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Catholic Encyclopedia

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This easy-to-search version was originally printed in fifteen hardcopy volumes. Science, literature, history, doctrine, saints, government, art and more are contained within the 11,000+ entries.</p> <h3>Browse Alphabeticaly</h3> <p><small><a href="a.html">A</a> | <a href="b.html">B</a> | <a href="c.html">C</a> | <a href="d.html">D</a> | <a href="e.html">E</a> | <a href="f.html">F</a> | <a href="g.html">G</a> | <a href="h.html">H</a> | <a href="i.html">I</a> | <a href="j.html">J</a> | <a href="k.html">K</a> | <a href="l.html">L</a> | <a href="m.html">M</a> | <a href="n.html">N</a> | <a href="o.html">O</a> | <a href="p.html">P</a> | <a href="q.html">Q</a> | <a href="r.html">R</a> | <a href="s.html">S</a> | <a href="t.html">T</a> | <a href="u.html">U</a> | <a href="v.html">V</a> | <a href="w.html">W</a> | <a href="x.html">X</a> | <a href="y.html">Y</a> | <a href="z.html">Z</a></small></p> <h3>Browse by Topic</h3> <p> <a href="/encyclopedia/blessed.html">Blesseds</a><br /> <a href="/encyclopedia/councils.html">Ecumenical Councils</a><br /> <a href="/encyclopedia/heresies.html">Heresies</a><br /> <a href="/encyclopedia/kings.html">Kings</a><br /> <a href="/encyclopedia/p/popes,list_of.html">Popes</a><br /> <a href="/encyclopedia/orders.html">Religious Orders</a><br /> <a href="/encyclopedia/saints.html">Saints</a><br /> </p> <!-- Was originally named for just catechism page ads, but now functions as the referenced include() for the universal bottom-of-page two-tile ad (exeptions are the prayers pages, which use prayer-ad.php, and materials pages, which have their own thing. 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