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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_systems_for_different_sets_of_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Different systems for different sets of books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_systems_for_different_sets_of_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional roots</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_roots-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional roots subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Different_naming_according_to_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Different_naming_according_to_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Different naming according to rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Different_naming_according_to_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Synagogue_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synagogue_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Synagogue use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogue_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanation_to_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanation_to_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Explanation to text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanation_to_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions_of_cantillation_signs_in_explanation_of_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_of_cantillation_signs_in_explanation_of_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Functions of cantillation signs in explanation of text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions_of_cantillation_signs_in_explanation_of_text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions of cantillation signs in explanation of text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions_of_cantillation_signs_in_explanation_of_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Phonetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstructed_melody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstructed_melody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Reconstructed melody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstructed_melody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_melodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_melodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Traditional melodies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_melodies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional melodies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_melodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashkenazic_melodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashkenazic_melodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ashkenazic melodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashkenazic_melodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardic_and_Eastern_melodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic_and_Eastern_melodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sephardic and Eastern melodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic_and_Eastern_melodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemenite_melodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemenite_melodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Yemenite melodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemenite_melodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learning_melodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learning_melodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Learning melodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learning_melodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_shapes_of_the_te'amim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_shapes_of_the_te'amim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Names and shapes of the te'amim</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Names_and_shapes_of_the_te'amim-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Names and shapes of the te'amim subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Names_and_shapes_of_the_te'amim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names_in_different_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_in_different_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Names in different traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_in_different_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zarqa_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zarqa_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Zarqa</i> tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zarqa_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ashkenazic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashkenazic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Ashkenazic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashkenazic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Sephardic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meanings_of_the_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meanings_of_the_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Meanings of the names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meanings_of_the_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sequences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sequences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First-level_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-level_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>First-level phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-level_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second-level_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-level_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Second-level phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-level_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-level_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-level_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Third-level phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-level_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth-level_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth-level_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Fourth-level phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth-level_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psalms,_Proverbs_and_Job" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psalms,_Proverbs_and_Job"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Psalms, Proverbs and Job</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psalms,_Proverbs_and_Job-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mishnah_and_Talmud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mishnah_and_Talmud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Mishnah and Talmud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mishnah_and_Talmud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Christian_missionary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Christian_missionary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In Christian missionary uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Christian_missionary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grammar_and_masorah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_and_masorah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Grammar and masorah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_and_masorah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_(general_and_comparative)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_(general_and_comparative)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.2</span> <span>Music (general and comparative)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_(general_and_comparative)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish/Lithuanian_melody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish/Lithuanian_melody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.3</span> <span>Polish/Lithuanian melody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish/Lithuanian_melody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_melodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_melodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.4</span> <span>Other melodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_melodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textual_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textual_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Textual resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textual_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikimedia_cantillation_projects_(recordings)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikimedia_cantillation_projects_(recordings)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Wikimedia cantillation projects (recordings)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikimedia_cantillation_projects_(recordings)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hebrew cantillation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85" title="طعميم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طعميم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akcent_(hebrej%C5%A1tina)" title="Akcent (hebrejština) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akcent (hebrejština)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamim" title="Teamim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teamim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamim" title="Teamim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teamim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantillation_h%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque" title="Cantillation hébraïque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cantillation hébraïque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantilasi" title="Kantilasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kantilasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90" title="טעמי המקרא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טעמי המקרא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamim" title="Teamim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Teamim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E2%80%98am%C3%ADm" title="Ta‘amím – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ta‘amím" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamim" title="Teamim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teamim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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For the mathematical notation, see <a href="/wiki/Tropicalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropicalization">tropicalization</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" summary="Sidebar for articles about Hebrew cantillation" style="float:right;margin-left:3px; padding:3px; min-width:18em; background:transparent;border:1px solid silver; white-space:nowrap" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ccc; line-height:1.5em;"> <th colspan="5" style="background:#ccc;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">cantillation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="overflow:hidden;height:0px;visibility:hidden;"> <th colspan="5" style="text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">cantillation</a> </th></tr> <tr style="height:0px;overflow:hidden"> <td style="width:38%;"></td> <td style="width:11%"></td> <td style="width:2%;"></td> <td style="width:38%;"></td> <td style="width:11%"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Sof_passuk" title="Sof passuk">Sof passuk</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׃</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Paseq" class="mw-redirect" title="Paseq">Paseq</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">׀</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Etnachta" title="Etnachta">Etnakhta/atnakh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֑</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Segol_(cantillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segol (cantillation)">Segol</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֒</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Shalshelet" title="Shalshelet">Shalshelet</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֓</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zakef_katan" title="Zakef katan">Zakef katan</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֔</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zakef_gadol" title="Zakef gadol">Zakef gadol</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֕</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Tifcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifcha">Tifcha/tarkha</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֖</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Rivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivia">Rivia</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֗</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Zarka_(trope)" title="Zarka (trope)">Zarka</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֘</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Pashta" title="Pashta">Pashta</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֙</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Yetiv" title="Yetiv">Yetiv</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֚</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Tevir" title="Tevir">Tevir</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֛</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Geresh_(trope)" title="Geresh (trope)">Geresh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֜</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Geresh_muqdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geresh muqdam">Geresh muqdam</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geresch_muqdam" class="extiw" title="de:Geresch muqdam">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֝</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Gershayim_(trope)" title="Gershayim (trope)">Gershayim</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֞</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Karne_parah" title="Karne parah">Karne parah</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֟</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Telisha" title="Telisha">Telisha gedola/talsha</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֠</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Pazer" title="Pazer">Pazer</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֡</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Atnah_hafukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Atnah hafukh">Atnah hafukh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atnach_hafuch" class="extiw" title="de:Atnach hafuch">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֢</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munakh/shofar holekh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֣</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mahpach" title="Mahpach">Mahpach</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֤</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mercha" title="Mercha">Merkha/ma’arikh</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֥</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Mercha_kefula" title="Mercha kefula">Mercha kefula</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֦</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Darga" title="Darga">Darga</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֧</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Qadma" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadma">Qadma</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֨</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Telisha" title="Telisha">Telisha qetana/tarsa</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֩</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Yerah_ben_yomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerah ben yomo">Yerah ben yomo</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֪</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Ole_(cantillation)" title="Ole (cantillation)">Ole</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֫</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Illuy_(cantillation)" title="Illuy (cantillation)">Illuy</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֬</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#e7e7e7; line-height:2.2em;"> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Dehi_(cantillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehi (cantillation)">Dehi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dechi" class="extiw" title="de:Dechi">de</a>]</span></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֭</span>‎</span></td> <td style="background-color:white;">  </td> <td style="padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Tsinnorit" title="Tsinnorit">Tsinnorit</a></td> <td style="padding:2px; text-align: center;border-left:2px solid white;"><span style="font-size:180%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">֮</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;height:3px;overflow:hidden"> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><hr /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Template:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Template talk:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_cantillation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew cantillation"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/350px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/525px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg/700px-Example_of_biblical_Hebrew_trope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 1:9: <i>And God said, "Let the waters be collected."</i><br /><b>Letters</b> in black, <b><span style="color:#CC0000;">niqqud</span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vowel points</a>) and <b><span style="color:#CC0000;">d'geshim</span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> marks) in red, <span style="color:#0000CC;"><b>cantillation</b></span> in blue.<br />Bare transliteration: <i>wy‘mr ‘lhym yqww hmym.</i><br />With accents: <i>way-yōmer ĕlōhīm yiqqāwū ham-mayim.</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hebrew cantillation</b>, <b>trope</b>, <b>trop</b>, or <i><b>te'amim</b></i> is the manner of <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chanting</a> ritual readings from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> in <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish services">services</a>. The chants are written and notated in accordance with the special signs or marks printed in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> of the Bible, to complement the letters and <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vowel points</a>. </p><p>These marks are known in English as 'accents' (<a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>), 'notes' or <b>trope symbols</b>, and in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">taʿamei ha-mikra</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">טעמי המקרא</span></span>) or just <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">teʿamim</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">טעמים</span></span>). Some of these signs were also sometimes used in medieval manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. The musical motifs associated with the signs are known in Hebrew as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">niggun</i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">neginot</i></span> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigun" title="Nigun">nigun</a>) and in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> as <b><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">trop</i></span></b> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">טראָפ</span></span>): the word <i>trope</i> is sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish English languages">Jewish English</a> with the same meaning. </p><p>There are multiple traditions of cantillation. Within each tradition, there are multiple tropes, typically for different books of the Bible and often for different occasions. For example, different chants may be used for Torah readings on Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur than for the same text on a normal Shabbat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three systems of Hebrew punctuation (including vowels and cantillation symbols) have been used: the Babylonian, the Jerusalem, and the Tiberian, only the last of which is used today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babylonian_system">Babylonian system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Babylonian system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Babylonian Biblical manuscripts from the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonic</a> period contain no cantillation marks in the current sense, but small Hebrew letters are used to mark significant divisions within a verse. Up to eight different letters are found, depending on the importance of the break and where it occurs in the verse: these correspond roughly to the disjunctives of the Tiberian system. For example, in some manuscripts the letter <i>tav</i>, for <i>tevir</i> (break), does duty for both Tiberian <i>tevir</i> and <i>zaqef</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general there are no symbols for the conjunctives, though some late manuscripts use the Tiberian symbols for these. There is also no equivalent for low-grade disjunctives such as <i>telisha gedolah</i>: these are generally replaced by the equivalent of <i>zaqef</i> or <i>revia</i>. </p><p>Nothing is known of the musical realization of these marks, but it seems likely that they represent breaks or variations in a set melody applied to each verse. (A somewhat similar system is used in manuscripts of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> to guide the reader in fitting the chant to the verse: see <i><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an reading">Qur'an reading</a></i>.) </p><p>This system is reflected in the cantillation practices of the <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>, who now use the Tiberian symbols, but tend to have musical motifs only for the disjunctives and render the conjunctives in a monotone. It is notable that the Yemenite Jews have only eight disjunctive motifs, thus clearly reflecting the Babylonian notation. The same is true of the Karaite mode for the haftarah; while in the Sephardi haftarah modes different disjunctives often have the same or closely similar motifs, reducing the total number of effective motifs to something like the same number. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jerusalem_system">Jerusalem system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jerusalem system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Babylonian system, as mentioned above, is mainly concerned with showing breaks in the verse. Early manuscripts, by contrast, are mainly concerned with showing phrases: for example the <i>tifcha-etnachta</i>, <i>zarqa-segolta</i> and <i>pashta-zaqef</i> sequences, with or without intervening unaccented words. These sequences are generally linked by a series of dots, beginning or ending with a dash or a dot in a different place to show which sequence is meant. Unaccented words (which in the Tiberian system carry conjunctives) are generally shown by a dot following the word, as if to link it to the following word. There are separate symbols for more elaborate tropes like <i>pazer</i> and <i>telisha gedolah</i>. </p><p>The manuscripts are extremely fragmentary, no two of them following quite the same conventions, and these marks may represent the individual reader's aide-memoire rather than a formal system of punctuation (for example, vowel signs are often used only where the word would otherwise be ambiguous). In one manuscript, presumably of somewhat later date than the others, there are separate marks for different conjunctives, actually outnumbering those in the Tiberian system (for example, <i>munach</i> before <i>etnachta</i> has a different sign from <i>munach</i> before <i>zaqef</i>), and the overall system approaches the Tiberian in comprehensiveness. In some other manuscripts, in particular those containing <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a> rather than original text, the Tiberian symbols have been added by a later hand. In general, it may be observed that the Jerusalem and Tiberian systems are far more closely related to each other than either is to the Babylonian. </p><p>This system of phrasing is reflected in the Sephardic cantillation modes, in which the conjunctives (and to some extent the "near companions" such as <i>tifcha</i>, <i>pashta</i> and <i>zarqa</i>) are rendered as flourishes leading into the motif of the following disjunctive rather than as motifs in their own right. </p><p>The somewhat inconsistent use of dots above and below the words as disjunctives is closely similar to that found in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> texts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kahle<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also notes some similarity with the punctuation of <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan Hebrew</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiberian_system">Tiberian system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tiberian system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the tenth century CE, the symbols (note: the chant existed since the giving of the Torah, the symbols were developed over time. Before than the chant was given over orally(mesora) in use in <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">medieval Palestine</a> had clearly become more complex, both because of the existence of <i>pazer</i>, <i>geresh</i> and <i>telisha</i> motifs in longer verses and because the realization of a phrase ending with a given type of break varied according to the number of words and syllables in the phrase. The Tiberian <a href="/wiki/Masoretes" title="Masoretes">Masoretes</a> therefore developed a comprehensive notation with a symbol on each word, to replace the fragmentary systems previously in use. In particular, it was necessary to invent a range of different conjunctive accents to show how to introduce and elaborate the main motif in longer phrases. (For example, <i>tevir</i> is preceded by <i>mercha</i>, a short flourish, in shorter phrases but by <i>darga</i>, a more elaborate run of notes, in longer phrases.) The system they devised is the one in use today, and is found in Biblical manuscripts such as the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>. A Masoretic treatise called <i>Diqduqe ha-teʿamim</i> (precise rules of the accents) by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Moses_ben_Asher" title="Aaron ben Moses ben Asher">Aaron ben Moses ben Asher</a> survives, though both the names and the classification of the accents differ somewhat from those of the present day. </p><p>As the accents were (and are) not shown on a Torah scroll, it was found necessary to have a person making hand signals to the reader to show the tune, as in the Byzantine system of <a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">neumes</a>. This system of <a href="/wiki/Cheironomy" title="Cheironomy">cheironomy</a> survives in some communities to the present day, notably in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Italian_rite_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italy</a>. It is speculated that both the shapes and the names of some of the accents (e.g. <i>tifcha</i>, literally "hand-breadth") may refer to the hand signals rather than to the syntactical functions or melodies denoted by them. Today in most communities there is no system of hand signals and the reader learns the melody of each reading in advance. </p><p>The Tiberian system spread quickly and was accepted in all communities by the 13th century. Each community re-interpreted its reading tradition so as to allocate one short musical motif to each symbol: this process has gone furthest in the Western Ashkenazi and Ottoman (Jerusalem-Sephardi, Syrian etc.) traditions. Learning the accents and their musical rendition is now an important part of the preparations for a <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a>, as this is the first occasion on which a person reads from the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> in public. </p><p>In the early period of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform movement</a> there was a move to abandon the system of cantillation and give Scriptural readings in normal speech (in Hebrew or in the vernacular). In recent decades, however, traditional cantillation has been restored in many communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_systems_for_different_sets_of_books">Different systems for different sets of books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Different systems for different sets of books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two systems of cantillation marks in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>. One is used in the twenty-one prose books, while the other appears in the three poetical books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Psalms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Proverbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a>. Except where otherwise stated, this article describes the "prose" system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_roots">Traditional roots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traditional roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current system of cantillation notes has its historical roots in the Tiberian <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">masorah</a>. The cantillation signs are included in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> as characters U+0591 through U+05AF in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_(Unicode_block)" title="Hebrew (Unicode block)">Hebrew</a> block. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Different_naming_according_to_rites">Different naming according to rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Different naming according to rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of some of the cantillation signs differ in the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Italian_rite_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a> traditions; for example Sephardim use <i>qadma</i> to mean what Ashkenazim call <i>pashta</i>, and <i>azla</i> to mean what Ashkenazim call <i>qadma</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this article, as in almost all Hebrew grammars, the Ashkenazi terminology is used. The names in other traditions are shown in the table <a href="#Names_in_different_traditions">below</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synagogue_use">Synagogue use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synagogue use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A primary purpose of the cantillation signs is to guide the chanting of the sacred texts during public worship. Very roughly speaking, each word of text has a cantillation mark at its primary accent and associated with that mark is a musical phrase that tells how to sing that word. The reality is more complex, with some words having two or no marks and the musical meaning of some marks dependent upon context. There are different sets of musical phrases associated with different sections of the Bible. The music varies with different Jewish traditions and individual <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">cantorial</a> styles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanation_to_text">Explanation to text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Explanation to text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cantillation signs also provide information on the syntactical structure of the text and some say they are a commentary on the text itself, highlighting important ideas musically. The tropes are not random strings but follow a set and describable grammar. The very word <i>ta'am</i>, used in Hebrew to refer to the cantillation marks, literally means "taste" or "sense", the point being that the pauses and intonation denoted by the accents (with or without formal musical rendition) bring out the sense of the passage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_of_cantillation_signs_in_explanation_of_text">Functions of cantillation signs in explanation of text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Functions of cantillation signs in explanation of text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cantillation signs serve three functions: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Functions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Function </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Syntax </td> <td>They divide biblical verses into smaller units of meaning, a function which also gives them a limited but sometimes important role as a source for <a href="/wiki/Exegesis#Judaism" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a>. This function is accomplished through the use of various conjunctive signs (which indicate that words should be connected in a single phrase) and especially a hierarchy of dividing signs of various strength which divide each verse into smaller phrases. The function of the disjunctive cantillation signs may be roughly compared to modern punctuation signs such as periods, commas, semicolons, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phonetics </td> <td>Most of the cantillation signs indicate the specific syllable where the stress (accent) falls in the pronunciation of a word. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Music </td> <td>The cantillation signs have musical value: reading the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> with cantillation becomes a musical chant, where the music itself serves as a tool to emphasise the proper accentuation and syntax (as mentioned previously). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, each word in the Tanakh has one cantillation sign. This may be either a <i>disjunctive</i>, showing a division between that and the following word, or a <i>conjunctive</i>, joining the two words (like a slur in music). Thus, disjunctives divide a verse into phrases, and within each phrase all the words except the last carry conjunctives. (There are two types of exception to the rule about words having only one sign. A group of words joined by hyphens is regarded as one word so they only have one accent between them. Conversely, a long word may have two—e.g., a disjunctive on the stressed syllable and the related conjunctive two syllables before in place of <i>meteg</i>.) </p><p>The disjunctives are traditionally divided into four levels, with lower level disjunctives marking less important breaks. </p> <ol><li>The first level, known as "Emperors", includes <i><a href="/wiki/Sof_pasuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sof pasuq">sof pasuk</a></i> / <i>siluk</i>, marking the end of the verse, and <i>atnach</i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Etnachta" title="Etnachta">etnachta</a></i>, marking the middle.</li> <li>The second level is known as "Kings". The usual second level disjunctive is <i><a href="/wiki/Zakef_katan" title="Zakef katan">zakef qatan</a></i> (when on its own, this becomes <i><a href="/wiki/Zakef_gadol" title="Zakef gadol">zakef gadol</a></i>). This is replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Tifcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifcha">tifcha</a></i> when in the immediate neighborhood of <i>sof pasuk</i> or <i>atnach</i>. A stronger second level disjunctive, used in very long verses, is <i><a href="/wiki/Segol_(trope)" title="Segol (trope)">segol</a></i>: when it occurs on its own, this may be replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Shalshelet" title="Shalshelet">shalshelet</a></i>.</li> <li>The third level is known as "Dukes". The usual third level disjunctive is <i><a href="/wiki/Revia_(cantillation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revia (cantillation)">revia</a></i>. For musical reasons, this is replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Zarka_(trope)" title="Zarka (trope)">zarka</a></i> when in the vicinity of <i>segol</i>, by <i><a href="/wiki/Pashta" title="Pashta">pashta</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Yetiv" title="Yetiv">yetiv</a></i> when in the vicinity of <i>zakef</i>, and by <i><a href="/wiki/Tevir" title="Tevir">tevir</a></i> when in the vicinity of <i>tifcha</i>.</li> <li>The fourth level is known as "Counts". These are found mainly in longer verses, and tend to cluster near the beginning of a half-verse: for this reason their musical realisation is usually more elaborate than that of higher level disjunctives. They are <i><a href="/wiki/Pazer" title="Pazer">pazer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">geresh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">gershayim</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Telisha_gedola" class="mw-redirect" title="Telisha gedola">telisha gedola</a></i>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">munach legarmeh</i></span> and <i>qarne farah</i>.</li></ol> <p>The general conjunctive is <i><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">munach</a></i>. Depending on which disjunctive follows, this may be replaced by <i><a href="/wiki/Mercha" title="Mercha">mercha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mahpach" title="Mahpach">mahpach</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Darga" title="Darga">darga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kadma_(trope)" title="Kadma (trope)">qadma</a></i>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Telisha_ketana" class="mw-redirect" title="Telisha ketana">telisha qetannah</a></i></span> or <i><a href="/wiki/Yerach_ben_yomo" title="Yerach ben yomo">yerach ben yomo</a></i>. </p><p>One other symbol is <i><a href="/wiki/Mercha_kefula" title="Mercha kefula">mercha kefulah</a></i>, double mercha. There is some argument about whether this is another conjunctive or an occasional replacement for <i>tevir</i>. </p><p>Disjunctives have a function somewhat similar to punctuation in Western languages. <i>Sof pasuk</i> could be thought of as a full stop, <i>atnach</i> as a semi-colon, second level disjunctives as commas and third level disjunctives as commas or unmarked. Where two words are written in the <a href="/wiki/Construct_state" title="Construct state">construct state</a> (for example, <i>pene ha-mayim</i>, "the face of the waters"), the first noun (<i>nomen regens</i>) invariably carries a conjunctive. </p><p>The cantillation signs are often an important aid in the interpretation of a passage. For example, the words <i>qol qore bamidbar panu derekh <a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a></i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kjv.biblebrowser.com/isaiah/40-3.htm">Isaiah 40:3</a>) is translated in the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Version of the Bible">Authorised Version</a> as "The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, Prepare ye the way of the LORD". As the word <i>qore</i> takes the high-level disjunctive <i>zakef katon</i> this meaning is discouraged by the cantillation marks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Accordingly, the <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a> translates "A voice cries out: 'In the wilderness prepare the way of the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, ...'" while the <a href="/wiki/New_Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jewish Publication Society of America Version">New Jewish Publication Society Version</a> has "A voice rings out: 'Clear in the desert a road for the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>'." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most cantillation signs are written on the consonant of the stressed syllable of a word. This also shows where the most important note of the musical motif should go. </p><p>A few signs always go on the first or last consonant of a word. This may have been for musical reasons, or it may be to distinguish them from other accents of similar shape. For example, <i>pashta</i>, which goes on the last consonant, otherwise looks like <i>kadma</i>, which goes on the stressed syllable. </p><p>Some signs are written (and sung) differently when the word is not stressed on its last syllable. <i>Pashta</i> on a word of this kind is doubled, one going on the stressed syllable and the other on the last consonant. <i>Geresh</i> is doubled unless it occurs on a non-finally-stressed word or follows <i>kadma</i> (to form the <i>kadma ve-azla</i> phrase). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cantillation signs guide the reader in applying a chant to Biblical readings. This chant is technically regarded as a ritualized form of speech intonation rather than as a musical exercise like the singing of metrical hymns: for this reason Jews always speak of <i>saying</i> or <i>reading</i> a passage rather than of <i>singing</i> it. (In <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> the word is <i>leynen</i> 'read', derived from Latin <i>legere</i>, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish English languages">Jewish English</a> verb "to leyn".) </p><p>The musical value of the cantillation signs serves the same function for Jews worldwide, but the specific tunes vary between different communities. The most common tunes today are as follows. </p> <ul><li>Among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>: <ul><li>The Polish-Lithuanian melody, used by <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazic">Ashkenazic</a> descendants of eastern European Jews, is the most common tune in the world today, both in Israel and the diaspora.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazic">Ashkenazic</a> melodies from central and western European Jewry are used far less today than before <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, but still survive in some communities, especially in Great Britain. They are of interest because a very similar melody was notated by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reuchlin" title="Johann Reuchlin">Johann Reuchlin</a> as in use in Germany in his day (15th–16th century).</li> <li>The melody used by Ashkenazic Jews in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Among <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>: <ul><li>The "Jerusalem Sephardic" (<i>Sepharadi-Yerushalmi</i>) melody is now the most widely used Sephardic melody in Israel, and is also used in some Sephardic communities in the diaspora.</li> <li>The Greek/Turkish/Balkan, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian</a> melodies are related to the Jerusalem Sephardic melody. They are more sparsely used in Israel today, but are still heard in the Diaspora, especially in America.</li> <li>There are two <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraqi</a> melodies, one close to the Syrian melody and traditionally used in Baghdad (and sometimes in Israel), and another more distinctive melody originating in Mosul and generally used in the Iraqi Jewish diaspora, especially in India.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cantillation" title="Moroccan cantillation">Moroccan melody</a> is used widely by Jews of Moroccan descent, both in Israel and in the diaspora, especially France. It subdivides into a Spanish-Moroccan melody, used in the northern coastal strip, and an Arab-Moroccan melody, used in the interior of the country, with some local variations. The Algerian, Tunisian and Libyan melodies are somewhat similar, and may be regarded as intermediate between the Moroccan and "Jerusalem Sephardic" melodies.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews#Cantillation" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese melody</a> is in common use in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Sephardi</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Livorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community of Livorno">Livorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, the Netherlands, England, Canada, the United States and other places in the Americas. It is closely related to the Spanish-Moroccan melody and has some resemblance to the Iraqi (Mosul and diaspora) melody.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Italian_rite_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian</a> melodies are still used in Italy, as well as in two Italian minyanim in Jerusalem and one in <a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a>. These vary greatly locally: for example the melody used in Rome resembles the Spanish and Portuguese melody rather than those used in northern Italy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a> style of cantillation is used today in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Israel, and New York and is rooted in the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">tradition</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a> melody can be heard in Israel primarily, but also in some American cities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is also a Persian Jewish melody for the Torah and a very distinct melody for the Haftarah.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconstructed_melody">Reconstructed melody</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reconstructed melody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been an attempted reconstruction of the original melody by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Ha%C3%AFk-Vantoura" title="Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura">Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura</a>, on the basis of the shapes and positions of the marks and without any reference to existing melodies, as described in her book <i>La musique de la Bible révélée</i> and her records. That reconstruction assumes the signs represent the degrees of various musical scales, that is individual notes, which puts it at odds with all existing traditions where the signs invariably represent melodic motives. Some musicologists have rejected her results as dubious and her methodology as flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar reconstructive proposal was developed by American composer and pianist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Burns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeffrey Burns (page does not exist)">Jeffrey Burns</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Burns" class="extiw" title="de:Jeffrey Burns">de</a>]</span> and posthumously published in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_melodies">Traditional melodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traditional melodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashkenazic_melodies">Ashkenazic melodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ashkenazic melodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right selfref noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/40px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/60px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gnome-speakernotes.svg/80px-Gnome-speakernotes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This section includes inline links to audio files.</b> If you have trouble playing the files, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MH">Wikipedia Media help</a>.</div></div> </div> <p>In the Ashkenazic musical tradition for Te'raim, each of the local geographical customs includes a total of <i>six</i> major and numerous minor separate melodies for Tera'im: </p> <ul><li>Torah and <a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarot</a> (3 melodies) <ol><li>Torah (general melody for the whole year) <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/19\/Cantillation_Example_Torah_Ashkenazi.ogg\/Cantillation_Example_Torah_Ashkenazi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Example"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cantillation Example Torah Ashkenazi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Cantillation_Example_Torah_Ashkenazi.ogg/Cantillation_Example_Torah_Ashkenazi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Example</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantillation_Example_Torah_Ashkenazi.ogg" title="File:Cantillation Example Torah Ashkenazi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li> <li>Torah – special melody for <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>. This tune is also employed on <a href="/wiki/Simhat_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Simhat Torah">Simhat Torah</a> in various degrees (depending on the specific community). Echoes of it can also be heard for certain verses in the Torah reading for fast days in some communities. <ul><li>There are a number of variants employed for special sections, such as those for the <i><a href="/wiki/Aseret_haDibrot" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseret haDibrot">Aseret haDibrot</a></i> (Ten Commandments), <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Song of the sea">Az Yashir</a></i> (Song of the Sea), and the list of Masa'ot.</li> <li>In all Torah modes, there is a "<a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a>" motif that is used for the last few words of each reading.</li> <li>There is a special coda used at the end of each of the five books of the Torah that leads to the traditional exclamation of "Hazak Hazak V'Nithazek!" (Be strong, be strong so we are strengthened!).</li></ul></li> <li>Haftarot <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/Cantillation_Example_Haftarah_Ashkenazi.ogg\/Cantillation_Example_Haftarah_Ashkenazi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Example"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cantillation Example Haftarah Ashkenazi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Cantillation_Example_Haftarah_Ashkenazi.ogg/Cantillation_Example_Haftarah_Ashkenazi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Example</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantillation_Example_Haftarah_Ashkenazi.ogg" title="File:Cantillation Example Haftarah Ashkenazi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <ul><li>In the haftarah mode, there is also a "coda" motif. In the Western Ashkenazic mode, this is applied to the end of every verse. A different coda is used at the end of the haftarah among both Eastern and Western Ashkenazim, modulating from minor to major to introduce the following blessing.</li> <li>This is also the tune that is applied when reading the non-haftarah portions of the books of the Prophets and the latter Writings (Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, and Chronicles), although this usage is largely theoretical, as these are not subject to public reading as the other sections and books are.</li></ul></li></ol></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a> (3 melodies are employed for these five scrolls)<div><ol start="4"><li>Esther – a mostly light and joyous tune with elements of drama and foreboding used for the <i>Megillat Esther</i> on <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>. The coda at the end of each <a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">pasuk (verse)</a> modulates from major to minor to produce a more serious effect. Certain short passages pertaining to the destruction of the temple are customarily read in the tune of Lamentations. There are also additional musical customs, such as saying the word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סוס</span>‎ (<a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>) with a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neigh" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:neigh">neighing</a> sound, not indicated by the cantillation.</li><li>Lamentations – a mournful tune. Echoes of it can also be heard for certain verses in Esther and in the Torah reading preceding the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_of_Av" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth of Av">Ninth of Av</a>. The Haftarot preceding and during the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_of_Av" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth of Av">Ninth of Av</a> also use this melody, when read in non-Hasidic shuls. <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/18\/Cantillation_Example_Lamentations_Ashkenazi.ogg\/Cantillation_Example_Lamentations_Ashkenazi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Example"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cantillation Example Lamentations Ashkenazi.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/18/Cantillation_Example_Lamentations_Ashkenazi.ogg/Cantillation_Example_Lamentations_Ashkenazi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Example</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantillation_Example_Lamentations_Ashkenazi.ogg" title="File:Cantillation Example Lamentations Ashkenazi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></li><li>The three remaining scrolls are publicly read within Ashkenazic communities during the <a href="/wiki/Three_pilgrimage_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Three pilgrimage festivals">three pilgrimage festivals</a>. All are read in the same melody, which may be considered the "general" melody for the <i>megillot</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> on <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>.</li></ol></div></li></ul> <p>The Ashkenazic tradition preserves no melody for the special cantillation notes of Psalms, Proverbs, and Job, which were not publicly read in the synagogue by European Jews. However, the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazic">Ashkenazic</a> <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Aderet_Eliyahu" title="Yeshivat Aderet Eliyahu">Aderet Eliyahu</a>, or (more informally) <i>Zilberman's</i>, in the Old City of Jerusalem, uses an adaptation of the Syrian cantillation-melody for these books, and this is becoming more popular among other Ashkenazim as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sephardic_and_Eastern_melodies">Sephardic and Eastern melodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sephardic and Eastern melodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the twentieth century there was a single Ottoman-Sephardic tradition (no doubt with local variations) covering Turkey, Syria, Israel and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the Jerusalem-Sephardic, Syrian, Egyptian and Baghdadi melodies recognisably belong to a single family. For example, in these traditions the Torah reading is always or almost always in <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Maqam#Maqam_Sigah" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly Maqam">Maqam Sigah</a>. There are some variations, among individual readers as well as among communities: for example the Egyptian melody is related to the more elaborate and cantorial form of the Syrian melody and was transitioning toward Maqam Huzzam before the mass expulsion in 1950. The <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> tradition, being based on the Egyptian, also forms part of this group.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another recognisable family consists of the Iraqi (Mosul and Iraqi diaspora), Spanish-Moroccan and Spanish and Portuguese melodies. The probable reason for the occurrence of similar melodies at opposite ends of the Arab world is that they represent the remains of an old Arab-Jewish tradition not overlaid by the later Ottoman-Sephardic tradition that spread to the countries in between. There may also have been some convergence between the London Spanish and Portuguese and Iraqi melodies during <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule in India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Mandate_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Mandate of Mesopotamia">British Mandate of Mesopotamia</a>. </p><p>The Jews of North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Yemen all had local musical traditions for cantillation. When these Jewish communities emigrated (mostly to Israel) during the twentieth century, they brought their musical traditions with them. But as the immigrants themselves grew older, many particular national melodies began to be forgotten, or to become assimilated into the "Jerusalem Sephardic" melting-pot. </p><p>As with the Ashkenazim, there is one tune for Torah readings and a different tune for haftarot. Spanish and Portuguese Jews have a special tune for the Ten Commandments when read according to the <i>ta'am elyon</i>, known as "High Na'um", which is also used for some other words and passages which it is desired to emphasize.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other communities, such as the Syrian Jews, observe the differences between the two sets of cantillation marks for the Ten Commandments but have no special melody for <i>ta'am 'elyon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no special tune for Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur in any Sephardic tradition. As with Ashkenazim, the normal musical value of cantillation signs is replaced by a "coda" motif at the end of each Torah reading and of each haftarah verse (though there is no special coda for the end of the haftarah), suggesting a common origin for the Sephardi and Ashkenazi chants. </p><p>Eastern Jewish communities have no liturgical tradition of reading Ecclesiastes, and there is no public liturgical reading of Song of Songs on Passover, though brief extracts may be read after the morning service during the first half of Nisan. (Individuals may read it after the Passover Seder, and many communities recite it every Friday night.) There are specialized tunes for Song of Songs, Ruth, Esther and Lamentations. The prose passages at the beginning and end of the book of Job may be read either to the tune of Song of Songs or to that of Ruth, depending on the community. The Ruth tune is generally the "default" tune for any book of the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> (Hagiographa) that does not have a tune of its own. </p><p>Unlike the Ashkenazic tradition, the eastern traditions, in particular that of the Syrian Jews, include melodies for the special cantillation of Psalms, Proverbs and the poetic parts of Job. In many eastern communities, Proverbs is read on the six Sabbaths between <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>, Job on the <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Ninth of Av</a>, and Psalms are read on a great many occasions. The cantillation melody for Psalms can also vary depending on the occasion. The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a> have no tradition for the rendering of the Psalms according to the cantillation marks, but the melody used for several psalms in the evening service is noticeably similar to that of Syrian psalm cantillation, and may represent the remnants of such a tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemenite_melodies">Yemenite melodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Yemenite melodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yemenite cantillation has a total of eight distinctive motifs, falling within four main patterns: </p> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">molikh</i></span> ('moving') used for the conjunctives and some minor disjunctives</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mafsik</i></span> ('pausing') for most third level disjunctives</li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ma'amid</i></span> ('elongating') for most second level disjunctives; and</li> <li>the patterns of <i>etnaḥa</i> and <i>silluq</i> (<i>sof pasuk</i>).</li></ul> <p>This is true equally of the system used for the Torah and the systems used for the other books. It appears to be a relic of the <a href="#Babylonian_system">Babylonian system</a>, which also recognised only eight types of disjunctive and no conjunctives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learning_melodies">Learning melodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Learning melodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some communities had a simplified melody for the Torah, used in teaching it to children, as distinct from the mode used in synagogue. (This should not be confused with the <i>lernen steiger</i> used for studying the Mishnah and Talmud.) For example, the Yemenite community teaches a simplified melody for children, to be used both in school and when they are called to read the sixth aliyah.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simplified melody is also used for the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a>, which is generally performed by a young boy. </p><p>Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a> community knows two types of Torah cantillation, a simpler one for general use and a more elaborate one used by professional <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">hazzanim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probable that the simpler melody was originally a teaching mode. Today however it is the mode in general use, and is also an ancestor of the "Jerusalem-Sephardic" melody. </p><p>Some communities, such as the Portuguese community of Amsterdam,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have a simplified melody for the <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Prophets</a> for study purposes, distinct from that used in reading the <a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a>: the distinction is mentioned in one medieval Sephardic source.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_shapes_of_the_te'amim"><span id="Names_and_shapes_of_the_te.27amim"></span>Names and shapes of the te'amim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Names and shapes of the te'amim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_in_different_traditions">Names in different traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Names in different traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows the names of the te'amim in the Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Italian traditions together with their <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> symbols. </p> <ul><li>Cantillation marks are rarely supported in many default Hebrew fonts. They should display, however, on Windows with one of these fonts installed by default in Microsoft Office: <dl><dd><i>Times New Roman</i>, <i>Arial</i>, <i>Gisha</i>, <i>Microsoft Sans Serif</i>, <i>Courier New</i></dd></dl></li> <li>Additional fonts with support for cantillation marks can be found at the Culmus project in the Taamey Culmus section,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes the following fonts: <dl><dd><i>Taamey Frank CLM</i>, <i>Taamey Ashkenaz</i>, <i>Shofar</i>, <i>Taamey David CLM</i>, <i>Keter Aram Tsova</i>, <i>Keter YG</i></dd></dl></li> <li>Some further fonts with support for cantillation marks include: <dl><dd><i>Cardo</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ezra SIL</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>SBL BibLit</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>SBL Hebrew</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Taamey D</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Code2000</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li> <li>The following default Hebrew fonts do not display these marks: <dl><dd><i>David</i>, <i>Miriam</i>, <i>Rod</i>, <i>FrankRuehl</i> (as well as <i>serif</i>, <i>sans-serif</i>, <i>monospaced</i> unless they are configured manually)</dd></dl></li> <li>The mark for U+05AA (<i>yerach ben yomo</i> or <i>galgal</i>) should not be drawn with the bottom vertical tick used in the mark drawn for U+05A2 (<i>atnach hafukh</i>); however, some fonts draw these marks identically.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 12%;">Name </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 12%;">Symbol </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 12%;">Unicode </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 22%;">Ashkenazi </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 22%;">Sephardi </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 22%;">Italian </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sof_passuk" title="Sof passuk">Sof passuk</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב ׃</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05C3 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">סוֹף פָּסֽוּק</span>‎<br />Sof pasuq </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">סוֹף פָּסֽוּק</span>‎<br />Sof pasuq </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">סוֹף פָּסֽוּק</span>‎<br />Sof pasuq </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Etnachta" title="Etnachta">Etnachta</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֑</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0591 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">אֶתְנַחְתָּ֑א</span>‎<br />Etnachta </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">אַתְנָ֑ח</span>‎<br />Atnach </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">אַתְנָ֑ח</span>‎<br />Atnach </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Segol_(trope)" title="Segol (trope)">Segol</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֒</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0592 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">סֶגּוֹל֒</span>‎<br />Segol </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">סְגוֹלְתָּא֒</span>‎<br />Segolta </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שְׁרֵי֒</span>‎<br />Shere </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Shalshelet" title="Shalshelet">Shalshelet</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֓</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0593 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת</span>‎<br />Shalshelet </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת</span>‎<br />Shalshelet </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שַׁלְשֶׁ֓לֶת</span>‎<br />Shalshelet </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zakef_katan" title="Zakef katan">Zakef katan</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֔</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0594 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זָקֵף קָטָ֔ן</span>‎<br />Zaqef Qatan </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זָקֵף קָט֔וֹן</span>‎<br />Zaqef Qaton </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זָקֵף קָט֔וֹן</span>‎<br />Zaqef Qaton </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zakef_gadol" title="Zakef gadol">Zakef gadol</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֕</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0595 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זָקֵף גָּד֕וֹל</span>‎<br />Zaqef Gadol </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זָקֵף גָּד֕וֹל</span>‎<br />Zaqef Gadol </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זָקֵף גָּד֕וֹל</span>‎<br />Zaqef Gadol </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tifcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifcha">Tifcha</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֖</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0596 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">טִפְחָ֖א</span>‎<br />Tifcha </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">טַרְחָ֖א</span>‎<br />Tarcha </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">טַרְחָ֖א</span>‎<br />Tarcha </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Revia_(Hebrew_cantillation_mark)" title="Revia (Hebrew cantillation mark)">Revia</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֗</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0597 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">רְבִ֗יעַ</span>‎<br />Revia </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">רָבִ֗יעַ</span>‎<br />Ravia </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">רְבִ֗יעַ</span>‎<br />Revia </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zarka_(trope)" title="Zarka (trope)">Zarka</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֮</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05AE<sup id="cite_ref-TN27_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN27-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זַרְקָא֮</span>‎<br />Zarqa </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זַרְקָא֮</span>‎<br />Zarqa </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">זַרְקָא֮</span>‎<br />Zarqa </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pashta" title="Pashta">Pashta</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֙</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0599 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">פַּשְׁטָא֙</span>‎<br />Pashta </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">קַדְמָא֙</span>‎<br />Qadma </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">פַּשְׁטָא֙</span>‎<br />Pashta </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Shene pashtin </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֨</span>‎<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֙</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0599, U+05A8 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שְׁנֵ֨י פַּשְׁטִין֙</span>‎<br />Shene pashtin </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תְּרֵ֨י קַדְמִין֙</span>‎<br />Tere qadmin </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">(שְׁנֵי) פַּ֨שְׁטִין֙</span>‎<br />(Shene) pashtin </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yetiv" title="Yetiv">Yetiv</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֚</span>‎ </td> <td>U+059A </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">יְ֚תִיב</span>‎<br />Yetiv </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">(שׁוֹפָר) יְ֚תִיב</span>‎<br />(Shofar) yetiv </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שׁ֚וֹפָר יְתִיב</span>‎<br />Shofar yetiv </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tevir" title="Tevir">Tevir</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֛</span>‎ </td> <td>U+059B </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תְּבִ֛יר</span>‎<br />Tevir </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תְּבִ֛יר</span>‎<br />Tevir </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תְּבִ֛יר</span>‎<br />Tevir </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pazer" title="Pazer">Pazer</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֡</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A1 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">פָּזֵ֡ר</span>‎<br />Pazer </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">פָּזֶר גָּד֡וֹל</span>‎<br />Pazer gadol </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">פָּזֶר גָּד֡וֹל</span>‎<br />Pazer gadol </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Karne_parah" title="Karne parah">Qarne farah</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֟</span>‎ </td> <td>U+059F </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">קַרְנֵי פָרָ֟ה</span>‎<br />Qarne farah </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">קַרְנֵי פָרָ֟ה</span>‎<br />Qarne farah </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">קַרְנֵי פָרָ֟ה</span>‎<br />Qarne farah </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Telisha_gedola" class="mw-redirect" title="Telisha gedola">Telisha gedola</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֠</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A0 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תְּ֠לִישָא גְדוֹלָה</span>‎<br />Telisha gedolah </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תַּ֠לְשָׁא</span>‎<br />Talsha </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תִּ֠רְצָה</span>‎<br />Tirtzah </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Geresh_(trope)" title="Geresh (trope)">Geresh</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֜</span>‎ </td> <td>U+059C </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">אַזְלָא-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">גֵּ֜רֵשׁ</span>‎</span>‎<br />Azla Geresh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">גְּרִ֜ישׁ</span>‎<br />Gerish </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">גֵּ֜רֵשׁ</span>‎<br />Geresh </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gershayim_(trope)" title="Gershayim (trope)">Gershayim</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֞</span>‎ </td> <td>U+059E </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">גֵּרְשַׁ֞יִם</span>‎<br />Gershayim </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שְׁנֵי גְרִישִׁ֞ין</span>‎<br />Shene gerishin </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שְׁנֵי גְרֵישִׁ֞ין</span>‎<br />Shene ghereshin </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Paseq" class="mw-redirect" title="Paseq">Paseq</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב׀</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05C0 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">מֻנַּח לְגַרְמֵ֣הּ׀</span>‎<br />Munach legarmeh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">פָּסֵ֣ק׀</span>‎<br />Paseq </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">לְגַרְמֵ֣הּ׀</span>‎<br />Legarmeh </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mercha" title="Mercha">Mercha</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֥</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A5 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">מֵרְכָ֥א</span>‎<br />Merkha </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">מַאֲרִ֥יךְ</span>‎<br />Maarikh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">מַאֲרִ֥יךְ</span>‎<br />Maarikh </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munach</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֣</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A3 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">מֻנַּ֣ח</span>‎<br />Munach </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שׁוֹפָר הוֹלֵ֣ךְ</span>‎<br />Shofar holekh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שׁוֹפָר עִלּ֣וּי</span>‎<br />Shofar 'illui </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mahpach" title="Mahpach">Mahpach</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֤</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A4 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">מַהְפַּ֤ך</span>‎<br />Mahpakh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">‏(שׁוֹפָר) מְהֻפָּ֤ךְ</span>‎<br />(Shofar) mehuppakh </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">שׁוֹפָר הָפ֤וּךְ</span>‎<br />Shofar hafukh </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Darga" title="Darga">Darga</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֧</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A7 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">דַּרְגָּ֧א</span>‎<br />Darga </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">דַּרְגָּ֧א</span>‎<br />Darga </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">דַּרְגָּ֧א</span>‎<br />Darga </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Kadma_(trope)" title="Kadma (trope)">Kadma</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֨</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A8 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">קַדְמָ֨א</span>‎<br />Qadma </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">אַזְלָ֨א</span>‎<br />Azla<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">קַדְמָ֨א</span>‎<br />Qadma </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Telisha_ketana" class="mw-redirect" title="Telisha ketana">Telisha ketana</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֩</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A9 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תְּלִישָא קְטַנָּה֩ </span>‎<br />Telisha qetannah </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תַּלְשָׁא֩</span>‎<br />Talsha </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תַּרְסָא֩</span>‎<br />Tarsa </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mercha_kefula" title="Mercha kefula">Mercha kefula</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֦</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A6 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">מֵרְכָא כְּפוּלָ֦ה</span>‎<br />Merekha kefula </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תְּרֵי טַעֲמֵ֦י</span>‎<br />Tere taame </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">תְּרֵין חוּטְרִ֦ין</span>‎<br />Teren chutrin </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yerach_ben_yomo" title="Yerach ben yomo">Yerach ben yomo</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֪</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05AA </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">יֶרַח בֶּן יוֹמ֪וֹ</span>‎<br />Yerach ben yomo </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">יָרֵחַ בֶּן יוֹמ֪וֹ</span>‎<br />Yareach ben yomo </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">יֶרַח בֶּן יוֹמ֪וֹ</span>‎<br />Yerach ben yomo </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following additional symbols are found in the three poetical books; their names do not differ among the various traditions. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:1"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Name </th> <th scope="col">Symbol </th> <th scope="col">Unicode </th> <th scope="col">Hebrew name in Unicode </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Geresh muqdam </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֝</span>‎ </td> <td>U+059D </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">גֵּרֵשׁ מֻקְדָּם֝</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Atnach hafukh </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֢</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05A2 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">אֶתְנָח הָפוּךְ֢</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ole_(cantillation)" title="Ole (cantillation)">Ole</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֫</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05AB </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">עוֹלֶה֫</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Illuy_(cantillation)" title="Illuy (cantillation)">Illuy</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֬</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05AC </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">עִלּוּי֬</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dechi </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֭</span>‎ </td> <td>U+05AD </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">דֶּחִי֭</span>‎ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tsinnorit" title="Tsinnorit">Tsinnorit</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 300%; line-height:1.35" dir="rtl">ב֘</span>‎ </td> <td>U+0598<sup id="cite_ref-TN27_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TN27-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: xx-large; line-height:normal" dir="rtl">צִנּוֹרִת֘</span>‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zarqa_tables"><i>Zarqa</i> tables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Zarqa tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For learning purposes, the <i>t'amim</i> are arranged in a traditional order of recitation called a "<i>zarqa</i> table", showing both the names and the symbols themselves. These tables are often printed at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a> (Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>). </p><p>The order of recitation bears some relation to the groups in which the signs are likely to occur in a typical Biblical verse, but differs in detail between different communities. Below are traditional Ashkenazi and Sephardi orders, though variations are found in both communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ashkenazic">Ashkenazic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ashkenazic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAMI_MIKRA_ASHKENAZ.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/TAMI_MIKRA_ASHKENAZ.svg/580px-TAMI_MIKRA_ASHKENAZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="580" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/TAMI_MIKRA_ASHKENAZ.svg/870px-TAMI_MIKRA_ASHKENAZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/TAMI_MIKRA_ASHKENAZ.svg/1160px-TAMI_MIKRA_ASHKENAZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sephardic">Sephardic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sephardic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAMI_MIKRA_MIZRAH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/TAMI_MIKRA_MIZRAH.png/580px-TAMI_MIKRA_MIZRAH.png" decoding="async" width="580" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/TAMI_MIKRA_MIZRAH.png 1.5x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meanings_of_the_names">Meanings of the names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Meanings of the names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Azla</dt> <dd>"Going away", because it is often the end of the phrase 'Qadma ve'Azla' (lit. "go forward and depart", "start and leave", perhaps for its sound).</dd> <dt>Darga</dt> <dd>"stairstep" from its shape or sound.</dd> <dt>Etnaḥta/Atnaḥ</dt> <dd>"Pause", "rest", because it is the primary break in a verse, marked by a short pause. Because etnaḥta marks the halfway point in a verse, citing biblical verses, particularly in the poetic sections, some scholars will refer to everything up to the etnaḥta as "a", and everything after as "b" (example: Genesis 1:1a).</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Geresh_(trope)" title="Geresh (trope)">Azla Geresh/Geresh</a></dt> <dd>"Azla divorced" (if called "azla geresh") or "Expulsion, divorce" (if called just "geresh"). So called because it is often "partnered" with the Qadma (as an Azla) but here appears on its own, "separated."</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></dt> <dd>Double Geresh, from its appearance and tune.</dd> <dt>Mahpakh</dt> <dd>"Turning round". Originally written like a sideways U, like a U turn. In printed books, it has a V shape, possibly because that was easier for the early printers to make. In Sephardi communities it is called <i>shofar mehuppach</i>, "reversed horn", either because of the above reason, or because it faces the other way from <i>shofar holekh</i> (<i>munakh</i>).</dd> <dt>Merkha/Ma'arikh</dt> <dd>"Lengthener", because it prolongs the word that follows. In modern usage it is sometimes translated as "comma", but this usage is taken from the cantillation's appearance, and is misleading because merkha is conjunctive, whereas a comma marks a break.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Merkha_kefula" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkha kefula">Merkha-kefulah/Tere Ta`ameh</a></dt> <dd>"Kefulah" means "doubled", because it looks like two adjacent <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">merkhas</span></span>; alternatively, "Tere" means "two", because it looks like two adjacent Ma`arikhs. There are only five occurrences in the whole Torah: Gen. 27:25, Ex. 5:15, Lev. 10:1, Num. 14:3, and Num. 32:42.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munakh/Shophar Holekh</a></dt> <dd>"Resting", because it is shaped like a horn lying on its side.:In Sephardi communities it is called <i>shofar holekh</i>, "going-horn", because it appears as a horn, and makes the word it appears under "go" into the following word (i.e., it has the grammatical function of making the word secondary to the following one).:<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Munakh legarmeh</i></span> "<i>munakh</i> by itself" is a disjunctive, used mainly before <i>revia</i>, but occasionally before a pazer. It may be distinguished from ordinary <i>munakh</i> by the dividing line (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pesiq</i></span>) following the word.</dd> <dt>Pashta</dt> <dd>"Stretching out", because its shape is an abstraction of a hand stretched forward.</dd> <dt>Pazer</dt> <dd>"Lavish" or "strewn", because it has a complex tune with many notes.:In Sephardi communities, its called <i>Pazer Gadol</i>, meaning "great Pazer", for the same reason.</dd> <dt>Qadma</dt> <dd>"precede", "before", "prior [one]", "going forward", "starting"; Always occurs at the beginning of a phrase (often before other conjunctives) with a shape like a hand leaning forward, identical to Pashta (see above). In particular it is the first member of the <i>Qadma ve-Azla</i> pair (see Azla, above).</dd> <dt>Rebhiya`/Rabhiya`</dt> <dd>Usually Aramaic for "fourth [in a sequence]", for obscure reasons. Likely due to its four-note tune.: Some Ashkenazi Jews call it "revi'i" by a process of <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>. Since in many printings it appears as a diamond-shape above the word, folk etymology associates "revi'a" with "ravua", meaning "square". In some printings it appears as a solid circle. A more likely explanation is that it is from the Aramaic for "crouching", referring to its position vertically above the word and its descending tone.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Segol</dt> <dd>"grape-bunch" (from its shape, which looks like a <a href="/wiki/Bunch_of_grapes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunch of grapes">bunch of grapes</a>), not to be confused with the vowel of the same name, which appears beneath a letter, whereas this appears above. The cantillation mark is an inversion of the vowel.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Shalshelet" title="Shalshelet">Shalshelet</a></dt> <dd>"Chain", either from its appearance or because it is a long chain of notes. There are only four occurrences in the whole Torah: Gen. 19:16, 24:12, 39:8, and Lev. 8:23.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Sof_Passuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sof Passuk">Sof Pasuk</a></dt> <dd>"End [of] verse": The last note of every verse, sometimes called <i>silluq</i> (taking leave).</dd> <dt><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Telisha Gedolah/Qetannah</span></span></dt> <dd>"Detached" because they are never linked to the following note as one musical phrase. Gedolah = great (long); <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Qetannah</span></span> = small (short);<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: Sephardim have different names for each of the two: <i>Telisha Qetannah</i> is called <i>Tarsa</i>; <i>Telisha Gedolah</i> is called <i>Talshah</i>, also meaning "Detached".:</dd> <dt>Tevir</dt> <dd>"broken", "downward tumble", because of its tune. Frequently paired with darga.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tifcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tifcha">Tifqha/Tarqha</a></dt> <dd>"Diagonal", or "hand-breadth". Originally drawn as a straight diagonal line. In printed books, it is curved, apparently to make it a mirror image of Mercha, with which it is usually paired (the two together could be regarded as forming a slur). The name "tifcha" may be an allusion to a hand signal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:Sephardim call it <i>Tarqha</i>, meaning "dragging", due to its tune, and possibly its grammatical function.:</dd> <dt>Yetibh</dt> <dd>Short for <i>Shofar yetibh</i>, "Resting horn" or "sitting horn", probably because of its shape of a horn sitting upright.:</dd> <dt>Zaqef Qaton/Gadol</dt> <dd>"Upright/erect", from their vertical shape, or from their grammatical function to separate a phrase whatever follows.:<i>Zaqef Gadol</i> = great <i>Zaqef</i>, named so for its longer tune and because it more strongly separates the word as its own phrase.:<i>Zaqef Qatton</i> = small <i>Zaqef</i>, named so for its relatively shorter tune and weaker grammatical function as compared to <i>Zaqef Gadol</i>.:</dd> <dt>Zarqa</dt> <dd>"Scatterer", because of its complex tune of a scattering of notes.</dd></dl> <p>Verse 90 of Parashat Mas`ei (Numbers 35 verse 5) contains the following two notes, found nowhere else in the Torah: </p> <dl><dt>Qarne Farah</dt> <dd>"Horns of a cow" named so because it resembles the horns of a cow.:</dd> <dt>Yerach ben Yomo</dt> <dd>"Moon of its day" [i.e. day-old moon] because it looks like a crescent moon; sometimes called <i>galgal</i> (circle).</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sequences">Sequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rules governing the sequence of cantillation marks are as follows. </p> <ol><li>A verse is divided into two half verses, the first ending with, and governed by, <i>etnachta</i>, and the second ending with, and governed by, <i>sof pasuk</i>. A very short verse may have no <i>etnachta</i> and be governed by <i>sof pasuk</i> alone.</li> <li>A half verse may be divided into two or more phrases marked off by second-level disjunctives.</li> <li>A second-level phrase may be divided into two or more sub-phrases marked off by third-level disjunctives.</li> <li>A third-level phrase may be divided into two or more sub-phrases marked off by fourth-level disjunctives.</li> <li>The last subdivision within a phrase must always be constituted by a disjunctive one level down, chosen to fit the disjunctive governing the phrase and called (in the Table below) its "near companion". Thus, a disjunctive may be preceded by a disjunctive of its own or a higher level, or by its near companion, but not by any other disjunctive of a lower level than its own.</li> <li>The other subdivisions within a phrase are constituted by the "default" disjunctive for the next lower level (the "remote companion").</li> <li>Any disjunctive may or may not be preceded by one or more conjunctives, varying with the disjunctive in question.</li> <li>A disjunctive constituting a phrase on its own (i.e. not preceded by either a near companion or a conjunctive) may be substituted by a stronger disjunctive of the same level, called in the Table the "equivalent isolated disjunctive".</li></ol> <table width="100%" border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:2px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Main disjunctive </td> <td style="border:2px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Preceding<br /> conjunctive(s) </td> <td style="border:2px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Nearest preceding lower level<br /> disjunctive ("near companion") </td> <td style="border:2px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Other lower level disjunctives<br /> ("remote companion") </td> <td style="border:2px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Equivalent isolated<br /> disjunctive </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>First level disjunctives</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Sof pasuk </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Mercha </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Tifcha </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Zaqef qaton</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Etnachta </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Munach </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Tifcha </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Zaqef qaton</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Second level disjunctives</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Segol </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Munach </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Zarqa </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Revia </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Shalshelet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Zaqef qaton</span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Munach </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Pashta </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Revia </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Zaqef gadol </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Tifcha </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Mercha;<br /> Darga Mercha-kefulah </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Tevir </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Revia </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Third level disjunctives</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Revia </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Munach;<br /> Darga Munach </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Munach legarmeh</span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Geresh, Telisha gedolah, Pazer </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Zarqa </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Munach or Mercha;<br /> Qadma Munach or Qadma Mercha </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Geresh/Azla/Gershayim </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Telisha gedolah, Pazer </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Pashta </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Mahpach;<br /> Qadma Mahpach<br /> (occasionally Mercha or Qadma Mercha) </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Geresh/Azla/Gershayim </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Telisha gedolah, Pazer </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Yetiv </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Tevir </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Mercha or Darga;<br /> Qadma Mercha or<br /> Qadma Darga </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Geresh/Azla/Gershayim </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Telisha gedolah, Pazer </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Fourth level disjunctives</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Geresh/Azla </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Qadma;<br /><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Telisha qetannah Qadma</span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;"><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;"><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Gershayim </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Telisha gedolah </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Munach </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Pazer </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Munach </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Qarne farah </td> <td style="border:1px solid #ccccff;text-align:center;">Yerach ben yomo </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following sequences are commonly found: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-level_phrases">First-level phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: First-level phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>(Mercha) Tifcha (Mercha) Sof-Pasuk [Sephardic: Ma׳ariqh Tarqha Ma׳ariqh Sof-Pasuq]</dt> <dd>The group that occurs at the end of each <i>pasuk</i> (verse), and always includes the Sof-Pasuk at the very minimum. Either or both of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">merchas</span></span> may be omitted.</dd> <dt>(Mercha) Tifcha (Munach) Etnachta [Sephardic: Ma'ariqh Tarqha Shofar-holekh Atnaqh]</dt> <dd>One of the most common groups, but can only appear once in each <i>pasuk</i>. Tifcha can appear without a Mercha, but Mercha cannot appear without a Tifcha (or other following disjunctive). Etnachta can appear without a Munach, but Munach cannot appear without an Etnachta (or other following disjunctive). Munach-Etnachta can appear without a Mercha-Tifcha, but a Mercha-Tifcha cannot appear without a Munach-Etnachta (or Etnachta on its own).:</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second-level_phrases">Second-level phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Second-level phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>(Mahpach) Pashta (Munach) Zaqef-qaton [Sephardic: Mehuppakh Qadma Shofar-holekh Zaqef-qaton]</dt> <dd>One of the most common groups. Pashta can appear without a Mahpach, but a Mahpach cannot appear without a Pashta. Alternatively, <i>Yetiv</i> can appear on its own in place of Pashta. Zaqef Qaton can appear without a Munach, but a Munach cannot appear without a Qaton (or other following disjunctive).</dd> <dt>Zakef-gadol</dt> <dd>Not a part of a group; replaces a Zaqef-qaton sequence.</dd> <dt>[Munach] Zarqa [Munach] Segol [Sephardic: Shofar-holekh Zarqa Shofar-holekh Segolta]</dt> <dd>Zarqa only occurs before Segol.</dd> <dt>Shalshelet</dt> <dd>Not a part of a group; replaces a Segol sequence. Occurs only four times in the Torah, and always at the beginning of a verse.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third-level_phrases">Third-level phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Third-level phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Munach Paseq Munach Rebhia [Sephardic: Shofar-holekh Paseq Shofar-holekh Rabhia`]</dt> <dd>The following combinations occur: Revia on its own; Munach Revia; Darga Munach Revia; Munach-with-Pesiq Revia; Munach-with-Pesiq Munach Revia. (Munach with Pesiq is a disjunctive, separate from Munach proper, and also known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Munach legarmeh</i></span>, munach on its own.)</dd> <dt>Darga Tebhir</dt> <dd>Tevir is found either alone or preceded by Darga or Mercha. Darga occasionally precedes other combinations (e.g. Darga Munach Rebhia).</dd> <dt>Mercha-Kefula (Sephardic Tere ta'ame)</dt> <dd>Occasionally preceded by Darga, but usually on its own. Occurs only five times in the Torah, and once in Haftarah. Its function appears to be similar to Tebhir.:</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fourth-level_phrases">Fourth-level phrases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fourth-level phrases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Kadma v'Azla [Sephardic: Azla Geirish]</dt> <dd>This pair is known as such when found together, and may precede a Mahpach, a Revi'a group or a Tevir group. A Kadma can also be found without an Azla before a Mahpach, and an Azla without a Kadma is known as Azla-Geresh or simply Geresh. Gershayim on its own fulfils the same function as Kadma v'Azla, in that it can precede either a Mahpach, a Revia group or a Tevir group.</dd> <dt>Pazer</dt> <dd>Not considered part of a group, but usually followed by a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Telisha Ketannah</span></span> or a Telisha Gedolah. It may be preceded by one or more Munach's.</dd> <dt><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="he-Latn">Telisha-Ketannah/Gedolah</span></span> [Sephardic: Talsha/Tirsa]</dt> <dd>Not considered a part of a group, usually appears individually, sometimes after a Pazer. It often precedes Kadma.</dd> <dt>Yerach-ben-yomo Karnei-farah [Sephardic: Yareyach-ben-yomo Karneh-phara]</dt> <dd>Occurs only once in the whole Torah, in the parashah Masei, on the words <i>alpayim b'amah</i> (two thousand cubits). It is somewhat equivalent to Munach Pazer.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psalms,_Proverbs_and_Job"><span id="Psalms.2C_Proverbs_and_Job"></span>Psalms, Proverbs and Job</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Psalms, Proverbs and Job"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system of cantillation signs used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> is replaced by a very different system for these three poetic books. Many of the signs may <i>appear</i> the same or similar at first glance, but most of them serve entirely different functions in these three books. (Only a few signs have functions similar to what they do in the rest of the Tanakh.) The short narratives at the beginning and end of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Job</a> use the "regular" system, but the bulk of the book (the poetry) uses the special system. For this reason, these three books are referred to as <i>sifrei emet</i> (Books of Truth), the word <i>emet</i> meaning "truth", but also being an acronym (אמ״ת) for the first letters of the three books (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Iyov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">Mishle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Psalms" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Psalms">Tehillim</a>). </p><p>A verse may be divided into one, two or three stichs. In a two-stich verse, the first stich ends with <i>atnach</i>. In a three-stich verse, the first stich ends with <i>oleh ve-yored</i>, which looks like <i>mahpach</i> (above the word) followed by <i>tifcha</i>, on either the same word or two consecutive words, and the second stich ends with <i>atnach</i>. </p><p>Major disjunctives within a stich are <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">revia qaton</i></span> (immediately before <i>oleh ve-yored</i>), <i>revia gadol</i> (elsewhere) and <i>tzinnor</i> (which looks like <i>zarqa</i>). The first (or only) stich in a verse may be divided by <i>dechi</i>, which looks like <i>tifcha</i> but goes under the first letter of the word to the right of the vowel sign. The last stich in a two- or three-stich verse may be divided by <i>revia megurash</i>, which looks like <i>geresh</i> combined with <i>revia</i>. </p><p>Minor disjunctives are <i>pazer gadol</i>, <i>shalshelet gedolah</i>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">azla legarmeh</i></span> (looking like <i>qadma</i>) and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mehuppach legarmeh</i></span> (looking like <i>mahpach</i>): all of these except <i>pazer</i> are followed by a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pesiq</i></span>. <i>Mehuppach</i> without a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pesiq</i></span> sometimes occurs at the beginning of a stich. </p><p>All other accents are conjunctives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mishnah_and_Talmud">Mishnah and Talmud</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mishnah and Talmud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some manuscripts of early Rabbinic literature contain marks for partial or systematic cantillation. This is true of the <a href="/wiki/Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra</a>, and especially of <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Genizah</a> fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, many communities have a special tune for the Mishnaic passage "Bammeh madliqin" in the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalat_Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalat Shabbat">Friday night service</a>. Otherwise, there is often a customary intonation used in the study of Mishnah or Talmud, somewhat similar to an Arabic <a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">mawwal</a>, but this is not reduced to a precise system like that for the Biblical books. Recordings have been made for Israeli national archives, and Frank Alvarez-Pereyre has published a book-length study of the Syrian tradition of Mishnah reading on the basis of these recordings. </p><p>On the relationship between the cantillation marks found in some manuscripts and the intonation used in Ashkenazi Talmud study, see Zelda Kahan Newman, <i>The Jewish Sound of Speech: Talmudic Chant, Yiddish Intonation and the Origins of Early Ashkenaz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Christian_missionary_uses">In Christian missionary uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: In Christian missionary uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jewish-born Christian convert Ezekiel Margoliouth translated the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> to Hebrew in 1865 with cantillation marks added. It is the only completely cantillated translation of the New Testament. The translation was published by the <a href="/wiki/Church%27s_Ministry_Among_Jewish_People" title="Church's Ministry Among Jewish People">London Jews' Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In more than one tradition, the melodic outline of <i>darga tevir</i> is similar to that of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">(mahpach) pashta zaqef qaton</i></span>, though their syntactical functions are not quite the same.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Segal,_J._B." class="mw-redirect" title="Segal, J. B.">Segal, J. B.</a>, <i>The Diacritical Point and the Accents in Syriac</i>: Oxford 1953, repr. 2003 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-032-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-032-4">1-59333-032-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-032-3">978-1-59333-032-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Masoreten des Westens</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technically, <i>qadma</i>/<i>azla</i> before <i>gerish</i> is a different sign from <i>qadma</i> before other disjunctives, even though they look identical. Sephardim reserve <i>azla</i> for the first of these: the second is <i>qadma meḥabber</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the recording on the website of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/he/items/NNL_MUSIC_AL000221800/NLI">National Library of Israel</a>; Torah reading begins at about 9:15, and it is followed by Haftarah.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specimens of both may be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129170812/http://hazzan.qpon.co.il/Front/Multimedia/albom.asp?mBoundary=11371&aType=3">here</a>. It is possible that the Mosul melody represents the older Iraqi tradition and that the Baghdad melody was imported from Syria following the appointment of Chief Rabbi Sadka Bekhor Hussein in 1743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ross, M. S., Europäisches Zentrum für Jüdische Musik, CD-Projekt: "Synagogale Musik der romaniotischen Juden Griechenlands" -ongoing/2016-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishyemenites.com/JY_synog.html">Yemenite Synagogues in America</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dalia Cohen and Daniel Weill. "Progress in Deductive Research on the Original Performance of Tiberian Accents (Te'amim)." <i>Proceedings of the Ninth World Conference of Jewish Studies</i>, Division D, Vol. II (Jerusalem, 1986): 265–80; cf. also, e.g., the review by P.T. Daniels, <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, Vol. 112, No. 3 (Jul.–Sep., 1992), p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Burns, <i>The Music of Psalms, Proverbs and Job in the Hebrew Bible</i> (<i>Jüdische Musik</i> 9), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/344706191X" title="Special:BookSources/344706191X">344706191X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tables in the 1905 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> article on cantillation sets out a single melody for "Syria and Egypt".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.orahsaddiqim.org/Liturgy/Cantillation.shtml">http://www.orahsaddiqim.org/Liturgy/Cantillation.shtml</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319091435/http://www.orahsaddiqim.org/Liturgy/Cantillation.shtml">Archived</a> March 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and recordings by Moshe Dabbah on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pizmonim.org/">http://pizmonim.org/</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are listed in Rodrigues Pereira,<i> 'Hochmat Shelomo</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syrian Jews have a tradition of prolonging <i>tarcha</i> (<i>tifcha</i>) in certain verses, largely coinciding with those which Spanish and Portuguese Jews recite in High Na'um. For details, see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pizmonim.org">http://www.pizmonim.org</a> website, under the tab "Torah readings".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423044424/http://yemenite.org/shishi/shishi.htm">"ששי לפי סדר הפרשיות טקסט+שמע"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yemenite.org/shishi/shishi.htm">the original</a> on April 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%A9%D7%A9%D7%99+%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99+%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%2B%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyemenite.org%2Fshishi%2Fshishi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Murattal" class="mw-redirect" title="Murattal">murattal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mujawwad" title="Mujawwad">mujawwad</a> modes of <a href="/wiki/Quran_recitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran recitation">Quran recitation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://chazzanut-esnoga.org/Miscellaneous/Neginoth/parasha_and_haftarah.htm">https://chazzanut-esnoga.org/Miscellaneous/Neginoth/parasha_and_haftarah.htm</a>, seventh bullet point and links there shown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The article on "Cantillation" in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> shows tunes for "Prophets (other readings)" for both the Western Sephardi and the Baghdadi traditions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culmus.sourceforge.io/taamim/index.html">The Culmus Project - Taamey Culmus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Cardo">Cardo - Google Fonts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://software.sil.org/ezra/">Ezra SIL - SIL Language Technology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/educational/BiblicalFonts_SBLBibLit.aspx">Society of Biblical Literature - Biblical Fonts - SBL BibLit Font</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbl-site.org/educational/BiblicalFonts_SBLHebrew.aspx">Society of Biblical Literature - Biblical Fonts - SBL Hebrew Font</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/bdenckla/Taamey_D">Taamey D font</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.code2001.com/code2000_page.htm">"Download Code2000"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Download+Code2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.code2001.com%2Fcode2000_page.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TN27-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TN27_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TN27_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zarqa</i>/<i>tsinnor</i> and <i>tsinnorit</i> marks are wrongly named in Unicode. To encode a <i>zarqa</i>/<i>tsinnor</i>, use Unicode "HEBREW ACCENT ZINOR" (U+05AE), and to encode a <i>tsinnorit</i> use "HEBREW ACCENT ZARQA" (U+0598). See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn27/">Unicode Technical Note #27: "Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names"</a>, and specially <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn27/#Appendix_A">Appendix A</a> inside it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is called <i>azla</i> before <i>gerish</i> and <i>qadma meḥabber</i> in all other positions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lier, Gudrun, "The Revia in the Context of Decoding Masoretic Accents", Journal of Semitics, 2011, Vol 21/1, pp. 28-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Sephardic tradition, both are equally referred to as <i>talsha</i> and the melodies are frequently confused. When it is desired to refer unambiguously to <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">telisha qetannah</i></span> (the conjunctive), terms such as <i>talsa</i> or <i>tilsa</i> are used, on the analogy with the distinction between the letters <i>shin</i> and <i>sin</i> (the <i>sin</i> has a dot on the left and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">telisha qetannah</i></span> appears on the left of the word); another term used for both accents is <i>tirtzah</i>. Which term is used for which accent varies among communities and even among individuals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Sephardic and Oriental communities it is called <i>tarḥa</i>, meaning "dragging" or "effort". Hence the <a href="/wiki/Proverbial_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Proverbial phrase">proverbial phrase</a> "after <i>tarḥa</i>, <i>atnaḥ</i>", after effort comes rest: see the series of puns in the poem on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pizmonim.org/text/PAGE%2099-II.pdf">pp. 99-100, <i>Shir u-Shbaḥah Hallel ve-Zimrah</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719054230/http://pizmonim.org/text/PAGE%2099-II.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.divreinavon.com/pdf/Shalshelet1.pdf">http://www.divreinavon.com/pdf/Shalshelet1.pdf</a> Symbolic Interpretation of the Shalshelet</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a full study see Israel Yeivin, <i>Cantillation of the Oral Law</i>. <i>Leshonenu</i> 24 (1960), pp. 47-231 (Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jewish Quarterly Review , Jan. - Apr., 2000, Vol. 90, No. 3/4 (Jan. - Apr., 2000), pp. 293-336: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454758">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454758</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scanned versions of this translation can be found here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.alittlehebrew.com/jorge/London%20Jews%20Society/Margoliouth%20Hebrew%20NT.pdf">[1]</a>, here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://jer-31.com/Margoliuth.html">[2]</a> and here <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119150730/http://vineofdavid.org/remnant_repository/ezekiel_margoliouth/">"Vine of David | Remnant Repository : Ezekiel Margoliouth"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vineofdavid.org/remnant_repository/ezekiel_margoliouth/">the original</a> on January 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vine+of+David+%26%23124%3B+Remnant+Repository+%3A+Ezekiel+Margoliouth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvineofdavid.org%2Fremnant_repository%2Fezekiel_margoliouth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammar_and_masorah">Grammar and masorah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Grammar and masorah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesenius%27_Hebrew_Grammar/15" class="extiw" title="s:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar/15"><i>Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</i>,<span class="nowrap"> </span>§15</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotan1979" class="citation cs2">Dotan, Aaron, ed. (1979) [1963], <i>Sefer diqduqe ha-te'amim le-rabbi Aharon Ben-Moshe Ben-Asher</i>, Jerusalem: Hebrew University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sefer+diqduqe+ha-te%27amim+le-rabbi+Aharon+Ben-Moshe+Ben-Asher&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Hebrew+University&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>, earlier edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/38509"><i>Leipzig</i></a>, Hebrew books.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leipzig&rft.pub=Hebrew+books.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F38509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFha-Naqdan1822" class="citation cs2">ha-Naqdan, Moshe (1822) [1847], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/38534"><i>Darche ha-Niqqud ve-ha-neginot</i></a>, Hanover: Hebrew books.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darche+ha-Niqqud+ve-ha-neginot&rft.place=Hanover&rft.pub=Hebrew+books.org&rft.date=1822&rft.aulast=ha-Naqdan&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F38534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>, earlier edition <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/24792"><i>Vilna</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vilna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F24792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbar_Kalonymus1886" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">bar Kalonymus, Yosef (1886) [1485], Berliner, A (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/38690"><i>Ta'ame eme"t baḥaruzim</i></a> (in Hebrew and German), Berlin: Hebrew books.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ta%27ame+eme%22t+ba%E1%B8%A5aruzim&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Hebrew+books.org&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=bar+Kalonymus&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F38690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>, a medieval poem setting out the rules for the three poetical books; original in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Maḥzor of Casal Maggiore</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%E1%B8%A5zor+of+Casal+Maggiore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFben_Bil'am1859" class="citation cs2">ben Bil'am, Judah (1859) [1556], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/35317"><i>Sha'ar ta'ame sheloshah sifre eme"t</i></a>, Amsterdam: Hebrew books.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sha%27ar+ta%27ame+sheloshah+sifre+eme%22t&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Hebrew+books.org&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=ben+Bil%27am&rft.aufirst=Judah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F35317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>, original from Paris.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreuer1981" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Breuer" title="Mordechai Breuer">Breuer, Mordechai</a> (1981), <i>Ta'amei hammiqra be-21 sefarim uvesifrei emet</i> (in Hebrew), Jerusalem</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ta%27amei+hammiqra+be-21+sefarim+uvesifrei+emet&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Breuer&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidenheim1808" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Heidenheim" title="Wolf Heidenheim">Heidenheim, Wolf</a> (1808), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/7218"><i>Sefer Mishpete ha-Ta'amim</i></a> (in Hebrew), Rödelheim: Hebrew books.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sefer+Mishpete+ha-Ta%27amim&rft.place=R%C3%B6delheim&rft.pub=Hebrew+books.org&rft.date=1808&rft.aulast=Heidenheim&rft.aufirst=Wolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2F7218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickes1887" class="citation cs2">Wickes, William (1887), <i>A Treatise on the Accentuation of the Twenty-One so-called Prose Books of the Old Testament</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015012205574">2027/mdp.39015012205574</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780790527574" title="Special:BookSources/9780790527574"><bdi>9780790527574</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Accentuation+of+the+Twenty-One+so-called+Prose+Books+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015012205574&rft.isbn=9780790527574&rft.aulast=Wickes&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburg1897" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christian_David_Ginsburg" title="Christian David Ginsburg">Ginsburg, Christian David</a> (1897), <i>Introduction to the Massoretico-Critical Edition of the Hebrew Bible</i>, Trinitarian Bible Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Massoretico-Critical+Edition+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Trinitarian+Bible+Society&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Christian+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahle1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Kahle" title="Paul E. Kahle">Kahle, Paul E</a> (1966) [1913], <i>Masoreten des Ostens: Die Altesten Punktierten Handschriften des Alten Testaments und der Targume</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masoreten+des+Ostens%3A+Die+Altesten+Punktierten+Handschriften+des+Alten+Testaments+und+der+Targume&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Kahle&rft.aufirst=Paul+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahle2005" class="citation cs2">———————— (2005) [1927], <i>Masoreten des Westens</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masoreten+des+Westens&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kahle&rft.aufirst=Paul+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2020" class="citation cs2">Park, Sung Jin (2020), <i>The Fundamentals of Hebrew Accents: Divisions and Exegetical Roles beyond Syntax</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fundamentals+of+Hebrew+Accents%3A+Divisions+and+Exegetical+Roles+beyond+Syntax&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Sung+Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2014" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Sung Jin (2014). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Pointing to the Accents": The Functional Development of the Masoretic Accents in the Hebrew Bible". <i>Hebrew Studies</i>. <b>55</b>: 73–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhbr.2014.0022">10.1353/hbr.2014.0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170240065">170240065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Studies&rft.atitle=%22Pointing+to+the+Accents%22%3A+The+Functional+Development+of+the+Masoretic+Accents+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=73-88&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhbr.2014.0022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170240065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Sung+Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2013" class="citation journal cs1">Park, Sung Jin (2013). "Application of the Tiberian Accentuation System for Colometry of Biblical Hebrew Poetry". <i>Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages</i>. <b>39</b> (2): 113–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Northwest+Semitic+Languages&rft.atitle=Application+of+the+Tiberian+Accentuation+System+for+Colometry+of+Biblical+Hebrew+Poetry&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-127&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Sung+Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1990" class="citation cs2">Price, James (1990), <i>The Syntax of Masoretic Accents in the Hebrew Bible</i>, E. Mellen Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syntax+of+Masoretic+Accents+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=E.+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrompelt2022" class="citation journal cs1">Trompelt, Kevin (2022). "Die exegetische Bedeutung der masoretischen Akzenten". <i>Trumah: Zeitschrift der Hochschule für Jüdische Studien Heidelberg</i>. <b>25</b>: 115–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trumah%3A+Zeitschrift+der+Hochschule+f%C3%BCr+J%C3%BCdische+Studien+Heidelberg&rft.atitle=Die+exegetische+Bedeutung+der+masoretischen+Akzenten&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=115-137&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Trompelt&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrompelt2022" class="citation cs2">Trompelt, Kevin (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumah.winter-verlag.de/article/TRUMAH/2022/25/9">"Winter Verlag"</a>, <i>Trumah</i>, <b>25</b> (25): 115–137</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trumah&rft.atitle=Winter+Verlag&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=115-137&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Trompelt&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrumah.winter-verlag.de%2Farticle%2FTRUMAH%2F2022%2F25%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeivin1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Yeivin" title="Israel Yeivin">Yeivin, Israel</a> (1980), <i>Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah</i>, trans. EJ Revell, Scholars Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89130-373-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89130-373-1"><bdi>0-89130-373-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Tiberian+Masorah&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-89130-373-1&rft.aulast=Yeivin&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>., 1985</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeivin1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Yeivin" title="Israel Yeivin">Yeivin, Israel</a> (1985), <i>The Hebrew Language Tradition as Reflected in the Babylonian Vocalization</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Language+Tradition+as+Reflected+in+the+Babylonian+Vocalization&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Yeivin&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_(general_and_comparative)"><span id="Music_.28general_and_comparative.29"></span>Music (general and comparative)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Music (general and comparative)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Jewish Music", <i>Grove Dictionary of Music</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Music&rft.btitle=Grove+Dictionary+of+Music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdelsohn1917" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Zevi_Idelsohn" title="Abraham Zevi Idelsohn">Idelsohn, Abraham Zevi</a> (1917), <i>Phonographierte Gesänge und Aussprachsproben des Hebräischen der jemenitischen, persischen und syrischen Juden</i>, Vienna</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonographierte+Ges%C3%A4nge+und+Aussprachsproben+des+Hebr%C3%A4ischen+der+jemenitischen%2C+persischen+und+syrischen+Juden&rft.place=Vienna&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Idelsohn&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Zevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdelsohn1923" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">———————— (1923), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132757/http://aleph500.huji.ac.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001768379.html"><i>Thesaurus of Oriental Hebrew Melodies</i></a>, vol. II: Songs of the Babylonian Jews, Jerusalem, Berlin and Vienna: Huji, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph500.huji.ac.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001768379.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thesaurus+of+Oriental+Hebrew+Melodies&rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+Berlin+and+Vienna&rft.pub=Huji&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Idelsohn&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Zevi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph500.huji.ac.il%2Fnnl%2Fdig%2Fbooks%2Fbk001768379.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span> also in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132807/http://aleph500.huji.ac.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001174870.html"><i>Hebrew</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph500.huji.ac.il/nnl/dig/books/bk001174870.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hebrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleph500.huji.ac.il%2Fnnl%2Fdig%2Fbooks%2Fbk001174870.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdelsohn1929" class="citation cs2">———————— (1929), <i>Jewish Music in its Historical Development</i>, New York</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Music+in+its+Historical+Development&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Idelsohn&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Zevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20173199/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5_The_Study_of_Cantillation_Marks_in_Russia_Europe_America">Khazdan E. (2015) "The Study of Cantillation Marks in Russia, Europe, America". <i>Еврейская речь. № 4.</i> С. 10–39. (In Russian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12115424/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%B1%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_Cantillation_Marks_Why_Not_Writing_Them_Down_Using_Music_Notation">Khazdan E. (2015) "Cantillation Marks: Why Not Writing Them Down Using Music Notation?". <i>Евреи Европы и Ближнего Востока: история, языки, традиция, культура: Материалы Международной научной конференции памяти Т. Л. Гуриной. СПб.</i>, С. 249–255. (In Russian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38319407/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_Three_Questions_in_the_History_of_Studying_the_Jewish_Signs_of_Cantillation">Khazdan E. (2018) Three Questions in the History of Studying the Jewish Signs of Cantillation. G. B. Shamilli (ed.) <i>Conceptualization of Music in the Abrahamic Traditions – 2018: collective monograph</i>. Moscow: SIAS. P. 264–287 (In Russian).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44491499/%D0%9E%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_From_Masoretic_Signs_to_Cantillation_Marks_A_Paradigm_Shift%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82">Khazdan E. (2020) From Masoretic Signs to Cantillation Marks: A Paradigm Shift (In Russian).</a></li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/70283019/From_Masoretic_Signs_to_Cantillation_Marks_Initial_Steps_On_the_Virtual_Dialogue_between_Alfonso_de_Zamora_and_Johannes_Reuchlin_">Khazdan E. (2021) From Masoretic Signs to Cantillation Marks: Initial Steps (On the Virtual Dialogue between Alfonso de Zamora and Johannes Reuchlin). <i>Lietuvos muzikologija</i>. T. 22.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polish/Lithuanian_melody"><span id="Polish.2FLithuanian_melody"></span>Polish/Lithuanian melody</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Polish/Lithuanian melody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeeman1955" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neeman, JL (1955), <i>The Tunes of the Bible – Musical Principles of the Biblical Accentuation</i> (in Hebrew), Tel Aviv</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tunes+of+the+Bible+%E2%80%93+Musical+Principles+of+the+Biblical+Accentuation&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Neeman&rft.aufirst=JL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1959" class="citation cs2">Binder, AW (1959), <i>Biblical Chant</i>, New York</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Chant&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=AW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2002" class="citation cs2">Jacobson, Joshua (2002), <i>Chanting the Hebrew Bible: The Art of Cantillation</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chanting+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+The+Art+of+Cantillation&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortnoyWolff2008" class="citation cs2">Portnoy, Marshall; Wolff, Josée (2008) [2000], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605211304/http://www.urjbooksandmusic.com/product.php?productid=152"><i>The Art of Torah Cantillation – A Step-by-step Guide to Chanting Torah</i></a> (2nd ed.), URJ, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8074-0734-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8074-0734-9"><bdi>978-0-8074-0734-9</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urjbooksandmusic.com/product.php?productid=152">the original</a> on June 5, 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Torah+Cantillation+%E2%80%93+A+Step-by-step+Guide+to+Chanting+Torah&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=URJ&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8074-0734-9&rft.aulast=Portnoy&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Jos%C3%A9e&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urjbooksandmusic.com%2Fproduct.php%3Fproductid%3D152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>, with CD.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortnoyWolff2002" class="citation cs2">————————————————; Wolff, Josée (2002), <i>The Art of Cantillation – A Step-by-step Guide to Chanting Haftarot and M'gillot</i>, vol. 2, URJ, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8074-0756-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8074-0756-1"><bdi>978-0-8074-0756-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Cantillation+%E2%80%93+A+Step-by-step+Guide+to+Chanting+Haftarot+and+M%27gillot&rft.pub=URJ&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8074-0756-1&rft.aulast=Portnoy&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Jos%C3%A9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn" class="citation cs2">Kohn, S, <i>Learn to Lein: A Step-by-Step Tutorial Program for Developing Requisite Torah-Reading Skills</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58330-913-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58330-913-6"><bdi>1-58330-913-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+to+Lein%3A+A+Step-by-Step+Tutorial+Program+for+Developing+Requisite+Torah-Reading+Skills&rft.isbn=1-58330-913-6&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_melodies">Other melodies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other melodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidler1965" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Ridler" title="Vivian Ridler">Ridler, Vivian</a>, ed. (1965) [5725], <i>Book of Prayer of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, London</i>, vol. 1, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Prayer+of+the+Spanish+and+Portuguese+Jews%27+Congregation%2C+London&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span> (since reprinted): the parashah and haftarah melodies are set out at the end of the volume.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharvit1982" class="citation cs2">Sharvit, Uri (1982), <i>The Musical Realization of Biblical Cantillation Symbols in the Jewish Yemenite Tradition (Yuval: Studies of the Jewish Music Research Centre)</i>, pp. 179–210</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musical+Realization+of+Biblical+Cantillation+Symbols+in+the+Jewish+Yemenite+Tradition+%28Yuval%3A+Studies+of+the+Jewish+Music+Research+Centre%29&rft.pages=179-210&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Sharvit&rft.aufirst=Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez-Pereyre1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alvarez-Pereyre, Frank (1990), <i>La Transmission Orale de la Mishnah. Une méthode d'analyse appliquée à la tradition d'Alep</i> (in French), Jerusalem</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Transmission+Orale+de+la+Mishnah.+Une+m%C3%A9thode+d%27analyse+appliqu%C3%A9e+%C3%A0+la+tradition+d%27Alep&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Alvarez-Pereyre&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues_Pereira1994" class="citation cs2">Rodrigues Pereira, Martin (1994), <i>Hochmat Shelomoh (Wisdom of Solomon): Torah Cantillations according to the Spanish and Portuguese Custom</i>, New York, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933676-37-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-933676-37-9"><bdi>0-933676-37-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hochmat+Shelomoh+%28Wisdom+of+Solomon%29%3A+Torah+Cantillations+according+to+the+Spanish+and+Portuguese+Custom&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-933676-37-9&rft.aulast=Rodrigues+Pereira&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunkel2004" class="citation cs2">Tunkel, Victor (2004), <i>The Music of the Hebrew Bible – The Western Ashkenazi Tradition</i>, Tymsder Publ., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9531104-8-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9531104-8-3"><bdi>978-0-9531104-8-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+the+Hebrew+Bible+%E2%80%93+The+Western+Ashkenazi+Tradition&rft.pub=Tymsder+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9531104-8-3&rft.aulast=Tunkel&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation cs2">Smith, Chani (2004), <i>Learn to Leyn, The Cantillation of the Hebrew Bible</i>, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+to+Leyn%2C+The+Cantillation+of+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.place=London&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Chani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> (with CD: western Ashkenazic melody).</li> <li>The Western Ashkenazi melody is also set out in the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertz" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. Hertz">Hertz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)"><i>Chumash</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chumash&rft.au=Hertz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHebrew+cantillation" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillot" class="mw-redirect" title="Megillot">Megillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah">Bar and Bat Mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melody_type" title="Melody type">Melody type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone (linguistics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hebrew_cantillation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hebrew cantillation">Hebrew cantillation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual_resources">Textual resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Textual resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hhr-m.userweb.mwn.de/teamim/">Hebrew Cantillation Marks And Their Encoding</a>: gives full tables with the Unicode equivalent for each cantillation mark</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612141810/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/">Mechon Mamre</a> has the full text of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> with cantillation marks in Unicode <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130806083337/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/c/ct/c0.htm">here</a> (which may be downloaded for free).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shulmusic.org/sheetmusic/sulzer/sulz_99.htm">Western Ashkenazi Torah mode, notated by Salomon Sulzer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010220712/http://www.taamei-hamikra.co.il/">Torah Cantillation Analytics</a> A guide to the exegesis of Torah Oral Law, by Zalman Z. Fisher</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikimedia_cantillation_projects_(recordings)"><span id="Wikimedia_cantillation_projects_.28recordings.29"></span>Wikimedia cantillation projects (recordings)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Wikimedia cantillation projects (recordings)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The recordings held at the Commons are organized by the Vayavinu Bamikra Project at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> in the following languages: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90" class="extiw" title="he:s:ויבינו במקרא">Hebrew</a> (currently lists thousands of recordings of <i>aliyot</i>, <i>haftarot</i>, and <i>megillot</i>)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Vayavinu_Bamikra" class="extiw" title="s:Vayavinu Bamikra">English</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Torah_reading" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Torah_reading" title="Template:Torah reading"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Torah_reading" title="Template talk:Torah reading"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Torah_reading" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Torah reading"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Torah_reading" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Torah_reading" title="Torah reading">Torah reading</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books that are read</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">Haftarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Book of Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Readings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">Weekly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_readings_of_Yom_Tov" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah readings of Yom Tov">Yom Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triennial_cycle" title="Triennial cycle">Triennial cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_(Torah)" title="Aliyah (Torah)">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maftir" title="Maftir">Maftir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shnayim_mikra_ve-echad_targum" title="Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum">Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bema#Judaism" title="Bema">Bimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(book)" title="Tikkun (book)">Tikkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad" title="Yad">Yad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ner_Tamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ner Tamid">Ner Tamid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantillation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Katan group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahpach" title="Mahpach">Mahpach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashta" title="Pashta">Pashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakef_katan" title="Zakef katan">Zakef katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadma_(trope)" title="Kadma (trope)">Kadma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yetiv" title="Yetiv">Yetiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Etnachta group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercha" title="Mercha">Mercha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipcha" title="Tipcha">Tipcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etnachta" title="Etnachta">Etnachta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sof Passuk group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercha" title="Mercha">Mercha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipcha" title="Tipcha">Tipcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercha" title="Mercha">Mercha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sof_passuk" title="Sof passuk">Sof passuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Segol group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarka_(trope)" title="Zarka (trope)">Zarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol_(trope)" title="Segol (trope)">Segol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telisha group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munach" title="Munach">Munach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazer" title="Pazer">Pazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telisha" title="Telisha">Telisha Ketana/Gedola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakef_gadol" title="Zakef gadol">Zakef gadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivia">Rivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim_(trope)" title="Gershayim (trope)">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darga" title="Darga">Darga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevir" title="Tevir">Tevir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadma_(trope)" title="Kadma (trope)">Kadma (V'Azla)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh_(trope)" title="Geresh (trope)">Geresh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shalshelet" title="Shalshelet">Shalshelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercha_kefula" title="Mercha kefula">Mercha kefula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerach_ben_yomo" title="Yerach ben yomo">Yerach ben yomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karne_parah" title="Karne parah">Karne parah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hebrew_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&oldid=1259226143">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebrew_cantillation&oldid=1259226143</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Torah_reading" title="Category:Torah reading">Torah reading</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_services" title="Category:Jewish services">Jewish services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_music" title="Category:Jewish music">Jewish music</a></li><li><a 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