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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_al-Askari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_al-Askari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Death of al-Askari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_al-Askari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occultation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occultation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Occultation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occultation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_of_al-Mahdi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_of_al-Mahdi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career of al-Mahdi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_of_al-Mahdi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_of_his_reappearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_of_his_reappearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Signs of his reappearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_of_his_reappearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Allah">Houthi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Umm al-Banin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Husayn" title="Ruqayya bint Husayn">Ruqayya bint Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima bint Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a> eschatological belief in the return of their Hidden <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imam</a> in the end of time to establish peace and justice on earth. For Twelvers, this would end a period of <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation</a> that began shortly after the death of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a> in 260 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (873–874 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), the eleventh Imam. While the miraculously prolonged life of the eschatological Mahdi is specific to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>, the signs of his (re)appearance and his career are largely common in Shia and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>, and the belief in a messianic Mahdi remains popular among all <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, possibly owing to numerous traditions to this effect in canonical Sunni and Shia sources. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until their deaths, the tenth and eleventh of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> were held under close surveillance in the garrison town of <a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543,_44_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543,_44-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198125,_26_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198125,_26-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are often responsible in Shia sources for poisoning the two Imams, namely, <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a> and Hasan al-Askari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198128_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198128-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary to the tenth Imam, the Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a> heavily persecuted the Shia,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970126_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970126-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198544_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198544-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly due to a renewed <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi201665_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi201665-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restrictive policies of al-Mutawakkil towards the tenth Imam were later adopted by his son, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a>, who is reported to have kept the eleventh Imam under house arrest without any visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198129_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198129-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, al-Askari is known to have mainly communicated with his followers through a network of representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198544_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198544-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulmes2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among them was <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Sa%27id_al-Asadi" title="Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi">Uthman ibn Sa'id</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliash2022_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliash2022-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is said to have disguised himself as a seller of cooking fat to avoid the Abbasid officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198130_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198130-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabai" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai">Tabatabai</a> suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because the caliphate had come to know about traditions among the Shia elite, predicting that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184,_185_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184,_185-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_al-Askari">Death of al-Askari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Death of al-Askari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Askari died in 260 (873-874) without an obvious heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198140_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198140-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1987_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1987-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the death of the eleventh Imam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199377_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199377-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his main representative, Uthman ibn Sa'id,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed that the Imam had an infant son, named Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198141_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198141-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199377_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199377-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This infant was kept hidden from the public out of fear of Abbasid persecution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201363_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201363-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who sought to eliminate an expected child of al-Askari, whom persistent rumors described as a savior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uthman also claimed that he had been appointed to represent the son of al-Askari,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is more commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the rightly guided</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being the closest associate of al-Askari,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199392_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199392-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uthman's assertions were largely accepted by other representatives of al-Askari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198141_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198141-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199379,_80_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199379,_80-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those followers who accepted the imamate of this Muhammad later formed the Twelvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198560_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198560-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other sects created over the succession of al-Askari disappeared within a hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198560_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198560-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1987_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1987-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occultation">Occultation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occultation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thus began a period of about seventy years, later termed the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Occultation" title="Minor Occultation">Minor Occultation</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ghaybat as-sughra</i></span>, 260-329 AH, 874–941 CE), during which it is believed that four successive agents represented Muhammad al-Mahdi, the Hidden Imam, starting with Uthman ibn Sa'id as the first agent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth agent, <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_Ali_ibn_Muhammad_al-Samarri" title="Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri">Abu al-Hasan al-Samarri</a>, is said to have received a <a href="/wiki/The_signed_letter_of_Hujjat-Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="The signed letter of Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi">letter from Muhammad al-Mahdi</a> shortly before his death in 941 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162–164_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162–164-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter predicted the death of al-Samarri in six days and announced the beginning of the complete occultation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985164_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985164-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198196_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198196-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later called the <a href="/wiki/Major_Occultation" title="Major Occultation">Major Occultation</a>, which continues to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198184_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198184-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter, ascribed to al-Mahdi, added that the complete occultation would continue until God permitted him to manifest himself again in a time when the earth would be filled with tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985164_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985164-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Twelver belief, the life of al-Mahdi has been miraculously prolonged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobhani2001118_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2001118-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mahdi is also viewed responsible for the affairs of men and, in particular, their inward spiritual guidance during the occultation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985165_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985165-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975194–5_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975194–5-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_of_al-Mahdi">Career of al-Mahdi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Career of al-Mahdi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgment</a>, when commanded by God, al-Mahdi will return to lead the forces of righteousness against the forces of evil in an apocalyptic war that would ultimately establish peace and justice on earth, according to the Twelvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his mission, al-Mahdi will be assisted by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus</a>, who will kill <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">al-Dajjal</a> (antichrist) in some Islamic accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981171_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981171-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Mahdi would also be accompanied by 313 loyal followers, their number identical to the number of Muslim warriors in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981162_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981162-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is expected to reemerge as a young man in possession of the relics of the past prophets, such as the staff and arc of <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time of his reappearance is unknown, however, and Shia hadiths expressly forbid haste (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">este'jal</i></span>) and setting time (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tawqit</i></span>) for his return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981150_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981150-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Twelver thought, al-Mahdi is also expected to avenge the injustices suffered by <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a>, grandson of the prophet, whose innocent blood is believed to have plunged the Muslim community into a cycle of violence, corruption, and oppression. This vengeance is necessary, it is said, to rid the Muslim community of the most odious crime ever committed in their name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also involves the return to life of the evildoers and their victims, which is known as the doctrine of return (<a href="/wiki/Raj%CA%BDa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajʽa"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-raj'a</i></span></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mahdi is also viewed by the Twelvers as the restorer of true Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the restorer of other monotheistic religions after their distortion and abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their true form, it is believed, all monotheistic religions are essentially identical to Islam as "submission to God."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in this sense, according to <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir_Moezzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi</a>, that one should understand the claims that al-Mahdi will impose Islam on everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Twelver belief, al-Mahdi will also reveal the unaltered scriptures of the past prophets,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163–4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163–4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bring wisdom to mankind by revealing the esoteric secrets of these texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mahdi is expected to announce his return next to <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985169_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985169-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Meccans will kill two successive deputies of al-Mahdi, according to a hadith ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, the sixth Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981164–5_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981164–5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, however, the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, Iraq, the east, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> would fall to the army of al-Mahdi before the complete extermination of the forces of evil, after which the rule of justice would be established on earth and the humanity would be revived. There is no consensus on the duration of his rule,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981176_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981176-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the power remains in the hands of his initiates until the Day of Judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Mufid</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1022</span>), however, holds that there would be no government after that of al-Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981177_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981177-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung</a> notes that Sunni and Shia traditions have much in common about the career of the eschatological <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the belief in Mahdi remains popular among all Muslims, possibly owing to numerous traditions to this effect in canonical Sunni and Shia sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_of_his_reappearance">Signs of his reappearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Signs of his reappearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous Shia hadiths predict that the reappearance of al-Mahdi would be heralded by some signs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen</a> lists several such signs which are said to be common to both Sunni and Shia beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the signs for the advent of al-Mahdi, some are inevitable, and others are conditional, i.e., might change by divine decision. Alternatively, some of these signs are general, and some are specific. The foremost general sign of the second coming of al-Mahdi is the prevalence of evil on earth in the form of tyranny, injustice, and religious and moral degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, at the time, Islam would be devoid of its soul and practiced only outwardly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a fraction of the Shia, those who truly practice their Imams' teachings, will remain on the righteous path in the end of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the special signs are the rise of <a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a>, who would later command the enemies of al-Mahdi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rise of Yamani, who would later support al-Mahdi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the divine cry (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sayha</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">neda</i></span>) which calls upon men to join al-Mahdi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981162–3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981162–3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often followed shortly by another supernatural cry from the earth that invites men to join the enemies of al-Mahdi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would appeal to disbelievers and hypocrites,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the swallowing up (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kasf</i></span>) of an army dispatched by Sufyani in a desert, and the assassination by <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Meccans</a> of the messenger of al-Mahdi, referred to as the pure soul (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">an-nafs az-zakiya</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the conditions for the return of al-Mahdi are said to have been fulfilled by modern technology. For instance, al-Zanjani suggests that a hadith attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a>, the sixth Imam, refers to television. The hadith predicts that, in the time of al-Mahdi, a believer in the east can see another believer in the west and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_claiming_to_be_the_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="People claiming to be the Mahdi">List of Mahdi claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_signs_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi%27s_reappearance_in_Islamic_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="The signs of Muhammad al-Mahdi's reappearance in Islamic traditions">Signs of the appearance of Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs-e-Zakiyyah_(Pure_soul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafs-e-Zakiyyah (Pure soul)">Al-Nafs al-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_signed_letter_of_Hujjat-Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="The signed letter of Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi">Final letter of Muhammad al-Mahdi to al-Samarri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198543,_44-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198543,_44_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 43, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198125,_26-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198125,_26_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, pp. 25, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198128-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198128_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970126-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoltLambtonLewis1970126_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1970">Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1970</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198544-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198544_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198544_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi201665-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi201665_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2016">Amir-Moezzi 2016</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198129-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198129_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHulmes2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHulmes2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHulmes2013">Hulmes 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliash2022-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliash2022_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEliash2022">Eliash 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198130-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198130_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184,_185-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975184,_185_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, pp. 184, 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198140-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198140_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalm1987-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1987_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalm1987_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1987">Halm 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199377-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199377_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199377_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModarressi1993">Modarressi 1993</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162,_163_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 162, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198141-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198141_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198141_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201363-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201363_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2007_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2007">Amir-Moezzi 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleave2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleave2004_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGleave2004">Gleave 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199392-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199392_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModarressi1993">Modarressi 1993</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModarressi199379,_80-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModarressi199379,_80_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFModarressi1993">Modarressi 1993</a>, pp. 79, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198560-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198560_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198560_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162–164-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985162–164_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 162–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary201366_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985164-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985164_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985164_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198196-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198196_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina198184-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina198184_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobhani2001118-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobhani2001118_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985165-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985165_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975194–5-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabatabai1975194–5_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabai1975">Tabatabai 1975</a>, pp. 194–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985166_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981171-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981171_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi1998_34-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1998">Amir-Moezzi 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981162-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981162_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981150-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981150_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung2022">Madelung 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163–4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163–4_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, pp. 163–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985169-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985169_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981161_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981164–5-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981164–5_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, pp. 164–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981176-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981176_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981177-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981177_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985168_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981162–3-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981162–3_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, pp. 162–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESachedina1981163_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSachedina1981">Sachedina 1981</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEliash2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Eliash, J. (2022). "Ḥasan Al-ʿAskarī". In Bearman, P. (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%A4asan+Al-%CA%BFAskar%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Eliash&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlemm2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Klemm, Verena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-ix-the-deputies-of-mahdi"><i>ISLAM IN IRAN ix. THE DEPUTIES OF MAHDI</i></a>. 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Suny press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873954426" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873954426"><bdi>978-0873954426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Messianism%3A+The+Idea+of+Mahd%C4%AB+in+Twelver+Sh%C4%AB%CA%BBism&rft.pub=Suny+press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0873954426&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+Abdulhussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2013" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013/mode/2up"><i>A History of Shi'i Islam</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755608669" title="Special:BookSources/9780755608669"><bdi>9780755608669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780755608669&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain1986" class="citation book cs1">Hussain, Jassim M. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300034998" title="Special:BookSources/9780300034998"><bdi>9780300034998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780300034998&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabai1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Be5DeNM8d1EC&pg=PA258"><i>Shi'ite Islam</i></a>. 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AMS Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27ite+Religion%3A+A+History+of+Islam+in+Persia+and+Ira%E1%B8%B3&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Dwight+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZpV7QwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModarressi1993" class="citation book cs1">Modarressi, Hossein (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebookshia.com/upload/bookFiles/2752/Crisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi'ite_Islam_Abu_Ja'far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi'ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf"><i>Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878500956" title="Special:BookSources/9780878500956"><bdi>9780878500956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+and+Consolidation+in+the+Formative+Period+of+Shi%27ite+Islam%3A+Ab%C5%AB+Ja%27far+Ibn+Qiba+Al-R%C4%81z%C4%AB+and+His+Contribution+to+Im%C4%81mite+Sh%C4%AB%27ite+Thought&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780878500956&rft.aulast=Modarressi&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febookshia.com%2Fupload%2FbookFiles%2F2752%2FCrisis_and_Consolidation_in_the_Formative_Period_of_Shi%27ite_Islam_Abu_Ja%27far_ibn_Qiba_al-Razi_and_His_Contribution_to_Imamite_Shi%27ite_Thought_-_Hossein_Modarres.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1970" class="citation book cs1">Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard, eds. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0001unse_v9h2/mode/2up"><i>The Cambridge history of Islam</i></a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory0001unse_v9h2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/islam-in-iran-vii-the-concept-of-mahdi-in-twelver-shiism">"ISLAM IN IRAN vii. 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Macmillan Reference. pp. 273, 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865604-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865604-0"><bdi>0-02-865604-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GHAYBA%28T%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=273%2C+274&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865604-0&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0001unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Madelung, W. (2022). "Al-Mahdī". In Bearman, P. (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al-Mahd%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobhani2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Sobhani, Ja'far</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijtihadnet.com/wp-content/uploads/Doctrines-of_Shii-Islam.pdf"><i>Doctrines of Shi'i Islam</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/01860647804" title="Special:BookSources/01860647804"><bdi>01860647804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctrines+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=01860647804&rft.aulast=Sobhani&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijtihadnet.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FDoctrines-of_Shii-Islam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReappearance+of+Muhammad+al-Mahdi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_ISBN_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors">link</a>)</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&oldid=1233765005">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reappearance_of_Muhammad_al-Mahdi&oldid=1233765005</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_eschatology" title="Category:Shia eschatology">Shia eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hujjat_Allah_al-Mahdi" title="Category:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi">Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mahdism" title="Category:Mahdism">Mahdism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_ISBN_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors">CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 July 2024, at 19:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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