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<span>Academic debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of universal basic income in the United Kingdom</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Universal basic income</b> is a subject of much interest <b>in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></b>. There is a long history of discussion, yet it has not been implemented to date. Interest in and support for universal basic income has increased substantially amongst the public and politicians in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-YG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political parties in the UK that have a <a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">universal basic income</a> (UBI) as part of their policy platforms include: the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> (SNP), the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party" title="Scottish Socialist Party">Scottish Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SSP_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support for universal basic income was widespread amongst opposition politicians in 2020, including those in: <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (though rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a> leadership),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the SNP, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-March_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of whom were among the 170 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">Lords</a> who signed a proposal calling on the government to introduce a universal basic income during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">coronavirus pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-March_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A public poll by <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> in 2020 found that in the view of coronavirus pandemic 51% of the public in the United Kingdom supported a universal basic income, with 24% unsupportive.<sup id="cite_ref-YG_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public petition on the UK government website that ran for six months from 16 March 2020 to 16 September 2020 calling for universal basic income during the course of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom</a> raised over 114,000 signatures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_(from_Thomas_Paine_to_the_year_2000)"><span id="History_.28from_Thomas_Paine_to_the_year_2000.29"></span>History (from Thomas Paine to the year 2000)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History (from Thomas Paine to the year 2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Paine:_Agrarian_Justice">Thomas Paine: Agrarian Justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Thomas Paine: Agrarian Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, an English-American philosopher and revolutionary, proposed a system whereby all citizens, when reaching adulthood, should be given an equal amount of money from the state. The idea was developed in <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Justice" title="Agrarian Justice">Agrarian Justice</a>, published 1797. The basic philosophical idea behind the proposal, explained in the book, was the contention that in the state of nature, "the earth, in its natural uncultivated state... was the common property of the human race". His contemporary and fellow pamphleteer, Thomas Spence, responded with a proposal that more closely fits the contemporary definition of basic income.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speenhamland">Speenhamland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speenhamland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a> was a form of poverty relief in England at the end of the 18th century and during the early 19th century. It started in the village of <a href="/wiki/Speenhamland,_Berkshire" title="Speenhamland, Berkshire">Speenhamland</a>, but soon spread to most parts of the country. <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> tried to have the system implemented nationally but failed. Although it has one similarity to basic income, in that theoretically everyone was eligible, it was means-tested and it included work conditions and supervision that made it very different from basic income.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920s_and_1930s">1920s and 1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1920s and 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C_H_Douglas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/C_H_Douglas.jpg/147px-C_H_Douglas.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/C_H_Douglas.jpg/221px-C_H_Douglas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/C_H_Douglas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>C.H. Douglas, an early British proponent of basic income and monetary reform</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though basic income and related ideas had been proposed a few times before the 1920s (most notably <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> in 1918<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), it was not until then that a social movement seems to have started around the idea. Valter Van Trier has described this movement, which started in United Kingdom, in his book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Every_One_a_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Every One a King (page does not exist)">Every One a King</a></i>. </p><p>The idea of basic income was revived prominently by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_Milner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis Milner (page does not exist)">Dennis Milner</a> and his wife Mabel Milner in their pamphlet <i>Scheme for a State Bonus: A rational method of solving the social problem</i> published in 1918. Following this publication, the so-called "State Bonus League" was formed in July of the same year. The League pushed the idea inside the Labour Party, which dedicated several hearings at the National Congress in 1920 and 1922, but the idea was eventually rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time Major <a href="/wiki/C.H._Douglas" class="mw-redirect" title="C.H. Douglas">C.H. Douglas</a>, a British engineer and social philosopher, developed a new economic philosophy which he labelled <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit">Social Credit</a>. At the heart of the philosophy was a firm belief in the importance of individual freedom, but also that the monetary system had to be changed so that the market system could function properly. In short he combined <a href="/wiki/Monetary_reform" title="Monetary reform">monetary reform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income">basic income</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s">1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Beveridge report">Beveridge report</a>, published in 1942, stated that social insurances should be the main system in society for economic security. Besides that the report also proposed a selective system for those without access to social insurances. Beveridge himself did not like means-testing and selectivism, because it created high marginal tax rates for the poor, but he nevertheless thought that it was a necessary complement. After the war the "Beveridge-model" became the guiding principle for the welfare state, both in Britain and internationally. Lady Juliet Rhys Williams proposed the "New Social Contract" as an alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a>. In short she proposed basic income in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">negative income tax</a>, except that she also recommended a work test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s_–_2000"><span id="1950s_.E2.80.93_2000"></span>1950s – 2000</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1950s – 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972 the Cabinet of Edward Heath put forward a proposal for a tax-credit scheme which resembled a citizen's income in some ways but did not cover the whole of the population. In 1979 child benefit which is a citizen's income for children in all but name was introduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century_debate_and_development">21st century debate and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 21st century debate and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Caroline_Lucas_MP_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Official_portrait_of_Caroline_Lucas_MP_crop_2.jpg/187px-Official_portrait_of_Caroline_Lucas_MP_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Official_portrait_of_Caroline_Lucas_MP_crop_2.jpg/281px-Official_portrait_of_Caroline_Lucas_MP_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Official_portrait_of_Caroline_Lucas_MP_crop_2.jpg/375px-Official_portrait_of_Caroline_Lucas_MP_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Caroline Lucas, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_hawking_2008_nasa_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stephen_hawking_2008_nasa_cropped.jpg/200px-Stephen_hawking_2008_nasa_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stephen_hawking_2008_nasa_cropped.jpg/300px-Stephen_hawking_2008_nasa_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stephen_hawking_2008_nasa_cropped.jpg/400px-Stephen_hawking_2008_nasa_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2030" /></a><figcaption>English theoretical physicist, cosmologist and author <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> was a supporter of a universal basic income.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henley_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henley-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A system of universal basic income is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Indie_SNP_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indie_SNP-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Greens" title="Scottish Greens">Scottish Greens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Socialist_Party" title="Scottish Socialist Party">Scottish Socialist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SSP_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSP-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a period the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> also accepted it as official policy, but modified their support before members voted to adopt it as party policy in September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2023, a majority of members of the Liberal Democrats at the party's Spring Conference voted in favour of adopting a "Guaranteed Basic Income" (GBI) instead of a universal basic income as the Liberal Democrats official policy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2016, the sole MP of the Green Party of England and Wales, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Caroline Lucas</a>, tabled a motion in the British Parliament, calling on the Government to commission research into the effects of a universal basic income and examine its feasibility to replace the UK's existing social security system.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Shadow Chancellor <a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McDonnell (politician)">John McDonnell</a> is said to be a supporter of universal basic income<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 16 February 2016 said that universal basic income is "an idea we want to look at".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in <i>The <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></i> on 17 February, Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reynolds" title="Jonathan Reynolds">Jonathan Reynolds</a> argues in its favour, (1) as a policy for coping with "inevitable but fundamental economic change," (2) as an alternative to "the bewildering complexity of our welfare system" when "people move frequently into and out of work", and (3) as a "platform from which [people] might fulfil their potential".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labour Party MP, <a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Clive Lewis</a>, has also stated his support for universal basic income.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2020, a combined total of over 170 opposition politicians from <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="List of members of the House of Lords">Lords</a>, called for the UK government to implement a universal basic income during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom">coronavirus pandemic in the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Johnson_ministry" title="Second Johnson ministry">Conservative government</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a>, both rejected the calls.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 September 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> adopted at their party conference a policy of supporting UBI.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-May 2021, after the <a href="/wiki/2021_Senedd_election" title="2021 Senedd election">2021 Senedd election</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a> won half the seats in the <a href="/wiki/Senedd_Cymru_%E2%80%93_Welsh_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament">Welsh Parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Mark Drakeford</a>, leader of Welsh Labour and <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister of Wales</a>, announced that a universal basic income scheme would be trialled in Wales. Plaid Cymru supported a Welsh pilot for a universal basic income in their manifesto going into the election and the Welsh Liberal Democrats also made an election commitment to support a trial, while the Welsh Conservatives rejected the idea. Recipients of the income would be given independent financial advice and support throughout the pilot who are "regularly reminded of their end point on the pilot so that appropriate plans can be made for their transition out of the pilot."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2023, the pilot is ongoing with the final results expected to be thoroughly evaluated at the end of the trial.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a poll of 2,184 adults in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in November 2021 by <a href="/wiki/Savanta_ComRes" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanta ComRes">Savanta ComRes</a>, 44% of respondents stated their support for a universal basic income, compared to 23% who stated that they oppose it.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_reports">Recent reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recent reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015 the London-based RSA (Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce) launched its own proposal for Basic Income entitled <i>Creative Citizens, Creative State.</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It advocated replacing a swathe of UK means-tested benefits with a single universal payment as a response to the changing landscape of work and an ageing population. </p><p>In March 2019, the <a href="/wiki/New_Economics_Foundation" title="New Economics Foundation">New Economics Foundation</a> (NEF) produced the report <i>Nothing Personal: Replacing the personal tax allowance with a Weekly National Allowance.</i> The report maintained that if the Government abolished the personal allowance of income tax and replaced it with a weekly cash payment of £48 a week it could lift 200,000 families out of poverty. The proposed policy swap would shift £8bn currently spent on tax allowances for the 35% highest income families to the remaining 65% of families.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the report was critical of the notion of a universal basic income, ie, a guaranteed income for all citizens. </p><p>Approximately a week after the report by the NEF, the think tank Compass published a report written by economists Stewart Lansley and Howard Reed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entitled <i>Basic Income for All: From Desirability to Feasibility</i> it suggested the government could make tax-free payments of £60 to every adult, £175 for those over 65 and £40 for each child under 18, regardless of other income. This would be designed to cut rising levels of poverty and inequality across the United Kingdom. Their report suggested the cost of reworking the tax and benefits system would be £28bn, less than the aggregate cuts to benefits since 2010 and the changes would return social security spending back to the level of a decade ago to help cover the costs of the UBI.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lansley and Reed followed up this report with a second in 2019, that took a closer look at the financial possibilities of universal basic income in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Basic Income for All: From Desirability to Feasibility</i>, Lansley and Reed claim that "a meaningful basic income of, for example, over £10,000 per year could be paid to a family of four. Sums at this level, paid without condition, would significantly improve the living standards and life chances of millions of people and ... are affordable." </p><p> In May 2019, a report by Professor Guy Standing, commissioned by the Progressive Economic Forum and forwarded to John McDonnell (the acting Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer) suggested different models for piloting basic income.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standing's report (<i>Basic Income as Common Dividends: Piloting a Transformative Policy. A Report for the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer)</i> cites a "perfect storm" of factors that lead to the need for a basic income: Broad ethical justifications for basic income, which Standing cites as "social justice, security, freedom and solidarity" are now working in combination with urgent socio-economic demands. "A growing proportion of people," the report states, "are in the <i>precariat</i>, living bits-and-pieces lives, relying on low wages and incomes that are increasingly volatile and unpredictable and on inadequate and uncertain benefits in times of loss of earnings power."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Echoing William Beveridge's 1942 report suggesting the need for a Welfare State in the UK, Standing states there are eight modern giants, stretching form inequality, debt through to neo-fascism, that basic income could help tackle. The report is also highly critical of current UK welfare schemes, mainly <a href="/wiki/Universal_Credit" title="Universal Credit">Universal Credit</a>, which he states are unfair for large families, have high administrative costs and limit personal freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guy_Standing_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Guy_Standing_%28cropped%29.jpeg/220px-Guy_Standing_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Guy_Standing_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Guy_Standing_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Guy_Standing_%28cropped%29.jpeg/440px-Guy_Standing_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Guy Standing, author of <i>Basic Income: And How We Can Make It Happen</i> and <i>Basic Income as Common Dividends: Piloting a Transformative Policy</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The report deals with the most common objections to a basic income. To the objection that basic income is not affordable, Professor Standing said there are 1,156 tax reliefs in the UK at the moment and if they were scrapped that would pay for a basic income. "If we phased out those tax reliefs the total revenue foregone by the Treasury from tax reliefs is £420bn per year and that's their own estimates, not mine," he added.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also suggests "a more general Commons Permanent Fund, in which a national investment fund would be built mainly from levies on commercial intrusions into the commons, boosted by contributions from a land-value tax, eco taxes, digital information levies and several others."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2022, data was published from polling by <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> that suggested that a plurality of British people support a universal basic income.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, <a href="/wiki/The_Trussell_Trust" title="The Trussell Trust">The Trussell Trust</a> calculated that a single adult in the UK in 2023 needs at least £29,500 a year to have an acceptable standard of living, up from £25,000 in 2022. Two partners with two children would need £50,000, compared to £44,500 in 2022. 29% of the UK population – which works out to 19.2 million people – belong to households that bring in below the minimum standard.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_pilots">Proposed pilots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Proposed pilots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until July 2022 there were no regional universal basic income pilots running in the UK. In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a> agreed to provide <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>250,000 to undertake initial research on the feasibility of a <a href="/wiki/Basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income">basic income</a> pilot, making use of experience and expertise from four areas of the country: <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and the regions of <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Ayrshire" title="North Ayrshire">North Ayrshire</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project determined that such a pilot was feasible.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making use of the term Citizen's Basic Income (CBI), the writers of the report recommended that pilot should be "a <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomised controlled study</a>, with two study areas where the whole community receives a CBI".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study area should receive a high payment, the other receiving a lower payment. The goal of the pilot would be to "understand the impact of CBI on poverty, <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">child poverty</a> and unemployment, as well as health and financial wellbeing, and experience of the social security system."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report was clear in its preference for a pilot that met all the characteristics of a universal basic income - ie, that the communities should receive the income as money (rather than as a voucher), as a regular payment, given to all individuals within the defined community, and that it should be unconditional. </p><p>However, the report also noted that there were "substantive and complex legislative and delivery barriers to piloting a CBI", given that Scottish Parliamentary powers were limited in their ability to make the needed changes to the social security system (which were determined at the UK Parliament in Westminster).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current constitutional and legal set up "would place significant restrictions on the pilot model design and potentially compromise learnings."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish Government of 2022 therefore decided to focus on a Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce</a> has also produced a report examining some of the benefits and challenges of a basic income system in the region of Fife.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in 2019, the council of Sheffield agreed to work on ensuring that "UBI can be implemented successfully in Sheffield”.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The council of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> has also shown enthusiasm for experimenting with a basic income.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, Wales' Future Generations Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Howe" title="Sophie Howe">Sophie Howe</a> recommended that a universal basic income and a shorter working week should be piloted by the next <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 report produced by the think tank Autonomy proposed a trial of basic income of £1,600 a month in Jarrow, in north-east England, and East Finchley, in north London.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed trial would involve 30 people and would last two years.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pilots">Pilots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pilots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Welsh government established a basic income project in 2022, focussed on those leaving care, a group that was identified as one that could benefit from extra financial help. "From 1 July 2022, more than 500 people leaving care in Wales will be offered £1600 each month (before tax) for two years to support them as they make the transition to adult life." The £20 million pilot is running for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figure after tax is £1,280 a month for those aged 18-years-old and over leaving care in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critics">Critics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also several critics on both the right and left of British politics. The former Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Nick_Boles" title="Nick Boles">Nick Boles</a> said in 2017 that talk of a universal basic income as a response to the rise of robots is "dangerous nonsense". The main argument against basic income for the Conservatives, he said, should be that it is morally wrong. In his online book "Square Deal" he writes: "Mankind is hard-wired to work. We gain satisfaction from it. It gives us a sense of identity, purpose and belonging ... we should not be trying to create a world in which most people do not feel the need to work."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ian Goldin, Professor of Globalisation and Development at the University of Oxford, has written against UBI claiming it "will lead to higher inequality and poverty" and "undermine social cohesion."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various pressure groups and think tanks share such suspicions. A report by DPAC (Disabled People Against Cuts) consider that "the need to finance universal basic income payments could lead to even more pressure to save money by restricting eligibility [for welfare payments for the disabled] than under the current system.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Economics Foundation concluded that "UBI is an individualistic, monetary intervention that undermines social solidarity and fails to tackle the underlying causes of poverty, unemployment and inequality", it instead favours a guaranteed minimum income and a "National Energy Guarantee" (NEG).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_debate">Academic debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Academic debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carole_Pateman_in_Brazil_2015_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Carole_Pateman_in_Brazil_2015_02.jpg/249px-Carole_Pateman_in_Brazil_2015_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Carole_Pateman_in_Brazil_2015_02.jpg/374px-Carole_Pateman_in_Brazil_2015_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Carole_Pateman_in_Brazil_2015_02.jpg/498px-Carole_Pateman_in_Brazil_2015_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2833" /></a><figcaption>Carole Pateman, 2015</figcaption></figure><p>Several British academics have been involved in the basic income debate. Among them the following: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author was a supporter of a universal basic income.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henley_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henley-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a>, a left-leaning economist and winner of the 1977 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, took part in the basic income discussion from time to time. In his last books <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_Employment_Regained&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Full Employment Regained (page does not exist)">Full Employment Regained</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agathopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agathopia (page does not exist)">Agathopia</a></i> he returned to the question.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Standing_(economist)" title="Guy Standing (economist)">Guy Standing</a> has been very active in the debate since the 1980s. He is now especially well known for his theory about the so-called <a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">precariat</a>, a new social class which he thinks is growing because of globalisation, and that this development is yet another strong argument for why basic income should be implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a>, a British political scientist, has declared that she sees basic income as a fundamental human right. For the system to reach its full potential, however, it is important that the level is not set too low.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The documentary <i>The Cost of Living: Does Britain Need a Basic Income? –</i> a companion piece to the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Work_and_Death" title="The Future of Work and Death">The Future of Work and Death</a></i> – was released on <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime" title="Amazon Prime">Amazon Prime</a> on 8 October 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary explores the feasibility of a basic income in Britain and ultimately asks <i>if the cost of living can be subsidised, should it be subsidised?</i><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features welfare advisors, philosophers, economists and many basic income advocates including <a href="/wiki/Guy_Standing_(economist)" title="Guy Standing (economist)">Guy Standing</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._C._Grayling" title="A. C. Grayling">A. C. Grayling</a>. The film received an online premiere screening during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns" title="COVID-19 lockdowns">COVID-19 lockdowns</a> hosted by <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">The Green Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organisation Basic Income UK is "a collective of independent people promoting unconditional basic income as a progressive social policy for the United Kingdom, and beyond".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The Citizen's Basic Income Trust promotes debate on the desirability and feasibility of a Citizen's Income by publishing a newsletter and other publications, maintaining a library of resources, and responding to requests for information".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2021, it launched an educational podcast exploring various ways on how UBI could tackle social issues. The trust was founded in 1984 as the Basic Income Research Group and later changed its name to CIT. The current director is Malcolm Torry, who is also the general manager of <a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Earth_Network" title="Basic Income Earth Network">Basic Income Earth Network</a> (BIEN). </p><p>Founded in Sheffield in 2016, the UBI Lab Network is made up of "a growing number of grassroots groups set up to examine the idea’s potential impact within a certain area and explore the launching of pilot schemes."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chaired by Willie Sullivan, the Citizen's Basic Income Network Scotland "is a new organisation set up to raise awareness of the benefits that a Basic Income would bring to Scotland".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Tony Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailsa_McKay" title="Ailsa McKay">Ailsa McKay</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-YG-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YG_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YG_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStone2020" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Jon (27 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/coronavirus-poll-universal-basic-income-rent-control-job-safety-a9486806.html?amp">"Public support universal basic income"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mincome" title="Mincome">Mincome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_income_tax" title="Negative income tax">Negative income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_freedom" title="Real freedom">Real freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_pilots" title="Universal basic income pilots">Universal basic income pilots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_inheritance" title="Universal inheritance">Universal inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Alliance" title="Basic Income Alliance">Basic Income Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Earth_Network" title="Basic Income Earth Network">Basic Income Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Income_Party" title="Basic Income Party">Basic Income Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Party" title="Breakthrough Party">Breakthrough Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Enhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_Party_(Australia)" title="Fusion Party (Australia)">Fusion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration.s" title="Génération.s">Génération.s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Alliance_(Finland)" title="Left Alliance (Finland)">Left Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIVRE" title="LIVRE">LIVRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Grundeinkommen" title="Mein Grundeinkommen">Mein Grundeinkommen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERA25" title="MERA25">MERA25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Humanists" title="Party of Humanists">Party of Humanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Podemos (Spanish political party)">Podemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Party_for_Basic_Income" title="Political Party for Basic Income">Political Party for Basic Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCivitas" title="ReCivitas">ReCivitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Australia_Party" title="Sustainable Australia Party">Sustainable Australia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivant" title="Vivant">Vivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_advocates_of_basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="List of advocates of basic income">Advocates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Atkinson" title="Tony Atkinson">Tony Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">C. H. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailsa_McKay" title="Ailsa McKay">Ailsa McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Rhys-Williams" title="Juliet Rhys-Williams">Juliet Rhys-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Anthony Barber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutger_Bregman" title="Rutger Bregman">Rutger Bregman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Chouard" title="Étienne Chouard">Étienne Chouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Dahms" title="Harry F. Dahms">Harry F. Dahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uffe_Elb%C3%A6k" title="Uffe Elbæk">Uffe Elbæk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Kusstatscher" title="Sepp Kusstatscher">Sepp Kusstatscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Standing_(economist)" title="Guy Standing (economist)">Guy Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Suplicy" title="Eduardo Suplicy">Eduardo Suplicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Van_Parijs" title="Philippe Van Parijs">Philippe Van Parijs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_A._Pissarides" title="Christopher A. Pissarides">Christopher Pissarides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Claus Offe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katja_Kipping" title="Katja Kipping">Katja Kipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Werner" title="Götz Werner">Götz Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_David_Precht" title="Richard David Precht">Richard David Precht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valter_Mutt" title="Valter Mutt">Valter Mutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annika_Lillemets" title="Annika Lillemets">Annika Lillemets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmo_Soininvaara" title="Osmo Soininvaara">Osmo Soininvaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Andersson" title="Li Andersson">Li Andersson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Wiest" title="Susanne Wiest">Susanne Wiest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birger_Schlaug" title="Birger Schlaug">Birger Schlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Engstr%C3%B6m" title="Christian Engström">Christian Engström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Hamon" title="Benoît Hamon">Benoît Hamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Wahlroos" title="Björn Wahlroos">Björn Wahlroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund" title="Alaska Permanent Fund">Alaska Permanent Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_allocation_per_child" title="Universal allocation per child">Asignación Universal por Hijo</a></li> <li>Brazil (<a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Bolsa Família</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aux%C3%ADlio_Brasil" title="Auxílio Brasil">Auxílio Brasil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_subsidy_reform_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian subsidy reform plan">Iranian subsidy reform plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omitara" title="Omitara">Omitara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatinga_Velho" title="Quatinga Velho">Quatinga Velho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basic_income_around_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income around the world">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_Brazil" title="Universal basic income in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_Canada" title="Universal basic income in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_Germany" title="Universal basic income in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_India" title="Universal basic income in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_Japan" title="Universal basic income in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_Netherlands" title="Universal basic income in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="Universal basic income in the Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_States" title="Universal basic income in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_basic_income" title="Global basic income">Global</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Justice" title="Agrarian Justice">Agrarian Justice</a></i> (pamphlet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_Jobs" title="Bullshit Jobs">Bullshit Jobs</a></i> (book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work" title="Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work">Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work</a></i> (monograph)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_on_Normal_People" title="The War on Normal People">The War on Normal People</a></i> (book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_for_Realists" title="Utopia for Realists">Utopia for Realists</a></i> (book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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