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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oveta Culp Hobby</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اووتا کولپ هوبی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اووتا کولپ هوبی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Овета Калп Хобі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Овета Калп Хобі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oveta Culp Hobby" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oveta Culp Hobby" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oveta Culp Hobby" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oveta Culp Hobby" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99" title="אובטה קאלפ הובי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אובטה קאלפ הובי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ოვეტა კალპ ჰობი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოვეტა კალპ ჰობი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89" title="اوڤيتا كولپ هوبى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوڤيتا كولپ هوبى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8,_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF" title="Хобби, Овета Калп – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хобби, Овета Калп" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oveta Culp Hobby" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oveta Culp Hobby" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oveta Culp Hobby" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oveta Culp Hobby" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BF_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Овета Калп Хоббі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Овета Калп Хоббі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%BE_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اویٹا کلپ ہابی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اویٹا کلپ ہابی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q434516#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">American businesswoman and government official (1905–1995)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Oveta Culp Hobby</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oveta_Culp_Hobby_WAC_Director_in_Uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_WAC_Director_in_Uniform.jpg/220px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_WAC_Director_in_Uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_WAC_Director_in_Uniform.jpg/330px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_WAC_Director_in_Uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_WAC_Director_in_Uniform.jpg/440px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_WAC_Director_in_Uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="737" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Hobby while director of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a>, c. 1942</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 11, 1953 – July 31, 1955</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Herself (Federal Security Agency Administrator)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marion_B._Folsom" title="Marion B. Folsom">Marion B. Folsom</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Agency" title="Federal Security Agency">Federal Security Agency</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1953 – April 11, 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Dwight D. Eisenhower</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Ewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Ewing">Oscar Ewing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Herself (Health, Education and Welfare Secretary)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Oveta Culp</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1905-01-19</span>)</span>January 19, 1905<br /><a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen, Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 16, 1995<span style="display:none">(1995-08-16)</span> (aged 90)<br /><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (after 1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (before 1953)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby" title="William P. Hobby">William P. Hobby</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1931; died 1964)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Jr." title="William P. Hobby Jr.">William Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hardin_Baylor_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Hardin Baylor College">Mary Hardin Baylor College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Texas_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="South Texas College of Law">South Texas College of Law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/43px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/25px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/38px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/50px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data">Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (later the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/23px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/46px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oveta_Culp_Hobby_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>Col. Oveta Culp Hobby (right) talks with Auxiliary Margaret Peterson and Capt. Elizabeth Gilbert at <a href="/wiki/Mitchel_Air_Force_Base" title="Mitchel Air Force Base">Mitchel Field</a>, New York. (photo: Al Aumuller, World Telegram & Sun.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Oveta Culp Hobby</b> (January 19, 1905 – August 16, 1995) was an American government official and businesswoman who served as the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a> from 1953 to 1955. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, Hobby was the second woman ever to serve in a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">presidential cabinet</a>. </p><p>She also served as the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a> from 1942 to 1945, and was sequentially editor, publisher and chair of the board of the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Post" title="Houston Post">Houston Post</a></i>. She entered public service when President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> appointed her administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Agency" title="Federal Security Agency">Federal Security Agency</a>, soon after reorganized as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">federal executive department</a>, known then as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health, Education, and Welfare</a>; and Hobby became its first head. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Culp was born on January 19, 1905, in <a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen, Texas</a>, to Texas lawyer and legislator Isaac William Culp and Emma Elizabeth Hoover. She briefly attended <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hardin_Baylor_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Hardin Baylor College">Mary Hardin Baylor College for Women</a>, and attended law classes at <a href="/wiki/South_Texas_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="South Texas College of Law">South Texas College of Law and Commerce</a>, but did not graduate from either school. She went on to study law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_School_of_Law" title="University of Texas School of Law">University of Texas Law School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-humanitiestexas.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanitiestexas.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but she did not formally enroll and therefore never received a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting at age 21, she served for several years as parliamentarian of the Texas House of Representatives and was an unsuccessful candidate for the legislature in 1930,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before beginning a journalism career in 1931, at age 26. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_service">War service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hobby_Swear_In.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hobby_Swear_In.jpg/220px-Hobby_Swear_In.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hobby_Swear_In.jpg/330px-Hobby_Swear_In.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Hobby_Swear_In.jpg/440px-Hobby_Swear_In.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Oveta Culp Hobby is sworn in as the first WAAC by Maj. Gen. Myron C. Cramer. General George C.Marshall, second from left, and Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson were witnesses of the ceremony.</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Hobby headed the Women's Interest Section in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>'s Bureau of Public Relations<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a short time and then became the director of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Auxiliary Corps</a> (WAAC) (later the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Women's Army Corps">Women's Army Corps</a> [WAC]), which was created to fill gaps in the Army left by a shortage of men. She was commissioned a colonel in the U.S. Army on 5 July 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the WAC were the first women other than nurses to wear U.S. Army uniforms and to receive military benefits through the GI Bill. Hobby devoted herself to integrating the WAC within the military, despite considering women's military involvement a temporary necessity, and worked to protect and strengthen the WAC and its image. As director, she raised admission standards and created a Code of Conduct specific to the WAC to create a tightly regulated, high quality organization that portrayed women's corps in a good light. These standards, along with actions to guard the morals and image of members, developed from Hobby's prior experience with publicity and knowledge of the importance of media representation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobby achieved the rank of colonel and received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a> for efforts during the war. She was the first woman in the Army to receive this award. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hobby joined the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower administration</a> in 1953 after appointed as head of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Agency" title="Federal Security Agency">Federal Security Agency</a>, a non-cabinet post, although she was invited to sit in on cabinet meetings. Soon, on April 11, 1953, she became the first secretary and first woman, of the new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, which later became the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATFP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATFP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was her second time organizing a new government agency. Among other decisions and actions at HEW, she made the decision to approve <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Polio_vaccine" title="Polio vaccine">polio vaccine</a>. </p><p>Culp attempted to restructure Social Security payroll taxes (<a href="/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act">FICA</a> and SECA), and was met with strong opposition. She resigned her post in 1955. At the time of her resignation she was embroiled in controversies related to the polio vaccine <a href="/wiki/Cutter_Incident#The_Cutter_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutter Incident">Cutter Incident</a>. Back in Houston, Hobby resumed her position with the <i>Houston Post</i> as president and editor and cared for her ailing husband. She went on to serve on many boards and advisory positions with various civic and business institutions around the country. Seventeen colleges and universities, including <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, awarded her honorary doctoral degrees. She was the first woman who was considered for a United States presidential candidacy by an incumbent United States President; Eisenhower encouraged her to run for president in 1960, but she did not run.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oveta_Culp_Hobby_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4587.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4587.JPG/220px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4587.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4587.JPG/330px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4587.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Oveta_Culp_Hobby_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4587.JPG/440px-Oveta_Culp_Hobby_at_National_Portrait_Gallery_IMG_4587.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Colonel Hobby's portrait in military uniform at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_family">Personal life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931, she married <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby" title="William P. Hobby">William P. Hobby</a>, an editor and future owner of the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Post" title="Houston Post">Houston Post</a></i>, who served as the 27th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">governor of Texas</a> from 1917 to 1921. They had two children together. She took a position on the editorial staff at the <i>Post</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ensuing years she became the newspaper's executive vice president, then its president, ultimately becoming its publisher and co-owner with her husband. In 1938, upon becoming vice president of the newspaper, she gave greater prominence to women's news.<sup id="cite_ref-humanitiestexas.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humanitiestexas.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hobby and her husband were both <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, but soon became dissatisfied with the party throughout the 1930s. They believed <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">social programs</a> overextended their original intent. After World War II, Hobby tried to sway Democratic voters to swing Republican for presidential nominees by establishing many statewide organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She died of a stroke in 1995, in Houston, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Cemetery_(Houston,_Texas)" title="Glenwood Cemetery (Houston, Texas)">Glenwood Cemetery</a>. </p><p>Her son <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William P. Hobby, Jr.">William P. Hobby, Jr.</a>, served as the 37th <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Texas">lieutenant governor of Texas</a> from 1973 to 1991, the longest serving in that position. Her daughter Jessica was married to <a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Catto,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry E. Catto, Jr.">Henry E. Catto, Jr.</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Great Britain">United States Ambassador to Great Britain</a> and was an activist for environmental causes and for the Democratic Party. Hobby's grandson Paul Hobby narrowly lost the election for comptroller of Texas to <a href="/wiki/Carole_Keeton_Strayhorn" title="Carole Keeton Strayhorn">Carole Strayhorn</a> in the 1998 general election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The library at <a href="/wiki/Central_Texas_College" title="Central Texas College">Central Texas College</a> is named after her.</li> <li>A residence <a href="/wiki/Dormitory" title="Dormitory">dormitory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> in <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</a>, is named after her.</li> <li>The Oveta Culp Hobby Soldier & Family Readiness Center at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cavazos" title="Fort Cavazos"> Fort Cavazos, Texas</a> is named for her.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen, Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killeen_ISD" class="mw-redirect" title="Killeen ISD">Killeen ISD</a>) is named after her.</li> <li>The U.S. Post Office issued an 84-cent stamp in her honor in 2011.</li> <li>A building on the grounds of the Peaceable Kingdom (Children's Retreat Center) in Killeen Texas is named after her.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health,_Education_and_Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health, Education and Welfare">Department of Health, Education and Welfare</a> Service award was named in her honor to recognize superior devotion to duty.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1996, Hobby was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On December 7, 2021, her 1943 oil portrait in uniform painted by noted portrait artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seymour_M._Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seymour M. Stone (page does not exist)">Seymour M. Stone</a> was installed in the Killeen Main Library in <a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen, Texas</a>.</li> <li>The Education Center at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Pacific_War" title="National Museum of the Pacific War">National Museum of the Pacific War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas" title="Fredericksburg, Texas">Fredericksburg, Texas</a> is named for her.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pando, Robert T. "Oveta Culp Hobby: A Study in Power and Control." Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, 2008, 442 pages. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Oveta_Culp_Hobby.html?id=id6lXwAACAAJ">https://books.google.com/books/about/Oveta_Culp_Hobby.html?id=id6lXwAACAAJ</a></li> <li>Treadwell, Mattie E. <i>The Woman's Army Corps.</i> The U.S. Army in World War II (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-8/index.html">https://history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-8/index.html</a></li> <li>"U.S. Army Women's Museum Celebrates Women's History Month: Oveta Culp Hobby" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs3-PBXqVq0&t=66s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs3-PBXqVq0&t=66s</a></li> <li>Walsh, Kelli Cardenas. "Oveta Culp Hobby: A Transformational Leader from the Texas Legislature to Washington, D.C." Ph.D. dissertation, University of South Carolina, 2006, 199 pages.</li> <li>Winegarten, Debra L. <i>Oveta Culp Hobby: Colonel, Cabinet Member, Philanthropist.</i> (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Oveta_Culp_Hobby.html?id=M-dlAwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description">https://books.google.com/books/about/Oveta_Culp_Hobby.html?id=M-dlAwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of female United States Cabinet members">List of female United States Cabinet members</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHutchison" class="citation web cs1">Hutchison, Kay Bailey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanitiestexas.org/news/articles/womens-history-month-oveta-culp-hobby-senator-kay-bailey-hutchison">"Women's History Month: "Oveta Culp Hobby"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Humanities Texas</i>. Humanities Texas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanities+Texas&rft.atitle=Women%27s+History+Month%3A+%22Oveta+Culp+Hobby%22&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Kay+Bailey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanitiestexas.org%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fwomens-history-month-oveta-culp-hobby-senator-kay-bailey-hutchison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-humanitiestexas.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humanitiestexas.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanitiestexas.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanitiestexas.org/programs/tx-originals/list/oveta-culp-hobby">"Oveta Culp Hobby | Humanities Texas"</a>. <i>www.humanitiestexas.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.humanitiestexas.org&rft.atitle=Oveta+Culp+Hobby+%7C+Humanities+Texas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanitiestexas.org%2Fprograms%2Ftx-originals%2Flist%2Foveta-culp-hobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinegarten2014" class="citation book cs1">Winegarten, Debra L. (2014). <i>Oveta Culp Hobby: Colonel, Cabinet Member, Philanthropist</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292758100" title="Special:BookSources/9780292758100"><bdi>9780292758100</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872569551">872569551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oveta+Culp+Hobby%3A+Colonel%2C+Cabinet+Member%2C+Philanthropist&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F872569551&rft.isbn=9780292758100&rft.aulast=Winegarten&rft.aufirst=Debra+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHOBBY2010" class="citation web cs1">HOBBY, WILLIAM P. (2010-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho86">"HOBBY, OVETA CULP"</a>. <i>tshaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tshaonline.org&rft.atitle=HOBBY%2C+OVETA+CULP&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=HOBBY&rft.aufirst=WILLIAM+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Ffho86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorden1990" class="citation web cs1">Morden, Bettie J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-14-1/index.html">"The Women's Army Corps, 1945-1978 - U.S. Army Center of Military History"</a>. <i>history.army.mil</i>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Center of Military History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.army.mil&rft.atitle=The+Women%27s+Army+Corps%2C+1945-1978+-+U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Morden&rft.aufirst=Bettie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F030%2F30-14-1%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1996" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Leisa D. (1996). <i>Creating GI Jane: Sexuality and Power in the Women's Army Corps During World War II</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231101455" title="Special:BookSources/9780231101455"><bdi>9780231101455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+GI+Jane%3A+Sexuality+and+Power+in+the+Women%27s+Army+Corps+During+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780231101455&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Leisa+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATFP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ATFP_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenningtonHigham2003" class="citation book cs1">Pennington, Reina; Higham, Robin (2003). <i>Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313291975" title="Special:BookSources/9780313291975"><bdi>9780313291975</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazons+to+Fighter+Pilots%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Military+Women&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780313291975&rft.aulast=Pennington&rft.aufirst=Reina&rft.au=Higham%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jean Edward (2012). <i>Eisenhower in War and Peace</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400066933" title="Special:BookSources/9781400066933"><bdi>9781400066933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower+in+War+and+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781400066933&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6113498/tucsonian_honored_for_indian_work/">"Tucsonian Honored For Indian Work. Tucson Daily Citizen (Tucson, Arizona) April 13, 1962, p 18"</a>. <i>Tucson Daily Citizen</i>. 1962-04-13. p. 18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tucson+Daily+Citizen&rft.atitle=Tucsonian+Honored+For+Indian+Work.+Tucson+Daily+Citizen+%28Tucson%2C+Arizona%29+April+13%2C+1962%2C+p+18&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1962-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F6113498%2Ftucsonian_honored_for_indian_work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/oveta-culp-hobby/">"Hobby, Oveta Culp"</a>. <i>National Women’s Hall of Fame</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Women%E2%80%99s+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Hobby%2C+Oveta+Culp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenofthehall.org%2Finductee%2Foveta-culp-hobby%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOveta+Culp+Hobby" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oveta_Culp_Hobby&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Finding_Aids/pdf/Hobby_Oveta_Papers.pdf">Papers of Oveta Culp Hobby, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.library.rice.edu/repositories/2/resources/383">Guide to the Oveta Culp Hobby Papers, 1817–1995</a> at the Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208114916/http://library.rice.edu/collections/WRC/digital-archive-information/online-exhilbits/oveta-culp-hobby-and-the-women-s-army-corps-exhibit">Oveta Culp Hobby and the Women's Army Corps</a></li> <li>Spring, Kelly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/oveta-hobby">"Oveta Hobby"</a>. National Women's History Museum. 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/women/">Women in the U.S. Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otr.net/?p=news">War-time interview with Oveta Culp Hobby on January 16, 1944, edition of CBS's <i>World News Today</i></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> </b><br />17 January 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Durante" title="Jimmy Durante">Jimmy Durante</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Ewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar Ewing">Oscar Ewing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Administrator of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Agency" title="Federal Security Agency">Federal Security Agency</a> </b><br />1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Herself</div><i><b>as United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Herself</div><i><b>as Administrator of the Federal Security Agency </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a> </b><br />1953–1955 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marion_B._Folsom" title="Marion B. Folsom">Marion Folsom</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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secretaries of health and human services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of health,<br />education, and welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_B._Folsom" title="Marion B. Folsom">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flemming" title="Arthur Flemming">Flemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ribicoff" title="Abraham Ribicoff">Ribicoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Celebrezze" title="Anthony J. Celebrezze">Celebrezze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Gardner" title="John W. Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_J._Cohen" title="Wilbur J. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Finch (American politician)">Finch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._David_Mathews" title="F. David Mathews">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Califano_Jr." title="Joseph A. Califano Jr.">Califano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Harris</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Health,_Education,_and_Welfare.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Health%2C_Education%2C_and_Welfare.svg/45px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Health%2C_Education%2C_and_Welfare.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="47" class="mw-file-element" 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height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg/68px-US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg/90px-US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="406" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretaries of health<br />and human services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Schweiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Heckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Wade_Sullivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Wade Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Leavitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Sebelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Burwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Azar" title="Alex Azar">Azar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Becerra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eisenhower cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_(1953–1961)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/100px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/150px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg/200px-Dwight_David_Eisenhower%2C_photo_portrait_by_Bachrach%2C_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="3558" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Christian Herter</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">George M. Humphrey</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Robert B. Anderson</a> (1957–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Charles Erwin Wilson</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">Neil H. McElroy</a> (1957–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Thomas S. Gates Jr.</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Herbert Brownell Jr.</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1957–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Arthur Summerfield</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McKay" title="Douglas McKay">Douglas McKay</a> (1953–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_A._Seaton" title="Fred A. Seaton">Fred A. Seaton</a> (1956–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Taft_Benson" title="Ezra Taft Benson">Ezra Taft Benson</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Weeks" title="Sinclair Weeks">Sinclair Weeks</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Mueller" title="Frederick H. Mueller">Frederick H. Mueller</a> (1959–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Patrick_Durkin" title="Martin Patrick Durkin">Martin Patrick Durkin</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Mitchell" title="James P. Mitchell">James P. Mitchell</a> (1953–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oveta Culp Hobby</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_B._Folsom" title="Marion B. Folsom">Marion B. Folsom</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flemming" title="Arthur Flemming">Arthur Flemming</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a> (1953–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hughes" title="Rowland Hughes">Rowland Hughes</a> (1954–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Brundage" title="Percival Brundage">Percival Brundage</a> (1956–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jeremiah_Wadsworth" title="James Jeremiah Wadsworth">James Jeremiah Wadsworth</a> (1960–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Security_Agency" title="Mutual Security Agency">Director of the Mutual Security Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> (1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Flemming" title="Arthur Flemming">Arthur Flemming</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gordon Gray</a> (1957–1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Civil_Defense_Administration" title="Federal Civil Defense Administration">Administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val_Peterson" title="Val Peterson">Val Peterson</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Hoegh" title="Leo Hoegh">Leo Hoegh</a> (1957–1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_and_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization">Director of the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Hoegh" title="Leo Hoegh">Leo Hoegh</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Chair of the Atomic Energy Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McCone" title="John A. McCone">John A. McCone</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Adams" title="Sherman Adams">Sherman Adams</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Persons" title="Wilton Persons">Wilton Persons</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Deputy_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Deputy Chief of Staff">White House Deputy Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilton_Persons" title="Wilton Persons">Wilton Persons</a> (1953–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_D._Morgan" title="Gerald D. Morgan">Gerald D. Morgan</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Cabinet_Secretary" title="White House Cabinet Secretary">White House Cabinet Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_M._Rabb" title="Maxwell M. Rabb">Maxwell M. Rabb</a> (1954–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keith_Gray" title="Robert Keith Gray">Robert Keith Gray</a> (1958–1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Texas_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Texas_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:Texas Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Texas_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:Texas Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Texas_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Texas Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Texas_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Texas Women's Hall of Fame">Texas Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christia_Adair" title="Christia Adair">Christia Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Atkinson_Bell" title="Kate Atkinson Bell">Kate Atkinson Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Castleberry" title="Vivian Castleberry">Vivian Castleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Cockrell" title="Lila Cockrell">Lila Cockrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_P%C3%A9rez_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Clotilde Pérez García">Clotilde Pérez García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Porter_Hester" title="Jeane Porter Hester">Jeane Porter Hester</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Blagg_Huey" title="Mary Blagg Huey">Mary Evelyn Blagg Huey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_T._Hughes" title="Sarah T. Hughes">Sarah T. Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Freeman_Lee" title="Amy Freeman Lee">Amy Freeman Lee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1985</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjy_Frances_Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjy Frances Brooks (page does not exist)">Benjy Frances Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Happ_Buffler" title="Patricia Happ Buffler">Patricia Happ Buffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Carpenter" title="Liz Carpenter">Liz Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Woodruff_Cartwright" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace Woodruff Cartwright">Grace Woodruff Cartwright</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Farabee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Farabee (page does not exist)">Helen Farabee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Elena_Flood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Elena Flood (page does not exist)">Maria Elena Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Lee_Glass" title="Willie Lee Glass">Willie Lee Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Mendoza" title="Lydia Mendoza">Lydia Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenny_Lind_Porter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenny Lind Porter (page does not exist)">Jenny Lind Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Raggio" title="Louise Raggio">Louise Raggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_Gardner_Whyte" title="Edna Gardner Whyte">Edna Gardner Whyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Armstrong">Anne Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Kay_Ash" title="Mary Kay Ash">Mary Kay Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_Crawford_Brown" title="Caro Crawford Brown">Caro Crawford Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alicia_Chacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alicia Chacon (page does not exist)">Alicia Chacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Conradt" title="Jody Conradt">Jody Conradt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cousins_(editor)" title="Margaret Cousins (editor)">Margaret Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Ruth_Delco" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmina Ruth Delco">Wilhelmina Ruth Delco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Goff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frances Goff (page does not exist)">Frances Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lavinia_Griffith" title="Mary Lavinia Griffith">Mary Lavinia Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Owen" title="May Owen">May Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Simond" title="Ada Simond">Ada Simond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermine_Tobolowsky" title="Hermine Tobolowsky">Hermine Tobolowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_G._Acosta" title="Lucy G. Acosta">Lucy G. Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Sharp_Altshuler" title="Ruth Sharp Altshuler">Ruth Sharp Altshuler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Harris_Amsler" title="Margaret Harris Amsler">Margaret Harris Amsler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnnie_Benson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnnie Benson (page does not exist)">Johnnie Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommie_Clack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommie Clack (page does not exist)">Tommie Clack</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kim_Dawson_(talent_agent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kim Dawson (talent agent) (page does not exist)">Kim Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Dunlap" title="Lillian Dunlap">Lillian Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elithe_Hamilton_Kirkland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elithe Hamilton Kirkland (page does not exist)">Elithe Hamilton Kirkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Lopiano" title="Donna Lopiano">Donna Lopiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Sherrod" title="Katie Sherrod">Katie Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donnya_Stephens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donnya Stephens (page does not exist)">Donnya Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Dougherty_Strother" title="Dora Dougherty Strother">Dora Dougherty Strother</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Nan_West&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Nan West (page does not exist)">Mary Nan West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pease_Harper" title="Margaret Pease Harper">Margaret Pease Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninfa_Laurenzo" title="Ninfa Laurenzo">Ninfa Laurenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Murray" title="Lane Murray">Lane Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Ritter" title="Louise Ritter">Louise Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Taubert_Seeger" title="Ruth Taubert Seeger">Ruth Taubert Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bert_Kruger_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bert Kruger Smith (page does not exist)">Bert Kruger Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Tinsley" title="Eleanor Tinsley">Eleanor Tinsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Craven" title="Judith Craven">Judith Craven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gussie_Nell_Davis" title="Gussie Nell Davis">Gussie Nell Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Swan_Forbes" title="Margaret Swan Forbes">Margaret Swan Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ruth_Guy" title="L. Ruth Guy">L. Ruth Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Hershey" title="Terry Hershey">Terry Hershey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucia_Rede_Madrid" title="Lucia Rede Madrid">Lucia Rede Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_Wetzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane Wetzel (page does not exist)">Jane Wetzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Louise_Craft" title="Linda Louise Craft">Linda Louise Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Glossbrenner" title="Ernestine Glossbrenner">Ernestine Glossbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Kirk_McDonald" title="Gabrielle Kirk McDonald">Gabrielle Kirk McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Montague" title="Eleanor Montague">Eleanor Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaronetta_Hamilton_Pierce" title="Aaronetta Hamilton Pierce">Aaronetta Hamilton Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gloria_G._Rodriguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gloria G. Rodriguez (page does not exist)">Gloria G. Rodriguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Strauss" title="Annette Strauss">Annette Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Ramirez_Guerrero" title="Rosa Ramirez Guerrero">Rosa Ramirez Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Rangel_(Texas_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irma Rangel (Texas politician)">Irma Rangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Rogers" title="Mary Beth Rogers">Mary Beth Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Whitehead_Scott" title="Bess Whitehead Scott">Bess Whitehead Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallie_Stillwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallie Stillwell">Hallie Stillwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francie_Larrieu_Smith" title="Francie Larrieu Smith">Francie Larrieu Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvia_Wardlaw" title="Alvia Wardlaw">Alvia Wardlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Wong" title="Martha Wong">Martha Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Anne_Young" title="Eleanor Anne Young">Eleanor Anne Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebby_Halliday" title="Ebby Halliday">Ebby Halliday Acers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Crocker_Clements" title="Rita Crocker Clements">Rita Crocker Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina_Garrison" title="Zina Garrison">Zina Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_B._Harrington" title="Sybil B. Harrington">Sybil Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Bailey_Hutchison" title="Kay Bailey Hutchison">Kay Bailey Hutchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_Miller" title="Vassar Miller">Vassar Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Oujesky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Oujesky (page does not exist)">Helen Oujesky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Lee_Piester" title="Ruby Lee Piester">Ruby Lee Piester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Graves_Stai" title="Dian Graves Stai">Dian Graves Stai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Eva_Singletary" title="S. Eva Singletary">S. Eva Singletary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norma_Lea_Beasley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norma Lea Beasley (page does not exist)">Norma Lea Beasley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Thompson_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley Thompson Carter (page does not exist)">Shirley Thompson Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Lyons_Ghrist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Lyons Ghrist (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Lyons Ghrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Granger" title="Kay Granger">Kay Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dixie_Melillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dixie Melillo (page does not exist)">Dixie Melillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Natalicio" title="Diana Natalicio">Diana Natalicio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_Sharp" title="Marsha Sharp">Marsha Sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tillie_Burgin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tillie Burgin (page does not exist)">Tillie Burgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Dinkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Carol Dinkins">Carol Dinkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Farias" title="Anna Maria Farias">Anna Maria Farias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_V._Garc%C3%ADa" title="Juliet V. García">Juliet V. García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenna_Goodacre" title="Glenna Goodacre">Glenna Goodacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wendy_Harpham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wendy Harpham (page does not exist)">Wendy Harpham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinger_L._Heath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinger L. Heath (page does not exist)">Jinger L. Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dealey_Decherd_Herndon" title="Dealey Decherd Herndon">Dealey Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamie_L._McKnight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamie L. McKnight (page does not exist)">Mamie L. McKnight</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo_Stewart_Randel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jo Stewart Randel (page does not exist)">Jo Stewart Randel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Rankin" title="Judy Rankin">Judy Rankin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Murdaugh" title="Angela Murdaugh">Angela Murdaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Williams_(choreographer)" title="Ann Williams (choreographer)">Ann Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Combs" title="Susan Combs">Susan Combs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Mendenhall" title="Trinidad Mendenhall">Trinidad Mendenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Meyers_Rosenfield" title="Mary Meyers Rosenfield">Mary Meyers Rosenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Swoopes" title="Sheryl Swoopes">Sheryl Swoopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Dunbar" title="Amanda Dunbar">Amanda Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathleen_Foster_(Houston,_Texas)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathleen Foster (Houston, Texas) (page does not exist)">Kathleen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shirley_Neeley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shirley Neeley (page does not exist)">Shirley Neeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Vitetta" title="Ellen Vitetta">Ellen Vitetta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Murano" title="Elsa Murano">Elsa Murano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Peterson" title="Carolyn Peterson">Carolyn Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Hopkins_Underwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Hopkins Underwood (page does not exist)">Louise Hopkins Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huda_Zoghbi" title="Huda Zoghbi">Huda Zoghbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_W._Dickey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy W. Dickey">Nancy W. Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erma_Johnson_Hadley" title="Erma Johnson Hadley">Erma Johnson Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Lozano_Long" title="Teresa Lozano Long">Teresa Lozano Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Castle_Scott" title="Judy Castle Scott">Judy Castle Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Willeford" title="Pamela Willeford">Pamela Willeford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Smith_Conrad" title="Barbara Smith Conrad">Barbara Smith Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Corn" title="Anne Corn">Anne Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Godiwalla" title="Nina Godiwalla">Nina Godiwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_O%27Neill" title="Harriet O'Neill">Harriet O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Saunders" title="Mary Saunders">Mary Saunders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nandita Berry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Herring" title="Joanne Herring">Joanne Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Olson" title="Kim Olson">Kim Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Thigpen_Perry" title="Anita Thigpen Perry">Anita Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Stuart" title="Ann Stuart">Ann Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senfronia_Thompson" title="Senfronia Thompson">Senfronia Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tucker_(executive)" title="Deborah Tucker (executive)">Deborah Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Wright_(Chief_Justice)" title="Carolyn Wright (Chief Justice)">Carolyn Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Carter_Browning" title="Emma Carter Browning">Emma Carter Browning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susie_Hitchcock-Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susie Hitchcock-Hall (page does not exist)">Susie Hitchcock-Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Kerrick" title="Ginger Kerrick">Ginger Kerrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renu_Khator" title="Renu Khator">Renu Khator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selena" title="Selena">Selena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Biles" title="Simone Biles">Simone Biles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikki_Carr" title="Vikki Carr">Vikki Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Dell" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan Dell">Susan Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammie_Jo_Shults" title="Tammie Jo Shults">Tammie Jo Shults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Sueltenfuss" title="Elizabeth Anne Sueltenfuss">Elizabeth Anne Sueltenfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Zaffirini" title="Judith Zaffirini">Judith Zaffirini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Anderson_(dancer)" title="Lauren Anderson (dancer)">Lauren Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlye_O._Farris" title="Charlye O. Farris">Charlye O. Farris</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dawn_Ferrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dawn Ferrell (page does not exist)">Dawn Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ofelia_Vasquez-Philo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ofelia Vasquez-Philo (page does not exist)">Ofelia Vasquez-Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendra_Scott" title="Kendra Scott">Kendra Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elaine_Stolte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elaine Stolte (page does not exist)">Elaine Stolte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leta_Andrews" title="Leta Andrews">Leta Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Horn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Horn (page does not exist)">Mary Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_LaMantia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val LaMantia (page does not exist)">Val LaMantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal_Lee" title="Opal Lee">Opal Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavinia_Masters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavinia Masters (page does not exist)">Lavinia Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonietta_Quigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonietta Quigg (page does not exist)">Antonietta Quigg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Sharp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlotte Sharp (page does not exist)">Charlotte Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Suarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Suarez (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Suarez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q434516#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q434516#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q434516#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000027829143">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77838392">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1753820/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgt9krGfkD766KbdwrTHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1237111102">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87837276">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572721">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v51k6d">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jq0zsx">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" 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