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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB" title="التمثيلات الثلاث – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التمثيلات الثلاث" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_representativid%C3%A1" title="Triple representatividá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Triple representatividá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E2%81%BF_%C3%AA_T%C4%81i-pi%C3%A1u" title="Saⁿ ê Tāi-piáu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saⁿ ê Tāi-piáu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tres_representacions" title="Tres representacions – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tres representacions" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreifaches_Vertreten" title="Dreifaches Vertreten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dreifaches Vertreten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_representatividad" title="Triple representatividad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Triple representatividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Repr%C3%A9sentations" title="Trois Représentations – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trois Représentations" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%9C%EB%8C%80%ED%91%9C%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81" title="삼개대표사상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼개대표사상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiga_Perwakilan" title="Tiga Perwakilan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiga Perwakilan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_delle_tre_rappresentanze" title="Teoria delle tre rappresentanze – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teoria delle tre rappresentanze" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8" title="三つの代表 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三つの代表" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_tre_representasjonene" title="De tre representasjonene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De tre representasjonene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzy_reprezentacje" title="Trzy reprezentacje – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trzy reprezentacje" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_das_Tr%C3%AAs_Representa%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Teoria das Três Representações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria das Três Representações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Тройное представительство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тройное представительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Три замисли – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Три замисли" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolme_edustusta" title="Kolme edustusta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolme edustusta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_tre_representationerna" title="De tre representationerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De tre representationerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%A7_Temsil" title="Üç Temsil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üç Temsil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Потрійне представництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Потрійне представництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Aen_Daibyauj" title="Sam Aen Daibyauj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sam Aen Daibyauj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_di%E1%BB%87n" title="Ba đại diện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ba đại diện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%80%8B%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E3%80%8D%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese political theory by Jiang Zemin</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Three Represents</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Futu-north-0059.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Futu-north-0059.jpg/220px-Futu-north-0059.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Futu-north-0059.jpg/330px-Futu-north-0059.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Futu-north-0059.jpg/440px-Futu-north-0059.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A slogan in Futu, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, which reads: "Practice the Thought of Three Represents, advance the reform on rural tax system", with the word "reform" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">改革</span></span>) blocked by a billboard.</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">「三个代表」重要思想</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">「三個代表」重要思想</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">"Sān gè dàibiǎo" zhòngyào sīxiǎng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> 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.sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#DE2910;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_2002_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#DE2910;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Jiang Zemin</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin#Early_life" title="Jiang Zemin">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Mianheng" title="Jiang Mianheng">Jiang Mianheng (son)</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Administration</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1992 reelection as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1997 reelection as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Policies and theories</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stresses_campaign" title="Three Stresses campaign">Three Stresses campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_973" title="Program 973">Program 973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Key events</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 China floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Diplomatic activities</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan">1998 Japan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">US Belgrade embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Germany,_Libya,_Nigeria,_Tunisia_and_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran">2002 Germany, Libya, <br />Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin's signature"><img alt="Jiang Zemin's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg/90px-Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg/135px-Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg/180px-Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/40px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/60px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/80px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/40px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/60px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/80px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jiang_Zemin_sidebar" title="Template:Jiang Zemin sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Jiang_Zemin_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Jiang Zemin sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jiang_Zemin_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jiang Zemin sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Three Represents</b>, officially the <b>Theory of Three Represents</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a sociopolitical theory that defines the role of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) in Chinese society. It was first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>—then the General Secretary of the CCP—on 25 February 2000, while he was on the inspection tour in <a href="/wiki/Gaozhou,_Guangdong" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaozhou, Guangdong">Gaozhou, Guangdong</a>. It was ratified by the party at the <a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th Party Congress</a> in 2002. The theory legitimized the entry of private business owners and bourgeois elements into the CCP. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_development">History and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Represents&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div> <p>Following the tenure of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, Jiang Zemin articulated a new theory to define the new relationship between the party and the people, which is named Three Represents.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang first delivered a speech about the Three Represents on 25 February 2000 during a symposium on party building in Guangzhou.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It brought wide attention and many interpretations of the meaning of the speech.<sup id="cite_ref-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Three Represents results from Jiang Zemin's efforts to grapple with the diverse class backgrounds of party members and their sometimes conflicting material interests.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on Mao's premise that the Communist Party should serve the people, it became important as China's private sector grew to bring "worthy people from all sectors who are loyal to the motherland and to socialism" into the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup> </p><p> In Jiang's speech on the Three Represents on the 80th anniversary of the founding of the CCP in 2001, he claimed that the expansion of "working class" would help the party remain advanced as the vanguard of the working class by expanding its popular support and increasing its social influence. Jiang made a statement on the concept of the working class that it includes intellectuals:</p><blockquote><p>"With intellectuals being part of the working class, the scientific, technical and educational level of the working class has been raised considerably... Consequently some workers have changed their jobs. But this has not changed the status of the Chinese working class. On the contrary, this will serve to improve the overall quality of the working class and give play to its advantages as a group in the long run. The Chinese working class has always been the basic force for promoting the advanced productive forces in China. Our Party must remain the vanguard of the working class and unswervingly and wholeheartedly rely on the working class."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The Three Represents were written into the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP constitution</a> during the <a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th Party National Congress</a> in November 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also written to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Chinese Constitution</a> on March 14, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-bhr_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhr-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Represents&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The theory requires the CCP to:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Represent the development trend of China's advanced <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a>.</li> <li>Represent the orientation of China's advanced culture.</li> <li>Represent the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese people</a>.</li></ol> <p>In this context, to "represent" means to incorporate.<sup id="cite_ref-:92_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 50">: 50 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_reception">Influence and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Represents&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jiang's theory was the subject of significant internal debate.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters viewed it as a further development of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a mechanism to incorporate <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> elements into the discipline of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 76">: 76 </span></sup> Certain segments within the CCP criticized the Three Represents as being un-<a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> and a betrayal of basic Marxist values.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism originated on all ideological sides of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang said that by representing Chinese people in three levels, the party used the interests and demands of the overwhelming majority of the people to replace the specific interests of people from different quarters, especially the class nature of the working class. As Xiao Gongqin argues, the innovation of the "Three Represents" theory was meant to complete the historical ideology transformation of CCP from a revolutionary party to a ruling party. The CCP can keep its legitimacy under the 'socialist market economy' or any system that is conducive to the development of advanced productive forces, without promoting any revolutionary movement or keeping the ideal of egalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang disagreed with the assertion that his theories were not Marxist, and concluded that attaining the communist <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> (as formulated by earlier communists) was more complex than had been realized; it was useless to try to force a change, as it had to develop naturally by following the <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">economic laws of history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The theory is most notable for allowing <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalists</a>, officially referred to as the "new <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social strata</a>", to join the party on the grounds that they engaged in "honest labour and work" and through their labour contributed "to build[ing] socialism with Chinese characteristics."<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jiang's decision to allow capitalists into the CCP was criticized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as "political misconduct" and "ideological confusions".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These critiques helped fuel the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">Chinese New Left</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Bijian" title="Zheng Bijian">Zheng Bijian</a>, the executive vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Party School of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Party School</a> who has been active in helping to create the Three Represents, argued that a party of the whole people would be a catch-all party that would include diverse and conflicting interests. To include all of the broad mass of contemporary Chinese intellectuals, science and technology workers, cultural workers, and economic managers, in the category of the so-called 'middle class' would weaken or even obliterate the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time Jiang announced the theory, most entrepreneurs who were members of the CCP had been party members before starting their businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change allowed for a new cohort of party members who could join after having had success in business.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greatest jump in the numbers of party members who are also entrepreneurs came in 2001, not long after the announcement of the Three Represents.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years (as of 2022), around 30-35% of Chinese entrepreneurs have been party members.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic Lin Chun writes that while "nothing was politically incorrect in this banal statement" of the Three Represents, "it simply signaled that the party no longer even pretended to be the vanguard of the working class."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academics <a href="/wiki/Steve_Tsang" title="Steve Tsang">Steve Tsang</a> and Olivia Cheung observe that the Three Represents helped co-opt economic elites and extend the party's reach into the growing private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-:Tsang&Cheung_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 79">: 79 </span></sup> Academic Pang Laikwan describes the Three Represents as legitimating privately-owned enterprises in the context of the socialist market economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:Laikwan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Laikwan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Represents&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.news.cn/20221130/4ec6705052f648ca8e4890025eb8c003/c.html">"Jiang Zemin passes away"</a>. <i>Xinhua</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=Jiang+Zemin+passes+away&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.news.cn%2F20221130%2F4ec6705052f648ca8e4890025eb8c003%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBo2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bo, Zhiyue (September 2004). "Hu Jintao and the CCP's ideology: A historical perspective". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chinese_Political_Science" title="Journal of Chinese Political Science">Journal of Chinese Political Science</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02877001">10.1007/BF02877001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6954">1080-6954</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148491989">148491989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao+and+the+CCP%27s+ideology%3A+A+historical+perspective&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148491989%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02877001&rft.aulast=Bo&rft.aufirst=Zhiyue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2020" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Yibing (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1165409653"><i>An ideological history of the Communist Party of China</i></a>. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. pp. <span class="nowrap">468–</span>469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0425-1"><bdi>978-1-4878-0425-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1165409653">1165409653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+ideological+history+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E468-%3C%2Fspan%3E469&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1165409653&rft.isbn=978-1-4878-0425-1&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yibing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1165409653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察_-_中国知网_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF萧2006" class="citation journal cs1">萧, 功秦 (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnki.net/kcms/doi/10.16240/j.cnki.1002-3976.2006.04.008.html">"改革开放以来意识形态创新的历史考察 - 中国知网"</a>. <i>天津社会科学</i> (4). 天津社会科学. 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"Chinese Factional Politics Under Jiang Zemin". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1598240800001132">10.1017/S1598240800001132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-2408">1598-2408</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23417742">23417742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155266344">155266344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Chinese+Factional+Politics+Under+Jiang+Zemin&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1598-2408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155266344%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23417742%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1598240800001132&rft.aulast=Dittmer&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2006" class="citation book cs1">Lin, Chun (2006). <i>The Transformation of Chinese Socialism</i>. Durham [N.C.]: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780822388364">10.1515/9780822388364</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3785-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3785-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-3785-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63178961">63178961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Chinese+Socialism&rft.place=Durham+%5BN.C.%5D&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63178961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780822388364&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3785-0&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Chun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:322_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lawrence_Kuhn" title="Robert Lawrence Kuhn">Kuhn, Robert Lawrence</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Changed_China" title="The Man Who Changed China"><i>The Man who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5474-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5474-9"><bdi>978-1-4000-5474-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+who+Changed+China%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Jiang+Zemin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5474-9&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2022" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Scott (2022). <i>China's Next Act: How Sustainability and Technology are Reshaping China's Rise and the World's Future</i>. New York, NY. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197603994.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197603994.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-760401-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-760401-4"><bdi>978-0-19-760401-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1316703008">1316703008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Next+Act%3A+How+Sustainability+and+Technology+are+Reshaping+China%27s+Rise+and+the+World%27s+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1316703008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197603994.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-760401-4&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFewsmith2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fewsmith, Joseph (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/uploads/documents/clm2_JF.pdf">"Rethinking the Role of the CCP: Explicating Jiang Zemin's Party Anniversary Speech"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>China Leadership Monitor</i>. 1 Part 2: 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Leadership+Monitor&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+Role+of+the+CCP%3A+Explicating+Jiang+Zemin%27s+Party+Anniversary+Speech&rft.volume=1+Part+2&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001-12&rft.aulast=Fewsmith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fdocuments%2Fclm2_JF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). <i>Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise</i>. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k">10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26883-6"><bdi>978-0-300-26883-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv3006z6k">j.ctv3006z6k</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348572572">1348572572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253067190">253067190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+and+Markets%3A+The+Communist+Roots+of+Chinese+Enterprise&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv3006z6k%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv3006z6k&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348572572&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253067190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26883-6&rft.aulast=Marquis&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Qiao%2C+Kunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Tsang&Cheung-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Tsang&Cheung_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsangCheung2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chang" title="Steve Chang">Tsang, Steve</a>; Cheung, Olivia (2024). <i>The Political Thought of Xi Jinping</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197689363" title="Special:BookSources/9780197689363"><bdi>9780197689363</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Xi+Jinping&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780197689363&rft.aulast=Tsang&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Cheung%2C+Olivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Laikwan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Laikwan_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaikwan2024" class="citation book cs1">Laikwan, Pang (2024). <i>One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty</i>. Stanford, CA: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503638822">10.1515/9781503638822</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503638815" title="Special:BookSources/9781503638815"><bdi>9781503638815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+and+All%3A+The+Logic+of+Chinese+Sovereignty&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503638822&rft.isbn=9781503638815&rft.aulast=Laikwan&rft.aufirst=Pang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Three_Represents&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Three Represents</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Three+Represents">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Three+Represents&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/JiangZeminThreeRepresents" class="extiw" title="iarchive:JiangZeminThreeRepresents">On the “Three Represents”</a></i>, a collection of speeches by Jiang Zemin</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisXue_Litai2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, John W.; Xue Litai (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050502041234/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20615/Lewis-Xue-poli_reform.pdf">"Social Change and Political Reform in China: Meeting the Challenge of Success"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The China Quarterly</i>. <b>176</b> (176): <span class="nowrap">926–</span>942. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741003000559">10.1017/S0305741003000559</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154325971">154325971</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20615/Lewis-Xue-poli_reform.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Social+Change+and+Political+Reform+in+China%3A+Meeting+the+Challenge+of+Success&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=176&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E926-%3C%2Fspan%3E942&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305741003000559&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154325971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Xue+Litai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiis-db.stanford.edu%2Fpubs%2F20615%2FLewis-Xue-poli_reform.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThree+Represents" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/e-speech/a.htm">Jiang Zemin's Speech at the Meeting Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Founding of the Communist Party of China</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/China_Internet_Information_Center" title="China Internet Information Center">China Internet Information Center</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jiang_Zemin445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jiang_Zemin" title="Template:Jiang Zemin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jiang_Zemin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jiang Zemin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jiang_Zemin445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Leadership core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Three Represents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stresses_campaign" title="Three Stresses campaign">Three Stresses campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_973" title="Program 973">Program 973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/120px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/180px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/240px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1992 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1997 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 China floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">1999 China 50th National Day grand parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Russia,_Ukraine_and_France" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Russia, Ukraine and France">1994 Russia, Ukraine and France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan">1998 Japan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Germany,_Libya,_Nigeria,_Tunisia_and_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran">2020 Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Mianheng" title="Jiang Mianheng">Jiang Mianheng</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of awards and honours received by Jiang Zemin">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Changed_China" title="The Man Who Changed China">The Man Who Changed China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toad_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Toad worship">Toad worship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Herald" title="World Economic Herald">World Economic Herald</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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