippie community.<ref name="Brooks 1992 78–9" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Ginsberg|Morgan|1986|p=36}}</ref><ref group="nb">(from the "Houseboat Summit" panel discussion, [[Sausalito, California|Sausalito CA]]. February 1967)({{Harvnb|Cohen|1991|p=182}}):<br /> Ginsberg: So what do you think of Swami Bhaktivedanta pleading for the acceptance of Krishna in every direction?<br /> Snyder: Why, it's a lovely positive thing to say Krishna. It's a beautiful mythology and it's a beautiful practice.<br /> Leary: Should be encouraged.<br /> Ginsberg: He feels it's the one uniting thing. He feels a monopolistic unitary thing about it.<br /> [[Alan Watts|Watts]]: I'll tell you why I think he feels it. The mantras, the images of Krishna have in this culture no foul association&nbsp;[...] [W]hen somebody comes in from the Orient with a new religion which hasn't got any of [horrible] associations in our minds, all the words are new, all the rites are new, and yet, somehow it has feeling in it, and we can get with that, you see, and we can dig that!</ref> On January 17, 1967, Ginsberg helped plan and organize a reception for Bhaktivedanta Swami at [[San Francisco International Airport]], where fifty to a hundred hippies greeted the Swami, chanting Hare Krishna in the airport lounge with flowers in hands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Muster|1997|p=25}}</ref><ref group="nb">Addressing speculations that he was Allen Ginsberg's guru, Bhaktivedanta Swami answered a direct question in a public program, "Are you Allen Ginsberg's guru?" by saying, "I am nobody's guru. I am everybody's servant. Actually I am not even a servant; a servant of God is no ordinary thing." ({{Harvnb|Greene|2007|p=85}}; {{Harvnb|Goswami|2011|pp=196–7}})</ref> To further support and promote Bhaktivendata Swami's message and chanting in San Francisco, Allen Ginsberg agreed to attend the [[Mantra-Rock Dance]], a musical event 1967 held at the [[Avalon Ballroom]] by the San Francisco [[ISKCON|Hare Krishna]] temple. It featured some leading rock bands of the time: [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]] with [[Janis Joplin]], the [[Grateful Dead]], and [[Moby Grape]], who performed there along with the Hare Krishna founder [[Bhaktivedanta Swami]] and donated proceeds to the Krishna temple. Ginsberg introduced Bhaktivedanta Swami to some three thousand hippies in the audience and led the chanting of the [[Hare Krishna mantra]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bromley|Shinn|1989 |p=106}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Chryssides|Wilkins|2006|p=213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Joplin |first=Laura |title=Love, Janis |publisher=Villard Books |year=1992 |isbn=0-679-41605-6 |location=New York |page=182}}</ref> [[File:1967 Mantra-Rock Dance Avalon poster.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Mantra-Rock Dance]] promotional poster featuring Allen Ginsberg along with leading rock bands.]] Music and chanting were both important parts of Ginsberg's live delivery during poetry readings.<ref>Chowka, Peter Barry, "[http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm This is Allen Ginsberg?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408084404/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm |date=April 8, 2019 }}" (Interview), [[New Age Journal]], April 1976. "I had known [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Swami Bhaktivedanta]] and was somewhat guided by him&nbsp;[...] spiritual friend. I practiced the Hare Krishna chant, practiced it with him, sometimes in mass auditoriums and parks in the Lower East Side of New York. Actually, I'd been chanting it since '63, after coming back from India. I began chanting it, in Vancouver at a great poetry conference, for the first time in '63, with Duncan and Olson and everybody around, and then continued. When Bhaktivedanta arrived on the Lower East Side in '66 it was reinforcement for me, like 'the reinforcements had arrived' from India."</ref> He often accompanied himself on a [[Pump organ|harmonium]], and was often accompanied by a guitarist. It is believed that the Hindi and Buddhist poet [[Nagarjun]] had introduced Ginsberg to the harmonium in Banaras. According to [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], Ginsberg refined his practice while learning from his relatives, including his cousin Savitri Banerjee.<ref>Klausner, Linda T. (April 22, 2011), "American Beat Yogi: An Exploration of the Hindu and Indian Cultural Themes in Allen Ginsberg", Masters Thesis: Literature, Culture, and Media''[http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=2152608&fileOId=2152615 Lund University]''.</ref> When Ginsberg asked if he could sing a song in praise of Lord [[Krishna]] on [[William F. Buckley, Jr.]]'s TV show ''[[Firing Line (TV series)|Firing Line]]'' on September 3, 1968, Buckley acceded and the poet chanted slowly as he played dolefully on a harmonium. According to [[Richard Brookhiser]], an associate of Buckley's, the host commented that it was "the most unharried Krishna I've ever heard."<ref>Konigsberg, Eric (February 29, 2008), "Buckley's Urbane Debating Club: ''Firing Line'' Set a Standard For Political Discourse on TV", ''[[The New York Times]]'', Metro Section, p. B1.</ref> At the 1967 [[Human Be-In]] in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, and the 1970 Black Panther rally at Yale campus Allen chanted "Om" repeatedly over a sound system for hours on end.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|p=468}}</ref> Ginsberg further brought mantras into the world of rock and roll when he recited the [[Heart Sutra]] in the song "[[Ghetto Defendant]]". The song appears on the 1982 album ''[[Combat Rock]]'' by British first wave punk band [[The Clash]]. Ginsberg came in touch with the [[Hungry generation|Hungryalist]] poets of [[Bengal]], especially Malay Roy Choudhury, who introduced Ginsberg to the three fish with one head of Indian emperor [[Akbar the Great|Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar]]. The three fish symbolised coexistence of all thought, philosophy, and religion.<ref>Mitra, Alo (May 9, 2008), [http://www.thewastepaper.blogspot.com/ HUNGRYALIST INFLUENCE ON ALLEN GINSBERG]. thewastepaper.blogspot.com.</ref> In spite of Ginsberg's attraction to Eastern religions, the journalist [[Jane Kramer]] argues that he, like Whitman, adhered to an "American brand of mysticism" that was "rooted in humanism and in a romantic and visionary ideal of harmony among men."<ref>Kramer, Jane (1968), ''Allen Ginsberg in America''. New York: Random House, p. xvii.</ref> The Allen Ginsberg Estate and Jewel Heart International partnered to present "Transforming Minds: Kyabje Gelek Rimpoche and Friends", a gallery and online exhibition of images of [[Gelek Rimpoche]] by Allen Ginsberg, a student with whom he had an "indissoluble bond," in 2021 at [[Tibet House US]] in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transforming Minds: Kyabje Gelek Rimnpohce and Friends |url=https://www.jewelheart.org/events/transforming-minds-kyabje-gelek-rimpoche-and-friends-photographs-by-allen-ginsberg/ |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=jewelheart.org |publisher=Jewel Heart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Spiegel |first=Alison |date=September 29, 2021 |title=Inside the New Allen Ginsberg Photography Exhibit at Tibet House US |publisher=Tricycle Magazine |url=https://tricycle.org/article/allen-ginsberg-exhibit/ |access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> Fifty negatives from Ginsberg's Stanford University photo archive celebrated "the unique relationship between Allen and Rimpoche." The selection of never-before presented images, featuring great Tibetan masters including the Dalai Lama, Tibetologists, and students were "guided by Allen's extensive notes on the contact sheets and images he'd circled with the intention to print."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paljor Chatag |first=Ben |date=2022 |title=Curatorial Reflections on 'Transforming Minds: Kyabje Gelek Rimpoche and Friends, Photographs by Allen Ginsberg 1989–1997' |url=https://yeshe.org/curatorial-reflections-on-transforming-minds-kyabje-gelek-rimpoche-and-friends-photographs-by-allen-ginsberg-1989-1997/ |journal=Yeshe, A Journal of Tibetan Literature, Arts and Humanities |volume=2 |issue=1 |access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref> ===Illness and death=== In 1960, he was treated for a [[tropical disease]], and it is speculated that he contracted [[hepatitis]] from an unsterilized needle administered by a doctor, which played a role in his death 37 years later.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|p=312}}</ref> Ginsberg was a lifelong smoker, and though he tried to quit for health and religious reasons, his busy schedule in later life made it difficult, and he always returned to smoking. In the 1970s, Ginsberg had two minor strokes which were first diagnosed as [[Bell's palsy]], which gave him significant paralysis and stroke-like drooping of the muscles in one side of his face. Later in life, he also had constant minor ailments such as [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]]. Many of these symptoms were related to stress, but he never slowed down his schedule.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007}}</ref> [[File:Allen ginsberg 675.jpg|thumb|Allen Ginsberg, 1979]] Ginsberg won a 1974 [[National Book Award]] for ''[[The Fall of America: Poems of These States|The Fall of America]]'' (split with [[Adrienne Rich]], ''[[Diving into the Wreck: Poems 1971–1972|Diving into the Wreck]]'').<ref name="nba1974">In 1993, Ginsberg visited the University of Maine at Orono for a conference, to pay homage to the 90-year-old great [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/carl-rakosi Carl Rakosi] and to read poems as well. [https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1974 "National Book Awards{{snd}}1974"]. [[National Book Foundation]]. Retrieved April 7, 2012 (with acceptance speech by Ginsberg and essay by John Murillo from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog).</ref> In 1986, Ginsberg was awarded the Golden Wreath by the [[Struga Poetry Evenings]] International Festival in Macedonia, the second American poet to be so awarded since [[W. H. Auden]]. At Struga, Ginsberg met with the other Golden Wreath winners, [[Bulat Okudzhava]] and [[Andrei Voznesensky]]. In 1989, Ginsberg appeared in [[Rosa von Praunheim]]'s award-winning film ''[[Silence = Death (film)|Silence = Death]]'' about the fight of gay artists in New York City for AIDS-education and the rights of HIV infected people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silence = Death |url=https://teddyaward.tv/en/archive?a-z=1&select=S&id_film=405 |publisher=Teddy Award}}</ref> In 1993, the French Minister of Culture appointed Ginsberg a [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres]]. Ginsberg continued to help his friends as much as he could: he gave money to [[Herbert Huncke]] out of his own pocket, regularly supplied neighbor [[Arthur Russell (musician)|Arthur Russell]] with an extension cord to power his home recording setup,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rhoades |first=Lindsey |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Echo in Eternity: The Indelible Mark of Arthur Russell |url=https://www.stereogum.com/1928507/echo-in-eternity-the-indelible-mark-of-arthur-russell/franchises/sounding-board/ |website=Stereogum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2010 |title=Arthur Russell / Allen Ginsberg Track Discovered |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/arthur-russell-allen-ginsberg-track-discovered}}</ref> and housed a broke, drug-addicted [[Harry Everett Smith|Harry Smith]]. With the exception of a special guest appearance at the [[NYU]] Poetry [[Poetry slam|Slam]] on February 20, 1997, Ginsberg gave what is thought to be his last reading at The [[Booksmith]] in San Francisco on December 16, 1996. After returning home from the hospital for the last time, where he had been unsuccessfully treated for [[congestive heart failure]], Ginsberg continued making phone calls to say goodbye to nearly everyone in his address book. Some of the phone calls were sad and interrupted by crying, and others were joyous and optimistic.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|p=649}}</ref> Ginsberg continued to write through his final illness, with his last poem, "Things I'll Not Do (Nostalgias)", written on March 30.<ref>Ginsberg, Allen ''Collected Poems 1947–1997'', pp. 1160–61.</ref> He died on April 5, 1997, surrounded by family and friends in his [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] loft in Manhattan, succumbing to [[liver cancer]] via complications of [[hepatitis]] at the age of 70.<ref name="NYTObit" /> [[Gregory Corso]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], [[Patti Smith]] and others came by to pay their respects.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|p=651}}</ref> He was cremated, and his ashes were buried in his family plot in Gomel Chesed Cemetery in Newark.<ref name="nyt1">{{Cite news |last=Strauss |first=Robert |date=March 28, 2004 |title=Sometimes the Grave Is a Fine and Public Place. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/28/nyregion/sometimes-the-grave-is-a-fine-and-public-place.html |access-date=August 21, 2007}}</ref> He was survived by Orlovsky. In 1998, various writers, including [[Catfish McDaris]] read at a gathering at Ginsberg's farm to honor Allen and the Beats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michalis Limnios |date=March 1, 2013 |title=Poet and author Catfish McDaris says stories from his experiences from the poetry and music world |url=http://blues.gr/profiles/blogs/poet-and-author-catfish-mcdaris-says-stories-from-his-experiences |website=Blues.gr}}</ref> ''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (released in December 1997) was dedicated to Ginsberg, as well as Burroughs, who died four months later.<ref name="ES-19980303">{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Roger |date=March 3, 1998 |title=Roger Clarke {{!}} Gus Van Sant |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/film/roger-clarke-6331844.html |access-date=May 18, 2019 |website=[[London Evening Standard]]}}</ref> ==Social and political activism== ===Free speech=== Ginsberg's willingness to talk about taboo subjects made him a controversial figure during the conservative 1950s, and a significant figure in the 1960s. In the mid-1950s, no reputable publishing company would even consider publishing ''Howl''. At the time, such "sex talk" employed in ''Howl'' was considered by some to be vulgar or even a form of pornography, and could be prosecuted under law.<ref>{{harvnb|Raskin|2004}}</ref> Ginsberg used phrases such as "cocksucker", "fucked in the ass", and "cunt" as part of the poem's depiction of different aspects of American culture. Numerous books that discussed sex were banned at the time, including ''[[Lady Chatterley's Lover]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Raskin|2004}}</ref> The sex that Ginsberg described did not portray the sex between heterosexual married couples, or even longtime lovers. Instead, Ginsberg portrayed [[casual sex]].<ref>{{harvnb|Raskin|2004}}</ref> For example, in ''Howl'', Ginsberg praises the man "who sweetened the snatches of a million girls." Ginsberg used gritty descriptions and explicit sexual language, pointing out the man "who lounged hungry and lonesome through Houston seeking jazz or sex or soup." In his poetry, Ginsberg also discussed the then-taboo topic of homosexuality. The explicit sexual language that filled ''Howl'' eventually led to an important trial on [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] issues. Ginsberg's publisher was brought up on charges for publishing pornography, and the outcome led to a judge going on record dismissing charges, because the poem carried "redeeming social importance,"<ref name="Morgan">Morgan, Bill (ed.) (2006), ''"Howl" on Trial: The Battle for Free Expression''. California: City of Lights.</ref> thus setting an important legal precedent. Ginsberg continued to broach controversial subjects throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. From 1970 to 1996, Ginsberg had a long-term affiliation with [[PEN American Center]] with efforts to defend free expression. When explaining how he approached controversial topics, he often pointed to [[Herbert Huncke]]: he said that when he first got to know Huncke in the 1940s, Ginsberg saw that he was sick from his heroin addiction, but at the time heroin was a taboo subject and Huncke was left with nowhere to go for help.<ref name="Deliberate">Ginsberg, Allen. ''Deliberate Prose: Selected Essays 1952–1995''. Harper Perennial, 2001. {{ISBN|0-06-093081-0}}</ref> ===Role in Vietnam War protests=== [[File:Poet and activist Allen Ginsberg with the protestors - Miami Beach, Florida 1 (cropped1).jpg|thumb|right|Protesting at the [[1972 Republican National Convention]]]] Ginsberg was a signer of the [[anti-war movement|anti-war]] manifesto "A Call to Resist Illegitimate Authority", circulated among draft resistors in 1967 by members of the radical intellectual collective [[RESIST (non-profit)|RESIST]]. Other signers and RESIST members included [[Mitchell Goodman]], [[Henry Braun]], [[Denise Levertov]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[William Sloane Coffin]], [[Dwight Macdonald]], [[Robert Lowell]], and [[Norman Mailer]].<ref>Barsky, Robert F. (1998), [http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/4/5.html "Marching with the Armies of the Night"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116133359/http://cognet.mit.edu/library/books/chomsky/chomsky/4/5.html |date=January 16, 2013 }} in ''Noam Chomsky: a life of dissent''. 1st ed. Cambridge: M.I.T. Press</ref><ref>Mitford, Jessica (1969) ''The Trial of Dr. Spock, the Rev. William Sloane Coffin Jr., Michael Ferber, Mitchell Goodman, and Marcus Raskin'' [1st ed.]. New York: Knopf, p. 255.</ref> In 1968, Ginsberg signed the "[[Writers and Editors War Tax Protest]]" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the [[Vietnam War]],<ref>"Writers and Editors War Tax Protest", ''New York Post''. January 30, 1968.</ref> and later became a sponsor of the War Tax Resistance project, which practiced and advocated [[tax resistance]] as a form of anti-war protest.<ref>"A Call to War Tax Resistance", ''The Cycle'', May 14, 1970, p.7.</ref> He was present the night of the [[Tompkins Square Park riot (1988)]] and provided an eyewitness account to ''The New York Times''.<ref>Purdham, Todd (August 14, 1988), [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0711FC3A540C778DDDA10894D0484D81 "Melee in Tompkins Sq. Park: Violence and Its Provocation"]. ''The New York Times'', section 1, part 1, page 1, column 4: Metropolitan Desk.</ref> ===Relationship to communism=== Ginsberg talked openly about his connections with communism and his admiration for past communist heroes and the labor movement at a time when the [[Second Red Scare|Red Scare]] and [[McCarthyism]] were still raging. He admired [[Fidel Castro]] and many other Marxist figures from the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2HroA5QrAwC&pg=PA143 |title=Family Business: Selected Letters Between a Father and Son |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-58234-216-0 |editor-last=Schumacher, Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 1965 |title=ALLEN GINSBERG (8/11/96) |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-13/ginsberg1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109094231/http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/coldwar/interviews/episode-13/ginsberg1.html |archive-date=November 9, 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2010 |publisher=Gwu.edu}}</ref> In "[[America (poem)|America]]" (1956), Ginsberg writes: "America, I used to be a communist when I was a kid I'm not sorry". Biographer [[Jonah Raskin]] has claimed that, despite his often stark opposition to communist orthodoxy, Ginsberg held "his own [[idiosyncratic]] version of communism."<ref>{{harvnb|Raskin|2004|p=170}}</ref> On the other hand, when [[Donald Manes]], a New York City politician, publicly accused Ginsberg of being a member of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], Ginsberg objected: "I am not, as a matter of fact, a member of the Communist party, nor am I dedicated to the overthrow of the U.S. government or any government by violence&nbsp;... I must say that I see little difference between the armed and violent governments both Communist and Capitalist that I have observed".<ref>Ginsberg, Allen (2008), ''The Letters of Allen Ginsberg''. Philadelphia, Da Capo Press, p. 359. For context, see also {{harvnb|Morgan|2007|pp=474–75}}.</ref> Ginsberg travelled to several communist countries to promote free speech. He claimed that communist countries, such as China, welcomed him because they thought he was an enemy of capitalism, but often turned against him when they saw him as a troublemaker. For example, in 1965 Ginsberg was deported from [[Cuba]] for publicly protesting the persecution of homosexuals.<ref name="english.illinois.edu">[http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm Allen Ginsberg's Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329171519/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/life.htm |date=March 29, 2019 }}. illinois.edu</ref> The Cubans sent him to [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic|Czechoslovakia]], where one week after being named the ''Král majálesu'' ("King of May",<ref>Ginsberg, Allan (2001), ''Selected Poems 1947–1995'', "Kral Majales", Harper Collins Publishers, p. 147.</ref> a students' festivity, celebrating spring and student life), Ginsberg was arrested for alleged drug use and public drunkenness, and the security agency [[StB]] confiscated several of his writings, which they considered to be lewd and morally dangerous. Ginsberg was then deported from Czechoslovakia on May 7, 1965,<ref name="english.illinois.edu" /><ref>Yanosik, Joseph (March 1996), [http://www.furious.com/perfect/pulnoc.html The Plastic People of the Universe]. furious.com.</ref> by order of the StB.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vodrážka, Karel |last2=Andrew Lass |year=1998 |title=Final Report on the Activities of the American Poet Allen Ginsberg and His Deportation from Czechoslovakia |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/53963034/Final-Report-on-Allen-Ginsberg-s-Deportation |journal=The Massachusetts Review |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=187–196}}</ref> [[Václav Havel]] points to Ginsberg as an important inspiration.<ref name="Spontaneous">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bM74g8M-SeQC&pg=RA1-PT200 |title=Spontaneous Mind: Selected Interviews 1958–1996 |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-06-093082-0 |editor-last=David Carter}}</ref> ===Gay rights=== One contribution that is often considered his most significant and most controversial was his openness about homosexuality. Ginsberg was an early proponent of freedom for gay people. In 1943, he discovered within himself "mountains of homosexuality." He expressed this desire openly and graphically in his poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2017 |title=LGBT History: Not Just West Village Bars |url=http://gvshp.org/blog/2017/01/09/lgbt-history-not-just-west-village-bars/ |access-date=September 11, 2017 |website=gvshp.org}}</ref> He also struck a note for gay marriage by listing [[Peter Orlovsky]], his lifelong companion, as his spouse in his ''[[Who's Who]]'' entry. Subsequent gay writers saw his frank talk about homosexuality as an opening to speak more openly and honestly about something often before only hinted at or spoken of in metaphor.<ref name="Deliberate" /> In writing about sexuality in graphic detail and in his frequent use of language seen as indecent, he challenged—and ultimately changed—obscenity laws.{{fact|date=August 2024}} He was a staunch supporter of others whose expression challenged obscenity laws ([[William S. Burroughs]] and [[Lenny Bruce]], for example).{{fact|date=August 2024}} ===Association with NAMBLA=== Ginsberg was a supporter and member of the [[North American Man/Boy Love Association]] (NAMBLA), a [[pedophilia]] and [[pederasty]] advocacy organization in the United States that works to abolish age of consent laws and legalize sexual relations between adults and children.<ref name="PedIJN">{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Andrea |year=2002 |title=Allen Ginsberg's advocacy of pedophilia debated in community |work=Intermountain Jewish News}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} Saying that he joined the organization "in defense of free speech",<ref name="donnell-milner">{{Cite book |last1=O'Donnell |first1=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tv6Qgl021wkC |title=Child Pornography: Crime, Computers and Society |last2=Milner |first2=Claire |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-84635-0 |pages=12–13 |access-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513090118/https://books.google.com/books?id=tv6Qgl021wkC |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ginsberg stated: "Attacks on NAMBLA stink of politics, witchhunting for profit, humorlessness, vanity, anger and ignorance&nbsp;...&nbsp;I'm a member of NAMBLA because I love boys too—everybody does, who has a little humanity".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thrift |first=Matt |date=January 22, 2020 |title=Pedophiles on display |url=http://mytjnow.com/2020/01/22/pedophiles-on-display/ |website=My TJ Now}}</ref> In 1994, Ginsberg appeared in a documentary on NAMBLA called ''[[Chicken Hawk: Men Who Love Boys]]'' (playing on the gay male slang term '[[Chickenhawk (gay slang)|chickenhawk]]'), in which he read a "graphic ode to youth".<ref name="PedIJN" /> He read his poem "Sweet Boy, Gimme Yr Ass" from the book ''Mind Breaths''.<ref name="Mind Breaths">{{Cite book |last=Ginsberg |first=Allen |url=https://archive.org/details/mindbreathspoems00gins |title=Mind Breaths |date=1977 |publisher=City Lights Publisher |isbn=0-313-29389-9 |location=San Francisco, California |pages=34–35}}</ref> In her 2002 book ''Heartbreak'', [[Andrea Dworkin]] claimed Ginsberg had ulterior motives for allying with NAMBLA: {{blockquote|In 1982, newspapers reported in huge headlines that the Supreme Court had ruled child pornography illegal. I was thrilled. I knew Allen would not be. I did think he was a civil libertarian. But, in fact, he was a pedophile. He did not belong to the North American Man/Boy Love Association out of some mad, abstract conviction that its voice had to be heard. He meant it. I take this from what Allen said directly to me, not from some inference I made. He was exceptionally aggressive about his right to fuck children and his constant pursuit of underage boys.<ref>Dworkin, Andrea (2002), ''Heartbreak: The Political Memoir of a Feminist Militant.'' New York: Basic Books, p. 43.</ref>|}}In reference to his onetime friend Dworkin,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Laura |date=March 10, 2002 |title=Antiporn Star |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/10/books/antiporn-star.html |access-date=December 17, 2022 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Ginsberg stated: {{blockquote|I've known Andrea since she was a student. I had a conversation with her when I said I've had many young affairs, [with men who were] 16, 17, or 18. I said, 'What are you going to do, send me to jail?' And she said, 'You should be shot.' The problem is, she was molested when she was young, and she hasn't recovered from the trauma, and she's taking it out on ordinary lovers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2010 |title=Ginsberg and Me |url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/commentary/2010/10/28/ginsberg-and-me |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240726191349/https://www.advocate.com/politics/commentary/2010/10/28/ginsberg-and-me |archive-date=July 26, 2024 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=www.advocate.com}}</ref>}} ===Recreational drugs=== [[File:Ginsberg-leary-lilly.jpg|thumb|right|Allen Ginsberg, Timothy Leary, and [[John C. Lilly]] in 1991]] Ginsberg talked often about drug use. He organized the New York City chapter of LeMar (Legalize Marijuana).<ref>Fisher, Marc (February 22, 2014). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/marijuanas-rising-acceptance-comes-after-many-failures-is-it-now-legalizations-time/2014/02/22/9adc8502-98dd-11e3-80ac-63a8ba7f7942_story.html Marijuana's rising acceptance comes after many failures. Is it now legalization's time?] ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved August 3, 2016.</ref> Throughout the 1960s he took an active role in the demystification of [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], and, with [[Timothy Leary]], worked to promote its common use. He remained for many decades an advocate of [[Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States|marijuana legalization]], and, at the same time, warned his audiences against the hazards of tobacco in his ''Put Down Your Cigarette Rag (Don't Smoke):'' "Don't Smoke Don't Smoke Nicotine Nicotine No / No don't smoke the official Dope Smoke Dope Dope."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alex |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4PEfAEwUQ8C&pg=PA26 |title=Literary Miscellany: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Literature |date=October 27, 2010 |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |isbn=978-1-61608-095-2}}</ref> ===CIA drug trafficking=== {{See also|Allegations of CIA drug trafficking}} Ginsberg worked closely with [[Alfred W. McCoy]]<ref name="convo">{{Cite web |last=Hendryckx |first=Michiel |date=June 21, 2018 |title=When Allen Ginsberg met the head of the CIA – and offered him a wager |url=https://theconversation.com/when-allen-ginsberg-met-the-head-of-the-cia-and-offered-him-a-wager-98363 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=The conversation}}</ref> on the latter's book ''[[The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia]]'', which claimed that the [[CIA]] was knowingly involved in the production of heroin in the [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]] of [[Myanmar|Burma]], Thailand, and Laos.<ref name="Boca Raton News; October 1, 1972">{{Cite news |last= |date=October 1, 1972 |title=Heroin, U.S. tie probed |volume=17 |page=9B |work=Boca Raton News |agency=United Press International |issue=218 |location=Boca Raton, Florida |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1291&dat=19721001&id=usJTAAAAIBAJ&pg=5921,3238572 |access-date=December 5, 2015}}</ref> In addition to working with McCoy, Ginsberg personally confronted [[Richard Helms]], the director of the CIA in the 1970s, about the matter, but Helms denied that the CIA had anything to do with selling illegal drugs.<ref name="convo" /><ref>Ginsberg, Allen, and Hyde, Lewis. ''On the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg''. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984. Print.</ref> Ginsberg wrote many essays and articles, researching and compiling evidence of the CIA's alleged involvement in drug trafficking, but it took ten years, and the publication of McCoy's book in 1972, before anyone took him seriously.<ref name="convo" /> In 1978, Ginsberg received a note from the chief editor of ''[[The New York Times]]'', apologizing for not having taken his allegations seriously.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|2007|pp=470–477}}</ref> The political subject is dealt with in his song/poem "CIA Dope calypso". The [[United States Department of State]] responded to McCoy's initial allegations stating that they were "unable to find any evidence to substantiate them, much less proof."<ref name="Daytona Beach Morning Journal; June 3, 1972">{{Cite news |last= |date=June 3, 1972 |title=Heroin Charges Aired |volume=XLVII |page=6 |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |agency=Associated Press |issue=131 |location=Daytona Beach Florida |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1873&dat=19720601&id=jE8fAAAAIBAJ&pg=1052,514907 |access-date=December 5, 2015}}</ref> Subsequent investigations by the [[Central Intelligence Agency Office of Inspector General|Inspector General of the CIA]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities |title=Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities |date=April 26, 1976 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |series=Report – 94th Congress, 2d session, Senate ; no. 94-755 |volume=Book 1 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=227–228 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015070725273 |ref={{harvid|Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities|1976}} |author-link=Church Committee}}</ref> [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015078590943;view=2up;seq=1 |title=The U.S. Heroin Problem and Southeast Asia: Report of a Staff Survey Team of the Committee of Foreign Affairs |date=January 11, 1973 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=10, 30, 61 |ref={{harvid|Report of a Staff Survey Team of the Committee of Foreign Affairs|1973}} |author-link=United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs |access-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref> and United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, a.k.a. the [[Church Committee]],{{sfn|Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities|1976|pp=205, 227}} also found the charges to be unsubstantiated. ===Pop culture=== In [[The Simpsons season 10#Episodes|season 10]], episode 6 of ''[[The Simpsons]]'', a hippie mixed-breed dog is named Ginsberg.{{cn|date=September 2024}} ==Work== Most of Ginsberg's very early poetry was written in formal rhyme and meter like that of his father, and of his idol [[William Blake]]. His admiration for the writing of [[Jack Kerouac]] inspired him to take poetry more seriously. In 1955, upon the advice of a psychiatrist, Ginsberg dropped out of the working world to devote his entire life to poetry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allen Ginsberg, Master Poet of Beat Generation, Dies at 70 |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/01/04/08/specials/ginsberg-obit.html?module=inline |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> Soon after, he wrote ''Howl'', the poem that brought him and his [[Beat Generation]] contemporaries to national attention and allowed him to live as a professional poet for the rest of his life. Later in life, Ginsberg entered academia, teaching poetry as Distinguished Professor of English at [[Brooklyn College]] from 1986 until his death.<ref>Lawlor, William. ''Beat culture : lifestyles, icons, and impact''. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2005. Print.</ref> ===Inspiration from friends=== Ginsberg claimed throughout his life that his biggest inspiration was Kerouac's concept of "[[spontaneous prose]]." He believed literature should come from the soul without conscious restrictions. Ginsberg was much more prone to revise than Kerouac. For example, when Kerouac saw the first draft of ''Howl'', he disliked the fact that Ginsberg had made editorial changes in pencil (transposing "negro" and "angry" in the first line, for example). Kerouac only wrote out his concepts of spontaneous prose at Ginsberg's insistence because Ginsberg wanted to learn how to apply the technique to his poetry.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> The inspiration for ''Howl'' was Ginsberg's friend, [[Carl Solomon]], and ''Howl'' is dedicated to him. Solomon was a [[Dada]] and [[Surrealism]] enthusiast (he introduced Ginsberg to [[Artaud]]) who had bouts of clinical depression. Solomon wanted to commit suicide, but he thought a form of suicide appropriate to dadaism would be to go to a mental institution and demand a [[lobotomy]]. The institution refused, giving him many forms of [[psychotherapy|therapy]], including [[Electroconvulsive therapy|electroshock therapy]]. Much of the final section of the first part of ''Howl'' is a description of this. Ginsberg used Solomon as an example of all those ground down by the machine of "[[Moloch]]." Moloch, to whom the second section is addressed, is a [[Semitic gods|Levantine god]] to whom children were sacrificed. Ginsberg may have gotten the name from the [[Kenneth Rexroth]] poem "Thou Shalt Not Kill," a poem about the death of one of Ginsberg's heroes, [[Dylan Thomas]]. Moloch is mentioned a few times in the [[Torah]] and references to Ginsberg's Jewish background are frequent in his work. Ginsberg said the image of Moloch was inspired by [[peyote]] visions he had of the Francis Drake Hotel in San Francisco which appeared to him as a skull; he took it as a symbol of the city (not specifically San Francisco, but all cities).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kramer |first=Jane |date=August 10, 1968 |title=The Father of Flower Power |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1968/08/17/paterfamilias-i |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=April 3, 2022}}</ref> Ginsberg later acknowledged in various publications and interviews that behind the visions of the Francis Drake Hotel were memories of the Moloch of [[Fritz Lang]]'s film ''[[Metropolis (1927 film)|Metropolis]]'' (1927) and of the woodcut novels of [[Lynd Ward]].<ref name="orig"/> Moloch has subsequently been interpreted as any system of control, including the conformist society of post-World War II America, focused on material gain, which Ginsberg frequently blamed for the destruction of all those outside of societal norms.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> He also made sure to emphasize that Moloch is a part of humanity in multiple aspects, in that the decision to ''defy'' socially created systems of control—and therefore go against Moloch—is a form of self-destruction. Many of the characters Ginsberg references in ''Howl'', such as Neal Cassady and Herbert Huncke, destroyed themselves through excessive substance abuse or a generally wild lifestyle. The personal aspects of ''Howl'' are perhaps as important as the political aspects. Carl Solomon, the prime example of a "best mind" destroyed by defying society, is associated with Ginsberg's schizophrenic mother: the line "with mother finally fucked" comes after a long section about Carl Solomon, and in Part III, Ginsberg says: "I'm with you in Rockland where you imitate the shade of my mother." Ginsberg later admitted that the drive to write ''Howl'' was fueled by sympathy for his ailing mother, an issue which he was not yet ready to deal with directly. He dealt with it directly with 1959's ''Kaddish'',<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref> which had its first public reading at a [[Catholic Worker Movement|Catholic Worker]] Friday Night meeting, possibly due to its associations with [[Thomas Merton]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cornell |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Cornell |title=Catholic Worker Pacifism: An Eyewitness to History |url=http://catholicworker.com/peacetc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317165844/http://www.catholicworker.com/peacetc.htm |archive-date=March 17, 2010 |access-date=May 1, 2010 |website=Catholic Worker Homepage}}</ref> ===Inspiration from mentors and idols=== Ginsberg's poetry was strongly influenced by [[Modernism]] (most importantly the American style of Modernism pioneered by William Carlos Williams), [[Romanticism]] (specifically William Blake and [[John Keats]]), the beat and cadence of [[jazz]] (specifically that of [[Bebop|bop]] musicians such as [[Charlie Parker]]), and his [[Kagyu]] Buddhist practice and Jewish background. He considered himself to have inherited the visionary poetic mantle handed down from the English poet and artist [[William Blake]], the American poet [[Walt Whitman]] and the Spanish poet [[Federico García Lorca]]. The power of Ginsberg's verse, its searching, probing focus, its long and lilting lines, as well as its [[New World]] exuberance, all echo the continuity of inspiration that he claimed.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref><ref name="Deliberate" /><ref name="Spontaneous" /> He corresponded with [[William Carlos Williams]], who was then in the middle of writing his epic poem ''[[Paterson (poem)|Paterson]]'' about the industrial city near his home. After attending a reading by Williams, Ginsberg sent the older poet several of his poems and wrote an introductory letter. Most of these early poems were rhymed and metered and included archaic pronouns like "thee." Williams disliked the poems and told Ginsberg, "In this mode perfection is basic, and these poems are not perfect."<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref><ref name="Deliberate" /><ref name="Spontaneous" /> Though he disliked these early poems, Williams loved the exuberance in Ginsberg's letter. He included the letter in a later part of ''Paterson''. He encouraged Ginsberg not to emulate the old masters, but to speak with his own voice and the voice of the common American. From Williams, Ginsberg learned to focus on strong visual images, in line with Williams' own motto "No ideas but in things." Studying Williams' style led to a tremendous shift from the early formalist work to a loose, colloquial [[free verse]] style. Early breakthrough poems include ''Bricklayer's Lunch Hour'' and ''Dream Record''.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref><ref name="Spontaneous" /> Carl Solomon introduced Ginsberg to the work of [[Antonin Artaud]] (''To Have Done with the Judgement of God'' and ''Van Gogh: The Man Suicided by Society''), and [[Jean Genet]] (''[[Our Lady of the Flowers]]''). [[Philip Lamantia]] introduced him to other [[Surrealists]] and Surrealism continued to be an influence (for example, sections of "Kaddish" were inspired by [[André Breton]]'s ''Free Union''). Ginsberg claimed that the anaphoric repetition of ''Howl'' and other poems was inspired by [[Christopher Smart]] in such poems as ''Jubilate Agno''. Ginsberg also claimed other more traditional influences, such as: [[Franz Kafka]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], and [[Emily Dickinson]].<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref><ref name="Deliberate" /> Ginsberg also made an intense study of [[haiku]] and the paintings of [[Paul Cézanne]], from which he adapted a concept important to his work, which he called the ''Eyeball Kick''. He noticed in viewing Cézanne's paintings that when the eye moved from one color to a contrasting color, the eye would [[Saccade|spasm]], or "kick." Likewise, he discovered that the contrast of two seeming opposites was a common feature in haiku. Ginsberg used this technique in his poetry, putting together two starkly dissimilar images: something weak with something strong, an artifact of high culture with an artifact of low culture, something holy with something unholy. The example Ginsberg most often used was "hydrogen jukebox" (which later became the title of a [[Hydrogen Jukebox|song cycle]] composed by [[Philip Glass]] with lyrics drawn from Ginsberg's poems). Another example is Ginsberg's observation on Bob Dylan during Dylan's hectic and intense 1966 electric-guitar tour, fueled by a cocktail of amphetamines,<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 30, 1999 |title=A lot of nerve |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/1999/dec/30/artsfeatures.bobdylan |access-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref> opiates,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2007 |title=The Ten Most Incomprehensible Bob Dylan Interviews of All Time{{snd}}Vulture |url=https://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2007/10/the_ten_most_incomprehensible.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127162320/http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2007/10/the_ten_most_incomprehensible.html |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |access-date=October 31, 2010 |website=New York}}</ref> alcohol,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plotz |first=David |date=March 8, 1998 |title=Bob Dylan{{snd}}By David Plotz{{snd}}Slate Magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/id/1855/ |access-date=October 31, 2010 |website=Slate}}</ref> and psychedelics,<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Hagan |first=Sean |date=March 25, 2001 |title=Well, how does it feel? |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/mar/25/features.review7 |access-date=April 23, 2010}}</ref> as a ''[[Dexedrine]] Clown''. The phrases "eyeball kick" and "hydrogen jukebox" both show up in ''Howl'', as well as a direct quote from Cézanne: "Pater Omnipotens Aeterna Deus".<ref name="Deliberate" /> ===Inspiration from music=== {{see also|Songs of Innocence and Experience (Allen Ginsberg album)}} Allen Ginsberg also found inspiration in music. He frequently included music in his poetry, invariably composing his tunes on an old Indian harmonium, which he often played during his readings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Blues: Rags, Ballads and Harmonium Songs {{!}} Smithsonian Folkways |url=https://folkways.si.edu/allen-ginsberg/first-blues-rags-ballads-and-harmonium-songs/american-folk-poetry/album/smithsonian |access-date=March 10, 2018 |website=Smithsonian Folkways Recordings}}</ref> He wrote and recorded music to accompany [[William Blake]]'s ''[[Songs of Innocence]]'' and ''[[Songs of Experience]]''. He also recorded a handful of other albums. To create music for ''Howl'' and ''Wichita Vortex Sutra'', he worked with the minimalist composer, [[Philip Glass]]. Ginsberg worked with, drew inspiration from, and inspired artists such as [[Bob Dylan]], [[The Clash]], [[Patti Smith]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Patti |title=Just Kids |publisher=Ecco |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-06-093622-8 |location=New York |page=123}}</ref> [[Phil Ochs]], and [[The Fugs]].<ref name="Schumacher, Michael 2002" /> He worked with Dylan on various projects and maintained a friendship with him over many years.<ref>Wills, D., [http://www.beatdom.com/allen-ginsberg-and-bob-dylan/ "Allen Ginsberg and Bob Dylan"], ''Beatdom'' No. 1 (2007).</ref> In 1981, Ginsberg recorded a song called "Birdbrain." He was backed by the Gluons, and the track was released as a single.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2011 |title=Birdbrain! |url=https://allenginsberg.org/2011/12/birdbrain/ |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=The Allen Ginsberg Project}}</ref> In 1996, he recorded a song co-written with [[Paul McCartney]] and Philip Glass, "The Ballad of the Skeletons",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ballad of the Skeletons – Allen Ginsberg – Songs, Reviews, Credits |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/ballad-of-the-skeletons-mw0000081957 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> which reached number 8 on the [[Triple J Hottest 100, 1996|Triple J Hottest 100]] for that year. ===Style and technique=== From the study of his idols and mentors and the inspiration of his friends—not to mention his own experiments—Ginsberg developed an individualistic style that's easily identified as Ginsbergian.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Gorski, Hedwig |title=Interview with Robert Creeley |journal=Journal of American Studies of Turkey |date=Spring 2008 |pages=73–81 |issue=27 |url=http://www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr/Install/JASTFiles/jast27.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328094817/http://www.ake.hacettepe.edu.tr/Install/JASTFiles/jast27.pdf |issn=1300-6606 |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |access-date=October 10, 2011}}</ref> Ginsberg stated that Whitman's long line was a dynamic technique few other poets had ventured to develop further, and Whitman is also often compared to Ginsberg because their poetry sexualized aspects of the male form.<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001}}</ref><ref name="Deliberate" /><ref name="Spontaneous" /> Many of Ginsberg's early long line experiments contain some sort of [[Anaphora (rhetoric)|anaphora]], repetition of a "fixed base" (for example "who" in ''Howl'', "America" in ''America'') and this has become a recognizable feature of Ginsberg's style.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Brian |date=2010 |title=Modernist Looking: Surreal Impressions in the Poetry of Allen Ginsberg |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/751273038 |journal=[[Texas Studies in Literature and Language]] |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=298–323 |doi=10.1353/tsl.2010.0003 |s2cid=162063608 |id={{ProQuest|751273038}} |via=ProQuest}}</ref> He said later this was a crutch because he lacked confidence; he did not yet trust "free flight."<ref>{{Cite book |title=On the poetry of Allen Ginsberg |date=1984 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |editor=Hyde, Lewis |isbn=0-472-09353-3 |location=Ann Arbor |page=82 |oclc=10878519}}</ref> In the 1960s, after employing it in some sections of ''Kaddish'' ("caw" for example) he, for the most part, abandoned the anaphoric form. 'Latter-Day Beat' Bob Dylan is known for using anaphora, as in 'Tangled Up in Blue' where the phrase, returned to at the end of every verse, takes the place of a chorus.<ref name="Deliberate" /><ref name="Spontaneous" /> Several of his earlier experiments with methods for formatting poems as a whole became regular aspects of his style in later poems. In the original draft of ''Howl'', each line is in a "stepped triadic" format reminiscent of [[William Carlos Williams]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Van Durme |first=Debora |date=May 2014 |title=Classical myth in Allen Ginsberg's Howl |url=https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/162/600/RUG01-002162600_2014_0001_AC.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Ghent University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/162/600/RUG01-002162600_2014_0001_AC.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022}}</ref> He abandoned the "stepped triadic" when he developed his long line although the stepped lines showed up later, most significantly in the travelogues of ''The Fall of America''.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} ''Howl'' and ''Kaddish'', arguably his two most important poems, are both organized as an inverted pyramid, with larger sections leading to smaller sections. In ''America'', he also experimented with a mix of longer and shorter lines.<ref name="Deliberate" /><ref name="Spontaneous" /> Ginsberg's mature style made use of many specific, highly developed techniques, which he expressed in the "poetic slogans" he used in his Naropa teaching. Prominent among these was the inclusion of his unedited mental associations so as to reveal the mind at work ("First thought, best thought." "Mind is shapely, thought is shapely.") He preferred expression through carefully observed physical details rather than abstract statements ("Show, don't tell." "No ideas but in things.")<ref>Rabinowitz, Jacob, ''Blame it on Blake'', Amazon/Independent 2019, {{ISBN|978-1-09513-905-9}}, pp. 55–63.</ref> In these he carried on and developed traditions of modernism in writing that are also found in Kerouac and Whitman. In ''Howl'' and in his other poetry, Ginsberg drew inspiration from the [[epic poetry|epic]], [[free verse]] style of the 19th-century American poet [[Walt Whitman]].<ref>Ginsberg, Allen ''Deliberate Prose'', pp. 285–331.</ref> Both wrote passionately about the promise (and betrayal) of American democracy, the central importance of erotic experience, and the spiritual quest for the truth of everyday existence. [[J. D. McClatchy]], editor of the ''[[Yale Review]]'', called Ginsberg "the best-known American poet of his generation, as much a social force as a literary phenomenon." McClatchy added that Ginsberg, like Whitman, "was a bard in the old manner—outsized, darkly prophetic, part exuberance, part prayer, part rant. His work is finally a history of our era's psyche, with all its contradictory urges." McClatchy's barbed eulogies define the essential difference between Ginsberg ("a beat poet whose writing was&nbsp;[...] journalism raised by combining the recycling genius with a generous mimic-empathy, to strike audience-accessible chords; always lyrical and sometimes truly poetic") and Kerouac ("a poet of singular brilliance, the brightest luminary of a 'beat generation' he came to symbolise in popular culture&nbsp;[...] [though] in reality he far surpassed his contemporaries&nbsp;[...] Kerouac is an originating genius, exploring then answering—like [[Arthur Rimbaud|Rimbaud]] a century earlier, by necessity more than by choice—the demands of authentic self-expression as applied to the evolving quicksilver mind of America's only literary virtuoso&nbsp;[...]").<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Hampton, Willborn |date=April 6, 1997 |title=Allen Ginsberg, Master Poet Of Beat Generation, Dies at 70 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/06/nyregion/allen-ginsberg-master-poet-of-beat-generation-dies-at-70.html}}</ref> ==Bibliography== * ''[[Howl and Other Poems]]'' (1956), {{ISBN|978-0-87286-017-9}} * ''[[Kaddish and Other Poems]]'' (1961), {{ISBN|978-0-87286-019-3}} * ''[[Empty Mirror: Early Poems]]'' (1961), {{ISBN|978-0-87091-030-2}} * ''[[Reality Sandwiches]]'' (1963), {{ISBN|978-0-87286-021-6}} * ''[[The Yage Letters]]'' (1963){{snd}}with William S. Burroughs * ''[[Planet News]]'' (1968), {{ISBN|978-0-87286-020-9}} * ''[[Indian Journals]]'' (1970), {{ISBN|0-8021-3475-0}} * ''[[First Blues: Rags, Ballads & Harmonium Songs 1971 - 1974]]'' (1975), {{ISBN|0-916190-05-6}} * ''[[The Gates of Wrath: Rhymed Poems]] 1948–1951'' (1972), {{ISBN|978-0-912516-01-1}} * ''[[The Fall of America: Poems of These States]]'' (1973), {{ISBN|978-0-87286-063-6}} * ''[[Iron Horse (poem)|Iron Horse]]'' (1973) * ''[[Allen Verbatim: Lectures on Poetry, Politics, Consciousness by Allen Ginsberg]]'' (1974), edited by Gordon Ball, {{ISBN|0-07-023285-7}} * ''[[Sad Dust Glories: poems during work summer in woods]]'' (1975) * ''[[Mind Breaths]]'' (1978), {{ISBN|978-0-87286-092-6}} * ''[[Plutonian Ode: Poems]] 1977–1980'' (1981), {{ISBN|978-0-87286-125-1}} * ''[[Collected Poems 1947–1980]]'' (1984), {{ISBN|978-0-06-015341-0}}. Republished with later material added as ''[[Collected Poems 1947-1997]]'', New York, HarperCollins, 2006 * ''[[White Shroud Poems]]: 1980–1985'' (1986), {{ISBN|978-0-06-091429-5}} * ''[[Cosmopolitan Greetings Poems]]: 1986–1993'' (1994) * ''[[Howl Annotated]]'' (1995) * ''[[Illuminated Poems]]'' (1996) * ''[[Selected Poems: 1947–1995]]'' (1996) * ''[[Death and Fame: Poems]] 1993–1997'' (1999) * ''[[Deliberate Prose]] 1952–1995'' (2000) * ''Howl & Other Poems'' 50th Anniversary Edition (2006), {{ISBN|978-0-06-113745-7}} * ''[[The Book of Martyrdom and Artifice: First Journals and Poems 1937-1952]]'' (Da Capo Press, 2006) * ''[[The Selected Letters of Allen Ginsberg and Gary Snyder]]'' (Counterpoint, 2009) * ''I Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career: The Selected Correspondence of Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsberg, 1955–1997'' (City Lights, 2015) * ''[[The Best Minds of My Generation: A Literary History of the Beats]]'' (Grove Press, 2017) ==Selected Discography == * ''Howl And Other Poems'' (1959) Fantasy - 7006 * ''None'' (1965) with [[Gregory Corso]], [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]], and [[Andrei Voznesensky]] Lovebooks - LB0001 * ''Allen Ginsberg Reading at Better Books'' (1965) Better Books – 16156/57 * ''Reads Kaddish (A 20th Century American Ecstatic Narrative Poem)'' (1966) Atlantic – 4001 * ''The Ginsbergs At The ICA'' (1967) with Louise Ginsberg Saga Psyche – PSY 3000 * ''Consciousness & Practical Action'' (1967) Liberation Records – DL 16 * ''Challenge Seminar'' (1968) with [[Gregory Bateson]] and [[R. D. Laing|R.D. Laing]] Liberation Records – DL 23 * ''Ginsberg's Thing'' (1969) Transatlantic Records – TRA 192 * ''[[Songs of Innocence and Experience (Allen Ginsberg album)|Songs Of Innocence And Experience]]'' (1970) MGM Records – FTS-3083, Verve Forecast – FTS-3083 * ''America Today! (The World's Greatest Poets Vol. I)'' (1971) with [[Gregory Corso]] and [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]] CMS – CMS 617 * ''Gate, Two Evenings With Allen Ginsberg Vol.1 Songs'' (1980) Loft – LOFT 1001 * ''First Blues: Rags, Ballads & Harmonium Songs'' (1981) Folkways Records – FSS 37560 * ''First Blues'' (1983) John Hammond Records – W2X 37673 * ''Allen Ginsberg With Still Life'' (1983) with Still Life Local Anesthetic Records – LA LP-001 * ''Üvöltés'' (1987) with Hobo Krém – SLPM 37048 * ''The Lion For Real'' (1989) Great Jones – GJ-6004 * ''September On Jessore Road'' (1992) with the Mondriaan Quartet Soyo Records – 0001 * ''Cosmopolitan Greetings'' (1993) with [[George Gruntz]] Schweiz – MGB CD 9203, Migros-Genossenschafts-Bund – MGB CD 9203 * ''[[Hydrogen Jukebox]]'' (1993) with [[Philip Glass]] Elektra Nonesuch – 9 79286-2 ==Honors== His collection ''The Fall of America'' shared the annual U.S. [[National Book Award for Poetry]] in 1974.<ref name="nba1974" /> In 1979, he received the [[National Arts Club]] gold medal and was inducted into the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters|American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters]].<ref>{{harvnb|Miles|2001|p=484}}</ref> Ginsberg was a [[Pulitzer Prize]] finalist in 1995 for his book ''Cosmopolitan Greetings: Poems 1986–1992''.<ref name="The Pulitzer Prizes {{pipe}} Poetry" /> In 1993, he received a [[John Jay Award]] posthumously from Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=famous-alums – Columbia Spectator |url=https://www.columbiaspectator.com/dummy/2017/08/27/famous-alums/ |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=Columbia Daily Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2016 |title=John Jay Awards |url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/alumni/about/honors/john-jay-awards |access-date=January 20, 2022 |website=Columbia College Alumni Association}}</ref> In 2014, Ginsberg was one of the inaugural honorees in the [[Rainbow Honor Walk]], a [[List of halls and walks of fame|walk of fame]] in San Francisco's [[Castro District, San Francisco|Castro neighborhood]] noting [[LGBTQ]] people who have "made significant contributions in their fields."<ref name=":022">{{Cite web |last=Shelter |first=Scott |date=March 14, 2016 |title=The Rainbow Honor Walk: San Francisco's LGBT Walk of Fame |url=https://quirkytravelguy.com/lgbt-walk-fame-rainbow-honor-san-francisco/ |access-date=July 28, 2019 |website=Quirky Travel Guy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2014 |title=Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today: SFist |url=https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810075052/https://sfist.com/2014/09/02/castros_rainbow_honor_walk_dedicate/ |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |access-date=August 13, 2019 |website=SFist – San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Carnivele |first=Gary |date=July 2, 2016 |title=Second LGBT Honorees Selected for San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk |url=http://www.gaysonoma.com/2016/07/second-lgbt-honorees-selected-for-san-franciscos-rainbow-honor-walk/ |access-date=August 12, 2019 |website=We The People}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Poetry|LGBTQ|Biography}} * ''[[The Life and Times of Allen Ginsberg]]'' (film) * [[:Category:Works by Allen Ginsberg]] * ''[[Allen Ginsberg Live in London]]'' * [[Hungry generation]] * ''[[Howl (2010 film)|Howl]]'' (2010 film) * [[LGBT culture in New York City]] * [[List of LGBT people from New York City]] * [[Central Park Be-In]] * [[Trevor Carolan]] * [[Counterculture of the 1960s]] * ''[[Burroughs (film)|Burroughs]]'' by [[Howard Brookner]] * [[List of peace activists]] * ''[[Kill Your Darlings (2013 film)|Kill Your Darlings]]'' * [[Jewish Buddhist]] * [[American poetry]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Sources== * {{Cite book |last1=Bromley |first1=David G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&pg=PA106 |title=Krishna consciousness in the West |last2=Shinn |first2=Larry D. |publisher=[[Bucknell University Press]] |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8387-5144-2 |author-link=David G. Bromley |author-link2=Larry Shinn}} * {{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Charles R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tjtDZ438h4C |title=The Hare Krishnas in India |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publishers |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-208-0939-0 |edition=1st}} * {{Cite book |last1=Chryssides |first1=George D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HgFlebSZKLcC&pg=PA213 |title=A reader in new religious movements |last2=Wilkins |first2=Margaret Z. |publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-8264-6168-1 |author-link=George D. Chryssides}} * {{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AkeAgAACAAJ |title=The San Francisco Oracle. The psychedelic newspaper of the Haight-Ashbury (1966–1968). Facsimile edition |publisher=Regent Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-916147-11-2 |editor-last=Allen Cohen |edition=1st |author-link=Allen Cohen (poet)}} * {{Cite book |last=Miles |first=Barry |title=Ginsberg: A Biography |publisher=Virgin Publishing |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-7535-0486-4 |location=London}} * {{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=Bill |title=I Celebrate Myself: The Somewhat Private Life of Allen Ginsberg |publisher=Penguin |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-14-311249-5 |location=New York |author-link=Bill Morgan (archivist)}} * {{Cite book |last1=Ginsberg |first1=Allen |title=Kanreki: a tribute to Allen Ginsberg, Part 2 |last2=Morgan |first2=Bill |publisher=University of California |year=1986}} * {{Cite book |last=Goswami |first=Mukunda |title=Miracle on Second Avenue |publisher=Torchlight Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-9817273-4-9 |author-link=Mukunda Goswami}} * {{Cite book |last=Greene |first=Joshua M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSZtZUWge-IC |title=Here somes the Sun: The spiritual and musical journey of George Harrison |publisher=[[John Wiley and Sons]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-470-12780-3 |edition=reprint}} * {{Cite book |last=Muster |first=Nori Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw3-xD05wnoC |title=Betrayal of the spirit: my life behind the headlines of the Hare Krishna movement |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-252-06566-8 |edition=reprint}} * {{cite book| last=Raskin |first=Jonah |date=2004 |title=American Scream: Allen Ginsberg's ''Howl'' and the Making of the Beat Generation |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-24015-4}} * Schumacher, Michael (ed.). ''Family Business: Selected Letters Between a Father and Son.'' Bloomsbury (2002), paperback, 448 pages, {{ISBN|1-58234-216-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Szatmary |first=David P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjzaAAAAMAAJ |title=Rockin' in time: a social history of rock-and-roll |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-13-440678-7 |edition=3rd}} ==Further reading== * Boer, Charles. ''Charles Olson in Connecticut''. North Carolina Wesleyan College Press, 1991, (1975). {{ISBN|0-933598-28-9}}. * Bullough, Vern L. ''Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context.'' Harrington Park Press, 2002. pp 304–311. * Charters, Ann (ed.). ''The Portable Beat Reader''. Penguin Books. New York. 1992. {{ISBN|0-670-83885-3}} (hc); {{ISBN|0-14-015102-8}} (pbk) * Collins, Ronald & Skover, David. ''Mania: The Story of the Outraged & Outrageous Lives that Launched a Cultural Revolution'' (Top-Five books, March 2013) * Gifford, Barry (ed.). ''As Ever: The Collected Letters of Allen Ginsberg & Neal Cassady''. Berkeley: Creative Arts Books (1977). * Ginsberg, Allen. ''Travels with Ginsberg: A Postcard Book''. San Francisco: City Lights (2002). {{ISBN|978-0-87286-397-2}} * Hrebeniak, Michael. ''Action Writing: Jack Kerouac's Wild Form'', Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois UP, 2006. * Kashner, Sam. ''[[When I Was Cool]], My Life at the Jack Kerouac School'', New York: HarperCollins Perennial, 2005. {{ISBN|0-06-000566-1}} * [[Dick McBride (poet)|McBride, Dick]]. ''Cometh With Clouds (Memory: Allen Ginsberg)'' Cherry Valley Editions, 1982 {{ISBN|0-916156-51-6}} * Morgan, Bill (ed.), ''I Greet You at the Beginning of a Great Career: The Selected Correspondence of Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Allen Ginsberg, 1955–1997.'' San Francisco: City Lights Publishers, 2015. * Schumacher, Michael. ''Dharma Lion: A Biography of Allen Ginsberg.'' New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. * [[Tony Trigilio|Trigilio, Tony]]. ''Allen Ginsberg's Buddhist Poetics.'' Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2007. {{ISBN|0-8093-2755-4}} * Trigilio, Tony. ''"Strange Prophecies Anew": Rereading Apocalypse in Blake, H.D., and Ginsberg.'' Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-8386-3854-6}}. * Tytell, John. ''Naked Angels: Kerouac, Ginsberg, Burroughs''. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1976. {{ISBN|1-56663-683-3}} * Warner, Simon (ed.). ''Howl for Now: A 50th anniversary celebration of Allen Ginsberg's epic protest poem''. West Yorkshire, UK: Route (2005), paperback, 144 pages, {{ISBN|1-901927-25-3}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=Q6711}} === Archives === * [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4078710 George Dowden papers on the Allen Ginsberg bibliography, 1966–1971] at [https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/rbml.html Rare Book and Manuscripts Library, Columbia University Libraries] * [https://library.udel.edu/special/findaids/view?docId=ead/mss0481.xml Materials related to Allen Ginsberg in the Robert A. Wilson collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319042455/https://library.udel.edu/special/findaids/view?docId=ead/mss0481.xml |date=March 19, 2022 }} at [https://library.udel.edu/special/ Special Collections, University of Delaware Library] * [https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5c6004hb/ Allen Ginsberg papers] at [https://library.stanford.edu/spc/manuscripts-division Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford Libraries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104071043/https://library.stanford.edu/spc/manuscripts-division |date=November 4, 2020 }} === Audio recordings and interviews === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141110170800/http://hcl.harvard.edu/poetryroom/listeningbooth/poets/ginsberg.cfm Audio recordings of Allen Ginsberg], from the [[Woodberry Poetry Room]], [[Harvard University]] * [https://archive.org/details/micadeckerlibrary?and%5B%5D=allen%20ginsberg Audio recordings of Allen Ginsberg], from [[Maryland Institute College of Art]]'s Decker Library, [[Internet Archive]] * [http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm Modern American Poetry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408084404/http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/g_l/ginsberg/interviews.htm |date=April 8, 2019 }}, interview === Other links === * [http://www.allenginsberg.org/ The Allen Ginsberg Trust] * {{isfdb name|id=22260|name=Allen Ginsberg}} * {{Cite journal |last=Thomas Clark |date=Spring 1966 |title=Allen Ginsberg, The Art of Poetry No. 8 |url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4389/the-art-of-poetry-no-8-allen-ginsberg |journal=The Paris Review |volume=Spring 1966 |issue=37}} * [http://www.pen.org/nonfiction/case-histories-allen-ginsberg Case Histories: Allen Ginsberg at PEN.org] honoring Ginsberg's work, from PEN American Center * [http://www.poets.org/agins Allen Ginsberg on Poets.org] With audio clips, poems, and related essays, from the Academy of American Poets * [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6393328 "After 50 Years, Ginsberg's ''Howl'' Still Resonates"] NPR October 27, 2006 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110424181903/http://www.lensculture.com/ginsberg.html?thisPic=100 Allen Ginsberg photographs with hand-written captions] at ''[[LensCulture]]'' * [http://www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3003&Itemid=0 Autobiographical Article in ''Shambhala Sun'' Magazine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215164608/http://www.shambhalasun.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3003&Itemid=0 |date=December 15, 2013 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191223012327/https://www.muckrock.com/news/archives/2015/apr/30/fbi-agents-instructed-not-interview-allen-ginsberg/ FBI agents were warned against interviewing Allen Ginsberg, fearing it would result in "embarrassment" from] [[MuckRock]].com * {{Find a Grave|7477649}} * Allen Ginsberg materials in "[https://exhibitions.lib.udel.edu/beat-visions-and-the-counterculture/ Beat Visions and the Counterculture]" (online exhibition) at [https://library.udel.edu/special/ Special Collections, University of Delaware Library] {{Allen Ginsberg|state=collapsed}} {{William S. Burroughs}} {{Poets in The New American Poetry 1945–1960}} {{Chicago Seven}} {{Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureates}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ginsberg, Allen}} [[Category:1926 births]] [[Category:1997 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American male writers]] [[Category:20th-century American poets]] [[Category:20th-century American Buddhists]] [[Category:Activists from New York (state)]] [[Category:American anti–nuclear weapons activists]] [[Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists]] [[Category:American cannabis activists]] [[Category:20th-century American diarists]] [[Category:American expatriates in France]] [[Category:American gay writers]] [[Category:American LGBTQ poets]] [[Category:American LGBTQ rights activists]] [[Category:American male poets]] [[Category:American pacifists]] [[Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent]] [[Category:American psychedelic drug advocates]] [[Category:American sailors]] [[Category:American spoken word artists]] 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