CINXE.COM
Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms | Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms | Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Living organisms produce a myriad of molecules to protect themselves from fungal pathogens. This review focuses on antifungal proteins from plants and..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/253"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="253"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2010 87:4"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2010-06-08"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2010 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2010 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Living organisms produce a myriad of molecules to protect themselves from fungal pathogens. This review focuses on antifungal proteins from plants and mushrooms, many of which are components of the human diet or have medicinal value. Plant antifungal proteins can be classified into different groups comprising chitinases and chitinase-like proteins, chitin-binding proteins, cyclophilin-like proteins, defensins and defensin-like proteins, deoxyribonucleases, embryo-abundant protein-like proteins, glucanases, lectins, lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases, protease inhibitors, ribonucleases, ribosome-inactivating proteins, storage 2S albumins, and thaumatin-like proteins. Some of the aforementioned antifungal proteins also exhibit mitogenic activity towards spleen cells, nitric oxide inducing activity toward macrophages, antiproliferative activity toward tumor cells, antibacterial activity, and inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In contrast to the large diversity of plant antifungal proteins, only a small number of mushroom antifungal proteins have been reported. Mushroom antifungal proteins are distinct from their plant counterparts in N-terminal sequence. Nevertheless, some of the mushroom antifungal proteins have been shown to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and tumor cell proliferation."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1432-0614"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2010-06-08"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="87"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="4"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="ReviewPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1221"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="1235"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2010 Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer-Verlag"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1432-0614"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="87"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="4"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2010/07"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2010/06/08"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="1221"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="1235"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Mini-Review"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"/> <meta name="size" content="315576"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Living organisms produce a myriad of molecules to protect themselves from fungal pathogens. This review focuses on antifungal proteins from plants and mush"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wong, Jack H."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ng, T. B."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Cheung, Randy C. F."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ye, X. J."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Wang, H. X."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lam, S. K."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Lin, P."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Chan, Y. S."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Fang, Evandro F."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ngai, Patrick H. K."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Xia, L. X."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Ye, X. Y."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Jiang, Y."/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Liu, F."/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Microbiology"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Microbial Genetics and Genomics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Biotechnology"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol; citation_title=The antifungal activity of RsAFP2, a plant defensin from Raphanus sativus, involves the induction of reactive oxygen species in Candida albicans ; citation_author=AM Aerts, IE François, EM Meert, QT Li, BP Cammue, K Thevissen; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=243-247; citation_id=CR1"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Mol Life Sci; citation_title=The mode of antifungal action of plant, insect and human defensins; citation_author=AM Aerts, IE François, BP Cammue, K Thevissen; citation_volume=65; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=2069-2079; citation_id=CR2"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=FEBS Lett; citation_title=The antifungal plant defensin RsAFP2 from radish induces apoptosis in a metacaspase independent way in Candida albicans ; citation_author=AM Aerts, D Carmona-Gutierrez, S Lefevre, G Govaert, IE François, F Madeo, R Santos, BP Cammue, K Thevissen; citation_volume=583; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=2513-2516; citation_id=CR3"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Arch Biochem Biophys; citation_title=A 2S albumin-homologous protein from passion fruit seeds inhibits the fungal growth and acidification of the médium by Fusarium oxysporum ; citation_author=AP Agizzio, AO Carvalho, FF Ribeiro, OLT Machado, EW Alves, LA Okorokov, SS Samarão, C Bloch, MV Prates, VM Gomes; citation_volume=416; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=188-195; citation_id=CR4"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Antivir Chem Chemother; citation_title=Carbohydrate-binding agents: a potential future cornerstone for the chemotherapy of enveloped viruses?; citation_author=J Balzarini; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1-11; citation_id=CR5"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Insecticidal and antifungal activity of a protein from Pouteria torta seeds with lectin-like properties; citation_author=AP Boleti, MG Freire, MB Coelho, W Silva, PA Baldasso, VM Gomes, S Marangoni, JC Novello, ML Macedo; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=2653-2658; citation_id=CR6"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochemistry; citation_title=Antimicrobial peptides from Amaranthus caudatus seeds with sequence homology to the cysteine/glycine-rich domain of chitin-binding proteins; citation_author=WF Broekaert, W Mariën, FR Terras, MF Bolle, P Proost, J Damme, L Dillen, M Claeys, SB Rees, J Vanderleyden; citation_volume=31; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=4308-4314; citation_id=CR7"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Physiol; citation_title=A potent antimicrobial protein from onion seeds showing sequence homology to plant lipid transfer proteins; citation_author=BPA Cammue, K Thevissen, M Hendriks, K Eggermont, IJ Goderis, P Proost, J Damme, RW Osborn, F Guerbette, JC Kader, WF Broekaert; citation_volume=109; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=445-455; citation_id=CR8"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Phytomedicine; citation_title=A novel sialic acid-specific lectin from Phaseolus coccineus seeds with potent antineoplastic and antifungal activities; citation_author=J Chen, B Liu, N Ji, J Zhou, HJ Bian, CY Li, F Chen, JK Bao; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=352-360; citation_id=CR9"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Phytomedicine; citation_title=Musa acuminata (Del Monte banana) lectin is a fructose-binding lectin with cytokine-inducing activity; citation_author=AH Cheung, JH Wong, TB Ng; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=594-600; citation_id=CR10"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Isolation of a large thaumatin-like antifungal protein from seeds of the Kweilin chestnut Castanopsis chinesis ; citation_author=KT Chu, TB Ng; citation_volume=301; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=364-370; citation_id=CR11"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Planta Med; citation_title=Mollisin an antifungal protein from the chestnut Castanea mollisima ; citation_author=KT Chu, TB Ng; citation_volume=69; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=809-813; citation_id=CR12"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Microbiology; citation_title=A secreted aspartic proteinase from Glomerella cingulata: purification of the enzyme and molecular cloning of the cDNA; citation_author=SJ Clark, MD Templeton, PA Sullivan; citation_volume=143; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1395-1403; citation_id=CR13"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Blood; citation_title=An inositol phosphate-binding immunophilin, IPBP12; citation_author=EB Cunningham; citation_volume=94; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=2778-2789; citation_id=CR14"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol; citation_title=Bacterial expression of a Trichosanthes kirilowii defensin (TDEF1) and its antifungal activity on Fusarium oxysporum ; citation_author=L Da-Hui, J Gui-Liang, Z Ying-Tao, A Tie-Min; citation_volume=74; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=146-151; citation_id=CR15"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=BMC Plant Biol; citation_title=Vv-AMP1, a ripening induced peptide from Vitis vinifera shows strong antifungal activity; citation_author=A Beer, MA Vivier; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=75; citation_id=CR16"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycopathologia; citation_title=Fungicidal and binding properties of three plant peptides; citation_author=AJ Lucca, TJ Jacks, WJ Broekaert; citation_volume=144; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=87-91; citation_id=CR17"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Can J Microbiol; citation_title=Plant-derived antifungal proteins and peptides; citation_author=AJ Lucca, TE Cleveland, DE Wedge; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1001-1014; citation_id=CR18"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Arch Biochem Biophys; citation_title=Variations of sequences and amino acid compositions of proteins that sustain their biological functions: an analysis of the cyclophilin family of proteins; citation_author=A Galat; citation_volume=371; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=149-162; citation_id=CR19"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=Isolation, characterization and cloning of a cDNA encoding a new antifungal defensin from Phaseolus vulgaris L. seeds; citation_author=PD Games, IS Santos, EO Mello, MS Diz, AO Carvalho, GA Souza-Filho, M Cunha, IM Vasconcelos, S Ferreira Bdos, VM Gomes; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=2090-2100; citation_id=CR20"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Fitoterapia; citation_title=Purification of a lectin-like antifungal protein from the medicinal herb, Withania somnifera ; citation_author=M Ghosh; citation_volume=80; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=91-95; citation_id=CR21"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Mol Sci; citation_title=Plant antimicrobial agents and their effects on plant and human pathogens; citation_author=R González-Lamothe, G Mitchell, M Gattuso, MS Diarra, F Malouin, K Bouarab; citation_volume=10; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=3400-3419; citation_id=CR22"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell Mol Life Sci; citation_title=Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerases, a superfamily of ubiquitous folding catalysts; citation_author=SF Göthel, MA Marahiel; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=423-436; citation_id=CR23"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Can J Bot; citation_title=Plant chitinases; citation_author=LS Graham, MB Sticklen; citation_volume=72; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=1057-1083; citation_id=CR24"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant J; citation_title=Some thaumatin-like proteins hydrolyze polymeric β-1, 3-glucans; citation_author=J Grenier, C Potvin, J Trudel, A Asselin; citation_volume=19; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=473-480; citation_id=CR25"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Protein Pept Lett; citation_title=Pomegranin, an antifungal peptide from pomegranate peels; citation_author=G Guo, HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=82-85; citation_id=CR26"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Endocinology; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_id=CR27; citation_author=ME Hadley; citation_publisher=Prentice Hall Inc"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Z Naturforsch C; citation_title=Biochemical and molecular biological studies on infection (Ascochyta rabiei)-induced thaumatin-like proteins from chickpea plants (Cicer arietinum L.); citation_author=T Hanselle, Y Ichinoseb, W Barz; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1095-1107; citation_id=CR28"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Protein Pept Lett; citation_title=Chitinase-like proteins with antifungal activity from emperor banana fruits; citation_author=VS Ho, TB Ng; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=828-831; citation_id=CR29"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=A thaumatin-like antifungal protein from the emperor banana; citation_author=VS Ho, JH Wong, TB Ng; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=760-766; citation_id=CR30"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem; citation_title=Antifungal proteins from plants. Purification, molecular cloning, and antifungal properties of chitinases from maize seeds; citation_author=QK Huynh, CM Hironaka, EB Levine, CE Smith, JR Borgmeyer, DM Shah; citation_volume=267; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=6635-6640; citation_id=CR31"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Physiol; citation_title=The N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of tobacco class I chitinase is essential for chitin binding but not for catalytic or antifungal activity; citation_author=B Iseli, T Boller, JM Neuhaus; citation_volume=103; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=221-226; citation_id=CR32"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Cysteine protease inhibitor from pearl millet: a new class of antifungal protein; citation_author=BN Joshi, MN Sainani, KB Bastawade, VS Gupta, PK Ranjekar; citation_volume=246; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=382-387; citation_id=CR33"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol; citation_title=Lipid transfer proteins in plants; citation_author=JC Kader; citation_volume=47; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=627-654; citation_id=CR34"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mycoses; citation_title=Antimicrobial activity of a protein purified from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis on oral microorganisms; citation_author=K Kanokwiroon, R Teanpaisan, D Wititsuwannakul, AB Hooper, R Wititsuwannakul; citation_volume=51; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=301-307; citation_id=CR35"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=PDC1, a corn defensin peptide expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris inhibits growth of Fusarium graminearum ; citation_author=P Kant, WZ Liu, KP Pauls; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=1593-1599; citation_id=CR36"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biosci Biotechnol Biochem; citation_title=Comparison of enzymatic and antifungal properties between family 18 and 19 chitinases from S. coelicolor A3(2); citation_author=T Kawase, S Yokokawa, A Saito, T Fujii, N Nikaidou, K Miyashita, T Watanabe; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=988-998; citation_id=CR37"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochim Biophys Acta; citation_title=Two hevein homologs isolated from the seed of Pharbitis nil L. exhibit potent antifungal activity; citation_author=JC Koo, SY Lee, HJ Chun, YH Cheong, JS Choi, S Kawabata, M Miyagi, S Tsunasawa, KS Ha, DW Bae, CD Han, BL Lee, MJ Cho; citation_volume=1382; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=80-90; citation_id=CR38"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Sci; citation_title=Partial characterization and localization of a novel type of antifungal protein (IWF6) isolated from sugar beet leaves; citation_author=AK Kristensen, J Burnstedt, JE Nielsen, JD Kreiberg, JD Mikkelsen, P Roepstorff, KK Nielsen; citation_volume=159; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=29-38; citation_id=CR39"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun; citation_title=Isolation, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of amaryllin, a plant pathogenesis-related protein from Amaryllis belladonna ; citation_author=S Kumar, N Singh, M Sinha, P Kaur, A Srinivasan, S Sharma, TP Singh; citation_volume=65; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=635-637; citation_id=CR40"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Cloning and characterization of an antifungal class III chitinase from suspension-cultured bamboo (Bambusa oldhamii) cells; citation_author=CJ Kuo, YC Liao, JH Yang, LC Huang, CT Chang, HY Sung; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=11507-11514; citation_id=CR41"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Physiol; citation_title=Wound-induced deposition of polyphenols in transgenic plants overexpressing peroxidase; citation_author=LM Lagrimini; citation_volume=96; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=577-583; citation_id=CR42"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Arch Biochem Biophys; citation_title=First simultaneous isolation of a ribosome inactivating protein and an antifungal protein from a mushroom (Lyophyllum shimeji) together with evidence for synergism of their antifungal effects; citation_author=SK Lam, TB Ng; citation_volume=393; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=271-280; citation_id=CR43"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Hypsin, a novel thermostable ribosome-inactivating protein with antifungal and antiproliferative activities from fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus ; citation_author=SK Lam, TB Ng; citation_volume=285; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1071-1075; citation_id=CR44"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Isolation of a novel thermolabile heterodimeric ribonuclease with antifungal and antiproliferative activities from roots of the sanchi ginseng Panax notoginseng ; citation_author=SK Lam, TB Ng; citation_volume=285; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=419-423; citation_id=CR45"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Int J Biochem Cell Biol; citation_title=Isolation of a small chitinase-like antifungal protein from Panax notoginseng (sanchi ginseng) roots; citation_author=SK Lam, TB Ng; citation_volume=33; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=287-292; citation_id=CR46"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Planta Med; citation_title=Pananotin, a potent antifungal protein from roots of the traditional medicinal herb Panax notoginseng ; citation_author=SK Lam, TB Ng; citation_volume=68; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1024-1028; citation_id=CR47"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Phytomedicine; citation_title=A protein with antiproliferative, antifungal and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from caper (Capparis spinosa) seeds; citation_author=SK Lam, TB Ng; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=444-450; citation_id=CR48"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Phytomedicine; citation_title=Passiflin, a novel dimeric antifungal protein from seeds of the passion fruit; citation_author=SK Lam, TB Ng; citation_volume=16; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=172-180; citation_id=CR49"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biosci Rep; citation_title=First report of a haemagglutinin-induced apoptotic pathway in breast cancer cells; citation_author=SK Lam, TB Ng; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=2010; citation_pages=307-317; citation_id=CR50"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=A robust cysteine-deficient chitinase-like antifungal protein from inner shoots of the edible chive Allium tuberosum ; citation_author=YW Lam, HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=279; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=74-80; citation_id=CR51"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biosci Rep; citation_title=Isolation and characterization of a lectin with potentially exploitable activities from caper (Capparis spinosa) seeds; citation_author=SK Lam, QF Han, TB Ng; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=293-299; citation_id=CR52"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochemical and molecular characterization of three barley seed proteins with antifungal properties J Biol Chem; citation_author=R Leah, H Tommerup, I Svendsen, J Mundy; citation_volume=266; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=1564-1573; citation_id=CR53"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Pept Sci; citation_title=A relatively stable antifungal peptide from buckwheat seeds with antiproliferative activity toward cancer cells; citation_author=EH Leung, TB Ng; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=762-767; citation_id=CR54"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Pept Sci; citation_title=Concurrent purification of two defense proteins from French bean seeds: a defensin-like antifungal peptide and a hemagglutinin; citation_author=EH Leung, JH Wong, TB Ng; citation_volume=14; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=349-353; citation_id=CR55"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Cell; citation_title=H2O2 from the oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response; citation_author=A Levine, R Tenhaken, R Dixon, C Lamb; citation_volume=79; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=583-593; citation_id=CR56"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=A novel and exploitable antifungal peptide from kale (Brassica alboglabra) seeds; citation_author=P Lin, TB Ng; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=1664-1671; citation_id=CR57"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=First isolation of an antifungal lipid transfer peptide from seeds of a Brassica species; citation_author=P Lin, L Xia, TB Ng; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1514-1519; citation_id=CR58"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Pept Sci; citation_title=Lipid transfer proteins from Brassica campestris and mung bean surpass mung bean chitinase in exploitability; citation_author=P Lin, L Xia, JH Wong, TB Ng, X Ye, S Wang, X Shi; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=642-648; citation_id=CR59"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biosci Rep; citation_title=A defensin with highly potent antipathogenic activities from the seeds of purple pole bean; citation_author=P Lin, JH Wong, TB Ng; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=101-109; citation_id=CR60"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biosci Bioeng; citation_title=Campesin, a thermostable antifungal peptide with highly potent antipathogenic activities; citation_author=P Lin, JH Wong, L Xia, TB Ng; citation_volume=108; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=259-265; citation_id=CR61"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Phytochemistry; citation_title=Physico-chemical and antifungal properties of protease inhibitors from Acacia plumosa ; citation_author=JL Lopes, NF Valadares, DI Moraes, JC Rosa, HS Araújo, LM Beltramini; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=871-879; citation_id=CR62"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Mol Biol; citation_title=Bean cyclophilin gene expression during plant development and stress conditions; citation_author=J Marivet, M Margis-Pinheiro, P Frendo, G Burkard; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=1181-1189; citation_id=CR63"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Urease from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seeds: isolation, physicochemical characterization, and antifungal properties of the protein; citation_author=A Menegassi, GE Wassermann, D Olivera-Severo, AB Becker-Ritt, AH Martinelli, V Feder, CR Carlini; citation_volume=56; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=4399-4405; citation_id=CR64"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=Peptides and proteins from fungi; citation_author=TB Ng; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=1055-1073; citation_id=CR65"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Protein Exp Purif; citation_title=Hispin, a novel ribosome inactivating protein with antifungal activity from hairy melon seeds; citation_author=TB Ng, A Parkash; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=211-217; citation_id=CR66"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Life Sci; citation_title=Inhibitory effects of antifungal proteins on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase; citation_author=TB Ng, TK Au, TL Lam, XY Ye, DC Wan; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=927-935; citation_id=CR67"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biol Chem; citation_title=A homodimeric sporamin-type trypsin inhibitor with antiproliferative; citation_author=TB Ng, SK Lam, WP Fong; citation_volume=834; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=811-815; citation_id=CR68"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=A ribonuclease with antimicrobial, antimitogenic and antiproliferative activities from the edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju ; citation_author=PH Ngai, TB Ng; citation_volume=25; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=11-17; citation_id=CR69"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Physiol; citation_title=Characterization of a new antifungal chitin-binding peptide from sugar beet leaves; citation_author=KK Nielsen, JE Nielsen, SM Madrid, JD Mikkelsen; citation_volume=13; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=83-91; citation_id=CR70"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=FEBS J; citation_title=A novel antifungal hevein-type peptide from Triticum kiharae seeds with a unique 10-cysteine motif; citation_author=TI Odintsova, AA Vassilevski, AA Slavokhotova, AK Musolyamov, EI Finkina, NV Khadeeva, EA Rogozhin, TV Korostyleva, VA Pukhalsky, EV Grishin, TA Egorov; citation_volume=276; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=4266-4275; citation_id=CR71"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Glycobiology; citation_title=A new type of plant chitinase containing LysM domains from a fern (Pteris ryukyuensis): roles of LysM domains in chitin binding and antifungal activity; citation_author=S Onaga, T Taira; citation_volume=18; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=414-423; citation_id=CR72"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Purification and characterization of an antifungal protein, C-FKBP, from Chinese cabbage; citation_author=SC Park, JR Lee, SO Shin, JH Jung, YM Lee, H Son, Y Park, SY Lee, KS Hahm; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=5277-5281; citation_id=CR73"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Antifungal mechanism of a novel antifungal protein from pumpkin rinds against various fungal pathogens; citation_author=SC Park, JY Kim, JK Lee, I Hwang, H Cheong, JW Nah, KS Hahm, Y Park; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=9299-9304; citation_id=CR74"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=Isolation and characterization of luffacylin, a ribosome inactivating peptide with anti-fungal activity from sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) seeds; citation_author=A Parkash, TB Ng, WW Tso; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1019-1024; citation_id=CR75"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochim Biophys Acta; citation_title=An antifungal peptide from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seeds with similarities to 2S albumin proteins; citation_author=PB Pelegrini, EF Noronha, MA Muniz, IM Vasconcelos, MD Chiarello, JT Oliveira, OL Franco; citation_volume=1764; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=1141-1146; citation_id=CR76"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Proteins; citation_title=Novel insights on the mechanism of action of alpha-amylase inhibitors from the plant defensin family; citation_author=PB Pelegrini, FT Lay, AM Murad, MA Anderson, OL Franco; citation_volume=73; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=719-729; citation_id=CR77"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochemistry (Mosc); citation_title=Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerases: structure and functions; citation_author=BK Pliyev, BY Gurvits; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=738-751; citation_id=CR78"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Physiol; citation_title=A novel pathogen- and wound-inducible tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protein with antifungal activity; citation_author=AS Ponstein, SA Bres-Vloemans, MB Seta-Buurlage, PJ Elzen, LS Melchers, BJ Cornelissen; citation_volume=104; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=109-118; citation_id=CR79"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="Qi LW, Liu EH, Chu C, Peng YB, Li P, Cai HX (2010) Anti-diabetic agents from natural products—an Update from 2004 to 2009. Curr Top Med Chem Feb 25 (in press)"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Toxicon; citation_title=Isolation and characterization of novel peptides from chilli pepper seeds: antimicrobial activities against pathogenic yeasts; citation_author=SF Ribeiro, AO Carvalho, M Cunha, R Rodrigues, LP Cruz, VM Melo, IM Vasconcelos, EJ Melo, VM Gomes; citation_volume=50; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=600-611; citation_id=CR81"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Isolation and biochemical characterization of an antifungal peptide from Amaranthus hypochondriacus seeds; citation_author=LA Rivillas-Acevedo, M Soriano-García; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=10156-10161; citation_id=CR82"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochim Biophys Acta; citation_title=Isolation and partial characterization of two antifungal proteins from barley; citation_author=WK Roberts, CP Selitrennikoff; citation_volume=880; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_pages=161-170; citation_id=CR83"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Gen Microbiol; citation_title=Zeamatin, an antifungal protein from maize with membrane-permeabilizing activity; citation_author=WJ Roberts, CP Selitrennikoff; citation_volume=136; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=1771-1778; citation_id=CR84"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Nutr Rev; citation_title=Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects; citation_author=O Rop, J Mlcek, T Jurikova; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=624-631; citation_id=CR85"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Cell Rep; citation_title=Dendrobium findleyanum agglutinin: production, localization, anti-fungal activity and gene characterization; citation_author=N Sattayasai, R Sudmoon, S Nuchadomrong, A Chaveerach, AR Kuehnle, RG Mudalige-Jayawickrama, W Bunyatratchata; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=1243-1252; citation_id=CR86"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biol Chem; citation_title=Purification, characterization, and molecular gene cloning of an antifungal protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds; citation_author=Y Sawano, T Miyakawa, H Yamazaki, M Tanokura, K Hatano; citation_volume=388; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=273-280; citation_id=CR87"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Appl Environ Microbiol; citation_title=Antifungal proteins; citation_author=CP Selitrennikoff; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=2883-2894; citation_id=CR88"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Anticancer Res; citation_title=Quality of life is improved in breast cancer patients by Standardised Mistletoe Extract PS76A2 during chemotherapy and follow-up: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial; citation_author=VF Semiglazov, VV Stepula, A Dudov, J Schnitker, U Mengs; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=1519-1529; citation_id=CR89"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biotechnol Prog; citation_title=Major antifungal activity from the bulbs of Indian squill Urginea indica is a chitinase; citation_author=SR Shenoy, MN Kameshwari, S Swaminathan, MN Gupta; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=631-637; citation_id=CR90"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem; citation_title=Different regions of the immunophilin FKBP52 determine its association with the glucocorticoid receptor, hsp90, and cytoplasmic dynein; citation_author=AM Silverstein, MD Galigniana, KC Kanelakis, C Radanyi, JM Renoir, WB Pratt; citation_volume=274; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=36980-36986; citation_id=CR91"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Zhi Wu Sheng Li Yu Fen Zi Sheng Wu Xue Xue Bao.; citation_title=Induction purification and antifungal activity of beta-1, 3-glucanase from wheat leaves; citation_author=B Sun, DC Li, XY Ci, RF Guo, Y Wang; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=2004; citation_pages=399-404; citation_id=CR92"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Cell Physiol; citation_title=Identification of chitinase and osmotin-like protein as actin-binding proteins in suspension-cultured potato cells; citation_author=D Takemoto, K Furuse, N Doke, K Kawakita; citation_volume=38; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=441-448; citation_id=CR93"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Antimicrob Agents Chemother; citation_title=In vitro activity of the antifungal plant defensin RsAFP2 against Candida isolates and its in vivo efficacy in prophylactic murine models of candidiasis; citation_author=PM Tavares, K Thevissen, BP Cammue, IE François, E Barreto-Bergter, CP Taborda, AF Marques, ML Rodrigues, L Nimrichter; citation_volume=52; citation_publication_date=2008; citation_pages=4522-4525; citation_id=CR94"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Biol Chem; citation_title=Fungal membrane responses induced by plant defensins and thionins; citation_author=K Thevissen, A Ghazi, GW Samblanx, C Brownlee, RW Osborn, WF Broekaert; citation_volume=271; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=15018-15025; citation_id=CR95"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant J; citation_title=Subcellular localization of H2O2 in plants. H2O2 accumulation in papillae and hypersensitive response during the barley–powdery mildew interaction; citation_author=H Thordal-Christensen, Z Zhang, Y Wei, DB Collinge; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1187-1194; citation_id=CR96"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Cell; citation_title=Structure and function of a mitochondrial late embryogenesis abundant protein are revealed by desiccation; citation_author=D Tolleter, M Jaquinod, C Mangavel, C Passirani, P Saulnier, S Manon, E Teyssier, N Payet, MH Avelange-Macherel, D Macherel; citation_volume=19; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=1580-1589; citation_id=CR97"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Toxicon; citation_title=Toxicities of trichosanthin and alpha-momorcharin, abortifacient proteins from Chinese medicinal plants, on cultured tumor cell lines; citation_author=SW Tsao, TB Ng, HW Yeung; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=1183-1192; citation_id=CR98"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Physiol Planta; citation_title=Garlic (Allium sativum) chitinases: characterization and molecular cloning; citation_author=EJM Damme, P Willems, S Torrekens, F Leuven, WJ Peumans; citation_volume=87; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=177-186; citation_id=CR99"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Eur J Biochem; citation_title=Isolation and characterization of thaumatin I and II, the sweet-tasting proteins from Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth; citation_author=H Wel, K Loeve; citation_volume=31; citation_publication_date=1972; citation_pages=221-225; citation_id=CR100"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Physiol Mol Plant Pathol; citation_title=The families of pathogenesis-related proteins, their activities, and comparative analysis of PR-1 type proteins; citation_author=LC Loon, EA Strien; citation_volume=55; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=85-97; citation_id=CR101"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Planta; citation_title=Hevein: an antifungal protein from rubber-tree (Hevea brasiliensis) latex; citation_author=J Parijs, WF Broekaert, IJ Goldstein, WJ Peumans; citation_volume=183; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=258-264; citation_id=CR102"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Physiol Planta; citation_title=Purification and characterization of strongly chitin-binding chitinase from salicylic acid-treated leek (Allium porrum); citation_author=R Vergauwen, F Leuven, A Laere; citation_volume=104; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=175-182; citation_id=CR103"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Physiol Biochem; citation_title=Purification and characterization of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from Cassia didymobotrya cell culture; citation_author=A Vitali, L Pacini, E Bordi, P Mori, L Pucillo, B Maras, B Botta, A Brancaccio, B Giardina; citation_volume=44; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=604-610; citation_id=CR104"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Planta; citation_title=Purification, characterization and differential hormonal regulation of a β-1, 3-glucanase and two chitinases from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.); citation_author=R Vogelsang, W Barz; citation_volume=189; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=60-69; citation_id=CR105"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Isolation and characteization of a 27 kDa antifungal protein from the fruits of Diospyros texana ; citation_author=L Vu, QK Huynh; citation_volume=202; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=666-672; citation_id=CR106"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Ginkbilobin, a novel antifungal protein from Ginkgo biloba seeds with sequence similarity to embryo-abundant protein; citation_author=HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=279; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=407-411; citation_id=CR107"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Quinqueginsin, a novel protein with anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antifungal, ribonuclease and cell-free translation-inhibitory activities from American ginseng roots; citation_author=HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=269; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=203-208; citation_id=CR108"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Isolation of a novel deoxyribonuclease with antifungal activity from Asparagus officinalis seeds; citation_author=HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=289; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=120-124; citation_id=CR109"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol; citation_title=Studies on the anti-mitogenic, anti-phage and hypotensive effects of several ribosome inactivating proteins; citation_author=HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=128; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=359-366; citation_id=CR110"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Phytochemistry; citation_title=Isolation of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from kiwi fruits; citation_author=HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=61; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1-6; citation_id=CR111"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=An antifungal protein from ginger rhizomes; citation_author=H Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=336; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=100-104; citation_id=CR112"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=An antifungal peptide from the coconut; citation_author=HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=2392-2396; citation_id=CR113"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=An antifungal peptide from red lentil seeds; citation_author=HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=28; citation_publication_date=2007; citation_pages=547-552; citation_id=CR114"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Purification and characterization of three antifungal proteins from cheeseweed (Malva parviflora); citation_author=X Wang, GJ Bunkers, MR Walters, RS Thoma; citation_volume=282; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=1224-1228; citation_id=CR115"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol; citation_title=Isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel leguminous defense peptide with antifungal and antiproliferative potency; citation_author=S Wang, P Rao, X Ye; citation_volume=82; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=79-86; citation_id=CR116"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Food Sci; citation_title=Chromatographic isolation and characterization of a novel peroxidase from large lima legumes; citation_author=SY Wang, YS Gong, JJ Zhou; citation_volume=74; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=C193-C198; citation_id=CR117"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Plant Cell; citation_title=Pathogen-induced proteins with inhibitory activity toward Phytophthora infestans ; citation_author=CP Woloshuk, JS Meulenhoff, M Sela-Buurlage, PJ Elzen, BJ Cornelissen; citation_volume=3; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=619-628; citation_id=CR118"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=Gymnin, a potent defensin-like antifungal peptide from the yunnan bean (Gymnocladus chinensis Baill); citation_author=JH Wong, TB Ng; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=2003; citation_pages=963-968; citation_id=CR119"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=Sesquin, a potent defensin-like antimicrobial peptide from ground beans with inhibitory activities toward tumor cells and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; citation_author=JH Wong, TB Ng; citation_volume=26; citation_issue=7; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=1120-1126; citation_id=CR120"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Pept Sci; citation_title=Limenin, a defensin-like peptide with multiple exploitable activities from shelf beans; citation_author=JH Wong, TB Ng; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_pages=341-346; citation_id=CR121"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Sci Food Agric; citation_title=Thaumatin-like protein in kiwi fruit; citation_author=K Wurms, D Greenwood, K Sharrock, P Long; citation_volume=79; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=1448-1452; citation_id=CR122"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Peptides; citation_title=An antifungal protein from flageolet beans; citation_author=L Xia, TB Ng; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=2397-2403; citation_id=CR123"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Arch Biochem Biophys; citation_title=A novel homodimeric lectin from Astragalus mongholicus with antifungal activity; citation_author=Q Yan, Z Jiang, S Yang, W Deng, L Han; citation_volume=442; citation_publication_date=2005; citation_pages=72-81; citation_id=CR124"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Protein Exp Purif; citation_title=Purification and characterization of an ethylene-induced antifungal protein from leaves of guilder rose (Hydrangea macrophylla); citation_author=Q Yang, ZZ Gong; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=76-82; citation_id=CR125"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Pept Res; citation_title=Hypogin, a novel antifungal peptide from peanuts with sequence similarity to peanut allergen; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=330-336; citation_id=CR126"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=Mungin, a novel cyclophilin-like antifungal protein from the mungbean; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=273; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=1111-1115; citation_id=CR127"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Protein Chem; citation_title=Isolation of unguilin, a cyclophilin-like protein with anti-mitogenic, antiviral, and antifungal activities, from black-eyed pea; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=353-359; citation_id=CR128"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=A new antifungal protein and a chitinase with prominent macrophage-stimulating activity from seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris cv. pinto ; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=290; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=813-819; citation_id=CR129"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Pept Sci; citation_title=A new peptide protease inhibitor from Vicia faba seeds exhibits antifungal, HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibiting and mitogenic activities; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=656-662; citation_id=CR130"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Protein Exp Purif; citation_title=Delandin, a chitinase-like protein with antifungal, HIV-1 revere transcriptase inhibitory and mitogenic activities from the rice bean Delandia umbellata ; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=524-529; citation_id=CR131"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Life Sci; citation_title=Isolation of a new cyclophilin-like protein from chickpeas with mitogenic, antifungal and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1129-1138; citation_id=CR132"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Life Sci; citation_title=Isolation of a novel peroxidase from French bean legumes and first demonstration of antifungal activity of a non-milk peroxidase; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=71; citation_publication_date=2002; citation_pages=1667-1680; citation_id=CR133"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Agric Food Chem; citation_title=Isolation and characterization of juncin, an antifungal protein from seeds of Japanese takana (Brassica juncea var. integrifolia); citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=2009; citation_pages=4366-4371; citation_id=CR134"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=First chromatographic isolation of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from French bean legumes and demonstration of its antifungal activity; citation_author=XY Ye, HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=263; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=130-134; citation_id=CR135"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Life Sci; citation_title=Structurally dissimilar proteins with antiviral and antifungal potency from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds; citation_author=XY Ye, HX Wang, TB Ng; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=3199-3207; citation_id=CR136"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Biochem Biophys Res Commun; citation_title=A Bowman–Birk type trypsin–chymotrypsin inhibitor from broad beans; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng, PF Rao; citation_volume=289; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=91-96; citation_id=CR137"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J Protein Chem; citation_title=Isolation of a homodimeric lectin with antifungal and antiviral activities from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds; citation_author=XY Ye, TB Ng, PWK Tsang, J Wang; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=367-375; citation_id=CR138"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol; citation_title=Isolation and characterization of an immunosuppressive protein from Trichosanthes kirilowii root tubers; citation_author=HW Yeung, SP Poon, NG TB, WW Li; citation_volume=9; citation_publication_date=1987; citation_pages=25-46; citation_id=CR139"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Mol Cell; citation_title=Osmotin, a plant antifungal protein subverts signal transduction to enhance fungal cell susceptibility; citation_author=DJ Yun, JI Ibeas, H Lee, MA Coca, ML Narasimham, Y Uesono, PM Hasegawa, JM Pardo, RA Bressan; citation_volume=1; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=807-817; citation_id=CR140"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Wong, Jack H."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ng, T. B."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="b021770@mailserv.cuhk.edu.hk"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Cheung, Randy C. F."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ye, X. J."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Wang, H. X."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="hxwang@cau.edu.cn"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lam, S. K."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Lin, P."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chan, Y. S."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Fang, Evandro F."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ngai, Patrick H. K."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Xia, L. X."/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="xialixin@126.com"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="College of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ye, X. Y."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jiang, Y."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Liu, F."/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2010/07/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms - Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Living organisms produce a myriad of molecules to protect themselves from fungal pathogens. This review focuses on antifungal proteins from plants and mushrooms, many of which are components of the human diet or have medicinal value. Plant antifungal proteins can be classified into different groups comprising chitinases and chitinase-like proteins, chitin-binding proteins, cyclophilin-like proteins, defensins and defensin-like proteins, deoxyribonucleases, embryo-abundant protein-like proteins, glucanases, lectins, lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases, protease inhibitors, ribonucleases, ribosome-inactivating proteins, storage 2S albumins, and thaumatin-like proteins. Some of the aforementioned antifungal proteins also exhibit mitogenic activity towards spleen cells, nitric oxide inducing activity toward macrophages, antiproliferative activity toward tumor cells, antibacterial activity, and inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In contrast to the large diversity of plant antifungal proteins, only a small number of mushroom antifungal proteins have been reported. Mushroom antifungal proteins are distinct from their plant counterparts in N-terminal sequence. Nevertheless, some of the mushroom antifungal proteins have been shown to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and tumor cell proliferation."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/253"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" content="#e6e6e6"> <!-- Please see discussion: https://github.com/springernature/frontend-open-space/issues/316--> <!--TODO: Implement alternative to CTM in here if the discussion concludes we do not continue with CTM as a practice--> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-b8af42253b.css> <style> html{text-size-adjust:100%;line-height:1.15}body{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;margin:0}details,main{display:block}h1{font-size:2em;margin:.67em 0}a{background-color:transparent;color:#025e8d}sub{bottom:-.25em;font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}button,input{font-family:inherit;font-size:100%;line-height:1.15;margin:0;overflow:visible}button{text-transform:none}[type=button],[type=submit],button{-webkit-appearance:button}[type=search]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;outline-offset:-2px}summary{display:list-item}[hidden]{display:none}button{cursor:pointer}svg{height:1rem;width:1rem} </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { body{background:#fff;color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.8;min-height:100%}a{color:#025e8d;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-skip-ink:auto}button{cursor:pointer}img{border:0;height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:middle}html{box-sizing:border-box;font-size:100%;height:100%;overflow-y:scroll}h1{font-size:2.25rem}h2{font-size:1.75rem}h1,h2,h4{font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}h4{font-size:1.25rem}body{font-size:1.125rem}*{box-sizing:inherit}p{margin-bottom:2rem;margin-top:0}p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-ad{text-align:center}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.c-ad{padding:8px}}.c-ad--728x90{display:none}.c-ad--728x90 .c-ad__inner{min-height:calc(1.5em + 94px)}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--728x90{display:none}}.c-ad__label{color:#333;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad__label,.c-status-message{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-status-message{align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;position:relative;width:100%}.c-status-message :last-child{margin-bottom:0}.c-status-message--boxed{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #ccc;line-height:1.4;padding:16px}.c-status-message__heading{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700}.c-status-message__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;flex:0 0 auto;height:1.5em;margin-right:8px;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1.5em}.c-status-message__icon--top{align-self:flex-start}.c-status-message--info .c-status-message__icon{color:#003f8d}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--info{border-bottom:4px solid #003f8d}.c-status-message--error .c-status-message__icon{color:#c40606}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--error{border-bottom:4px solid #c40606}.c-status-message--success .c-status-message__icon{color:#00b8b0}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--success{border-bottom:4px solid #00b8b0}.c-status-message--warning .c-status-message__icon{color:#edbc53}.c-status-message--boxed.c-status-message--warning{border-bottom:4px solid #edbc53}.eds-c-header{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 0 0}.eds-c-header__container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between;margin:0 auto 8px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav{border-top:2px solid #c5e0f4;padding-top:4px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 auto 4px;max-width:1280px;padding:0 8px;position:relative}.eds-c-header__nav-container>:not(:last-child){margin-right:32px}.eds-c-header__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex:1 0 auto;gap:8px 16px;justify-content:space-between}.eds-c-header__list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.eds-c-header__list-item{font-weight:700;margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:8px}.eds-c-header__list-item:not(:last-child){border-bottom:2px solid #c5e0f4}.eds-c-header__item{color:inherit}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}.eds-c-header__item--menu:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}}.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:none;visibility:hidden}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__item--inline-links{display:flex;gap:16px 16px;visibility:visible}}.eds-c-header__item--divider:before{border-left:2px solid #c5e0f4;content:"";height:calc(100% - 16px);margin-left:-15px;position:absolute;top:8px}.eds-c-header__brand{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-header__brand a{display:block;line-height:1;text-decoration:none}.eds-c-header__brand img{height:1.5rem;width:auto}.eds-c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.eds-c-header__icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;font-size:1.5rem;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:bottom;width:1em}.eds-c-header__icon+*{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-header__expander{background-color:#f0f7fc}.eds-c-header__search{display:block;padding:24px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.eds-c-header__search{max-width:70%}}.eds-c-header__search-container{position:relative}.eds-c-header__search-label{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:8px}.eds-c-header__search-input{background-color:#fff;border:1px solid #000;padding:8px 48px 8px 8px;width:100%}.eds-c-header__search-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:inherit;height:100%;padding:0 8px;position:absolute;right:0}.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander{border-bottom:2px solid #01324b;left:0;margin-top:-2px;top:100%;width:100%;z-index:10}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.has-tethered.eds-c-header__expander--menu{display:none;visibility:hidden}}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading{display:none;visibility:hidden}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__heading:first-child+*{margin-block-start:0}.has-tethered .eds-c-header__search{margin:auto}.eds-c-header__heading{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:16px 16px 0}.eds-c-pagination{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;gap:16px 0;justify-content:center;line-height:1.4;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:32px 0}@media only screen and (min-width:480px){.eds-c-pagination{padding:32px 16px}}.eds-c-pagination__item{margin-right:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--prev{margin-right:16px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next .eds-c-pagination__link,.eds-c-pagination__item--prev .eds-c-pagination__link{padding:16px 8px}.eds-c-pagination__item--next{margin-left:8px}.eds-c-pagination__item:last-child{margin-right:0}.eds-c-pagination__link{align-items:center;color:#222;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-size:1rem;margin:0;padding:16px 24px;position:relative;text-align:center;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.eds-c-pagination__link:visited{color:#222}.eds-c-pagination__link--disabled{border-color:#555;color:#555;cursor:default}.eds-c-pagination__link--active{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border-radius:8px;color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link--active:focus,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:hover,.eds-c-pagination__link--active:visited{color:#fff}.eds-c-pagination__link-container{align-items:center;display:flex}.eds-c-pagination__icon{fill:#222;height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.eds-c-pagination__icon--disabled{fill:#555}.eds-c-pagination__visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.c-breadcrumbs{color:#333;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-breadcrumbs>li{display:inline}svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#333;height:10px;margin:0 .25rem;width:10px}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast,.c-breadcrumbs--contrast .c-breadcrumbs__link{color:#fff}.c-breadcrumbs--contrast svg.c-breadcrumbs__chevron{fill:#fff}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item{display:none}.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:last-child,.c-breadcrumbs .c-breadcrumbs__item:nth-last-child(2){display:inline}}.c-skip-link{background:#01324b;bottom:auto;color:#fff;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;padding:8px;position:absolute;text-align:center;transform:translateY(-100%);width:100%;z-index:9999}@media (prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.c-skip-link{transition:top .3s ease-in-out 0s}}@media print{.c-skip-link{display:none}}.c-skip-link:active,.c-skip-link:hover,.c-skip-link:link,.c-skip-link:visited{color:#fff}.c-skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}.l-with-sidebar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.l-with-sidebar>*{margin:0}.l-with-sidebar__sidebar{flex-basis:var(--with-sidebar--basis,400px);flex-grow:1}.l-with-sidebar>:not(.l-with-sidebar__sidebar){flex-basis:0px;flex-grow:999;min-width:var(--with-sidebar--min,53%)}.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:4rem}@supports (gap:1em){.l-with-sidebar>:first-child{padding-right:0}.l-with-sidebar{gap:var(--with-sidebar--gap,4rem)}}.c-header__link{color:inherit;display:inline-block;font-weight:700;padding:16px 8px;position:relative;text-decoration-color:transparent;white-space:nowrap;word-break:normal}.app-masthead__colour-4{--background-color:#ff9500;--gradient-light:rgba(0,0,0,.5);--gradient-dark:rgba(0,0,0,.8)}.app-masthead{background:var(--background-color,#0070a8);position:relative}.app-masthead:after{background:radial-gradient(circle at top right,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)));bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:absolute;right:0;top:0}@media only screen and (max-width:479px){.app-masthead:after{background:linear-gradient(225deg,var(--gradient-light,rgba(0,0,0,.4)),var(--gradient-dark,rgba(0,0,0,.7)))}}.app-masthead__container{color:var(--masthead-color,#fff);margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px;position:relative;z-index:1}.u-button{align-items:center;background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;border-radius:32px;cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;line-height:1.3;margin:0;padding:16px 32px;position:relative;transition:all .2s ease 0s;width:auto}.u-button svg,.u-button--contrast svg,.u-button--primary svg,.u-button--secondary svg,.u-button--tertiary svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button,.u-button:visited{color:#fff}.u-button,.u-button:hover{box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button:focus,.u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button--primary:focus svg path,.u-button--primary:hover svg path,.u-button:focus svg path,.u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.u-button--primary{background-color:#01324b;background-image:none;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--primary:hover{border:4px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #01324b;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.u-button--primary:focus,.u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary{background-color:#fff;border:4px solid #fff;color:#01324b;font-weight:700}.u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.u-button--secondary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--secondary:focus,.u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--secondary:focus svg path,.u-button--secondary:hover svg path,.u-button--tertiary:focus svg path,.u-button--tertiary:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.u-button--tertiary{background-color:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#666;font-weight:700}.u-button--tertiary:visited{color:#666}.u-button--tertiary:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.u-button--tertiary:focus,.u-button--tertiary:hover{background-color:#01324b;color:#fff}.u-button--contrast{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#fff;font-weight:400}.u-button--contrast:visited{color:#fff}.u-button--contrast,.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{border:4px solid #fff}.u-button--contrast:focus,.u-button--contrast:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--contrast:focus svg path,.u-button--contrast:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--disabled,.u-button:disabled{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;border:4px solid #ccc;color:#000;cursor:default;font-weight:400;opacity:.7}.u-button--disabled svg,.u-button:disabled svg{fill:currentcolor}.u-button--disabled:visited,.u-button:disabled:visited{color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{border:4px solid #ccc;text-decoration:none}.u-button--disabled:focus,.u-button--disabled:hover,.u-button:disabled:focus,.u-button:disabled:hover{background-color:transparent;background-image:none;color:#000}.u-button--disabled:focus svg path,.u-button--disabled:hover svg path,.u-button:disabled:focus svg path,.u-button:disabled:hover svg path{fill:#000}.u-button--small,.u-button--xsmall{font-size:.875rem;padding:2px 8px}.u-button--small{padding:8px 16px}.u-button--large{font-size:1.125rem;padding:10px 35px}.u-button--full-width{display:flex;width:100%}.u-button--icon-left svg{margin-right:8px}.u-button--icon-right svg{margin-left:8px}.u-clear-both{clear:both}.u-container{margin:0 auto;max-width:1280px;padding:0 16px}.u-justify-content-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.u-display-none{display:none}.js .u-js-hide,.u-hide{display:none;visibility:hidden}.u-visually-hidden{clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border:0;clip-path:inset(50%);height:1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute!important;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}.u-icon{fill:currentcolor;display:inline-block;height:1em;transform:translate(0);vertical-align:text-top;width:1em}.u-list-reset{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.u-ma-16{margin:16px}.u-mt-0{margin-top:0}.u-mt-24{margin-top:24px}.u-mt-32{margin-top:32px}.u-mb-8{margin-bottom:8px}.u-mb-32{margin-bottom:32px}.u-button-reset{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0}.u-sans-serif{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.u-serif{font-family:Merriweather,serif}h1,h2,h4{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased}p{overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.u-h4{font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2}.u-mbs-0{margin-block-start:0!important}.c-article-header{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-identifiers{color:#6f6f6f;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.3;list-style:none;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.c-article-identifiers__item{border-right:1px solid #6f6f6f;list-style:none;margin-right:8px;padding-right:8px}.c-article-identifiers__item:last-child{border-right:0;margin-right:0;padding-right:0}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.c-article-title{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:1.2}}.c-article-author-list{display:inline;font-size:1rem;list-style:none;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:0;width:100%}.c-article-author-list__item{display:inline;padding-right:0}.c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none;margin-right:4px}.c-article-author-list__button,.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide,.js .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--long .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--long+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.js .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:none}.js .c-article-author-list--short .c-article-author-list__show-more,.js .c-article-author-list--short+.c-article-author-list__button{display:inline}}#uptodate-client,.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__show-more{display:none!important}.js .c-article-author-list--expanded .c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen{display:inline!important}.c-article-author-list__button,.c-button-author-list{background:#ebf1f5;border:4px solid #ebf1f5;border-radius:20px;color:#666;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;padding:2px 11px 2px 8px;text-decoration:none}.c-article-author-list__button svg,.c-button-author-list svg{margin:1px 4px 0 0}.c-article-author-list__button:hover,.c-button-author-list:hover{background:#025e8d;border-color:transparent;color:#fff}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider{padding:8px 16px}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider,.c-notes{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-image:initial;border-left:none;border-right:none;margin:24px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text{color:#555}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text,.c-notes__text{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:2px;text-align:center}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__address{color:inherit;font-weight:700;margin:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__authors-item{display:inline;margin-left:0}.c-article-authors-search{margin-bottom:24px;margin-top:0}.c-article-authors-search__item,.c-article-authors-search__title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-article-authors-search__title{color:#626262;font-size:1.05rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:0}.c-article-authors-search__item{font-size:1rem}.c-article-authors-search__text{margin:0}.c-code-block{border:1px solid #fff;font-family:monospace;margin:0 0 24px;padding:20px}.c-code-block__heading{font-weight:400;margin-bottom:16px}.c-code-block__line{display:block;overflow-wrap:break-word;white-space:pre-wrap}.c-article-share-box{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;margin-bottom:24px}.c-article-share-box__description{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:8px}.c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:24px;padding-top:4px}.c-article-share-box__only-read-input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;box-sizing:content-box;display:inline-block;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:700;height:24px;margin-bottom:8px;padding:8px 10px}.c-article-share-box__additional-info{color:#626262;font-size:.813rem}.c-article-share-box__button{background:#fff;box-sizing:content-box;text-align:center}.c-article-share-box__button--link-like{background-color:transparent;border:0;color:#025e8d;cursor:pointer;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:10px}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-label{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4}.c-article-associated-content__container .c-article-associated-content__collection-title{line-height:1.3}.c-reading-companion{clear:both;min-height:389px}.c-reading-companion__figures-list,.c-reading-companion__references-list{list-style:none;min-height:389px;padding:0}.c-reading-companion__references-list--numeric{list-style:decimal inside}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 8px 16px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item:first-child{border-top:none;padding-top:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{font-size:1rem}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{border-top:none}.c-reading-companion__reference-item a{word-break:break-word}.c-reading-companion__reference-citation{display:inline}.c-reading-companion__reference-links{font-size:.813rem;font-weight:700;list-style:none;margin:8px 0 0;padding:0;text-align:right}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a{display:inline-block;padding-left:8px}.c-reading-companion__reference-links>a:first-child{display:inline-block;padding-left:0}.c-reading-companion__figure-title{display:block;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:0 0 8px}.c-reading-companion__figure-links{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;margin:8px 0 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-links>a{align-items:center;display:flex}.c-article-section__figure-caption{display:block;margin-bottom:8px;word-break:break-word}.c-article-section__figure .video,p.app-article-masthead__access--above-download{margin:0 0 16px}.c-article-section__figure-description{font-size:1rem}.c-article-section__figure-description>*{margin-bottom:0}.c-cod{display:block;font-size:1rem;width:100%}.c-cod__form{background:#ebf0f3}.c-cod__prompt{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.3;margin:0 0 24px}.c-cod__label{display:block;margin:0 0 4px}.c-cod__row{display:flex;margin:0 0 16px}.c-cod__row:last-child{margin:0}.c-cod__input{border:1px solid #d5d5d5;border-radius:2px;flex-shrink:0;margin:0;padding:13px}.c-cod__input--submit{background-color:#025e8d;border:1px solid #025e8d;color:#fff;flex-shrink:1;margin-left:8px;transition:background-color .2s ease-out 0s,color .2s ease-out 0s}.c-cod__input--submit-single{flex-basis:100%;flex-shrink:0;margin:0}.c-cod__input--submit:focus,.c-cod__input--submit:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.save-data .c-article-author-institutional-author__sub-division,.save-data .c-article-equation__number,.save-data .c-article-figure-description,.save-data .c-article-fullwidth-content,.save-data .c-article-main-column,.save-data .c-article-satellite-article-link,.save-data .c-article-satellite-subtitle,.save-data .c-article-table-container,.save-data .c-blockquote__body,.save-data .c-code-block__heading,.save-data .c-reading-companion__figure-title,.save-data .c-reading-companion__reference-citation,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant .serif,.save-data .c-site-messages--nature-briefing-email-variant.serif,.save-data .serif,.save-data .u-serif,.save-data h1,.save-data h2,.save-data h3{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-pdf-download__link{display:flex;flex:1 1 0%;padding:13px 24px}.c-pdf-download__link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{align-items:center;flex:1 1 183px}}@media only screen and (max-width:320px){.c-context-bar--sticky .c-pdf-download__link{padding:16px}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;gap:16px 16px;margin:0;max-width:100%;padding:16px 0 0}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list__item{flex:1 1 0%}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-list,.c-book-body .c-article-recommendations-list{flex-direction:column}}.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:none;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;margin:0 0 8px}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.c-article-body .c-article-recommendations-card__authors{display:block;margin:0}}.c-article-body .c-article-history{margin-top:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar p{margin:0}.app-article-masthead{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:16px 16px;padding:16px 0 24px}.app-article-masthead__info{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-grow:1}.app-article-masthead__brand{border-top:1px solid hsla(0,0%,100%,.8);display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-shrink:0;gap:8px 8px;min-height:96px;padding:16px 0 0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:8px;box-shadow:0 4px 15px 0 hsla(0,0%,50%,.25);height:auto;left:0;position:absolute;width:72px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:block;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0 0 8px;max-width:400px;padding:0 0 0 88px;position:relative}.app-article-masthead__journal-title{-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;display:-webkit-box;overflow:hidden}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:1rem;gap:4px 4px;margin:0 0 0 88px}.app-article-masthead__access{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;gap:4px 4px;margin:0}.app-article-masthead__buttons{display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;gap:16px 16px}.app-article-masthead__access svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary svg,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary svg{fill:currentcolor}.app-article-masthead a{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;background-image:none;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus{border:4px solid #fc0;box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--primary:hover{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;color:#025e8d;font-weight:700}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:visited{color:#01324b}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#01324b;background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.app-masthead--pastel .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus,.c-context-bar--sticky .c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button--secondary:focus{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;border:4px solid #fc0;color:#01324b}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.app-article-masthead{flex-direction:row;gap:64px 64px;padding:24px 0}.app-article-masthead__brand{border:0;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__brand img{height:auto;position:static;width:auto}.app-article-masthead__buttons{align-items:center;flex-direction:row;margin-top:auto}.app-article-masthead__journal-link{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:24px 24px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0}.app-article-masthead__submission-link{margin:0}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-masthead__brand{flex-basis:400px}}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:300;line-height:1;margin:0 0 8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers--cite-list{margin:0 0 16px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers *{color:#fff}.app-article-masthead .c-cod{display:none}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item{border-left:1px solid #fff;border-right:0;margin:0 17px 8px -9px;padding:0 0 0 8px}.app-article-masthead .c-article-identifiers__item--cite{border-left:0}.app-article-metrics-bar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;font-size:1rem;padding:16px 0 0;row-gap:24px}.app-article-metrics-bar__item{padding:0 16px 0 0}.app-article-metrics-bar__count{font-weight:700}.app-article-metrics-bar__label{font-weight:400;padding-left:4px}.app-article-metrics-bar__icon{height:auto;margin-right:4px;margin-top:-4px;width:auto}.app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon{margin:4px 0 0 4px}.app-article-metrics-bar a{color:#000}.app-article-metrics-bar .app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics{padding-right:0}.app-overview-section .c-article-author-list,.app-overview-section__authors{line-height:2}.app-article-metrics-bar{margin-top:8px}.c-book-toc-pagination+.c-book-section__back-to-top{margin-top:0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter{color:#222;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;padding:20px 0}.c-article-body .c-article-access-provider__text--chapter svg.c-status-message__icon{fill:#003f8d;vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body-section__content--separator{padding-top:40px}.c-pdf-download__link{max-height:44px}.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:visited{color:#fff}.c-article-sidebar{display:none}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-sidebar{display:block}}.c-cod__form{border-radius:12px}.c-cod__label{font-size:.875rem}.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-cod .c-status-message{align-items:inherit}}.c-cod .c-status-message__icon{margin-top:4px}.c-cod .c-cod__prompt{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:block}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-article-access,.c-book-body .app-article-access{display:none}}.c-article-body .app-card-service{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.c-article-body .app-card-service{display:none}}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary{background-color:#025e8d;border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;gap:8px 8px;justify-content:center;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary,.app-article-access .u-button--primary:hover,.c-cod__row .u-button--primary:hover{background-color:#fff;color:#025e8d}.app-article-access .buybox__buy .u-button--secondary:hover{background-color:#025e8d;color:#fff}.buybox__buy .c-notes__text{color:#666;font-size:.875rem;padding:0 16px 8px}.c-cod__input{flex-basis:auto;width:100%}.c-article-title{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:2.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.2;margin:12px 0}.c-reading-companion__figure-item figure{margin:0}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.c-article-title{margin:16px 0}}.app-article-access{border:1px solid #c5e0f4;border-radius:12px}.app-article-access__heading{border-bottom:1px solid #c5e0f4;font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-weight:700;margin:0;padding:16px;text-align:center}.app-article-access .buybox__info svg{vertical-align:middle}.c-article-body .app-article-access p{margin-bottom:0}.app-article-access .buybox__info{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;margin:0}.app-article-access{margin:0 0 32px}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.app-article-access{margin:0 0 24px}}.c-status-message{font-size:1rem}.c-article-body{font-size:1.125rem}.c-article-body dl,.c-article-body ol,.c-article-body p,.c-article-body ul{margin-bottom:32px;margin-top:0}.c-article-access-provider__text:last-of-type,.c-article-body .c-notes__text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.c-article-body ol p,.c-article-body ul p{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-section__figure-caption{font-family:Merriweather Sans,Helvetica Neue,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif}.c-reading-companion__figure-item{border-top-color:#c5e0f4}.c-reading-companion__sticky{max-width:400px}.c-article-section .c-article-section__figure-description>*{font-size:1rem;margin-bottom:16px}.c-reading-companion__reference-item{border-top:1px solid #d5d5d5;padding:16px 0}.c-reading-companion__reference-item:first-child{padding-top:0}.c-article-share-box__button,.js .c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{background:0 0;border:2px solid #025e8d;border-radius:32px;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;margin:0;padding:8px 24px;transition:all .2s ease 0s}.c-article-authors-search__item .c-article-button{width:100%}.c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#fff;border:2px solid #fff;color:#01324b;justify-content:center}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button svg,.c-pdf-download .u-button svg{fill:currentcolor}.c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:4px solid #01324b;box-shadow:none}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#01324b}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-image:none;border:2px solid;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:visited{color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{box-shadow:none;outline:0;text-decoration:none}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background-color:#fff;background-image:none;color:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus svg path,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover svg path{fill:#01324b}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button,.c-pdf-download .u-button{box-shadow:none;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5;padding:8px 24px}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button{background-color:#025e8d}.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #fff}.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{background:0 0;box-shadow:none;color:#fff}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:hover{border:2px solid #025e8d;box-shadow:none;color:#025e8d}.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus{border:2px solid #025e8d}.c-article-share-box__button:focus:focus,.c-article__pill-button:focus:focus,.c-context-bar__container .c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus,.c-pdf-download .u-button:focus:focus{outline:3px solid #08c;will-change:transform}.c-pdf-download__link .u-icon{padding-top:0}.c-bibliographic-information__column button{margin-bottom:16px}.c-article-body .c-article-author-affiliation__list p,.c-article-body .c-article-author-information__list p,figure{margin:0}.c-article-share-box__button{margin-right:16px}.c-status-message--boxed{border-radius:12px}.c-article-associated-content__collection-title{font-size:1rem}.app-card-service__description,.c-article-body .app-card-service__description{color:#222;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:8px}.app-article-access__subscriptions a,.app-article-access__subscriptions a:visited,.app-book-series-listing__item a,.app-book-series-listing__item a:hover,.app-book-series-listing__item a:visited,.c-article-author-list a,.c-article-author-list a:visited,.c-article-buy-box a,.c-article-buy-box a:visited,.c-article-peer-review a,.c-article-peer-review a:visited,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a,.c-article-satellite-subtitle a:visited,.c-breadcrumbs__link,.c-breadcrumbs__link:hover,.c-breadcrumbs__link:visited{color:#000}.c-article-author-list svg{height:24px;margin:0 0 0 6px;width:24px}.c-article-header{margin-bottom:32px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.js .c-ad--conditional{display:block}}.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{background-color:#fff;display:none;min-height:149px}@media only screen and (min-width:876px){.u-lazy-ad-wrapper{display:block}}p.c-ad__label{margin-bottom:4px}.c-ad--728x90{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:2px solid #cedbe0} } </style> <style>@media only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { .eds-c-header__brand img{height:24px;width:203px}.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:93px;width:72px}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.app-article-masthead__journal-link img{height:161px;width:122px}} } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href=/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-3c86549cfc.css media="print" onload="this.media='all';this.onload=null"> <link rel="stylesheet" data-test="critical-css-handler" data-inline-css-source="critical-css" href="/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-article-72ba046d97.css" media="print" onload="this.media='only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)';this.onload=null"> <script type="text/javascript"> config = { env: 'live', site: '253.springer.com', siteWithPath: '253.springer.com' + window.location.pathname, twitterHashtag: '253', cmsPrefix: 'https://studio-cms.springernature.com/studio/', publisherBrand: 'Springer', mustardcut: false }; </script> <script> window.dataLayer = [{"GA Key":"UA-26408784-1","DOI":"10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4","Page":"article","springerJournal":true,"Publishing Model":"Open Access","page":{"attributes":{"environment":"live"}},"Country":"HK","japan":false,"doi":"10.1007-s00253-010-2690-4","Journal Id":253,"Journal Title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology","Keywords":"Antifungal, Medicinal, Plants, Mushrooms","kwrd":["Antifungal","Medicinal","Plants","Mushrooms"],"Labs":"Y","ksg":"Krux.segments","kuid":"Krux.uid","Has Body":"Y","Features":[],"Open Access":"N","hasAccess":"N","bypassPaywall":"N","user":{"license":{"businessPartnerID":[],"businessPartnerIDString":""}},"Access Type":"no-access","Bpids":"","Bpnames":"","BPID":["1"],"VG Wort Identifier":"pw-vgzm.415900-10.1007-s00253-010-2690-4","Full HTML":"N","Subject Codes":["SCL","SCL23004","SCL32010","SCC12002"],"pmc":["L","L23004","L32010","C12002"],"session":{"authentication":{"loginStatus":"N"},"attributes":{"edition":"academic"}},"content":{"serial":{"eissn":"1432-0614","pissn":"0175-7598"},"type":"Article","category":{"pmc":{"primarySubject":"Life Sciences","primarySubjectCode":"L","secondarySubjects":{"1":"Microbiology","2":"Microbial Genetics and Genomics","3":"Biotechnology"},"secondarySubjectCodes":{"1":"L23004","2":"L32010","3":"C12002"}},"sucode":"SC3","articleType":"Mini-Review"},"attributes":{"deliveryPlatform":"oscar"}},"Event Category":"Article"}]; </script> <script data-test="springer-link-article-datalayer"> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ ga4MeasurementId: 'G-B3E4QL2TPR', ga360TrackingId: 'UA-26408784-1', twitterId: 'o47a7', baiduId: 'aef3043f025ccf2305af8a194652d70b', ga4ServerUrl: 'https://collect.springer.com', imprint: 'springerlink', page: { attributes:{ featureFlags: [{ name: 'darwin-orion', active: true }, { name: 'chapter-books-recs', active: true } ], darwinAvailable: true } } }); </script> <script> (function(w, d) { w.config = w.config || {}; w.config.mustardcut = false; if (w.matchMedia && w.matchMedia('only print, only all and (prefers-color-scheme: no-preference), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: light), only all and (prefers-color-scheme: dark)').matches) { w.config.mustardcut = true; d.classList.add('js'); d.classList.remove('grade-c'); d.classList.remove('no-js'); } })(window, document.documentElement); </script> <script class="js-entry"> if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function(w, d) { window.Component = {}; window.suppressShareButton = false; window.onArticlePage = true; var currentScript = d.currentScript || d.head.querySelector('script.js-entry'); function catchNoModuleSupport() { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); return (!('noModule' in scriptEl) && 'onbeforeload' in scriptEl) } var headScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-572d4fec60.js', 'async': false} ]; var bodyScripts = [ {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es5-bundle-dad1690b0d.js', 'async': false, 'module': false}, {'src': '/oscar-static/js/global-article-es6-bundle-e7d03c4cb3.js', 'async': false, 'module': true} ]; function createScript(script) { var scriptEl = d.createElement('script'); scriptEl.src = script.src; scriptEl.async = script.async; if (script.module === true) { scriptEl.type = "module"; if (catchNoModuleSupport()) { scriptEl.src = ''; } } else if (script.module === false) { scriptEl.setAttribute('nomodule', true) } if (script.charset) { scriptEl.setAttribute('charset', script.charset); } return scriptEl; } for (var i = 0; i < headScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(headScripts[i]); currentScript.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptEl, currentScript.nextSibling); } d.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { for (var i = 0; i < bodyScripts.length; ++i) { var scriptEl = createScript(bodyScripts[i]); d.body.appendChild(scriptEl); } }); // Webfont repeat view var config = w.config; if (config && config.publisherBrand && sessionStorage.fontsLoaded === 'true') { d.documentElement.className += ' webfonts-loaded'; } })(window, document); } </script> <script data-src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/27195530232.js" data-cc-script="C03"></script> <script data-test="gtm-head"> window.initGTM = function() { if (window.config.mustardcut) { (function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'}); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-MRVXSHQ'); } } </script> <script> (function (w, d, t) { function cc() { var h = w.location.hostname; var e = d.createElement(t), s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; if (h.indexOf('springer.com') > -1 && h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') === -1 && h.indexOf('springeropen.com') === -1) { if (h.indexOf('link-qa.springer.com') > -1 || h.indexOf('test-www.springer.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-52.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('biomedcentral.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.biomedcentral.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-15-36.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('springeropen.com.qa') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-16-34.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MRVXSHQ')"); } } else if (h.indexOf('springernature.com') > -1) { if (h.indexOf('beta-qa.springernature.com') > -1) { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } else { e.src = 'https://cmp.springernature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-49-43.js'; e.setAttribute('onload', "initGTM(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NK22KLS')"); } } else { e.src = '/oscar-static/js/cookie-consent-es5-bundle-cb57c2c98a.js'; e.setAttribute('data-consent', h); } s.insertAdjacentElement('afterend', e); } cc(); })(window, document, 'script'); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"mainEntity":{"headline":"Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms","description":"Living organisms produce a myriad of molecules to protect themselves from fungal pathogens. This review focuses on antifungal proteins from plants and mushrooms, many of which are components of the human diet or have medicinal value. Plant antifungal proteins can be classified into different groups comprising chitinases and chitinase-like proteins, chitin-binding proteins, cyclophilin-like proteins, defensins and defensin-like proteins, deoxyribonucleases, embryo-abundant protein-like proteins, glucanases, lectins, lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases, protease inhibitors, ribonucleases, ribosome-inactivating proteins, storage 2S albumins, and thaumatin-like proteins. Some of the aforementioned antifungal proteins also exhibit mitogenic activity towards spleen cells, nitric oxide inducing activity toward macrophages, antiproliferative activity toward tumor cells, antibacterial activity, and inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In contrast to the large diversity of plant antifungal proteins, only a small number of mushroom antifungal proteins have been reported. Mushroom antifungal proteins are distinct from their plant counterparts in N-terminal sequence. Nevertheless, some of the mushroom antifungal proteins have been shown to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and tumor cell proliferation.","datePublished":"2010-06-08T00:00:00Z","dateModified":"2010-06-08T00:00:00Z","pageStart":"1221","pageEnd":"1235","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4","keywords":["Antifungal","Medicinal","Plants","Mushrooms","Microbiology","Microbial Genetics and Genomics","Biotechnology"],"image":[],"isPartOf":{"name":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology","issn":["1432-0614","0175-7598"],"volumeNumber":"87","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Springer-Verlag","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Jack H. Wong","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"T. B. Ng","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"b021770@mailserv.cuhk.edu.hk","@type":"Person"},{"name":"Randy C. F. Cheung","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"X. J. Ye","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"H. X. Wang","affiliation":[{"name":"China Agricultural University","address":{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"hxwang@cau.edu.cn","@type":"Person"},{"name":"S. K. Lam","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"P. Lin","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Y. S. Chan","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Evandro F. Fang","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Patrick H. K. Ngai","affiliation":[{"name":"The Chinese University of Hong Kong","address":{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"L. X. Xia","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen University","address":{"name":"College of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"email":"xialixin@126.com","@type":"Person"},{"name":"X. Y. Ye","affiliation":[{"name":"Fuzhou University","address":{"name":"College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"Y. Jiang","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University","address":{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"},{"name":"F. Liu","affiliation":[{"name":"Nankai University","address":{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","@type":"PostalAddress"},"@type":"Organization"}],"@type":"Person"}],"isAccessibleForFree":false,"hasPart":{"isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".main-content","@type":"WebPageElement"},"@type":"ScholarlyArticle"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"WebPage"}</script> </head> <body class="" > <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript data-test="gtm-body"> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <div class="u-visually-hidden" aria-hidden="true" data-test="darwin-icons"> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><symbol id="icon-eds-i-accesses-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H15a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4.455a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM8 13c2.052 0 4.66 1.61 6.36 3.4l.124.141c.333.41.516.925.516 1.459 0 .6-.232 1.178-.64 1.599C12.666 21.388 10.054 23 8 23c-2.052 0-4.66-1.61-6.353-3.393A2.31 2.31 0 0 1 1 18c0-.6.232-1.178.64-1.6C3.34 14.61 5.948 13 8 13Zm0 2c-1.369 0-3.552 1.348-4.917 2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 3 18c0 .083.031.161.09.222C4.447 19.652 6.631 21 8 21c1.37 0 3.556-1.35 4.917-2.785A.31.31 0 0 0 13 18a.32.32 0 0 0-.048-.17l-.042-.052C11.553 16.348 9.369 15 8 15Zm0 1a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c5.978 0 10.843 4.77 10.996 10.712l.004.306-.002.022-.002.248C22.843 18.23 17.978 23 12 23 5.925 23 1 18.075 1 12S5.925 1 12 1Zm-1.726 9.246L8.848 12.53a1 1 0 0 1-.718.461L8.003 13l-4.947.014a9.001 9.001 0 0 0 17.887-.001L16.553 13l-2.205 3.53a1 1 0 0 1-1.735-.068l-.05-.11-2.289-6.106ZM12 3a9.001 9.001 0 0 0-8.947 8.013l4.391-.012L9.652 7.47a1 1 0 0 1 1.784.179l2.288 6.104 1.428-2.283a1 1 0 0 1 .722-.462l.129-.008 4.943.012A9.001 9.001 0 0 0 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 20.989.058.007L12 21l.075-.003.126-.017.111-.03.111-.044.098-.052.104-.074.082-.073 6-6a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L13 17.585v-12.2C13 4.075 11.964 3 10.667 3H4a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h6.667c.175 0 .333.164.333.385v12.2l-4.293-4.292a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l6 6c.035.036.073.068.112.097l.11.071.114.054.105.035.118.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 2a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h5v8.585L3.707 8.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414l5 5 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.048.104.035.105.022.096.01h.136l.122-.018.113-.03.103-.04.1-.053.102-.07.052-.043 5.04-5.037a1 1 0 1 0-1.415-1.414L9 11.583V3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a1 1 0 0 0-1 1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.852 3.011.058-.007L12 3l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 6 6a1 1 0 1 1-1.414 1.414L13 6.415v12.2C13 19.925 11.964 21 10.667 21H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6.667c.175 0 .333-.164.333-.385v-12.2l-4.293 4.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l6-6c.035-.036.073-.068.112-.097l.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-bend-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M1 13.998a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5V4.413L3.707 7.705a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.084l-.094-.084a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l5-5 .063-.059.093-.068.081-.05.105-.047.104-.035.105-.022L7.94 1l.136.001.122.017.113.03.103.04.1.053.102.07.052.043 5.04 5.037a1 1 0 1 1-1.415 1.414L9 4.415v8.583a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 3h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L21 4v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.414l-4.293 4.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L17.584 5H14a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L13 4a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3.584l4.293-4.291a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L6.414 19H10a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 20a1 1 0 0 1-1 1l-6.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.054-.114-.035-.105-.025-.118-.007-.058L3 20v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-diagonal-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m2 15-.082-.004-.119-.016-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.097-.112l-.071-.11-.031-.062-.034-.081-.024-.076-.025-.118-.007-.058L1 14.02V9a1 1 0 1 1 2 0v2.584l2.793-2.791a1 1 0 1 1 1.414 1.414L4.414 13H7a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8 14a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2ZM14 1l.081.003.12.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.031.062.034.081.024.076.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414l-2.96 2.96A1 1 0 1 1 8.626 5.96L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m20.707 12.728-7.99 7.98a.996.996 0 0 1-.561.281l-.157.011a.998.998 0 0 1-.788-.384l-7.918-7.908a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.416L11 17.576V4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v13.598l6.293-6.285a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.082l.095.083a1 1 0 0 1-.001 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 8.707 6 6 .063.059.093.069.081.048.105.049.104.034.056.013.118.017L8 15l.076-.003.122-.017.113-.03.085-.032.063-.03.098-.058.06-.043.05-.043 6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414L9 11.583V2a1 1 0 1 0-2 0v9.585L2.707 7.293a1 1 0 0 0-1.32-.083l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m11.272 3.293-7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 0-.281.561L3 12.001c0 .32.15.605.384.788l7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 0 1.416-1.414L6.424 13H20a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H6.402l6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 0 .082-1.32l-.083-.095a1 1 0 0 0-1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m7.293 1.293-6 6-.059.063-.069.093-.048.081-.049.105-.034.104-.013.056-.017.118L1 8l.003.076.017.122.03.113.032.085.03.063.058.098.043.06.043.05 6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 0 1.414-1.414L4.417 9H14a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H4.415l4.292-4.293a1 1 0 0 0 .083-1.32l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 0-1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.728 3.293 7.98 7.99a.996.996 0 0 1 .281.561l.011.157c0 .32-.15.605-.384.788l-7.908 7.918a1 1 0 0 1-1.416-1.414L17.576 13H4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h13.598l-6.285-6.293a1 1 0 0 1-.082-1.32l.083-.095a1 1 0 0 1 1.414.001Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m8.707 1.293 6 6 .059.063.069.093.048.081.049.105.034.104.013.056.017.118L15 8l-.003.076-.017.122-.03.113-.032.085-.03.063-.058.098-.043.06-.043.05-6.037 6.04a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.583 9H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h9.585L7.293 2.707a1 1 0 0 1-.083-1.32l.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m3.293 11.272 7.99-7.98a.996.996 0 0 1 .561-.281L12.001 3c.32 0 .605.15.788.384l7.918 7.908a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.416L13 6.424V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V6.402l-6.293 6.285a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.082l-.095-.083a1 1 0 0 1 .001-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-arrow-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="m1.293 7.293 6-6 .063-.059.093-.069.081-.048.105-.049.104-.034.056-.013.118-.017L8 1l.076.003.122.017.113.03.085.032.063.03.098.058.06.043.05.043 6.04 6.037a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L9 4.417V14a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.415L2.707 8.707a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-article-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8 7a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h4a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM8 11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H8ZM7 16a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h8a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1-1-1Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 18.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3H18.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5v16.962c0 .293-.24.538-.546.538H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v12c0 1.16-.79 2.135-1.86 2.418l-.14.031V21h1a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L21 22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H6.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 3 19.5v-15A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h12ZM17 18H6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0-1.493 1.356L5 19.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 6.5 21H17v-3Zm1.5-15h-12A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5 4.5v11.837l.054-.025a3.481 3.481 0 0 1 1.254-.307L6.5 16h12a.5.5 0 0 0 .492-.41L19 15.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM15 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-book-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M1 3.786C1 2.759 1.857 2 2.82 2H6.18c.964 0 1.82.759 1.82 1.786V4h3.168c.668 0 1.298.364 1.616.938.158-.109.333-.195.523-.252l3.216-.965c.923-.277 1.962.204 2.257 1.187l4.146 13.82c.296.984-.307 1.957-1.23 2.234l-3.217.965c-.923.277-1.962-.203-2.257-1.187L13 10.005v10.21c0 1.04-.878 1.785-1.834 1.785H7.833c-.291 0-.575-.07-.83-.195A1.849 1.849 0 0 1 6.18 22H2.821C1.857 22 1 21.241 1 20.214V3.786ZM3 4v11h3V4H3Zm0 16v-3h3v3H3Zm15.075-.04-.814-2.712 2.874-.862.813 2.712-2.873.862Zm1.485-5.49-2.874.862-2.634-8.782 2.873-.862 2.635 8.782ZM8 20V6h3v14H8Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-acceptance-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-.534 7.747a1 1 0 0 1 .094 1.412l-4.846 5.538a1 1 0 0 1-1.352.141l-2.77-2.076a1 1 0 0 1 1.2-1.6l2.027 1.519 4.236-4.84a1 1 0 0 1 1.411-.094ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-date-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1ZM8 15a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm-4-4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Zm4 0a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-decision-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-2.935 8.246 2.686 2.645c.34.335.34.883 0 1.218l-2.686 2.645a.858.858 0 0 1-1.213-.009.854.854 0 0 1 .009-1.21l1.05-1.035H7.984a.992.992 0 0 1-.984-1c0-.552.44-1 .984-1h5.928l-1.051-1.036a.854.854 0 0 1-.085-1.121l.076-.088a.858.858 0 0 1 1.213-.009ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-calendar-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1h1.5C20.817 4 22 5.183 22 6.5v13c0 1.317-1.183 2.5-2.5 2.5h-15C3.183 22 2 20.817 2 19.5v-13C2 5.183 3.183 4 4.5 4a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-.212 0-.5.288-.5.5v13c0 .212.288.5.5.5h15c.212 0 .5-.288.5-.5v-13c0-.212-.288-.5-.5-.5H18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.2 6.924a.48.48 0 0 1 .125.544l-1.52 3.283h2.304c.27 0 .491.215.491.483a.477.477 0 0 1-.13.327l-4.18 4.484a.498.498 0 0 1-.69.031.48.48 0 0 1-.125-.544l1.52-3.284H9.291a.487.487 0 0 1-.491-.482c0-.121.047-.238.13-.327l4.18-4.484a.498.498 0 0 1 .69-.031ZM7.5 2a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1H14a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8.5v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-call-papers-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="m20.707 2.883-1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 0 1.414 1.414l1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-1.414Z"/><path d="M6 16.054c0 2.026 1.052 2.943 3 2.943a1 1 0 1 1 0 2c-2.996 0-5-1.746-5-4.943v-1.227a4.068 4.068 0 0 1-1.83-1.189 4.553 4.553 0 0 1-.87-1.455 4.868 4.868 0 0 1-.3-1.686c0-1.17.417-2.298 1.17-3.14.38-.426.834-.767 1.338-1 .51-.237 1.06-.36 1.617-.36L6.632 6H7l7.932-2.895A2.363 2.363 0 0 1 18 5.36v9.28a2.36 2.36 0 0 1-3.069 2.25l.084.03L7 14.997H6v1.057Zm9.637-11.057a.415.415 0 0 0-.083.008L8 7.638v5.536l7.424 1.786.104.02c.035.01.072.02.109.02.2 0 .363-.16.363-.36V5.36c0-.2-.163-.363-.363-.363Zm-9.638 3h-.874a1.82 1.82 0 0 0-.625.111l-.15.063a2.128 2.128 0 0 0-.689.517c-.42.47-.661 1.123-.661 1.81 0 .34.06.678.176.992.114.308.28.585.485.816.4.447.925.691 1.464.691h.874v-5Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/><path d="M20 8.997h2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2ZM20.707 14.293l1.414 1.414a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-1.414-1.414a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-card-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385c-.213 0-.265.034-.317.14A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068h15.23c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM17 16a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h10Zm-.5-7A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 18 7.5v3a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-1.5 1.5h-9A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 6 10.5v-3A1.5 1.5 0 0 1 7.5 6h9ZM16 8H8v2h8V8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cart-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5.76 1a1 1 0 0 1 .994.902L7.155 6h13.34c.18 0 .358.02.532.057l.174.045a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1.693 3.103l-2.069 7.03c-.36 1.099-1.398 1.823-2.49 1.763H8.65c-1.272.015-2.352-.927-2.546-2.244L4.852 3H2a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L1 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3.76Zm2.328 14.51a.555.555 0 0 0 .55.488l9.751.001a.533.533 0 0 0 .527-.357l2.059-7a.5.5 0 0 0-.48-.642H7.351l.737 7.51ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 1 0 4 2 2 0 0 1 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm5.125 4.72a1 1 0 0 1 .156 1.405l-6 7.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.421.143l-3-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.28-1.536l2.217 1.846 5.362-6.703a1 1 0 0 1 1.406-.156Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm5.125 6.72a1 1 0 0 0-1.406.155l-5.362 6.703-2.217-1.846a1 1 0 1 0-1.28 1.536l3 2.5a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.143l6-7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.155-1.406Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3.305 8.28a1 1 0 0 0-.024 1.415l7.495 7.762c.314.345.757.543 1.224.543.467 0 .91-.198 1.204-.522l7.515-7.783a1 1 0 1 0-1.438-1.39L12 15.845l-7.28-7.54A1 1 0 0 0 3.4 8.2l-.096.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-down-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 5.278a1 1 0 0 1 .03 1.414L9.103 11.51a1.491 1.491 0 0 1-2.188.019L2.278 6.692a1 1 0 0 1 1.444-1.384L8 9.771l4.278-4.463a1 1 0 0 1 1.318-.111l.096.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.72 3.305a1 1 0 0 0-1.415-.024l-7.762 7.495A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 6 12c0 .467.198.91.522 1.204l7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 0 1.39-1.438L8.155 12l7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 0 15.8 3.4l-.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-left-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M10.722 2.308a1 1 0 0 0-1.414-.03L4.49 6.897a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-.019 2.188l4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 0 1.384-1.444L6.229 8l4.463-4.278a1 1 0 0 0 .111-1.318l-.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28 3.305a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.024l7.762 7.495c.345.314.543.757.543 1.224 0 .467-.198.91-.522 1.204l-7.783 7.515a1 1 0 1 1-1.39-1.438L15.845 12l-7.54-7.28A1 1 0 0 1 8.2 3.4l.082-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5.278 2.308a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.03l4.819 4.619a1.491 1.491 0 0 1 .019 2.188l-4.838 4.637a1 1 0 1 1-1.384-1.444L9.771 8 5.308 3.722a1 1 0 0 1-.111-1.318l.081-.096Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.695 15.72a1 1 0 0 0 .024-1.415l-7.495-7.762A1.655 1.655 0 0 0 12 6c-.467 0-.91.198-1.204.522l-7.515 7.783a1 1 0 1 0 1.438 1.39L12 8.155l7.28 7.54a1 1 0 0 0 1.319.106l.096-.082Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-chevron-up-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M13.692 10.722a1 1 0 0 0 .03-1.414L9.103 4.49a1.491 1.491 0 0 0-2.188-.019L2.278 9.308a1 1 0 0 0 1.444 1.384L8 6.229l4.278 4.463a1 1 0 0 0 1.318.111l.096-.081Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-citations-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.59 1a1 1 0 0 1 .706.291l5.41 5.385a1 1 0 0 1 .294.709v13.077c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742h-5.843a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h5.843a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.8L15.178 3H5.545a.543.543 0 0 0-.538.451L5 3.538v8.607a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1h10.046ZM5.483 14.35c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Zm5 0c.197.26.17.62-.049.848l-.095.083-.016.011c-.36.24-.628.45-.804.634-.393.409-.59.93-.59 1.562.077-.019.192-.028.345-.028.442 0 .84.158 1.195.474.355.316.532.716.532 1.2 0 .501-.173.9-.518 1.198-.345.298-.767.446-1.266.446-.672 0-1.209-.195-1.612-.585-.403-.39-.604-.976-.604-1.757 0-.744.11-1.39.33-1.938.222-.549.49-1.009.807-1.38a4.28 4.28 0 0 1 .992-.88c.07-.043.148-.087.232-.133a.881.881 0 0 1 1.121.245Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-1.909 4.205a1 1 0 0 1 .19 1.401l-5.334 7a1 1 0 0 1-1.344.23l-2.667-1.75a1 1 0 1 1 1.098-1.672l1.887 1.238 4.769-6.258a1 1 0 0 1 1.401-.19ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-clipboard-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.4 1c1.238 0 2.274.865 2.536 2.024L18.5 3C19.886 3 21 4.14 21 5.535v14.93C21 21.86 19.886 23 18.5 23h-13C4.114 23 3 21.86 3 20.465V5.535C3 4.14 4.114 3 5.5 3h1.57c.27-1.147 1.3-2 2.53-2h4.8Zm4.115 4-1.59.024A2.601 2.601 0 0 1 14.4 7H9.6c-1.23 0-2.26-.853-2.53-2H5.5c-.27 0-.5.234-.5.535v14.93c0 .3.23.535.5.535h13c.27 0 .5-.234.5-.535V5.535c0-.3-.23-.535-.485-.535Zm-2.658 10.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857Zm0-3.929a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h7.857ZM14.4 3H9.6a.6.6 0 0 0-.6.6v.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6.6h4.8a.6.6 0 0 0 .6-.6v-.8a.6.6 0 0 0-.6-.6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-close-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM8.707 7.293 12 10.585l3.293-3.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414L13.415 12l3.292 3.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L12 13.415l-3.293 3.292a1 1 0 1 1-1.414-1.414L10.585 12 7.293 8.707a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-cloud-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.852 10.011.028-.004L13 10l.075.003.126.017.086.022.136.052.098.052.104.074.082.073 3 3a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L14 13.416V20a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l3-3 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Zm.587-7.962c3.065.362 5.497 2.662 5.992 5.562l.013.085.207.073c2.117.782 3.496 2.845 3.337 5.097l-.022.226c-.297 2.561-2.503 4.491-5.124 4.502a1 1 0 1 1-.009-2c1.619-.007 2.967-1.186 3.147-2.733.179-1.542-.86-2.979-2.487-3.353-.512-.149-.894-.579-.981-1.165-.21-2.237-2-4.035-4.308-4.308-2.31-.273-4.497 1.06-5.25 3.19l-.049.113c-.234.468-.718.756-1.176.743-1.418.057-2.689.857-3.32 2.084a3.668 3.668 0 0 0 .262 3.798c.796 1.136 2.169 1.764 3.583 1.635a1 1 0 1 1 .182 1.992c-2.125.194-4.193-.753-5.403-2.48a5.668 5.668 0 0 1-.403-5.86c.85-1.652 2.449-2.79 4.323-3.092l.287-.039.013-.028c1.207-2.741 4.125-4.404 7.186-4.042Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-collection-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v12.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h11.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.5-5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 18 4.5v12a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 16.5v-12A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 2h11Zm0 2h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v12a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-12a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM13 13a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm0-3.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6ZM13 6a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H7a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-conference-series-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4.5 2A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2 4.5v11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 4.5 18h2.37l-2.534 2.253a1 1 0 0 0 1.328 1.494L9.88 18H11v3a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3h1.12l4.216 3.747a1 1 0 0 0 1.328-1.494L17.13 18h2.37a2.5 2.5 0 0 0 2.5-2.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 0 19.5 2h-15ZM20 6V4.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-15a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V6h16ZM4 8v7.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-delivery-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.51 20.598a3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 4.161 19L3.5 19A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 1 16.5v-11A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3.5 3h10a2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.45 2.004L16 5h2.527c.976 0 1.855.585 2.27 1.49l2.112 4.62a1 1 0 0 1 .091.416v4.856C23 17.814 21.889 19 20.484 19h-.523a1.01 1.01 0 0 1-.121-.007 2.96 2.96 0 0 1-1.33 1.605 3.037 3.037 0 0 1-3.02 0A2.968 2.968 0 0 1 14.161 19H9.838a2.968 2.968 0 0 1-1.327 1.597Zm-2.024-3.462a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73L5.999 18l.001.022a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0A.97.97 0 0 0 8 17.978a.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0Zm10 0a.955.955 0 0 0-.481.73l-.005.156a.944.944 0 0 0 .388.777l.098.065c.316.181.712.181 1.028 0a.97.97 0 0 0 .486-.886.95.95 0 0 0-.486-.842 1.037 1.037 0 0 0-1.028 0ZM21 12h-5v3.17a3.038 3.038 0 0 1 2.51.232 2.993 2.993 0 0 1 1.277 1.45l.058.155.058-.005.581-.002c.27 0 .516-.263.516-.618V12Zm-7.5-7h-10a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v11a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h.662a2.964 2.964 0 0 1 1.155-1.491l.172-.107a3.037 3.037 0 0 1 3.022 0A2.987 2.987 0 0 1 9.843 17H13.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Zm5.027 2H16v3h4.203l-1.224-2.677a.532.532 0 0 0-.375-.316L18.527 7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M22 18.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-3.5 3.5h-13A3.5 3.5 0 0 1 2 18.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 5.5 20h13a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 1.5-1.5V18a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.5Zm-3.293-7.793-6 6-.063.059-.093.069-.081.048-.105.049-.104.034-.056.013-.118.017L12 17l-.076-.003-.122-.017-.113-.03-.085-.032-.063-.03-.098-.058-.06-.043-.05-.043-6.04-6.037a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.294 4.29L11 3a1 1 0 0 1 2 0l.001 10.585 4.292-4.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.149 2a2.38 2.38 0 0 1 1.699.711l2.446 2.46a2.384 2.384 0 0 1 .005 3.38L10.01 19.906a1 1 0 0 1-.434.257l-6.3 1.8a1 1 0 0 1-1.237-1.237l1.8-6.3a1 1 0 0 1 .257-.434L15.443 2.718A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 17.15 2Zm-3.874 5.689-7.586 7.536-1.234 4.319 4.318-1.234 7.54-7.582-3.038-3.039ZM17.149 4a.395.395 0 0 0-.286.126L14.695 6.28l3.029 3.029 2.162-2.173a.384.384 0 0 0 .106-.197L20 6.864c0-.103-.04-.2-.119-.278l-2.457-2.47A.385.385 0 0 0 17.149 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-education-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.41 2.088a1 1 0 0 0-.82 0l-10 4.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 1.824L3 9.047v7.124A3.001 3.001 0 0 0 4 22a3 3 0 0 0 1-5.83V9.948l1 .45V14.5a1 1 0 0 0 .087.408L7 14.5c-.913.408-.912.41-.912.41l.001.003.003.006.007.015a1.988 1.988 0 0 0 .083.16c.054.097.131.225.236.373.21.297.53.68.993 1.057C8.351 17.292 9.824 18 12 18c2.176 0 3.65-.707 4.589-1.476.463-.378.783-.76.993-1.057a4.162 4.162 0 0 0 .319-.533l.007-.015.003-.006v-.003h.002s0-.002-.913-.41l.913.408A1 1 0 0 0 18 14.5v-4.103l4.41-1.985a1 1 0 0 0 0-1.824l-10-4.5ZM16 11.297l-3.59 1.615a1 1 0 0 1-.82 0L8 11.297v2.94a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677.739C9.267 15.457 10.294 16 12 16s2.734-.543 3.323-1.024a3.388 3.388 0 0 0 .677-.739v-2.94ZM4.437 7.5 12 4.097 19.563 7.5 12 10.903 4.437 7.5ZM3 19a1 1 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 0 1-2 0Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-diamond-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008Zm0 2a.646.646 0 0 0-.38.123l-.093.08-8.34 8.34a.646.646 0 0 0-.18.355L3 12c0 .171.068.336.19.457l8.353 8.354a.646.646 0 0 0 .914 0l8.354-8.354a.646.646 0 0 0-.001-.914l-8.351-8.354A.646.646 0 0 0 12.002 3ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-error-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12.002 1c.702 0 1.375.279 1.871.775l8.35 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 .001 3.744l-8.353 8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1-3.742 0l-8.353-8.353a2.646 2.646 0 0 1 0-3.744l8.353-8.353.156-.142c.424-.362.952-.58 1.507-.625l.21-.008ZM12 14.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 2a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H4.6c-.371 0-.6.209-.6.5v15c0 .291.229.5.6.5h14.8c.371 0 .6-.209.6-.5V15a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4.5c0 1.438-1.162 2.5-2.6 2.5H4.6C3.162 22 2 20.938 2 19.5v-15C2 3.062 3.162 2 4.6 2H9Zm6 0h6l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08c.036.035.068.073.097.112l.071.11.054.114.035.105.03.148L22 3v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V5.414l-6.693 6.693a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L18.584 4H15a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L14 3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-external-link-small" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path d="M5 1a1 1 0 1 1 0 2l-2-.001V13L13 13v-2a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v2c0 1.15-.93 2-2.067 2H3.067C1.93 15 1 14.15 1 13V3c0-1.15.93-2 2.067-2H5Zm4 0h5l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.096.067.09.08.044.047.073.093.051.083.054.113.035.105.03.148L15 2v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V4.414L9.107 8.307a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414L11.584 3H9a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L8 2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-download-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.585l2.293-2.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-4 4a1.008 1.008 0 0 1-.112.097l-.11.071-.114.054-.105.035-.149.03L12 18l-.075-.003-.126-.017-.111-.03-.111-.044-.098-.052-.096-.067-.09-.08-4-4a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414L11 14.585V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-report-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962c0 .674-.269 1.32-.747 1.796a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-1.798.742H5.545c-.674 0-1.32-.267-1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .142.057.278.158.379.102.102.242.159.387.159h12.91a.549.549 0 0 0 .387-.16.535.535 0 0 0 .158-.378V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-4.793-6.207L13 9.585l1.793-1.792a1 1 0 0 1 1.32-.083l.094.083a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-2.5 2.5a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0L10.5 9.915l-1.793 1.792a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l2.5-2.5a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-text-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3ZM16 15a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm0-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Zm-5-4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-file-upload-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14.5 1a1 1 0 0 1 .707.293l5.5 5.5A1 1 0 0 1 21 7.5v12.962A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 18.455 23H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 3 20.462V3.538A2.542 2.542 0 0 1 5.545 1H14.5Zm-.415 2h-8.54A.542.542 0 0 0 5 3.538v16.924c0 .296.243.538.545.538h12.91a.542.542 0 0 0 .545-.538V7.915L14.085 3Zm-2.233 4.011.058-.007L12 7l.075.003.126.017.111.03.111.044.098.052.104.074.082.073 4 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.414l-.094.083a1 1 0 0 1-1.32-.083L13 10.415V17a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6.585l-2.293 2.292a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l4-4 .112-.097.11-.071.114-.054.105-.035.118-.025Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-filter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 2a1 1 0 0 1 .82 1.573L15 13.314V18a1 1 0 0 1-.31.724l-.09.076-4 3A1 1 0 0 1 9 21v-7.684L2.18 3.573a1 1 0 0 1 .707-1.567L3 2h18Zm-1.921 2H4.92l5.9 8.427a1 1 0 0 1 .172.45L11 13v6l2-1.5V13a1 1 0 0 1 .117-.469l.064-.104L19.079 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-funding-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M23 8A7 7 0 1 0 9 8a7 7 0 0 0 14 0ZM9.006 12.225A4.07 4.07 0 0 0 6.12 11.02H2a.979.979 0 1 0 0 1.958h4.12c.558 0 1.094.222 1.489.617l2.207 2.288c.27.27.27.687.012.944a.656.656 0 0 1-.928 0L7.744 15.67a.98.98 0 0 0-1.386 1.384l1.157 1.158c.535.536 1.244.791 1.946.765l.041.002h6.922c.874 0 1.597.748 1.597 1.688 0 .203-.146.354-.309.354H7.755c-.487 0-.96-.178-1.339-.504L2.64 17.259a.979.979 0 0 0-1.28 1.482L5.137 22c.733.631 1.66.979 2.618.979h9.957c1.26 0 2.267-1.043 2.267-2.312 0-2.006-1.584-3.646-3.555-3.646h-4.529a2.617 2.617 0 0 0-.681-2.509l-2.208-2.287ZM16 3a5 5 0 1 0 0 10 5 5 0 0 0 0-10Zm.979 3.5a.979.979 0 1 0-1.958 0v3a.979.979 0 1 0 1.958 0v-3Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-hashtag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18ZM9.52 18.189a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274H6a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.378l.592-3.076H6a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3.354l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.437 2.272h3.04l.51-2.65a1 1 0 1 1 1.964.378l-.438 2.272H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1.917l-.592 3.076H18a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-2.893l-.51 2.652a1 1 0 1 1-1.964-.378l.437-2.274h-3.04l-.51 2.652Zm.895-4.652h3.04l.591-3.076h-3.04l-.591 3.076Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-home-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M5 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-8.586l-1.293 1.293a1 1 0 0 1-1.32.083l-.094-.083a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.414l10-10a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0l10 10a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414L20 12.415V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H5Zm7-17.585-6 5.999V20h5v-4a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v4h5v-9.585l-6-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-image-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19.615 2A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 22 4.385v15.23A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 19.615 22H4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 2 19.615V4.385A2.385 2.385 0 0 1 4.385 2h15.23Zm0 2H4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 4 4.385v15.23c0 .213.172.385.385.385h1.244l10.228-8.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.254-.037L20 13.392V4.385A.385.385 0 0 0 19.615 4Zm-3.07 9.283L8.703 20h10.912a.385.385 0 0 0 .385-.385v-3.713l-3.455-2.619ZM9.5 6a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-impact-factor-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.49 2.672c.74.694.986 1.765.632 2.712l-.04.1-1.549 3.54h1.477a2.496 2.496 0 0 1 2.485 2.34l.005.163c0 .618-.23 1.21-.642 1.675l-7.147 7.961a2.48 2.48 0 0 1-3.554.165 2.512 2.512 0 0 1-.633-2.712l.042-.103L9.108 15H7.46c-1.393 0-2.379-1.11-2.455-2.369L5 12.473c0-.593.142-1.145.628-1.692l7.307-7.944a2.48 2.48 0 0 1 3.555-.165ZM14.43 4.164l-7.33 7.97c-.083.093-.101.214-.101.34 0 .277.19.526.46.526h4.163l.097-.009c.015 0 .03.003.046.009.181.078.264.32.186.5l-2.554 5.817a.512.512 0 0 0 .127.552.48.48 0 0 0 .69-.033l7.155-7.97a.513.513 0 0 0 .13-.34.497.497 0 0 0-.49-.502h-3.988a.355.355 0 0 1-.328-.497l2.555-5.844a.512.512 0 0 0-.127-.552.48.48 0 0 0-.69.033Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 7a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5h1.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-5a1 1 0 0 1 0-2H11v-4h-.5a1 1 0 0 1-.993-.883L9.5 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1H12Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 8.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 9h-1.5a1 1 0 0 0-1 1l.007.117A1 1 0 0 0 10.5 12h.5v4H9.5a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h5a1 1 0 0 0 0-2H13v-5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Zm0-4.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 5.5Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-journal-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M18.5 1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 21 3.5v14a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-13a.5.5 0 1 0 0 1H20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H5.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 3 20.5v-17A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 5.5 1h13ZM7 3H5.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v14.549l.016-.002c.104-.02.211-.035.32-.042L5.5 18H7V3Zm11.5 0H9v15h9.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM16 5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v4a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-5a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h5Zm-1 2h-3v2h3V7Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.462 3C21.875 3 23 4.184 23 5.619v12.762C23 19.816 21.875 21 20.462 21H3.538C2.125 21 1 19.816 1 18.381V5.619C1 4.184 2.125 3 3.538 3h16.924ZM21 8.158l-7.378 6.258a2.549 2.549 0 0 1-3.253-.008L3 8.16v10.222c0 .353.253.619.538.619h16.924c.285 0 .538-.266.538-.619V8.158ZM20.462 5H3.538c-.264 0-.5.228-.534.542l8.65 7.334c.2.165.492.165.684.007l8.656-7.342-.001-.025c-.044-.3-.274-.516-.531-.516Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mail-send-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.444 5a2.562 2.562 0 0 1 2.548 2.37l.007.078.001.123v7.858A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 20.444 18H9.556A2.564 2.564 0 0 1 7 15.429l.001-7.977.007-.082A2.561 2.561 0 0 1 9.556 5h10.888ZM21 9.331l-5.46 3.51a1 1 0 0 1-1.08 0L9 9.332v6.097c0 .317.251.571.556.571h10.888a.564.564 0 0 0 .556-.571V9.33ZM20.444 7H9.556a.543.543 0 0 0-.32.105l5.763 3.706 5.766-3.706a.543.543 0 0 0-.32-.105ZM4.308 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Zm0 5.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H2a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h2.308Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-mentions-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m9.452 1.293 5.92 5.92 2.92-2.92a1 1 0 0 1 1.415 1.414l-2.92 2.92 5.92 5.92a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415 10.371 10.371 0 0 1-10.378 2.584l.652 3.258A1 1 0 0 1 12 23H2a1 1 0 0 1-.874-1.486l4.789-8.62C4.194 9.074 4.9 4.43 8.038 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 0Zm-2.355 13.59L3.699 21h7.081l-.689-3.442a10.392 10.392 0 0 1-2.775-2.396l-.22-.28Zm1.69-11.427-.07.09a8.374 8.374 0 0 0 11.737 11.737l.089-.071L8.787 3.456Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-menu-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 4a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h18Zm-4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h14Zm4 7a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h18Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-metrics-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M3 22a1 1 0 0 1-1-1V3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v7h4V8a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v13a1 1 0 0 1-.883.993L21 22H3Zm17-2V9h-4v11h4Zm-6-8h-4v8h4v-8ZM8 4H4v16h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-news-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M17.384 3c.975 0 1.77.787 1.77 1.762v13.333c0 .462.354.846.815.899l.107.006.109-.006a.915.915 0 0 0 .809-.794l.006-.105V8.19a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v9.905A2.914 2.914 0 0 1 20.077 21H3.538a2.547 2.547 0 0 1-1.644-.601l-.147-.135A2.516 2.516 0 0 1 1 18.476V4.762C1 3.787 1.794 3 2.77 3h14.614Zm-.231 2H3v13.476c0 .11.035.216.1.304l.054.063c.101.1.24.157.384.157l13.761-.001-.026-.078a2.88 2.88 0 0 1-.115-.655l-.004-.17L17.153 5ZM14 15.021a.979.979 0 1 1 0 1.958H6a.979.979 0 1 1 0-1.958h8Zm0-8c.54 0 .979.438.979.979v4c0 .54-.438.979-.979.979H6A.979.979 0 0 1 5.021 12V8c0-.54.438-.979.979-.979h8Zm-.98 1.958H6.979v2.041h6.041V8.979Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-newsletter-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M21 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v9.5a2.5 2.5 0 0 1-2.5 2.5h-15A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2 20.5V11a1 1 0 0 1 2 0v.439l8 4.888 8-4.889V11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-1 3.783-7.479 4.57a1 1 0 0 1-1.042 0l-7.48-4.57V20.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .501.5h15a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.717ZM15 9a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h6Zm2.5-8A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 20 3.5V9a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V3.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5h-11a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V9a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V3.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 6.5 1h11ZM15 5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2H9a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-notifcation-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M14 20a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM3 18l-.133-.007c-1.156-.124-1.156-1.862 0-1.986l.3-.012C4.32 15.923 5 15.107 5 14V9.5C5 5.368 8.014 2 12 2s7 3.368 7 7.5V14c0 1.107.68 1.923 1.832 1.995l.301.012c1.156.124 1.156 1.862 0 1.986L21 18H3Zm9-14C9.17 4 7 6.426 7 9.5V14c0 .671-.146 1.303-.416 1.858L6.51 16h10.979l-.073-.142a4.192 4.192 0 0 1-.412-1.658L17 14V9.5C17 6.426 14.83 4 12 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-publish-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M16.296 1.291A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V13a1 1 0 1 0 2 0V3.538l.007-.087A.543.543 0 0 1 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.534.534 0 0 1-.158.379.548.548 0 0 1-.387.159H11a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h8.455c.674 0 1.32-.267 1.798-.742A2.534 2.534 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385Z"/><path d="M10.762 16.647a1 1 0 0 0-1.525-1.294l-4.472 5.271-2.153-1.665a1 1 0 1 0-1.224 1.582l2.91 2.25a1 1 0 0 0 1.374-.144l5.09-6ZM16 10a1 1 0 1 1 0 2H8a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h8ZM12 7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1H8a1 1 0 1 0 0 2h3a1 1 0 0 0 1-1Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-refresh-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M7.831 5.636H6.032A8.76 8.76 0 0 1 9 3.631 8.549 8.549 0 0 1 12.232 3c.603 0 1.192.063 1.76.182C17.979 4.017 21 7.632 21 12a1 1 0 1 0 2 0c0-5.296-3.674-9.746-8.591-10.776A10.61 10.61 0 0 0 5 3.851V2.805a1 1 0 0 0-.987-1H4a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v3.831a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h3.831a1 1 0 0 0 .013-2h-.013ZM17.968 18.364c-1.59 1.632-3.784 2.636-6.2 2.636C6.948 21 3 16.993 3 12a1 1 0 1 0-2 0c0 6.053 4.799 11 10.768 11 2.788 0 5.324-1.082 7.232-2.85v1.045a1 1 0 1 0 2 0v-3.831a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-3.831a1 1 0 0 0 0 2h1.799Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-search-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11 1c5.523 0 10 4.477 10 10 0 2.4-.846 4.604-2.256 6.328l3.963 3.965a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-3.965-3.963A9.959 9.959 0 0 1 11 21C5.477 21 1 16.523 1 11S5.477 1 11 1Zm0 2a8 8 0 1 0 0 16 8 8 0 0 0 0-16Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-settings-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.382 1h1.24a2.508 2.508 0 0 1 2.334 1.63l.523 1.378 1.59.933 1.444-.224c.954-.132 1.89.3 2.422 1.101l.095.155.598 1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-.195 2.848l-.894 1.161v1.896l.92 1.163c.6.768.707 1.812.295 2.674l-.09.17-.606 1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1-2.531 1.25l-1.428-.223-1.589.932-.523 1.378a2.512 2.512 0 0 1-2.155 1.625L12.65 23h-1.27a2.508 2.508 0 0 1-2.334-1.63l-.524-1.379-1.59-.933-1.443.225c-.954.132-1.89-.3-2.422-1.101l-.095-.155-.598-1.066a2.56 2.56 0 0 1 .195-2.847l.891-1.161v-1.898l-.919-1.162a2.562 2.562 0 0 1-.295-2.674l.09-.17.606-1.08a2.504 2.504 0 0 1 2.531-1.25l1.43.223 1.618-.938.524-1.375.07-.167A2.507 2.507 0 0 1 11.382 1Zm.003 2a.509.509 0 0 0-.47.338l-.65 1.71a1 1 0 0 1-.434.51L7.6 6.85a1 1 0 0 1-.655.123l-1.762-.275a.497.497 0 0 0-.498.252l-.61 1.088a.562.562 0 0 0 .04.619l1.13 1.43a1 1 0 0 1 .216.62v2.585a1 1 0 0 1-.207.61L4.15 15.339a.568.568 0 0 0-.036.634l.601 1.072a.494.494 0 0 0 .484.26l1.78-.278a1 1 0 0 1 .66.126l2.2 1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .43.507l.648 1.71a.508.508 0 0 0 .467.338h1.263a.51.51 0 0 0 .47-.34l.65-1.708a1 1 0 0 1 .428-.507l2.201-1.292a1 1 0 0 1 .66-.126l1.763.275a.497.497 0 0 0 .498-.252l.61-1.088a.562.562 0 0 0-.04-.619l-1.13-1.43a1 1 0 0 1-.216-.62v-2.585a1 1 0 0 1 .207-.61l1.105-1.437a.568.568 0 0 0 .037-.634l-.601-1.072a.494.494 0 0 0-.484-.26l-1.78.278a1 1 0 0 1-.66-.126l-2.2-1.292a1 1 0 0 1-.43-.507l-.649-1.71A.508.508 0 0 0 12.62 3h-1.234ZM12 8a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-shipping-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.515 2c1.406 0 2.706.728 3.352 1.902l2.02 3.635.02.042.036.089.031.105.012.058.01.073.004.075v11.577c0 .64-.244 1.255-.683 1.713a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.701.731H4.386a2.356 2.356 0 0 1-1.702-.731 2.476 2.476 0 0 1-.683-1.713V7.948c.01-.217.083-.43.22-.6L4.2 3.905C4.833 2.755 6.089 2.032 7.486 2h9.029ZM20 9H4v10.556a.49.49 0 0 0 .075.26l.053.07a.356.356 0 0 0 .257.114h15.23c.094 0 .186-.04.258-.115a.477.477 0 0 0 .127-.33V9Zm-2 7.5a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h4ZM16.514 4H13v3h6.3l-1.183-2.13c-.288-.522-.908-.87-1.603-.87ZM11 3.999H7.51c-.679.017-1.277.36-1.566.887L4.728 7H11V3.999Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-step-guide-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M11.394 9.447a1 1 0 1 0-1.788-.894l-.88 1.759-.019-.02a1 1 0 1 0-1.414 1.415l1 1a1 1 0 0 0 1.601-.26l1.5-3ZM12 11a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM12 17a1 1 0 0 1 1-1h3a1 1 0 1 1 0 2h-3a1 1 0 0 1-1-1ZM10.947 14.105a1 1 0 0 1 .447 1.342l-1.5 3a1 1 0 0 1-1.601.26l-1-1a1 1 0 1 1 1.414-1.414l.02.019.879-1.76a1 1 0 0 1 1.341-.447Z"/><path d="M5.545 1A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538v16.924A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 5.545 23h12.91A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 21 20.462V7.5a1 1 0 0 0-.293-.707l-5.5-5.5A1 1 0 0 0 14.5 1H5.545ZM5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h8.54L19 7.914v12.547c0 .294-.24.539-.546.539H5.545A.542.542 0 0 1 5 20.462V3.538Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-submission-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g><path d="M5 3.538C5 3.245 5.24 3 5.545 3h9.633L20 7.8v12.662a.535.535 0 0 1-.158.379.549.549 0 0 1-.387.159H6a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-2.5a1 1 0 1 0-2 0V20a3 3 0 0 0 3 3h13.455c.673 0 1.32-.266 1.798-.742A2.535 2.535 0 0 0 22 20.462V7.385a1 1 0 0 0-.294-.709l-5.41-5.385A1 1 0 0 0 15.591 1H5.545A2.542 2.542 0 0 0 3 3.538V7a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V3.538Z"/><path d="m13.707 13.707-4 4a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 0l-.083-.094a1 1 0 0 1 .083-1.32L10.585 14 2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2l8.583.001-2.29-2.294a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414l4.037 4.04.043.05.043.06.059.098.03.063.031.085.03.113.017.122L14 13l-.004.087-.017.118-.013.056-.034.104-.049.105-.048.081-.07.093-.058.063Z"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-1-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.385 22a2.56 2.56 0 0 1-1.14-.279C2.485 21.341 2 20.614 2 19.615V4.385c0-.315.067-.716.279-1.14C2.659 2.485 3.386 2 4.385 2h15.23c.315 0 .716.067 1.14.279.76.38 1.245 1.107 1.245 2.106v15.23c0 .315-.067.716-.279 1.14-.38.76-1.107 1.245-2.106 1.245H4.385ZM4 19.615c0 .213.034.265.14.317a.71.71 0 0 0 .245.068H8v-4H4v3.615ZM20 16H10v4h9.615c.213 0 .265-.034.317-.14a.71.71 0 0 0 .068-.245V16Zm0-2v-4H10v4h10ZM4 14h4v-4H4v4ZM19.615 4H10v4h10V4.385c0-.213-.034-.265-.14-.317A.71.71 0 0 0 19.615 4ZM8 4H4.385l-.082.002c-.146.01-.19.047-.235.138A.71.71 0 0 0 4 4.385V8h4V4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-table-2-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M4.384 22A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 2 19.616V4.384A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 4.384 2h15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 22 4.384v15.232A2.384 2.384 0 0 1 19.616 22H4.384ZM10 15H4v4.616c0 .212.172.384.384.384H10v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h3v-5Zm5 0h-3v5h2.616a.384.384 0 0 0 .384-.384V15ZM10 9H4v4h6V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm5 0h-3v4h3V9Zm-.384-5H4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 4 4.384V7h16V4.384A.384.384 0 0 0 19.616 4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-tag-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m12.621 1.998.127.004L20.496 2a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.497 1.355L22 3.5l-.005 7.669c.038.456-.133.905-.447 1.206l-9.02 9.018a2.075 2.075 0 0 1-2.932 0l-6.99-6.99a2.075 2.075 0 0 1 .001-2.933L11.61 2.47c.246-.258.573-.418.881-.46l.131-.011Zm.286 2-8.885 8.886a.075.075 0 0 0 0 .106l6.987 6.988c.03.03.077.03.106 0l8.883-8.883L19.999 4l-7.092-.002ZM16 6.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L16 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-trash-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c2.717 0 4.913 2.232 4.997 5H21a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-1v12.5c0 1.389-1.152 2.5-2.556 2.5H6.556C5.152 23 4 21.889 4 20.5V8H3a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h4.003l.001-.051C7.114 3.205 9.3 1 12 1Zm6 7H6v12.5c0 .238.19.448.454.492l.102.008h10.888c.315 0 .556-.232.556-.5V8Zm-4 3a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6.005a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V12a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-4 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v6a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-6a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm2-8c-1.595 0-2.914 1.32-2.996 3h5.991v-.02C14.903 4.31 13.589 3 12 3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-account-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 16c-1.806 0-3.52.994-4.664 2.698A8.947 8.947 0 0 0 12 21a8.958 8.958 0 0 0 4.664-1.301C15.52 17.994 13.806 17 12 17Zm0-14a9 9 0 0 0-6.25 15.476C7.253 16.304 9.54 15 12 15s4.747 1.304 6.25 3.475A9 9 0 0 0 12 3Zm0 3a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Zm0 2a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-add-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v3h3a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-3h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h3v-3a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-assign-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M16.226 13.298a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-.01l.084.093a1 1 0 0 1-.073 1.32L15.39 17H22a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-6.611l2.262 2.298a1 1 0 0 1-1.425 1.404l-3.939-4a1 1 0 0 1 0-1.404l3.94-4Zm-3.771-.449a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 10.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-block-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm9 10a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm-5.545-.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM15 18a3 3 0 0 0 4.294 2.707l-4.001-4c-.188.391-.293.83-.293 1.293Zm3-3c-.463 0-.902.105-1.294.293l4.001 4A3 3 0 0 0 18 15Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-check-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm13.647 12.237a1 1 0 0 1 .116 1.41l-5.091 6a1 1 0 0 1-1.375.144l-2.909-2.25a1 1 0 1 1 1.224-1.582l2.153 1.665 4.472-5.271a1 1 0 0 1 1.41-.116Zm-8.139-.977c.22.214.428.44.622.678a1 1 0 1 1-1.548 1.266 6.025 6.025 0 0 0-1.795-1.49.86.86 0 0 1-.163-.048l-.079-.036a5.721 5.721 0 0 0-2.62-.63l-.194.006c-2.76.134-5.022 2.177-5.592 4.864l-.035.175-.035.213c-.03.201-.05.405-.06.61L3.003 20 10 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L11 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876l.005-.223.02-.356.02-.222.03-.248.022-.15c.02-.133.044-.265.071-.397.44-2.178 1.725-4.105 3.595-5.301a7.75 7.75 0 0 1 3.755-1.215l.12-.004a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-delete-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6ZM4.763 13.227a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378 1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.781 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20H11.5a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897Zm11.421 1.543 2.554 2.553 2.555-2.553a1 1 0 0 1 1.414 1.414l-2.554 2.554 2.554 2.555a1 1 0 0 1-1.414 1.414l-2.555-2.554-2.554 2.554a1 1 0 0 1-1.414-1.414l2.553-2.555-2.553-2.554a1 1 0 0 1 1.414-1.414Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-edit-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="m19.876 10.77 2.831 2.83a1 1 0 0 1 0 1.415l-7.246 7.246a1 1 0 0 1-.572.284l-3.277.446a1 1 0 0 1-1.125-1.13l.461-3.277a1 1 0 0 1 .283-.567l7.23-7.246a1 1 0 0 1 1.415-.001Zm-7.421 2.08a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 7.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L8.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378Zm6.715.042-6.29 6.3-.23 1.639 1.633-.222 6.302-6.302-1.415-1.415ZM9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-linked-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.65 6c.31 0 .706.066 1.122.274C17.522 6.65 18 7.366 18 8.35v12.3c0 .31-.066.706-.274 1.122-.375.75-1.092 1.228-2.076 1.228H3.35a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-1.122-.274C1.478 22.35 1 21.634 1 20.65V8.35c0-.31.066-.706.274-1.122C1.65 6.478 2.366 6 3.35 6h12.3Zm0 2-12.376.002c-.134.007-.17.04-.21.12A.672.672 0 0 0 3 8.35v12.3c0 .198.028.24.122.287.09.044.2.063.228.063h.887c.788-2.269 2.814-3.5 5.263-3.5 2.45 0 4.475 1.231 5.263 3.5h.887c.198 0 .24-.028.287-.122.044-.09.063-.2.063-.228V8.35c0-.198-.028-.24-.122-.287A.672.672 0 0 0 15.65 8ZM9.5 19.5c-1.36 0-2.447.51-3.06 1.5h6.12c-.613-.99-1.7-1.5-3.06-1.5ZM20.65 1A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 23 3.348V15.65A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 20.65 18H20a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h.65a.35.35 0 0 0 .35-.35V3.348A.35.35 0 0 0 20.65 3H8.35a.35.35 0 0 0-.35.348V4a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.652A2.35 2.35 0 0 1 8.35 1h12.3ZM9.5 10a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 0 7 3.5 3.5 0 0 1 0-7Zm0 2a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0 3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0-3Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-multiple-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm6 0a5 5 0 0 1 0 10 1 1 0 0 1-.117-1.993L15 9a3 3 0 0 0 0-6 1 1 0 0 1 0-2ZM9 3a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm8.857 9.545a7.99 7.99 0 0 1 2.651 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 23 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h1.995l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209a5.99 5.99 0 0 0-1.988-1.287 1 1 0 1 1 .732-1.861Zm-3.349 1.715A8.31 8.31 0 0 1 17 20.134V21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.877c.044-4.343 3.387-7.908 7.638-8.115a7.908 7.908 0 0 1 5.87 2.252ZM9.016 14l-.285.006c-3.104.15-5.58 2.718-5.725 5.9L3.004 20h11.991l-.005-.153a6.307 6.307 0 0 0-1.673-3.945l-.204-.209A5.924 5.924 0 0 0 9.3 14.008L9.016 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-notify-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm10 18v1a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-1h-3a1 1 0 0 1 0-2v-2.818C14 13.885 15.777 12 18 12s4 1.885 4 4.182V19a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-3Zm-6.545-8.15a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM18 14c-1.091 0-2 .964-2 2.182V19h4v-2.818c0-1.165-.832-2.098-1.859-2.177L18 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-remove-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M9 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10A5 5 0 0 1 9 1Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm3.455 9.85a1 1 0 1 1-.91 1.78 5.713 5.713 0 0 0-5.705.282c-1.67 1.068-2.728 2.927-2.832 4.956L3.004 20 11.5 20a1 1 0 0 1 .993.883L12.5 21a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H2a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.876c.028-2.812 1.446-5.416 3.763-6.897a7.713 7.713 0 0 1 7.692-.378ZM22 17a1 1 0 0 1 0 2h-8a1 1 0 0 1 0-2h8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-user-single-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1a5 5 0 1 1 0 10 5 5 0 0 1 0-10Zm0 2a3 3 0 1 0 0 6 3 3 0 0 0 0-6Zm-.406 9.008a8.965 8.965 0 0 1 6.596 2.494A9.161 9.161 0 0 1 21 21.025V22a1 1 0 0 1-1 1H4a1 1 0 0 1-1-1v-.985c.05-4.825 3.815-8.777 8.594-9.007Zm.39 1.992-.299.006c-3.63.175-6.518 3.127-6.678 6.775L5 21h13.998l-.009-.268a7.157 7.157 0 0 0-1.97-4.573l-.214-.213A6.967 6.967 0 0 0 11.984 14Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-circle-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 2a9 9 0 1 0 0 18 9 9 0 0 0 0-18Zm0 11.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .144 2.993L12 17.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v5a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V7a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-warning-filled-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1Zm0 13.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3l.144-.007A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 12 14.5ZM12 6a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v5a1 1 0 0 0 2 0V7a1 1 0 0 0-1-1Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-left-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.7194 3.3054C15.3358 2.90809 14.7027 2.89699 14.3054 3.28061L6.54342 10.7757C6.19804 11.09 6 11.5335 6 12C6 12.4665 6.19804 12.91 6.5218 13.204L14.3054 20.7194C14.7027 21.103 15.3358 21.0919 15.7194 20.6946C16.103 20.2973 16.0919 19.6642 15.6946 19.2806L8.155 12L15.6946 4.71939C16.0614 4.36528 16.099 3.79863 15.8009 3.40105L15.7194 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-chevron-right-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M8.28061 3.3054C8.66423 2.90809 9.29729 2.89699 9.6946 3.28061L17.4566 10.7757C17.802 11.09 18 11.5335 18 12C18 12.4665 17.802 12.91 17.4782 13.204L9.6946 20.7194C9.29729 21.103 8.66423 21.0919 8.28061 20.6946C7.89699 20.2973 7.90809 19.6642 8.3054 19.2806L15.845 12L8.3054 4.71939C7.93865 4.36528 7.90098 3.79863 8.19908 3.40105L8.28061 3.3054Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-alerts" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 12.667c.736 0 1.333.597 1.333 1.333v13.333A3.333 3.333 0 0 1 26 30.667H6a3.333 3.333 0 0 1-3.333-3.334V14a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 2.666 0v1.252L16 21.769l10.667-6.518V14c0-.736.597-1.333 1.333-1.333Zm-1.333 5.71-9.972 6.094c-.427.26-.963.26-1.39 0l-9.972-6.094v8.956c0 .368.299.667.667.667h20a.667.667 0 0 0 .667-.667v-8.956ZM19.333 12a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0 2.667h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.667h6.666Zm4-10.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334 3.334v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667A.667.667 0 0 0 23.333 4H8.667A.667.667 0 0 0 8 4.667v6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1-2.667 0V4.667a3.333 3.333 0 0 1 3.334-3.334h14.666Zm-4 5.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 0 2.666h-6.666a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 0-2.666h6.666Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-arrow-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="m13.002 7.408 4.88 4.88a.99.99 0 0 0 1.32.08l.09-.08c.39-.39.39-1.03 0-1.42l-6.58-6.58a1.01 1.01 0 0 0-1.42 0l-6.58 6.58a1 1 0 0 0-.09 1.32l.08.1a1 1 0 0 0 1.42-.01l4.88-4.87v11.59a.99.99 0 0 0 .88.99l.12.01c.55 0 1-.45 1-1V7.408z" class="layer"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-checklist" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M19.2 1.333a3.468 3.468 0 0 1 3.381 2.699L24.667 4C26.515 4 28 5.52 28 7.38v19.906c0 1.86-1.485 3.38-3.333 3.38H7.333c-1.848 0-3.333-1.52-3.333-3.38V7.38C4 5.52 5.485 4 7.333 4h2.093A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 12.8 1.333h6.4ZM9.426 6.667H7.333c-.36 0-.666.312-.666.713v19.906c0 .401.305.714.666.714h17.334c.36 0 .666-.313.666-.714V7.38c0-.4-.305-.713-.646-.714l-2.121.033A3.468 3.468 0 0 1 19.2 9.333h-6.4a3.468 3.468 0 0 1-3.374-2.666Zm12.715 5.606c.586.446.7 1.283.253 1.868l-7.111 9.334a1.333 1.333 0 0 1-1.792.306l-3.556-2.333a1.333 1.333 0 1 1 1.463-2.23l2.517 1.651 6.358-8.344a1.333 1.333 0 0 1 1.868-.252ZM19.2 4h-6.4a.8.8 0 0 0-.8.8v1.067a.8.8 0 0 0 .8.8h6.4a.8.8 0 0 0 .8-.8V4.8a.8.8 0 0 0-.8-.8Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-citation" viewBox="0 0 36 36"><path d="M23.25 1.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 1.06.44l8.25 8.25a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 .44 1.06v19.5c0 2.105-1.645 3.75-3.75 3.75H18a1.5 1.5 0 0 1 0-3h11.25c.448 0 .75-.302.75-.75V11.873L22.628 4.5H8.31a.811.811 0 0 0-.8.68l-.011.13V16.5a1.5 1.5 0 0 1-3 0V5.31A3.81 3.81 0 0 1 8.31 1.5h14.94ZM8.223 20.358a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878C3.302 28.536 3 27.657 3 26.486c0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Zm7.5 0a.984.984 0 0 1-.192 1.378l-.048.034c-.54.36-.942.676-1.206.951-.59.614-.885 1.395-.885 2.343.115-.028.288-.042.518-.042.662 0 1.26.237 1.791.711.533.474.799 1.074.799 1.799 0 .753-.259 1.352-.777 1.799-.518.446-1.151.669-1.9.669-1.006 0-1.812-.293-2.417-.878-.604-.586-.906-1.465-.906-2.636 0-1.115.165-2.085.496-2.907.331-.823.734-1.513 1.209-2.071.475-.558.971-.997 1.49-1.318a6.01 6.01 0 0 1 .347-.2 1.321 1.321 0 0 1 1.681.368Z"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-access-indicator" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><circle cx="4.5" cy="11.5" r="3.5" style="fill:currentColor"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702v7.846c0 .505-.197.993-.554 1.354a1.902 1.902 0 0 1-1.355.569H10a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h2V5.64L9.4 3H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd" style="fill:#222"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-github-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M 11.964844 0 C 5.347656 0 0 5.269531 0 11.792969 C 0 17.003906 3.425781 21.417969 8.179688 22.976562 C 8.773438 23.09375 8.992188 22.722656 8.992188 22.410156 C 8.992188 22.136719 8.972656 21.203125 8.972656 20.226562 C 5.644531 20.929688 4.953125 18.820312 4.953125 18.820312 C 4.417969 17.453125 3.625 17.101562 3.625 17.101562 C 2.535156 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 3.703125 16.378906 C 4.914062 16.457031 5.546875 17.589844 5.546875 17.589844 C 6.617188 19.386719 8.339844 18.878906 9.03125 18.566406 C 9.132812 17.804688 9.449219 17.277344 9.785156 16.984375 C 7.132812 16.710938 4.339844 15.695312 4.339844 11.167969 C 4.339844 9.878906 4.8125 8.824219 5.566406 8.003906 C 5.445312 7.710938 5.03125 6.5 5.683594 4.878906 C 5.683594 4.878906 6.695312 4.566406 8.972656 6.089844 C 9.949219 5.832031 10.953125 5.703125 11.964844 5.699219 C 12.972656 5.699219 14.003906 5.835938 14.957031 6.089844 C 17.234375 4.566406 18.242188 4.878906 18.242188 4.878906 C 18.898438 6.5 18.480469 7.710938 18.363281 8.003906 C 19.136719 8.824219 19.589844 9.878906 19.589844 11.167969 C 19.589844 15.695312 16.796875 16.691406 14.125 16.984375 C 14.558594 17.355469 14.933594 18.058594 14.933594 19.171875 C 14.933594 20.753906 14.914062 22.019531 14.914062 22.410156 C 14.914062 22.722656 15.132812 23.09375 15.726562 22.976562 C 20.480469 21.414062 23.910156 17.003906 23.910156 11.792969 C 23.929688 5.269531 18.558594 0 11.964844 0 Z M 11.964844 0 "/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-limited-access" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 3v3a1 1 0 0 1-2 0V2.923C2 1.875 2.84 1 3.909 1h5.909a1 1 0 0 1 .713.298l3.181 3.231a1 1 0 0 1 .288.702V6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0v-.36L9.4 3H4ZM3 8a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm10 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v1a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-3.5 6a1 1 0 0 1-1 1h-1a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h1a1 1 0 0 1 1 1Zm2.441-1a1 1 0 0 1 2 0c0 .73-.246 1.306-.706 1.664a1.61 1.61 0 0 1-.876.334l-.032.002H11.5a1 1 0 1 1 0-2h.441ZM4 13a1 1 0 0 0-2 0c0 .73.247 1.306.706 1.664a1.609 1.609 0 0 0 .876.334l.032.002H4.5a1 1 0 1 0 0-2H4Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-i-subjects-medium" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><g id="icon-subjects-copy" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M13.3846154,2 C14.7015971,2 15.7692308,3.06762994 15.7692308,4.38461538 L15.7692308,7.15384615 C15.7692308,8.47082629 14.7015955,9.53846154 13.3846154,9.53846154 L13.1038388,9.53925278 C13.2061091,9.85347965 13.3815528,10.1423885 13.6195822,10.3804178 C13.9722182,10.7330539 14.436524,10.9483278 14.9293854,10.9918129 L15.1153846,11 C16.2068332,11 17.2535347,11.433562 18.0254647,12.2054189 C18.6411944,12.8212361 19.0416785,13.6120766 19.1784166,14.4609738 L19.6153846,14.4615385 C20.932386,14.4615385 22,15.5291672 22,16.8461538 L22,19.6153846 C22,20.9323924 20.9323924,22 19.6153846,22 L16.8461538,22 C15.5291672,22 14.4615385,20.932386 14.4615385,19.6153846 L14.4615385,16.8461538 C14.4615385,15.5291737 15.5291737,14.4615385 16.8461538,14.4615385 L17.126925,14.460779 C17.0246537,14.1465537 16.8492179,13.857633 16.6112344,13.6196157 C16.2144418,13.2228606 15.6764136,13 15.1153846,13 C14.0239122,13 12.9771569,12.5664197 12.2053686,11.7946314 C12.1335167,11.7227795 12.0645962,11.6485444 11.9986839,11.5721119 C11.9354038,11.6485444 11.8664833,11.7227795 11.7946314,11.7946314 C11.0228431,12.5664197 9.97608778,13 8.88461538,13 C8.323576,13 7.78552852,13.2228666 7.38881294,13.6195822 C7.15078359,13.8576115 6.97533988,14.1465203 6.8730696,14.4607472 L7.15384615,14.4615385 C8.47082629,14.4615385 9.53846154,15.5291737 9.53846154,16.8461538 L9.53846154,19.6153846 C9.53846154,20.932386 8.47083276,22 7.15384615,22 L4.38461538,22 C3.06762347,22 2,20.9323876 2,19.6153846 L2,16.8461538 C2,15.5291721 3.06762994,14.4615385 4.38461538,14.4615385 L4.8215823,14.4609378 C4.95831893,13.6120029 5.3588057,12.8211623 5.97459937,12.2053686 C6.69125996,11.488708 7.64500941,11.0636656 8.6514968,11.0066017 L8.88461538,11 C9.44565477,11 9.98370225,10.7771334 10.3804178,10.3804178 C10.6184472,10.1423885 10.7938909,9.85347965 10.8961612,9.53925278 L10.6153846,9.53846154 C9.29840448,9.53846154 8.23076923,8.47082629 8.23076923,7.15384615 L8.23076923,4.38461538 C8.23076923,3.06762994 9.29840286,2 10.6153846,2 L13.3846154,2 Z M7.15384615,16.4615385 L4.38461538,16.4615385 C4.17220099,16.4615385 4,16.63374 4,16.8461538 L4,19.6153846 C4,19.8278134 4.17218833,20 4.38461538,20 L7.15384615,20 C7.36626945,20 7.53846154,19.8278103 7.53846154,19.6153846 L7.53846154,16.8461538 C7.53846154,16.6337432 7.36625679,16.4615385 7.15384615,16.4615385 Z M19.6153846,16.4615385 L16.8461538,16.4615385 C16.6337432,16.4615385 16.4615385,16.6337432 16.4615385,16.8461538 L16.4615385,19.6153846 C16.4615385,19.8278103 16.6337306,20 16.8461538,20 L19.6153846,20 C19.8278229,20 20,19.8278229 20,19.6153846 L20,16.8461538 C20,16.6337306 19.8278103,16.4615385 19.6153846,16.4615385 Z M13.3846154,4 L10.6153846,4 C10.4029708,4 10.2307692,4.17220099 10.2307692,4.38461538 L10.2307692,7.15384615 C10.2307692,7.36625679 10.402974,7.53846154 10.6153846,7.53846154 L13.3846154,7.53846154 C13.597026,7.53846154 13.7692308,7.36625679 13.7692308,7.15384615 L13.7692308,4.38461538 C13.7692308,4.17220099 13.5970292,4 13.3846154,4 Z" id="Shape" fill-rule="nonzero"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 16 17"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M14 8.092H2m0 0L8 2M2 8.092l6 6.035"/></symbol><symbol id="icon-eds-small-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g fill-rule="evenodd" stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2"><path d="M2 8.092h12M8 2l6 6.092M8 14.127l6-6.035"/></g></symbol><symbol id="icon-orcid-logo" viewBox="0 0 40 40"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M12.281 10.453c.875 0 1.578-.719 1.578-1.578 0-.86-.703-1.578-1.578-1.578-.875 0-1.578.703-1.578 1.578 0 .86.703 1.578 1.578 1.578Zm-1.203 18.641h2.406V12.359h-2.406v16.735Z"/><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.016 12.36h6.5c6.187 0 8.906 4.421 8.906 8.374 0 4.297-3.36 8.375-8.875 8.375h-6.531V12.36Zm6.234 14.578h-3.828V14.53h3.703c4.688 0 6.828 2.844 6.828 6.203 0 2.063-1.25 6.203-6.703 6.203Z" clip-rule="evenodd"/></symbol></svg> </div> <a class="c-skip-link" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mbs-0"> <div class="c-ad c-ad--728x90 c-ad--conditional" data-test="springer-doubleclick-ad"> <div class="c-ad c-ad__inner" > <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-LB1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/253/article" data-gpt-sizes="728x90" data-gpt-targeting="pos=top;articleid=s00253-010-2690-4;" data-ad-type="top" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"> <noscript> <a href="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/jump?iu=/270604982/springerlink/253/article&sz=728x90&pos=top&articleid=s00253-010-2690-4"> <img data-test="gpt-advert-fallback-img" src="//pubads.g.doubleclick.net/gampad/ad?iu=/270604982/springerlink/253/article&sz=728x90&pos=top&articleid=s00253-010-2690-4" alt="Advertisement" width="728" height="90"> </a> </noscript> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header class="eds-c-header" data-eds-c-header> <div class="eds-c-header__container" data-eds-c-header-expander-anchor> <div class="eds-c-header__brand"> <a href="https://link.springer.com" data-test=springerlink-logo data-track="click_imprint_logo" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click logo link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > <img src="/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-3149409f62.svg" alt="Springer Nature Link"> </a> </div> <a class="c-header__link eds-c-header__link" id="identity-account-widget" href='https://idp.springer.com/auth/personal/springernature?redirect_uri=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4?'><span class="eds-c-header__widget-fragment-title">Log in</span></a> </div> <nav class="eds-c-header__nav" aria-label="header navigation"> <div class="eds-c-header__nav-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--menu"> <a href="#eds-c-header-nav" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-menu-medium"></use> </svg><span>Menu</span> </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--inline-links"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__link-container"> <div class="eds-c-header__item eds-c-header__item--divider"> <a href="#eds-c-header-popup-search" class="eds-c-header__link" data-eds-c-header-expander data-eds-c-header-test-search-btn> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div id="ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link" class="eds-c-header__item ecommerce-cart" style="display:inline-block"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" style="appearance:none;border:none;background:none;color:inherit;position:relative"> <svg id="eds-i-cart" class="eds-c-header__icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" width="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="nonzero" d="M2 1a1 1 0 0 0 0 2l1.659.001 2.257 12.808a2.599 2.599 0 0 0 2.435 2.185l.167.004 9.976-.001a2.613 2.613 0 0 0 2.61-1.748l.03-.106 1.755-7.82.032-.107a2.546 2.546 0 0 0-.311-1.986l-.108-.157a2.604 2.604 0 0 0-2.197-1.076L6.042 5l-.56-3.17a1 1 0 0 0-.864-.82l-.12-.007L2.001 1ZM20.35 6.996a.63.63 0 0 1 .54.26.55.55 0 0 1 .082.505l-.028.1L19.2 15.63l-.022.05c-.094.177-.282.299-.526.317l-10.145.002a.61.61 0 0 1-.618-.515L6.394 6.999l13.955-.003ZM18 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4ZM8 19a2 2 0 1 0 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 0-4Z"></path> </svg><span>Cart</span><span class="cart-info" style="display:none;position:absolute;top:10px;right:45px;background-color:#C65301;color:#fff;width:18px;height:18px;font-size:11px;border-radius:50%;line-height:17.5px;text-align:center"></span></a> <script>(function () { var exports = {}; if (window.fetch) { "use strict"; Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", { value: true }); exports.headerWidgetClientInit = void 0; var headerWidgetClientInit = function (getCartInfo) { document.body.addEventListener("updatedCart", function () { updateCartIcon(); }, false); return updateCartIcon(); function updateCartIcon() { return getCartInfo() .then(function (res) { return res.json(); }) .then(refreshCartState) .catch(function (_) { }); } function refreshCartState(json) { var indicator = document.querySelector("#ecommerce-header-cart-icon-link .cart-info"); /* istanbul ignore else */ if (indicator && json.itemCount) { indicator.style.display = 'block'; indicator.textContent = json.itemCount > 9 ? '9+' : json.itemCount.toString(); var moreThanOneItem = json.itemCount > 1; indicator.setAttribute('title', "there ".concat(moreThanOneItem ? "are" : "is", " ").concat(json.itemCount, " item").concat(moreThanOneItem ? "s" : "", " in your cart")); } return json; } }; exports.headerWidgetClientInit = headerWidgetClientInit; headerWidgetClientInit( function () { return window.fetch("https://cart.springer.com/cart-info", { credentials: "include", headers: { Accept: "application/json" } }) } ) }})()</script> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <article lang="en" id="main" class="app-masthead__colour-8"> <section class="app-masthead " aria-label="article masthead"> <div class="app-masthead__container"> <div class="app-article-masthead u-sans-serif js-context-bar-sticky-point-masthead" data-track-component="article" data-test="masthead-component"> <div class="app-article-masthead__info"> <nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" data-test="breadcrumbs"> <ol class="c-breadcrumbs c-breadcrumbs--contrast" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/BreadcrumbList"> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb0" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <a href="/journal/253" class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb2"><span itemprop="name">Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="2"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Mini-Review</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2010-06-08">08 June 2010</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 87</span>, pages 1221–1235, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2010</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/253" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/253?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/253?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/253?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/253?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/253/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/ambb/" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Jack_H_-Wong-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Jack_H_-Wong-Aff1" data-author-search="Wong, Jack H.">Jack H. Wong</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-T__B_-Ng-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-T__B_-Ng-Aff1" data-author-search="Ng, T. B." data-corresp-id="c1">T. B. Ng<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Randy_C__F_-Cheung-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Randy_C__F_-Cheung-Aff1" data-author-search="Cheung, Randy C. F.">Randy C. F. Cheung</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-X__J_-Ye-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-X__J_-Ye-Aff1" data-author-search="Ye, X. J.">X. J. Ye</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-H__X_-Wang-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-H__X_-Wang-Aff2" data-author-search="Wang, H. X." data-corresp-id="c2">H. X. Wang<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-S__K_-Lam-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-S__K_-Lam-Aff1" data-author-search="Lam, S. K.">S. K. Lam</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-P_-Lin-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-P_-Lin-Aff1" data-author-search="Lin, P.">P. Lin</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Y__S_-Chan-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Y__S_-Chan-Aff1" data-author-search="Chan, Y. S.">Y. S. Chan</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Evandro_F_-Fang-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Evandro_F_-Fang-Aff1" data-author-search="Fang, Evandro F.">Evandro F. Fang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Patrick_H__K_-Ngai-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Patrick_H__K_-Ngai-Aff3" data-author-search="Ngai, Patrick H. K.">Patrick H. K. Ngai</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-L__X_-Xia-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-L__X_-Xia-Aff4" data-author-search="Xia, L. X." data-corresp-id="c3">L. X. Xia<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-X__Y_-Ye-Aff5" data-author-popup="auth-X__Y_-Ye-Aff5" data-author-search="Ye, X. Y.">X. Y. Ye</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff5">5</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Y_-Jiang-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-Y_-Jiang-Aff6" data-author-search="Jiang, Y.">Y. Jiang</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 14 authors for this article" title="Show all 14 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-F_-Liu-Aff6" data-author-popup="auth-F_-Liu-Aff6" data-author-search="Liu, F.">F. Liu</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff6">6</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>2743 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>92 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>6 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Living organisms produce a myriad of molecules to protect themselves from fungal pathogens. This review focuses on antifungal proteins from plants and mushrooms, many of which are components of the human diet or have medicinal value. Plant antifungal proteins can be classified into different groups comprising chitinases and chitinase-like proteins, chitin-binding proteins, cyclophilin-like proteins, defensins and defensin-like proteins, deoxyribonucleases, embryo-abundant protein-like proteins, glucanases, lectins, lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases, protease inhibitors, ribonucleases, ribosome-inactivating proteins, storage 2S albumins, and thaumatin-like proteins. Some of the aforementioned antifungal proteins also exhibit mitogenic activity towards spleen cells, nitric oxide inducing activity toward macrophages, antiproliferative activity toward tumor cells, antibacterial activity, and inhibitory activity toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In contrast to the large diversity of plant antifungal proteins, only a small number of mushroom antifungal proteins have been reported. Mushroom antifungal proteins are distinct from their plant counterparts in N-terminal sequence. Nevertheless, some of the mushroom antifungal proteins have been shown to inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity and tumor cell proliferation.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-010-2690-4%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D05f26266-6014-4175-b6e0-53ec4293a4a8" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon c-external-link__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg> to check access. </p> </div> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-010-2690-4%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D05f26266-6014-4175-b6e0-53ec4293a4a8" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-mobile" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin"> <!-- rendered: 2024-11-25T08:39:12.028693 --><!-- Darwin version --> <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1432-0614"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2010"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2010"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Jack H. Wong, et al."><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"><input type="hidden" name="mac" value="381f0ba94cafa228daf89c56607b9099"> <div class="u-ma-16"> <button type="submit" class="u-button--small u-button u-button--secondary u-button--full-width" onclick="dataLayer.push({"event":"addToCart","ecommerce":{"currencyCode":"EUR","add":{"products":[{"name":"Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms","id":"1432-0614","price":39.95,"brand":"Springer-Verlag","category":"Microbiology","variant":"ppv-article","quantity":1}]}}});"><span>Buy article PDF 39,95 €</span></button> </div> </form> <p class="c-notes__text c-notes__vat">Price includes VAT (Hong Kong/P.R.China)<br></p> <p class="c-notes__text c-notes__usp">Instant access to the full article PDF.</p> </div> </div> <script>dataLayer.push({"ecommerce":{"currency":"EUR","impressions":[{"name":"Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms","id":"1432-0614","price":39.95,"brand":"Springer-Verlag","category":"Microbiology","variant":"ppv-article","quantity":1}]}});</script> <script style="display: none"> ;(function () { if (document.cookie.indexOf("feature-monetise-subscriptions-display-springer-plus") > -1) { document.querySelectorAll(".c-springer-plus").forEach(function(node) { node.style.display = "block" }) } // springerPlus roll out 10% starts here var springerPlusGroup = setLocalStorageSpringerPlus(); var rollOutSpringerPlus = springerPlusGroup === "B" function setLocalStorageSpringerPlus() { var selectUserKey = "springerPlusRollOut"; var springerPlusGroup = "X"; if (!window.localStorage) return springerPlusGroup; try { var selectUserValue = window.localStorage.getItem(selectUserKey) springerPlusGroup = selectUserValue || randomDistributionSpringerPlus(selectUserKey) } catch (err) { console.log(err) } return springerPlusGroup; } function randomDistributionSpringerPlus(selectUserKey) { var randomGroup = Math.random() < 0.9 ? "A" : "B" window.localStorage.setItem(selectUserKey, randomGroup) return randomGroup } if (rollOutSpringerPlus) { revealSpringerPlus(); } function revealSpringerPlus() { var article = document.getElementById("sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin"); if(article) { document.querySelectorAll(".c-springer-plus").forEach(function(node) { node.style.display = "block" }) } } //springerPlus ends here })() </script> <style> .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li::before { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 100 100' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%230070A8'%3E%3Ccircle cx='50' cy='50' r='50'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } </style> </div> <article class="buybox__rent-article buybox__access-option u-sans-serif" id="deepdyve" style="display: none" data-test-id="journal-subscription"> <div class="c-box__body"> <div class="buybox__info"> <p>Rent this article via <a class="deepdyve-link" target="deepdyve" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="rent article" data-track-label="rent action, new buybox">DeepDyve</a> <svg focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" style="vertical-align: middle"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg></p> </div> </div> <script> function deepDyveResponse(data) { if (data.status === 'ok') { [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.buybox__rent-article')).forEach(function (article) { article.style.display = 'flex' var link = article.querySelector('.deepdyve-link') if (link) { link.setAttribute('href', data.url) } }) } } var script = document.createElement('script') script.src = '//www.deepdyve.com/rental-link?docId=10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4&journal=1432-0614&fieldName=journal_doi&affiliateId=springer&format=jsonp&callback=deepDyveResponse' document.body.appendChild(script) </script> </article> <div class="buybox__access-option buybox__institutional-subs-link u-sans-serif"> <p><a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/licensing/agc/journals">Institutional subscriptions <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon" style="vertical-align: middle"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </div> <style>.sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .buybox__access-option{ border-top: 1px solid #cedbe0; font-size: 1rem; padding: 16px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .c-springer-plus{ display: none; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus{ background-color: #EBF6FF; font-family: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding: 16px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-headline{ display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-heading{ border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4; border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4; font-family: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0; padding: 16px; text-align: center; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-title{ align-items: center; display: flex; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-title span{ margin-left: 8px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a{ background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #025e8d; color: #025e8d; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; max-height: 44px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a span{ margin-right: 8px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:hover{ background-color: #025e8d; border: 4px solid #025e8d; box-shadow: none; color: #fff; font-weight: 700; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:visited{ color: #025e8d; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:visited:hover{ color: #fff; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps{ color: #555; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.6; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 16px 0 24px 0; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li{ padding-left: 26px; position: relative; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li::before{ content: ''; height: 10px; left: 0; position: absolute; top: calc(0.8em - 5px); width: 10px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li:not(:first-child){ margin-top: 4px; } </style> </div> </div> </div> <div class="u-display-none"> </div> <div data-test="cobranding-download"> </div> <section aria-labelledby="inline-recommendations" data-title="Inline Recommendations" class="c-article-recommendations" data-track-component="inline-recommendations"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-title" id="inline-recommendations">Similar content being viewed by others</h3> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00253-016-7671-9/MediaObjects/253_2016_7671_Fig1_HTML.gif" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00253-016-7671-9?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_1" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 1" data-track-label="10.1007/s00253-016-7671-9">Fungal proteinaceous compounds with multiple biological activities </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">23 June 2016</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w92h120/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-642-38076-1?as=webp" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-38076-1_7?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_2" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 2" data-track-label="10.1007/978-3-642-38076-1_7">Recent Progress in Research on Plant Antifungal Proteins: A Review </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Chapter</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">© 2013</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-list__item"> <article class="c-article-recommendations-card" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__img"><img src="https://media.springernature.com/w215h120/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00253-024-13118-1/MediaObjects/253_2024_13118_Fig1_HTML.png" loading="lazy" alt=""></div> <div class="c-article-recommendations-card__main"> <h3 class="c-article-recommendations-card__heading" itemprop="name headline"> <a class="c-article-recommendations-card__link" itemprop="url" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00253-024-13118-1?fromPaywallRec=true" data-track="select_recommendations_3" data-track-context="inline recommendations" data-track-action="click recommendations inline - 3" data-track-label="10.1007/s00253-024-13118-1">Fighting pathogenic yeasts with plant defensins and anti-fungal proteins from fungi </a> </h3> <div class="c-article-meta-recommendations" data-test="recommendation-info"> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__item-type">Article</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__access-type">Open access</span> <span class="c-article-meta-recommendations__date">27 March 2024</span> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ recommendations: { recommender: 'semantic', model: 'specter', policy_id: 'NA', timestamp: 1732523951, embedded_user: 'null' } }); </script> <div id="MagazineFulltextArticleBodySuffix"><section aria-labelledby="Bib1" data-title="References"><div class="c-article-section" id="Bib1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Bib1">References</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Bib1-content"><div data-container-section="references"><ul class="c-article-references" data-track-component="outbound reference" data-track-context="references section"><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR1">Aerts AM, François IE, Meert EM, Li QT, Cammue BP, Thevissen K (2007) The antifungal activity of RsAFP2, a plant defensin from <i>Raphanus sativus</i>, involves the induction of reactive oxygen species in <i>Candida albicans</i>. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 1:243–247</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 1" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20antifungal%20activity%20of%20RsAFP2%2C%20a%20plant%20defensin%20from%20Raphanus%20sativus%2C%20involves%20the%20induction%20of%20reactive%20oxygen%20species%20in%20Candida%20albicans&journal=J%20Mol%20Microbiol%20Biotechnol&volume=1&pages=243-247&publication_year=2007&author=Aerts%2CAM&author=Fran%C3%A7ois%2CIE&author=Meert%2CEM&author=Li%2CQT&author=Cammue%2CBP&author=Thevissen%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR2">Aerts AM, François IE, Cammue BP, Thevissen K (2008) The mode of antifungal action of plant, insect and human defensins. Cell Mol Life Sci 65:2069–2079</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXotVyktrs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 2">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 2" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20mode%20of%20antifungal%20action%20of%20plant%2C%20insect%20and%20human%20defensins&journal=Cell%20Mol%20Life%20Sci&volume=65&pages=2069-2079&publication_year=2008&author=Aerts%2CAM&author=Fran%C3%A7ois%2CIE&author=Cammue%2CBP&author=Thevissen%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR3">Aerts AM, Carmona-Gutierrez D, Lefevre S, Govaert G, François IE, Madeo F, Santos R, Cammue BP, Thevissen K (2009) The antifungal plant defensin RsAFP2 from radish induces apoptosis in a metacaspase independent way in <i>Candida albicans</i>. FEBS Lett 583:2513–2516</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptlahu7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 3">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 3" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20antifungal%20plant%20defensin%20RsAFP2%20from%20radish%20induces%20apoptosis%20in%20a%20metacaspase%20independent%20way%20in%20Candida%20albicans&journal=FEBS%20Lett&volume=583&pages=2513-2516&publication_year=2009&author=Aerts%2CAM&author=Carmona-Gutierrez%2CD&author=Lefevre%2CS&author=Govaert%2CG&author=Fran%C3%A7ois%2CIE&author=Madeo%2CF&author=Santos%2CR&author=Cammue%2CBP&author=Thevissen%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR4">Agizzio AP, Carvalho AO, Ribeiro FF, Machado OLT, Alves EW, Okorokov LA, Samarão SS, Bloch C Jr, Prates MV, Gomes VM (2003) A 2S albumin-homologous protein from passion fruit seeds inhibits the fungal growth and acidification of the médium by <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>. Arch Biochem Biophys 416:188–195</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvVCks7o%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 4">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 4" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%202S%20albumin-homologous%20protein%20from%20passion%20fruit%20seeds%20inhibits%20the%20fungal%20growth%20and%20acidification%20of%20the%20m%C3%A9dium%20by%20Fusarium%20oxysporum&journal=Arch%20Biochem%20Biophys&volume=416&pages=188-195&publication_year=2003&author=Agizzio%2CAP&author=Carvalho%2CAO&author=Ribeiro%2CFF&author=Machado%2COLT&author=Alves%2CEW&author=Okorokov%2CLA&author=Samar%C3%A3o%2CSS&author=Bloch%2CC&author=Prates%2CMV&author=Gomes%2CVM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR5">Balzarini J (2007) Carbohydrate-binding agents: a potential future cornerstone for the chemotherapy of enveloped viruses? Antivir Chem Chemother 18:1–11</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXntl2jsrY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 5">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 5" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Carbohydrate-binding%20agents%3A%20a%20potential%20future%20cornerstone%20for%20the%20chemotherapy%20of%20enveloped%20viruses%3F&journal=Antivir%20Chem%20Chemother&volume=18&pages=1-11&publication_year=2007&author=Balzarini%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR6">Boleti AP, Freire MG, Coelho MB, Silva W, Baldasso PA, Gomes VM, Marangoni S, Novello JC, Macedo ML (2007) Insecticidal and antifungal activity of a protein from <i>Pouteria torta</i> seeds with lectin-like properties. J Agric Food Chem 55:2653–2658</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 6" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Insecticidal%20and%20antifungal%20activity%20of%20a%20protein%20from%20Pouteria%20torta%20seeds%20with%20lectin-like%20properties&journal=J%20Agric%20Food%20Chem&volume=55&pages=2653-2658&publication_year=2007&author=Boleti%2CAP&author=Freire%2CMG&author=Coelho%2CMB&author=Silva%2CW&author=Baldasso%2CPA&author=Gomes%2CVM&author=Marangoni%2CS&author=Novello%2CJC&author=Macedo%2CML"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR7">Broekaert WF, Mariën W, Terras FR, De Bolle MF, Proost P, Van Damme J, Dillen L, Claeys M, Rees SB, Vanderleyden J (1992) Antimicrobial peptides from <i>Amaranthus caudatus</i> seeds with sequence homology to the cysteine/glycine-rich domain of chitin-binding proteins. Biochemistry 31:4308–4314</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK38XitFWisLc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 7">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 7" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Antimicrobial%20peptides%20from%20Amaranthus%20caudatus%20seeds%20with%20sequence%20homology%20to%20the%20cysteine%2Fglycine-rich%20domain%20of%20chitin-binding%20proteins&journal=Biochemistry&volume=31&pages=4308-4314&publication_year=1992&author=Broekaert%2CWF&author=Mari%C3%ABn%2CW&author=Terras%2CFR&author=Bolle%2CMF&author=Proost%2CP&author=Damme%2CJ&author=Dillen%2CL&author=Claeys%2CM&author=Rees%2CSB&author=Vanderleyden%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR8">Cammue BPA, Thevissen K, Hendriks M, Eggermont K, Goderis IJ, Proost P, Van Damme J, Osborn RW, Guerbette F, Kader JC, Broekaert WF (1995) A potent antimicrobial protein from onion seeds showing sequence homology to plant lipid transfer proteins. Plant Physiol 109:445–455</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXoslOqsbg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 8">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 8" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20potent%20antimicrobial%20protein%20from%20onion%20seeds%20showing%20sequence%20homology%20to%20plant%20lipid%20transfer%20proteins&journal=Plant%20Physiol&volume=109&pages=445-455&publication_year=1995&author=Cammue%2CBPA&author=Thevissen%2CK&author=Hendriks%2CM&author=Eggermont%2CK&author=Goderis%2CIJ&author=Proost%2CP&author=Damme%2CJ&author=Osborn%2CRW&author=Guerbette%2CF&author=Kader%2CJC&author=Broekaert%2CWF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR9">Chen J, Liu B, Ji N, Zhou J, Bian HJ, Li CY, Chen F, Bao JK (2009) A novel sialic acid-specific lectin from <i>Phaseolus coccineus</i> seeds with potent antineoplastic and antifungal activities. Phytomedicine 16:352–360</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmt1Crtrg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 9">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 9" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20novel%20sialic%20acid-specific%20lectin%20from%20Phaseolus%20coccineus%20seeds%20with%20potent%20antineoplastic%20and%20antifungal%20activities&journal=Phytomedicine&volume=16&pages=352-360&publication_year=2009&author=Chen%2CJ&author=Liu%2CB&author=Ji%2CN&author=Zhou%2CJ&author=Bian%2CHJ&author=Li%2CCY&author=Chen%2CF&author=Bao%2CJK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR10">Cheung AH, Wong JH, Ng TB (2009) <i>Musa acuminata</i> (Del Monte banana) lectin is a fructose-binding lectin with cytokine-inducing activity. Phytomedicine 16:594–600</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXotVCgt7o%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 10">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 10" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Musa%20acuminata%20%28Del%20Monte%20banana%29%20lectin%20is%20a%20fructose-binding%20lectin%20with%20cytokine-inducing%20activity&journal=Phytomedicine&volume=16&pages=594-600&publication_year=2009&author=Cheung%2CAH&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR11">Chu KT, Ng TB (2003a) Isolation of a large thaumatin-like antifungal protein from seeds of the Kweilin chestnut <i>Castanopsis chinesis</i>. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 301:364–370</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXotlygtA%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 11">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 11" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20a%20large%20thaumatin-like%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20seeds%20of%20the%20Kweilin%20chestnut%20Castanopsis%20chinesis&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=301&pages=364-370&publication_year=2003&author=Chu%2CKT&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR12">Chu KT, Ng TB (2003b) Mollisin an antifungal protein from the chestnut <i>Castanea mollisima</i>. Planta Med 69:809–813</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXosleksL0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 12">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 12" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mollisin%20an%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20the%20chestnut%20Castanea%20mollisima&journal=Planta%20Med&volume=69&pages=809-813&publication_year=2003&author=Chu%2CKT&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR13">Clark SJ, Templeton MD, Sullivan PA (1997) A secreted aspartic proteinase from <i>Glomerella cingulata</i>: purification of the enzyme and molecular cloning of the cDNA. Microbiology 143:1395–1403</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXjtVWqtrY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 13">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 13" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20secreted%20aspartic%20proteinase%20from%20Glomerella%20cingulata%3A%20purification%20of%20the%20enzyme%20and%20molecular%20cloning%20of%20the%20cDNA&journal=Microbiology&volume=143&pages=1395-1403&publication_year=1997&author=Clark%2CSJ&author=Templeton%2CMD&author=Sullivan%2CPA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR14">Cunningham EB (1999) An inositol phosphate-binding immunophilin, IPBP12. Blood 94:2778–2789</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmslantrs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 14">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 14" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20inositol%20phosphate-binding%20immunophilin%2C%20IPBP12&journal=Blood&volume=94&pages=2778-2789&publication_year=1999&author=Cunningham%2CEB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR15">Da-Hui L, Gui-Liang J, Ying-Tao Z, Tie-Min A (2007) Bacterial expression of a <i>Trichosanthes kirilowii</i> defensin (TDEF1) and its antifungal activity on <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 74:146–151</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 15" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Bacterial%20expression%20of%20a%20Trichosanthes%20kirilowii%20defensin%20%28TDEF1%29%20and%20its%20antifungal%20activity%20on%20Fusarium%20oxysporum&journal=Appl%20Microbiol%20Biotechnol&volume=74&pages=146-151&publication_year=2007&author=Da-Hui%2CL&author=Gui-Liang%2CJ&author=Ying-Tao%2CZ&author=Tie-Min%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR16">de Beer A, Vivier MA (2008) Vv-AMP1, a ripening induced peptide from <i>Vitis vinifera</i> shows strong antifungal activity. BMC Plant Biol 8:75</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 16" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Vv-AMP1%2C%20a%20ripening%20induced%20peptide%20from%20Vitis%20vinifera%20shows%20strong%20antifungal%20activity&journal=BMC%20Plant%20Biol&volume=8&publication_year=2008&author=Beer%2CA&author=Vivier%2CMA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR17">de Lucca AJ, Jacks TJ, Broekaert WJ (1999) Fungicidal and binding properties of three plant peptides. Mycopathologia 144:87–91</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 17" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Fungicidal%20and%20binding%20properties%20of%20three%20plant%20peptides&journal=Mycopathologia&volume=144&pages=87-91&publication_year=1999&author=Lucca%2CAJ&author=Jacks%2CTJ&author=Broekaert%2CWJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR18">de Lucca AJ, Cleveland TE, Wedge DE (2005) Plant-derived antifungal proteins and peptides. Can J Microbiol 51:1001–1014</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 18" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Plant-derived%20antifungal%20proteins%20and%20peptides&journal=Can%20J%20Microbiol&volume=51&pages=1001-1014&publication_year=2005&author=Lucca%2CAJ&author=Cleveland%2CTE&author=Wedge%2CDE"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR19">Galat A (1999) Variations of sequences and amino acid compositions of proteins that sustain their biological functions: an analysis of the cyclophilin family of proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 371:149–162</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmvFyrsbg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 19">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 19" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Variations%20of%20sequences%20and%20amino%20acid%20compositions%20of%20proteins%20that%20sustain%20their%20biological%20functions%3A%20an%20analysis%20of%20the%20cyclophilin%20family%20of%20proteins&journal=Arch%20Biochem%20Biophys&volume=371&pages=149-162&publication_year=1999&author=Galat%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR20">Games PD, Dos Santos IS, Mello EO, Diz MS, Carvalho AO, de Souza-Filho GA, Da Cunha M, Vasconcelos IM, Ferreira Bdos S, Gomes VM (2008) Isolation, characterization and cloning of a cDNA encoding a new antifungal defensin from <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. seeds. Peptides 29:2090–2100</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtl2qtrzM" aria-label="CAS reference 20">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 20" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%2C%20characterization%20and%20cloning%20of%20a%20cDNA%20encoding%20a%20new%20antifungal%20defensin%20from%20Phaseolus%20vulgaris%20L.%20seeds&journal=Peptides&volume=29&pages=2090-2100&publication_year=2008&author=Games%2CPD&author=Santos%2CIS&author=Mello%2CEO&author=Diz%2CMS&author=Carvalho%2CAO&author=Souza-Filho%2CGA&author=Cunha%2CM&author=Vasconcelos%2CIM&author=Ferreira%20Bdos%2CS&author=Gomes%2CVM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR21">Ghosh M (2009) Purification of a lectin-like antifungal protein from the medicinal herb, <i>Withania somnifera</i>. Fitoterapia 80:91–95</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXitFyru7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 21">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 21" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification%20of%20a%20lectin-like%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20the%20medicinal%20herb%2C%20Withania%20somnifera&journal=Fitoterapia&volume=80&pages=91-95&publication_year=2009&author=Ghosh%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR22">González-Lamothe R, Mitchell G, Gattuso M, Diarra MS, Malouin F, Bouarab K (2009) Plant antimicrobial agents and their effects on plant and human pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 10:3400–3419</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 22" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Plant%20antimicrobial%20agents%20and%20their%20effects%20on%20plant%20and%20human%20pathogens&journal=Int%20J%20Mol%20Sci&volume=10&pages=3400-3419&publication_year=2009&author=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Lamothe%2CR&author=Mitchell%2CG&author=Gattuso%2CM&author=Diarra%2CMS&author=Malouin%2CF&author=Bouarab%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR23">Göthel SF, Marahiel MA (1999) Peptidyl-prolyl <i>cis</i>–<i>trans</i> isomerases, a superfamily of ubiquitous folding catalysts. Cell Mol Life Sci 55:423–436</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 23" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Peptidyl-prolyl%20cis%E2%80%93trans%20isomerases%2C%20a%20superfamily%20of%20ubiquitous%20folding%20catalysts&journal=Cell%20Mol%20Life%20Sci&volume=55&pages=423-436&publication_year=1999&author=G%C3%B6thel%2CSF&author=Marahiel%2CMA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR24">Graham LS, Sticklen MB (1994) Plant chitinases. Can J Bot 72:1057–1083</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXitFGmt74%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 24">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 24" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Plant%20chitinases&journal=Can%20J%20Bot&volume=72&pages=1057-1083&publication_year=1994&author=Graham%2CLS&author=Sticklen%2CMB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR25">Grenier J, Potvin C, Trudel J, Asselin A (1999) Some thaumatin-like proteins hydrolyze polymeric β-1, 3-glucans. Plant J 19:473–480</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXms1Srurk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 25">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 25" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Some%20thaumatin-like%20proteins%20hydrolyze%20polymeric%20%CE%B2-1%2C%203-glucans&journal=Plant%20J&volume=19&pages=473-480&publication_year=1999&author=Grenier%2CJ&author=Potvin%2CC&author=Trudel%2CJ&author=Asselin%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR26">Guo G, Wang HX, Ng TB (2009) Pomegranin, an antifungal peptide from pomegranate peels. Protein Pept Lett 16:82–85</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXkvVymtbk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 26">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 26" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Pomegranin%2C%20an%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20pomegranate%20peels&journal=Protein%20Pept%20Lett&volume=16&pages=82-85&publication_year=2009&author=Guo%2CG&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR27">Hadley ME (2000) Endocinology, 5th edn. Prentice Hall Inc, Upper Saddle River</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 27" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Endocinology&publication_year=2000&author=Hadley%2CME"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR28">Hanselle T, Ichinoseb Y, Barz W (2001) Biochemical and molecular biological studies on infection (<i>Ascochyta rabiei</i>)-induced thaumatin-like proteins from chickpea plants (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.). Z Naturforsch C 56:1095–1107</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntVyjsQ%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 28">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 28" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Biochemical%20and%20molecular%20biological%20studies%20on%20infection%20%28Ascochyta%20rabiei%29-induced%20thaumatin-like%20proteins%20from%20chickpea%20plants%20%28Cicer%20arietinum%20L.%29&journal=Z%20Naturforsch%20C&volume=56&pages=1095-1107&publication_year=2001&author=Hanselle%2CT&author=Ichinoseb%2CY&author=Barz%2CW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR29">Ho VS, Ng TB (2007) Chitinase-like proteins with antifungal activity from emperor banana fruits. Protein Pept Lett 14:828–831</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlWiur7E" aria-label="CAS reference 29">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 29" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Chitinase-like%20proteins%20with%20antifungal%20activity%20from%20emperor%20banana%20fruits&journal=Protein%20Pept%20Lett&volume=14&pages=828-831&publication_year=2007&author=Ho%2CVS&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR30">Ho VS, Wong JH, Ng TB (2007) A thaumatin-like antifungal protein from the emperor banana. Peptides 28:760–766</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXislGqsbk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 30">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 30" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20thaumatin-like%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20the%20emperor%20banana&journal=Peptides&volume=28&pages=760-766&publication_year=2007&author=Ho%2CVS&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR31">Huynh QK, Hironaka CM, Levine EB, Smith CE, Borgmeyer JR, Shah DM (1992) Antifungal proteins from plants. Purification, molecular cloning, and antifungal properties of chitinases from maize seeds. J Biol Chem 267:6635–6640</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DyaK383gt1ajug%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 31">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 31" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Antifungal%20proteins%20from%20plants.%20Purification%2C%20molecular%20cloning%2C%20and%20antifungal%20properties%20of%20chitinases%20from%20maize%20seeds&journal=J%20Biol%20Chem&volume=267&pages=6635-6640&publication_year=1992&author=Huynh%2CQK&author=Hironaka%2CCM&author=Levine%2CEB&author=Smith%2CCE&author=Borgmeyer%2CJR&author=Shah%2CDM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR32">Iseli B, Boller T, Neuhaus JM (1993) The N-terminal cysteine-rich domain of tobacco class I chitinase is essential for chitin binding but not for catalytic or antifungal activity. Plant Physiol 103:221–226</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXkvVylsQ%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 32">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 32" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20N-terminal%20cysteine-rich%20domain%20of%20tobacco%20class%20I%20chitinase%20is%20essential%20for%20chitin%20binding%20but%20not%20for%20catalytic%20or%20antifungal%20activity&journal=Plant%20Physiol&volume=103&pages=221-226&publication_year=1993&author=Iseli%2CB&author=Boller%2CT&author=Neuhaus%2CJM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR33">Joshi BN, Sainani MN, Bastawade KB, Gupta VS, Ranjekar PK (1998) Cysteine protease inhibitor from pearl millet: a new class of antifungal protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 246:382–387</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsFWitLg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 33">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 33" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cysteine%20protease%20inhibitor%20from%20pearl%20millet%3A%20a%20new%20class%20of%20antifungal%20protein&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=246&pages=382-387&publication_year=1998&author=Joshi%2CBN&author=Sainani%2CMN&author=Bastawade%2CKB&author=Gupta%2CVS&author=Ranjekar%2CPK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR34">Kader JC (1996) Lipid transfer proteins in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47:627–654</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjtlWgt7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 34">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 34" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Lipid%20transfer%20proteins%20in%20plants&journal=Annu%20Rev%20Plant%20Physiol%20Plant%20Mol%20Biol&volume=47&pages=627-654&publication_year=1996&author=Kader%2CJC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR35">Kanokwiroon K, Teanpaisan R, Wititsuwannakul D, Hooper AB, Wititsuwannakul R (2008) Antimicrobial activity of a protein purified from the latex of <i>Hevea brasiliensis</i> on oral microorganisms. Mycoses 51:301–307</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptVKgtbc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 35">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 35" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Antimicrobial%20activity%20of%20a%20protein%20purified%20from%20the%20latex%20of%20Hevea%20brasiliensis%20on%20oral%20microorganisms&journal=Mycoses&volume=51&pages=301-307&publication_year=2008&author=Kanokwiroon%2CK&author=Teanpaisan%2CR&author=Wititsuwannakul%2CD&author=Hooper%2CAB&author=Wititsuwannakul%2CR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR36">Kant P, Liu WZ, Pauls KP (2009) PDC1, a corn defensin peptide expressed in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pichia pastoris</i> inhibits growth of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i>. Peptides 30:1593–1599</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpt1Kiurg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 36">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 36" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=PDC1%2C%20a%20corn%20defensin%20peptide%20expressed%20in%20Escherichia%20coli%20and%20Pichia%20pastoris%20inhibits%20growth%20of%20Fusarium%20graminearum&journal=Peptides&volume=30&pages=1593-1599&publication_year=2009&author=Kant%2CP&author=Liu%2CWZ&author=Pauls%2CKP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR37">Kawase T, Yokokawa S, Saito A, Fujii T, Nikaidou N, Miyashita K, Watanabe T (2006) Comparison of enzymatic and antifungal properties between family 18 and 19 chitinases from <i>S. coelicolor</i> A3(2). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:988–998</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xks1SgsLY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 37">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 37" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Comparison%20of%20enzymatic%20and%20antifungal%20properties%20between%20family%2018%20and%2019%20chitinases%20from%20S.%20coelicolor%20A3%282%29&journal=Biosci%20Biotechnol%20Biochem&volume=70&pages=988-998&publication_year=2006&author=Kawase%2CT&author=Yokokawa%2CS&author=Saito%2CA&author=Fujii%2CT&author=Nikaidou%2CN&author=Miyashita%2CK&author=Watanabe%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR38">Koo JC, Lee SY, Chun HJ, Cheong YH, Choi JS, Kawabata S, Miyagi M, Tsunasawa S, Ha KS, Bae DW, Han CD, Lee BL, Cho MJ (1998) Two hevein homologs isolated from the seed of <i>Pharbitis nil</i> L. exhibit potent antifungal activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1382:80–90</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXhsFejs7c%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 38">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 38" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Two%20hevein%20homologs%20isolated%20from%20the%20seed%20of%20Pharbitis%20nil%20L.%20exhibit%20potent%20antifungal%20activity&journal=Biochim%20Biophys%20Acta&volume=1382&pages=80-90&publication_year=1998&author=Koo%2CJC&author=Lee%2CSY&author=Chun%2CHJ&author=Cheong%2CYH&author=Choi%2CJS&author=Kawabata%2CS&author=Miyagi%2CM&author=Tsunasawa%2CS&author=Ha%2CKS&author=Bae%2CDW&author=Han%2CCD&author=Lee%2CBL&author=Cho%2CMJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR39">Kristensen AK, Burnstedt J, Nielsen JE, Kreiberg JD, Mikkelsen JD, Roepstorff P, Nielsen KK (2001) Partial characterization and localization of a novel type of antifungal protein (IWF6) isolated from sugar beet leaves. Plant Sci 159:29–38</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 39" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Partial%20characterization%20and%20localization%20of%20a%20novel%20type%20of%20antifungal%20protein%20%28IWF6%29%20isolated%20from%20sugar%20beet%20leaves&journal=Plant%20Sci&volume=159&pages=29-38&publication_year=2001&author=Kristensen%2CAK&author=Burnstedt%2CJ&author=Nielsen%2CJE&author=Kreiberg%2CJD&author=Mikkelsen%2CJD&author=Roepstorff%2CP&author=Nielsen%2CKK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR40">Kumar S, Singh N, Sinha M, Kaur P, Srinivasan A, Sharma S, Singh TP (2009) Isolation, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of amaryllin, a plant pathogenesis-related protein from <i>Amaryllis belladonna</i>. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 65:635–637</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 40" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%2C%20purification%2C%20crystallization%20and%20preliminary%20crystallographic%20studies%20of%20amaryllin%2C%20a%20plant%20pathogenesis-related%20protein%20from%20Amaryllis%20belladonna&journal=Acta%20Crystallogr%20Sect%20F%20Struct%20Biol%20Cryst%20Commun&volume=65&pages=635-637&publication_year=2009&author=Kumar%2CS&author=Singh%2CN&author=Sinha%2CM&author=Kaur%2CP&author=Srinivasan%2CA&author=Sharma%2CS&author=Singh%2CTP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR41">Kuo CJ, Liao YC, Yang JH, Huang LC, Chang CT, Sung HY (2008) Cloning and characterization of an antifungal class III chitinase from suspension-cultured bamboo (<i>Bambusa oldhamii</i>) cells. J Agric Food Chem 56:11507–11514</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlGrsrzJ" aria-label="CAS reference 41">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 41" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cloning%20and%20characterization%20of%20an%20antifungal%20class%20III%20chitinase%20from%20suspension-cultured%20bamboo%20%28Bambusa%20oldhamii%29%20cells&journal=J%20Agric%20Food%20Chem&volume=56&pages=11507-11514&publication_year=2008&author=Kuo%2CCJ&author=Liao%2CYC&author=Yang%2CJH&author=Huang%2CLC&author=Chang%2CCT&author=Sung%2CHY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR42">Lagrimini LM (1991) Wound-induced deposition of polyphenols in transgenic plants overexpressing peroxidase. Plant Physiol 96:577–583</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXksVKitL0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 42">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 42" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Wound-induced%20deposition%20of%20polyphenols%20in%20transgenic%20plants%20overexpressing%20peroxidase&journal=Plant%20Physiol&volume=96&pages=577-583&publication_year=1991&author=Lagrimini%2CLM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR43">Lam SK, Ng TB (2001a) First simultaneous isolation of a ribosome inactivating protein and an antifungal protein from a mushroom (<i>Lyophyllum shimeji</i>) together with evidence for synergism of their antifungal effects. Arch Biochem Biophys 393:271–280</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmslGhurY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 43">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 43" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=First%20simultaneous%20isolation%20of%20a%20ribosome%20inactivating%20protein%20and%20an%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20a%20mushroom%20%28Lyophyllum%20shimeji%29%20together%20with%20evidence%20for%20synergism%20of%20their%20antifungal%20effects&journal=Arch%20Biochem%20Biophys&volume=393&pages=271-280&publication_year=2001&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR44">Lam SK, Ng TB (2001b) Hypsin, a novel thermostable ribosome-inactivating protein with antifungal and antiproliferative activities from fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom <i>Hypsizigus marmoreus</i>. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 285:1071–1075</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXltlWls7s%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 44">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 44" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Hypsin%2C%20a%20novel%20thermostable%20ribosome-inactivating%20protein%20with%20antifungal%20and%20antiproliferative%20activities%20from%20fruiting%20bodies%20of%20the%20edible%20mushroom%20Hypsizigus%20marmoreus&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=285&pages=1071-1075&publication_year=2001&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR45">Lam SK, Ng TB (2001c) Isolation of a novel thermolabile heterodimeric ribonuclease with antifungal and antiproliferative activities from roots of the sanchi ginseng <i>Panax notoginseng</i>. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 285:419–423</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvFOqsLw%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 45">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 45" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20a%20novel%20thermolabile%20heterodimeric%20ribonuclease%20with%20antifungal%20and%20antiproliferative%20activities%20from%20roots%20of%20the%20sanchi%20ginseng%20Panax%20notoginseng&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=285&pages=419-423&publication_year=2001&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR46">Lam SK, Ng TB (2001d) Isolation of a small chitinase-like antifungal protein from <i>Panax notoginseng</i> (sanchi ginseng) roots. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 33:287–292</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXislGgsbY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 46">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 46" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20a%20small%20chitinase-like%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20Panax%20notoginseng%20%28sanchi%20ginseng%29%20roots&journal=Int%20J%20Biochem%20Cell%20Biol&volume=33&pages=287-292&publication_year=2001&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR47">Lam SK, Ng TB (2002) Pananotin, a potent antifungal protein from roots of the traditional medicinal herb <i>Panax notoginseng</i>. Planta Med 68:1024–1028</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XpsFyjsrg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 47">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 47" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Pananotin%2C%20a%20potent%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20roots%20of%20the%20traditional%20medicinal%20herb%20Panax%20notoginseng&journal=Planta%20Med&volume=68&pages=1024-1028&publication_year=2002&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR48">Lam SK, Ng TB (2009a) A protein with antiproliferative, antifungal and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from caper (<i>Capparis spinosa</i>) seeds. Phytomedicine 16:444–450</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 48" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20protein%20with%20antiproliferative%2C%20antifungal%20and%20HIV-1%20reverse%20transcriptase%20inhibitory%20activities%20from%20caper%20%28Capparis%20spinosa%29%20seeds&journal=Phytomedicine&volume=16&pages=444-450&publication_year=2009&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR49">Lam SK, Ng TB (2009b) Passiflin, a novel dimeric antifungal protein from seeds of the passion fruit. Phytomedicine 16:172–180</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXkt12quro%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 49">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 49" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Passiflin%2C%20a%20novel%20dimeric%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20seeds%20of%20the%20passion%20fruit&journal=Phytomedicine&volume=16&pages=172-180&publication_year=2009&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR50">Lam SK, Ng TB (2010) First report of a haemagglutinin-induced apoptotic pathway in breast cancer cells. Biosci Rep 30:307–317</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXltVWqt7s%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 50">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 50" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=First%20report%20of%20a%20haemagglutinin-induced%20apoptotic%20pathway%20in%20breast%20cancer%20cells&journal=Biosci%20Rep&volume=30&pages=307-317&publication_year=2010&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR51">Lam YW, Wang HX, Ng TB (2000) A robust cysteine-deficient chitinase-like antifungal protein from inner shoots of the edible chive <i>Allium tuberosum</i>. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 279:74–80</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosFGgsb0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 51">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 51" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20robust%20cysteine-deficient%20chitinase-like%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20inner%20shoots%20of%20the%20edible%20chive%20Allium%20tuberosum&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=279&pages=74-80&publication_year=2000&author=Lam%2CYW&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR52">Lam SK, Han QF, Ng TB (2009) Isolation and characterization of a lectin with potentially exploitable activities from caper (<i>Capparis spinosa</i>) seeds. Biosci Rep 29:293–299</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1OksbbL" aria-label="CAS reference 52">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 52" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20characterization%20of%20a%20lectin%20with%20potentially%20exploitable%20activities%20from%20caper%20%28Capparis%20spinosa%29%20seeds&journal=Biosci%20Rep&volume=29&pages=293-299&publication_year=2009&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Han%2CQF&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR53">Leah R, Tommerup H, Svendsen I, Mundy J (1991) Biochemical and molecular characterization of three barley seed proteins with antifungal properties J Biol Chem 266:1564–1573</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXksVCnsLY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 53">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 53" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=&journal=Biochemical%20and%20molecular%20characterization%20of%20three%20barley%20seed%20proteins%20with%20antifungal%20properties%20J%20Biol%20Chem&volume=266&pages=1564-1573&publication_year=1991&author=Leah%2CR&author=Tommerup%2CH&author=Svendsen%2CI&author=Mundy%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR54">Leung EH, Ng TB (2007) A relatively stable antifungal peptide from buckwheat seeds with antiproliferative activity toward cancer cells. J Pept Sci 13:762–767</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlKktbvM" aria-label="CAS reference 54">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 54" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20relatively%20stable%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20buckwheat%20seeds%20with%20antiproliferative%20activity%20toward%20cancer%20cells&journal=J%20Pept%20Sci&volume=13&pages=762-767&publication_year=2007&author=Leung%2CEH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR55">Leung EH, Wong JH, Ng TB (2008) Concurrent purification of two defense proteins from French bean seeds: a defensin-like antifungal peptide and a hemagglutinin. J Pept Sci 14:349–353</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXktFGhsLw%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 55">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 55" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Concurrent%20purification%20of%20two%20defense%20proteins%20from%20French%20bean%20seeds%3A%20a%20defensin-like%20antifungal%20peptide%20and%20a%20hemagglutinin&journal=J%20Pept%20Sci&volume=14&pages=349-353&publication_year=2008&author=Leung%2CEH&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR56">Levine A, Tenhaken R, Dixon R, Lamb C (1994) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> from the oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. Cell 79:583–593</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXit1Glu7Y%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 56">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 56" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=H2O2%20from%20the%20oxidative%20burst%20orchestrates%20the%20plant%20hypersensitive%20disease%20resistance%20response&journal=Cell&volume=79&pages=583-593&publication_year=1994&author=Levine%2CA&author=Tenhaken%2CR&author=Dixon%2CR&author=Lamb%2CC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR57">Lin P, Ng TB (2008) A novel and exploitable antifungal peptide from kale (<i>Brassica alboglabra</i>) seeds. Peptides 29:1664–1671</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFCkur3P" aria-label="CAS reference 57">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 57" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20novel%20and%20exploitable%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20kale%20%28Brassica%20alboglabra%29%20seeds&journal=Peptides&volume=29&pages=1664-1671&publication_year=2008&author=Lin%2CP&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR58">Lin P, Xia L, Ng TB (2007a) First isolation of an antifungal lipid transfer peptide from seeds of a <i>Brassica</i> species. Peptides 28:1514–1519</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpt1ejurg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 58">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 58" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=First%20isolation%20of%20an%20antifungal%20lipid%20transfer%20peptide%20from%20seeds%20of%20a%20Brassica%20species&journal=Peptides&volume=28&pages=1514-1519&publication_year=2007&author=Lin%2CP&author=Xia%2CL&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR59">Lin P, Xia L, Wong JH, Ng TB, Ye X, Wang S, Shi X (2007b) Lipid transfer proteins from <i>Brassica campestris</i> and mung bean surpass mung bean chitinase in exploitability. J Pept Sci 13:642–648</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1aju7rJ" aria-label="CAS reference 59">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 59" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Lipid%20transfer%20proteins%20from%20Brassica%20campestris%20and%20mung%20bean%20surpass%20mung%20bean%20chitinase%20in%20exploitability&journal=J%20Pept%20Sci&volume=13&pages=642-648&publication_year=2007&author=Lin%2CP&author=Xia%2CL&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Ng%2CTB&author=Ye%2CX&author=Wang%2CS&author=Shi%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR60">Lin P, Wong JH, Ng TB (2009a) A defensin with highly potent antipathogenic activities from the seeds of purple pole bean. Biosci Rep 30:101–109</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 60" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20defensin%20with%20highly%20potent%20antipathogenic%20activities%20from%20the%20seeds%20of%20purple%20pole%20bean&journal=Biosci%20Rep&volume=30&pages=101-109&publication_year=2009&author=Lin%2CP&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR61">Lin P, Wong JH, Xia L, Ng TB (2009b) Campesin, a thermostable antifungal peptide with highly potent antipathogenic activities. J Biosci Bioeng 108:259–265</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsF2qtrjO" aria-label="CAS reference 61">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 61" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Campesin%2C%20a%20thermostable%20antifungal%20peptide%20with%20highly%20potent%20antipathogenic%20activities&journal=J%20Biosci%20Bioeng&volume=108&pages=259-265&publication_year=2009&author=Lin%2CP&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Xia%2CL&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR62">Lopes JL, Valadares NF, Moraes DI, Rosa JC, Araújo HS, Beltramini LM (2009) Physico-chemical and antifungal properties of protease inhibitors from <i>Acacia plumosa</i>. Phytochemistry 70:871–879</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnsFKlt74%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 62">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 62" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Physico-chemical%20and%20antifungal%20properties%20of%20protease%20inhibitors%20from%20Acacia%20plumosa&journal=Phytochemistry&volume=70&pages=871-879&publication_year=2009&author=Lopes%2CJL&author=Valadares%2CNF&author=Moraes%2CDI&author=Rosa%2CJC&author=Ara%C3%BAjo%2CHS&author=Beltramini%2CLM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR63">Marivet J, Margis-Pinheiro M, Frendo P, Burkard G (1994) Bean cyclophilin gene expression during plant development and stress conditions. Plant Mol Biol 26:1181–1189</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXjtVWrtrk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 63">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 63" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Bean%20cyclophilin%20gene%20expression%20during%20plant%20development%20and%20stress%20conditions&journal=Plant%20Mol%20Biol&volume=26&pages=1181-1189&publication_year=1994&author=Marivet%2CJ&author=Margis-Pinheiro%2CM&author=Frendo%2CP&author=Burkard%2CG"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR64">Menegassi A, Wassermann GE, Olivera-Severo D, Becker-Ritt AB, Martinelli AH, Feder V, Carlini CR (2008) Urease from cotton (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>) seeds: isolation, physicochemical characterization, and antifungal properties of the protein. J Agric Food Chem 56:4399–4405</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmtF2ku70%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 64">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 64" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Urease%20from%20cotton%20%28Gossypium%20hirsutum%29%20seeds%3A%20isolation%2C%20physicochemical%20characterization%2C%20and%20antifungal%20properties%20of%20the%20protein&journal=J%20Agric%20Food%20Chem&volume=56&pages=4399-4405&publication_year=2008&author=Menegassi%2CA&author=Wassermann%2CGE&author=Olivera-Severo%2CD&author=Becker-Ritt%2CAB&author=Martinelli%2CAH&author=Feder%2CV&author=Carlini%2CCR"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR65">Ng TB (2004) Peptides and proteins from fungi. Peptides 25:1055–1073</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltVGit7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 65">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 65" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Peptides%20and%20proteins%20from%20fungi&journal=Peptides&volume=25&pages=1055-1073&publication_year=2004&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR66">Ng TB, Parkash A (2001) Hispin, a novel ribosome inactivating protein with antifungal activity from hairy melon seeds. Protein Exp Purif 26:211–217</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 66" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Hispin%2C%20a%20novel%20ribosome%20inactivating%20protein%20with%20antifungal%20activity%20from%20hairy%20melon%20seeds&journal=Protein%20Exp%20Purif&volume=26&pages=211-217&publication_year=2001&author=Ng%2CTB&author=Parkash%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR67">Ng TB, Au TK, Lam TL, Ye XY, Wan DC (2002) Inhibitory effects of antifungal proteins on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase, protease and integrase. Life Sci 70:927–935</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xos12nsw%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 67">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 67" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Inhibitory%20effects%20of%20antifungal%20proteins%20on%20human%20immunodeficiency%20virus%20type%201%20reverse%20transcriptase%2C%20protease%20and%20integrase&journal=Life%20Sci&volume=70&pages=927-935&publication_year=2002&author=Ng%2CTB&author=Au%2CTK&author=Lam%2CTL&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Wan%2CDC"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR68">Ng TB, Lam SK, Fong WP (2003) A homodimeric sporamin-type trypsin inhibitor with antiproliferative. Biol Chem 834:811–815</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 68" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20homodimeric%20sporamin-type%20trypsin%20inhibitor%20with%20antiproliferative&journal=Biol%20Chem&volume=834&pages=811-815&publication_year=2003&author=Ng%2CTB&author=Lam%2CSK&author=Fong%2CWP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR69">Ngai PH, Ng TB (2004) A ribonuclease with antimicrobial, antimitogenic and antiproliferative activities from the edible mushroom <i>Pleurotus sajor-caju</i>. Peptides 25:11–17</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhslWls7o%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 69">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 69" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20ribonuclease%20with%20antimicrobial%2C%20antimitogenic%20and%20antiproliferative%20activities%20from%20the%20edible%20mushroom%20Pleurotus%20sajor-caju&journal=Peptides&volume=25&pages=11-17&publication_year=2004&author=Ngai%2CPH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR70">Nielsen KK, Nielsen JE, Madrid SM, Mikkelsen JD (1997) Characterization of a new antifungal chitin-binding peptide from sugar beet leaves. Plant Physiol 13:83–91</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 70" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Characterization%20of%20a%20new%20antifungal%20chitin-binding%20peptide%20from%20sugar%20beet%20leaves&journal=Plant%20Physiol&volume=13&pages=83-91&publication_year=1997&author=Nielsen%2CKK&author=Nielsen%2CJE&author=Madrid%2CSM&author=Mikkelsen%2CJD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR71">Odintsova TI, Vassilevski AA, Slavokhotova AA, Musolyamov AK, Finkina EI, Khadeeva NV, Rogozhin EA, Korostyleva TV, Pukhalsky VA, Grishin EV, Egorov TA (2009) A novel antifungal hevein-type peptide from <i>Triticum kiharae</i> seeds with a unique 10-cysteine motif. FEBS J 276:4266–4275</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXpt1eltLs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 71">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 71" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20novel%20antifungal%20hevein-type%20peptide%20from%20Triticum%20kiharae%20seeds%20with%20a%20unique%2010-cysteine%20motif&journal=FEBS%20J&volume=276&pages=4266-4275&publication_year=2009&author=Odintsova%2CTI&author=Vassilevski%2CAA&author=Slavokhotova%2CAA&author=Musolyamov%2CAK&author=Finkina%2CEI&author=Khadeeva%2CNV&author=Rogozhin%2CEA&author=Korostyleva%2CTV&author=Pukhalsky%2CVA&author=Grishin%2CEV&author=Egorov%2CTA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR72">Onaga S, Taira T (2008) A new type of plant chitinase containing LysM domains from a fern (<i>Pteris ryukyuensis</i>): roles of LysM domains in chitin binding and antifungal activity. Glycobiology 18:414–423</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmsVOqs70%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 72">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 72" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20new%20type%20of%20plant%20chitinase%20containing%20LysM%20domains%20from%20a%20fern%20%28Pteris%20ryukyuensis%29%3A%20roles%20of%20LysM%20domains%20in%20chitin%20binding%20and%20antifungal%20activity&journal=Glycobiology&volume=18&pages=414-423&publication_year=2008&author=Onaga%2CS&author=Taira%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR73">Park SC, Lee JR, Shin SO, Jung JH, Lee YM, Son H, Park Y, Lee SY, Hahm KS (2007) Purification and characterization of an antifungal protein, C-FKBP, from Chinese cabbage. J Agric Food Chem 55:5277–5281</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtV2isbc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 73">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 73" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification%20and%20characterization%20of%20an%20antifungal%20protein%2C%20C-FKBP%2C%20from%20Chinese%20cabbage&journal=J%20Agric%20Food%20Chem&volume=55&pages=5277-5281&publication_year=2007&author=Park%2CSC&author=Lee%2CJR&author=Shin%2CSO&author=Jung%2CJH&author=Lee%2CYM&author=Son%2CH&author=Park%2CY&author=Lee%2CSY&author=Hahm%2CKS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR74">Park SC, Kim JY, Lee JK, Hwang I, Cheong H, Nah JW, Hahm KS, Park Y (2009) Antifungal mechanism of a novel antifungal protein from pumpkin rinds against various fungal pathogens. J Agric Food Chem 57:9299–9304</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFKktb3J" aria-label="CAS reference 74">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 74" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Antifungal%20mechanism%20of%20a%20novel%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20pumpkin%20rinds%20against%20various%20fungal%20pathogens&journal=J%20Agric%20Food%20Chem&volume=57&pages=9299-9304&publication_year=2009&author=Park%2CSC&author=Kim%2CJY&author=Lee%2CJK&author=Hwang%2CI&author=Cheong%2CH&author=Nah%2CJW&author=Hahm%2CKS&author=Park%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR75">Parkash A, Ng TB, Tso WW (2002) Isolation and characterization of luffacylin, a ribosome inactivating peptide with anti-fungal activity from sponge gourd (<i>Luffa cylindrica</i>) seeds. Peptides 23:1019–1024</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xlt12rsr0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 75">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 75" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20characterization%20of%20luffacylin%2C%20a%20ribosome%20inactivating%20peptide%20with%20anti-fungal%20activity%20from%20sponge%20gourd%20%28Luffa%20cylindrica%29%20seeds&journal=Peptides&volume=23&pages=1019-1024&publication_year=2002&author=Parkash%2CA&author=Ng%2CTB&author=Tso%2CWW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR76">Pelegrini PB, Noronha EF, Muniz MA, Vasconcelos IM, Chiarello MD, Oliveira JT, Franco OL (2006) An antifungal peptide from passion fruit (<i>Passiflora edulis</i>) seeds with similarities to 2S albumin proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1764:1141–1146</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XmtVOjtbY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 76">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 76" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20passion%20fruit%20%28Passiflora%20edulis%29%20seeds%20with%20similarities%20to%202S%20albumin%20proteins&journal=Biochim%20Biophys%20Acta&volume=1764&pages=1141-1146&publication_year=2006&author=Pelegrini%2CPB&author=Noronha%2CEF&author=Muniz%2CMA&author=Vasconcelos%2CIM&author=Chiarello%2CMD&author=Oliveira%2CJT&author=Franco%2COL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR77">Pelegrini PB, Lay FT, Murad AM, Anderson MA, Franco OL (2008) Novel insights on the mechanism of action of alpha-amylase inhibitors from the plant defensin family. Proteins 73:719–729</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlCgsbvE" aria-label="CAS reference 77">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 77" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Novel%20insights%20on%20the%20mechanism%20of%20action%20of%20alpha-amylase%20inhibitors%20from%20the%20plant%20defensin%20family&journal=Proteins&volume=73&pages=719-729&publication_year=2008&author=Pelegrini%2CPB&author=Lay%2CFT&author=Murad%2CAM&author=Anderson%2CMA&author=Franco%2COL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR78">Pliyev BK, Gurvits BY (1999) Peptidyl-prolyl <i>cis</i>–<i>trans</i> isomerases: structure and functions. Biochemistry (Mosc) 64:738–751</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXksFGks7k%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 78">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 78" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Peptidyl-prolyl%20cis%E2%80%93trans%20isomerases%3A%20structure%20and%20functions&journal=Biochemistry%20%28Mosc%29&volume=64&pages=738-751&publication_year=1999&author=Pliyev%2CBK&author=Gurvits%2CBY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR79">Ponstein AS, Bres-Vloemans SA, Seta-Buurlage MB, van den Elzen PJ, Melchers LS, Cornelissen BJ (1994) A novel pathogen- and wound-inducible tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>) protein with antifungal activity. Plant Physiol 104:109–118</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktVGjtLw%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 79">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 79" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20novel%20pathogen-%20and%20wound-inducible%20tobacco%20%28Nicotiana%20tabacum%29%20protein%20with%20antifungal%20activity&journal=Plant%20Physiol&volume=104&pages=109-118&publication_year=1994&author=Ponstein%2CAS&author=Bres-Vloemans%2CSA&author=Seta-Buurlage%2CMB&author=Elzen%2CPJ&author=Melchers%2CLS&author=Cornelissen%2CBJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR80">Qi LW, Liu EH, Chu C, Peng YB, Li P, Cai HX (2010) Anti-diabetic agents from natural products—an Update from 2004 to 2009. Curr Top Med Chem Feb 25 (in press)</p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR81">Ribeiro SF, Carvalho AO, Da Cunha M, Rodrigues R, Cruz LP, Melo VM, Vasconcelos IM, Melo EJ, Gomes VM (2007) Isolation and characterization of novel peptides from chilli pepper seeds: antimicrobial activities against pathogenic yeasts. Toxicon 50:600–611</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVKrt7zI" aria-label="CAS reference 81">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 81" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20characterization%20of%20novel%20peptides%20from%20chilli%20pepper%20seeds%3A%20antimicrobial%20activities%20against%20pathogenic%20yeasts&journal=Toxicon&volume=50&pages=600-611&publication_year=2007&author=Ribeiro%2CSF&author=Carvalho%2CAO&author=Cunha%2CM&author=Rodrigues%2CR&author=Cruz%2CLP&author=Melo%2CVM&author=Vasconcelos%2CIM&author=Melo%2CEJ&author=Gomes%2CVM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR82">Rivillas-Acevedo LA, Soriano-García M (2007) Isolation and biochemical characterization of an antifungal peptide from <i>Amaranthus hypochondriacus</i> seeds. J Agric Food Chem 55:10156–10161</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtlCqtLnK" aria-label="CAS reference 82">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 82" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20biochemical%20characterization%20of%20an%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20Amaranthus%20hypochondriacus%20seeds&journal=J%20Agric%20Food%20Chem&volume=55&pages=10156-10161&publication_year=2007&author=Rivillas-Acevedo%2CLA&author=Soriano-Garc%C3%ADa%2CM"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR83">Roberts WK, Selitrennikoff CP (1986) Isolation and partial characterization of two antifungal proteins from barley. Biochim Biophys Acta 880:161–170</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaL28Xht1Ggs7k%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 83">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 83" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20partial%20characterization%20of%20two%20antifungal%20proteins%20from%20barley&journal=Biochim%20Biophys%20Acta&volume=880&pages=161-170&publication_year=1986&author=Roberts%2CWK&author=Selitrennikoff%2CCP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR84">Roberts WJ, Selitrennikoff CP (1990) Zeamatin, an antifungal protein from maize with membrane-permeabilizing activity. J Gen Microbiol 136:1771–1778</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmt1Ortbo%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 84">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 84" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Zeamatin%2C%20an%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20maize%20with%20membrane-permeabilizing%20activity&journal=J%20Gen%20Microbiol&volume=136&pages=1771-1778&publication_year=1990&author=Roberts%2CWJ&author=Selitrennikoff%2CCP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR85">Rop O, Mlcek J, Jurikova T (2009) Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects. Nutr Rev 67:624–631</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 85" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Beta-glucans%20in%20higher%20fungi%20and%20their%20health%20effects&journal=Nutr%20Rev&volume=67&pages=624-631&publication_year=2009&author=Rop%2CO&author=Mlcek%2CJ&author=Jurikova%2CT"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR86">Sattayasai N, Sudmoon R, Nuchadomrong S, Chaveerach A, Kuehnle AR, Mudalige-Jayawickrama RG, Bunyatratchata W (2009) <i>Dendrobium findleyanum</i> agglutinin: production, localization, anti-fungal activity and gene characterization. Plant Cell Rep 28:1243–1252</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXptFGmt70%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 86">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 86" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Dendrobium%20findleyanum%20agglutinin%3A%20production%2C%20localization%2C%20anti-fungal%20activity%20and%20gene%20characterization&journal=Plant%20Cell%20Rep&volume=28&pages=1243-1252&publication_year=2009&author=Sattayasai%2CN&author=Sudmoon%2CR&author=Nuchadomrong%2CS&author=Chaveerach%2CA&author=Kuehnle%2CAR&author=Mudalige-Jayawickrama%2CRG&author=Bunyatratchata%2CW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR87">Sawano Y, Miyakawa T, Yamazaki H, Tanokura M, Hatano K (2007) Purification, characterization, and molecular gene cloning of an antifungal protein from <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> seeds. Biol Chem 388:273–280</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjtFyntb8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 87">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 87" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification%2C%20characterization%2C%20and%20molecular%20gene%20cloning%20of%20an%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20Ginkgo%20biloba%20seeds&journal=Biol%20Chem&volume=388&pages=273-280&publication_year=2007&author=Sawano%2CY&author=Miyakawa%2CT&author=Yamazaki%2CH&author=Tanokura%2CM&author=Hatano%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR88">Selitrennikoff CP (2001) Antifungal proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2883–2894</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXkvFSnt7g%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 88">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 88" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Antifungal%20proteins&journal=Appl%20Environ%20Microbiol&volume=67&pages=2883-2894&publication_year=2001&author=Selitrennikoff%2CCP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR89">Semiglazov VF, Stepula VV, Dudov A, Schnitker J, Mengs U (2006) Quality of life is improved in breast cancer patients by Standardised Mistletoe Extract PS76A2 during chemotherapy and follow-up: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicentre clinical trial. Anticancer Res 26:1519–1529</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XktVGqsr8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 89">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 89" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Quality%20of%20life%20is%20improved%20in%20breast%20cancer%20patients%20by%20Standardised%20Mistletoe%20Extract%20PS76A2%20during%20chemotherapy%20and%20follow-up%3A%20a%20randomised%2C%20placebo-controlled%2C%20double-blind%2C%20multicentre%20clinical%20trial&journal=Anticancer%20Res&volume=26&pages=1519-1529&publication_year=2006&author=Semiglazov%2CVF&author=Stepula%2CVV&author=Dudov%2CA&author=Schnitker%2CJ&author=Mengs%2CU"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR90">Shenoy SR, Kameshwari MN, Swaminathan S, Gupta MN (2006) Major antifungal activity from the bulbs of Indian squill <i>Urginea indica</i> is a chitinase. Biotechnol Prog 22:631–637</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XjsV2msLc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 90">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 90" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Major%20antifungal%20activity%20from%20the%20bulbs%20of%20Indian%20squill%20Urginea%20indica%20is%20a%20chitinase&journal=Biotechnol%20Prog&volume=22&pages=631-637&publication_year=2006&author=Shenoy%2CSR&author=Kameshwari%2CMN&author=Swaminathan%2CS&author=Gupta%2CMN"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR91">Silverstein AM, Galigniana MD, Kanelakis KC, Radanyi C, Renoir JM, Pratt WB (1999) Different regions of the immunophilin FKBP52 determine its association with the glucocorticoid receptor, hsp90, and cytoplasmic dynein. J Biol Chem 274:36980–36986</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXpsVyg" aria-label="CAS reference 91">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 91" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Different%20regions%20of%20the%20immunophilin%20FKBP52%20determine%20its%20association%20with%20the%20glucocorticoid%20receptor%2C%20hsp90%2C%20and%20cytoplasmic%20dynein&journal=J%20Biol%20Chem&volume=274&pages=36980-36986&publication_year=1999&author=Silverstein%2CAM&author=Galigniana%2CMD&author=Kanelakis%2CKC&author=Radanyi%2CC&author=Renoir%2CJM&author=Pratt%2CWB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR92">Sun B, Li DC, Ci XY, Guo RF, Wang Y (2004) Induction purification and antifungal activity of beta-1, 3-glucanase from wheat leaves. Zhi Wu Sheng Li Yu Fen Zi Sheng Wu Xue Xue Bao 30:399–404</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhslWgsr0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 92">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 92" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Induction%20purification%20and%20antifungal%20activity%20of%20beta-1%2C%203-glucanase%20from%20wheat%20leaves&journal=Zhi%20Wu%20Sheng%20Li%20Yu%20Fen%20Zi%20Sheng%20Wu%20Xue%20Xue%20Bao.&volume=30&pages=399-404&publication_year=2004&author=Sun%2CB&author=Li%2CDC&author=Ci%2CXY&author=Guo%2CRF&author=Wang%2CY"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR93">Takemoto D, Furuse K, Doke N, Kawakita K (1997) Identification of chitinase and osmotin-like protein as actin-binding proteins in suspension-cultured potato cells. Plant Cell Physiol 38:441–448</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXis1emtLY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 93">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 93" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Identification%20of%20chitinase%20and%20osmotin-like%20protein%20as%20actin-binding%20proteins%20in%20suspension-cultured%20potato%20cells&journal=Plant%20Cell%20Physiol&volume=38&pages=441-448&publication_year=1997&author=Takemoto%2CD&author=Furuse%2CK&author=Doke%2CN&author=Kawakita%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR94">Tavares PM, Thevissen K, Cammue BP, François IE, Barreto-Bergter E, Taborda CP, Marques AF, Rodrigues ML, Nimrichter L (2008) In vitro activity of the antifungal plant defensin RsAFP2 against <i>Candida</i> isolates and its in vivo efficacy in prophylactic murine models of candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:4522–4525</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsV2mu7zK" aria-label="CAS reference 94">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 94" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=In%20vitro%20activity%20of%20the%20antifungal%20plant%20defensin%20RsAFP2%20against%20Candida%20isolates%20and%20its%20in%20vivo%20efficacy%20in%20prophylactic%20murine%20models%20of%20candidiasis&journal=Antimicrob%20Agents%20Chemother&volume=52&pages=4522-4525&publication_year=2008&author=Tavares%2CPM&author=Thevissen%2CK&author=Cammue%2CBP&author=Fran%C3%A7ois%2CIE&author=Barreto-Bergter%2CE&author=Taborda%2CCP&author=Marques%2CAF&author=Rodrigues%2CML&author=Nimrichter%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR95">Thevissen K, Ghazi A, De Samblanx GW, Brownlee C, Osborn RW, Broekaert WF (1996) Fungal membrane responses induced by plant defensins and thionins. J Biol Chem 271:15018–15025</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjvVWmtb8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 95">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 95" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Fungal%20membrane%20responses%20induced%20by%20plant%20defensins%20and%20thionins&journal=J%20Biol%20Chem&volume=271&pages=15018-15025&publication_year=1996&author=Thevissen%2CK&author=Ghazi%2CA&author=Samblanx%2CGW&author=Brownlee%2CC&author=Osborn%2CRW&author=Broekaert%2CWF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR96">Thordal-Christensen H, Zhang Z, Wei Y, Collinge DB (1997) Subcellular localization of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in plants. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> accumulation in papillae and hypersensitive response during the barley–powdery mildew interaction. Plant J 11:1187–1194</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkslajtLs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 96">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 96" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Subcellular%20localization%20of%20H2O2%20in%20plants.%20H2O2%20accumulation%20in%20papillae%20and%20hypersensitive%20response%20during%20the%20barley%E2%80%93powdery%20mildew%20interaction&journal=Plant%20J&volume=11&pages=1187-1194&publication_year=1997&author=Thordal-Christensen%2CH&author=Zhang%2CZ&author=Wei%2CY&author=Collinge%2CDB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR97">Tolleter D, Jaquinod M, Mangavel C, Passirani C, Saulnier P, Manon S, Teyssier E, Payet N, Avelange-Macherel MH, Macherel D (2007) Structure and function of a mitochondrial late embryogenesis abundant protein are revealed by desiccation. Plant Cell 19:1580–1589</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXnvVWqtLk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 97">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 97" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Structure%20and%20function%20of%20a%20mitochondrial%20late%20embryogenesis%20abundant%20protein%20are%20revealed%20by%20desiccation&journal=Plant%20Cell&volume=19&pages=1580-1589&publication_year=2007&author=Tolleter%2CD&author=Jaquinod%2CM&author=Mangavel%2CC&author=Passirani%2CC&author=Saulnier%2CP&author=Manon%2CS&author=Teyssier%2CE&author=Payet%2CN&author=Avelange-Macherel%2CMH&author=Macherel%2CD"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR98">Tsao SW, Ng TB, Yeung HW (1990) Toxicities of trichosanthin and alpha-momorcharin, abortifacient proteins from Chinese medicinal plants, on cultured tumor cell lines. Toxicon 28:1183–1192</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhslKlsw%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 98">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 98" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Toxicities%20of%20trichosanthin%20and%20alpha-momorcharin%2C%20abortifacient%20proteins%20from%20Chinese%20medicinal%20plants%2C%20on%20cultured%20tumor%20cell%20lines&journal=Toxicon&volume=28&pages=1183-1192&publication_year=1990&author=Tsao%2CSW&author=Ng%2CTB&author=Yeung%2CHW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR99">Van Damme EJM, Willems P, Torrekens S, Van Leuven F, Peumans WJ (1993) Garlic (<i>Allium sativum</i>) chitinases: characterization and molecular cloning. Physiol Planta 87:177–186</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 99" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Garlic%20%28Allium%20sativum%29%20chitinases%3A%20characterization%20and%20molecular%20cloning&journal=Physiol%20Planta&volume=87&pages=177-186&publication_year=1993&author=Damme%2CEJM&author=Willems%2CP&author=Torrekens%2CS&author=Leuven%2CF&author=Peumans%2CWJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR100">van der Wel H, Loeve K (1972) Isolation and characterization of thaumatin I and II, the sweet-tasting proteins from <i>Thaumatococcus daniellii</i> Benth. Eur J Biochem 31:221–225</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 100" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20characterization%20of%20thaumatin%20I%20and%20II%2C%20the%20sweet-tasting%20proteins%20from%20Thaumatococcus%20daniellii%20Benth&journal=Eur%20J%20Biochem&volume=31&pages=221-225&publication_year=1972&author=Wel%2CH&author=Loeve%2CK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR101">Van Loon LC, Van Strien EA (1999) The families of pathogenesis-related proteins, their activities, and comparative analysis of PR-1 type proteins. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 55:85–97</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 101" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20families%20of%20pathogenesis-related%20proteins%2C%20their%20activities%2C%20and%20comparative%20analysis%20of%20PR-1%20type%20proteins&journal=Physiol%20Mol%20Plant%20Pathol&volume=55&pages=85-97&publication_year=1999&author=Loon%2CLC&author=Strien%2CEA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR102">Van Parijs J, Broekaert WF, Goldstein IJ, Peumans WJ (1991) Hevein: an antifungal protein from rubber-tree (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) latex. Planta 183:258–264</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 102" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Hevein%3A%20an%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20rubber-tree%20%28Hevea%20brasiliensis%29%20latex&journal=Planta&volume=183&pages=258-264&publication_year=1991&author=Parijs%2CJ&author=Broekaert%2CWF&author=Goldstein%2CIJ&author=Peumans%2CWJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR103">Vergauwen R, Van Leuven F, Van Laere A (1998) Purification and characterization of strongly chitin-binding chitinase from salicylic acid-treated leek (<i>Allium porrum</i>). Physiol Planta 104:175–182</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXnsFSrsbg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 103">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 103" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification%20and%20characterization%20of%20strongly%20chitin-binding%20chitinase%20from%20salicylic%20acid-treated%20leek%20%28Allium%20porrum%29&journal=Physiol%20Planta&volume=104&pages=175-182&publication_year=1998&author=Vergauwen%2CR&author=Leuven%2CF&author=Laere%2CA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR104">Vitali A, Pacini L, Bordi E, De Mori P, Pucillo L, Maras B, Botta B, Brancaccio A, Giardina B (2006) Purification and characterization of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from <i>Cassia didymobotrya</i> cell culture. Plant Physiol Biochem 44:604–610</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Cmt7vL" aria-label="CAS reference 104">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 104" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification%20and%20characterization%20of%20an%20antifungal%20thaumatin-like%20protein%20from%20Cassia%20didymobotrya%20cell%20culture&journal=Plant%20Physiol%20Biochem&volume=44&pages=604-610&publication_year=2006&author=Vitali%2CA&author=Pacini%2CL&author=Bordi%2CE&author=Mori%2CP&author=Pucillo%2CL&author=Maras%2CB&author=Botta%2CB&author=Brancaccio%2CA&author=Giardina%2CB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR105">Vogelsang R, Barz W (1993) Purification, characterization and differential hormonal regulation of a β-1, 3-glucanase and two chitinases from chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L.). Planta 189:60–69</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXnsFylsg%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 105">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 105" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification%2C%20characterization%20and%20differential%20hormonal%20regulation%20of%20a%20%CE%B2-1%2C%203-glucanase%20and%20two%20chitinases%20from%20chickpea%20%28Cicer%20arietinum%20L.%29&journal=Planta&volume=189&pages=60-69&publication_year=1993&author=Vogelsang%2CR&author=Barz%2CW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR106">Vu L, Huynh QK (1994) Isolation and characteization of a 27 kDa antifungal protein from the fruits of <i>Diospyros texana</i>. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 202:666–672</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXlt12qtLg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 106">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 106" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20characteization%20of%20a%2027%C2%A0kDa%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20the%20fruits%20of%20Diospyros%20texana&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=202&pages=666-672&publication_year=1994&author=Vu%2CL&author=Huynh%2CQK"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR107">Wang HX, Ng TB (2000a) Ginkbilobin, a novel antifungal protein from <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> seeds with sequence similarity to embryo-abundant protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 279:407–411</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXovVCnsbc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 107">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 107" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ginkbilobin%2C%20a%20novel%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20Ginkgo%20biloba%20seeds%20with%20sequence%20similarity%20to%20embryo-abundant%20protein&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=279&pages=407-411&publication_year=2000&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR108">Wang HX, Ng TB (2000b) Quinqueginsin, a novel protein with anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antifungal, ribonuclease and cell-free translation-inhibitory activities from American ginseng roots. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 269:203–208</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhtl2kurg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 108">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 108" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Quinqueginsin%2C%20a%20novel%20protein%20with%20anti-human%20immunodeficiency%20virus%2C%20antifungal%2C%20ribonuclease%20and%20cell-free%20translation-inhibitory%20activities%20from%20American%20ginseng%20roots&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=269&pages=203-208&publication_year=2000&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR109">Wang HX, Ng TB (2001a) Isolation of a novel deoxyribonuclease with antifungal activity from <i>Asparagus officinalis</i> seeds. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 289:120–124</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXot12hu74%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 109">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 109" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20a%20novel%20deoxyribonuclease%20with%20antifungal%20activity%20from%20Asparagus%20officinalis%20seeds&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=289&pages=120-124&publication_year=2001&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR110">Wang HX, Ng TB (2001b) Studies on the anti-mitogenic, anti-phage and hypotensive effects of several ribosome inactivating proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 128:359–366</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M3os1Omuw%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 110">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 110" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Studies%20on%20the%20anti-mitogenic%2C%20anti-phage%20and%20hypotensive%20effects%20of%20several%20ribosome%20inactivating%20proteins&journal=Comp%20Biochem%20Physiol%20C%20Toxicol%20Pharmacol&volume=128&pages=359-366&publication_year=2001&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR111">Wang HX, Ng TB (2002) Isolation of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from kiwi fruits. Phytochemistry 61:1–6</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XmtVSlsr8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 111">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 111" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20an%20antifungal%20thaumatin-like%20protein%20from%20kiwi%20fruits&journal=Phytochemistry&volume=61&pages=1-6&publication_year=2002&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR112">Wang H, Ng TB (2005a) An antifungal protein from ginger rhizomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336:100–104</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpvFeitL8%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 112">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 112" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20ginger%20rhizomes&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=336&pages=100-104&publication_year=2005&author=Wang%2CH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR113">Wang HX, Ng TB (2005b) An antifungal peptide from the coconut. Peptides 26:2392–2396</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1GgtrzO" aria-label="CAS reference 113">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 113" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20the%20coconut&journal=Peptides&volume=26&pages=2392-2396&publication_year=2005&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR114">Wang HX, Ng TB (2007) An antifungal peptide from red lentil seeds. Peptides 28:547–552</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhs1CjsL0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 114">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 114" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20red%20lentil%20seeds&journal=Peptides&volume=28&pages=547-552&publication_year=2007&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR115">Wang X, Bunkers GJ, Walters MR, Thoma RS (2001) Purification and characterization of three antifungal proteins from cheeseweed (<i>Malva parviflora</i>). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 282:1224–1228</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXis1eqtr4%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 115">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 115" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification%20and%20characterization%20of%20three%20antifungal%20proteins%20from%20cheeseweed%20%28Malva%20parviflora%29&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=282&pages=1224-1228&publication_year=2001&author=Wang%2CX&author=Bunkers%2CGJ&author=Walters%2CMR&author=Thoma%2CRS"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR116">Wang S, Rao P, Ye X (2009a) Isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel leguminous defense peptide with antifungal and antiproliferative potency. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 82:79–86</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXntVOksA%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 116">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 116" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20biochemical%20characterization%20of%20a%20novel%20leguminous%20defense%20peptide%20with%20antifungal%20and%20antiproliferative%20potency&journal=Appl%20Microbiol%20Biotechnol&volume=82&pages=79-86&publication_year=2009&author=Wang%2CS&author=Rao%2CP&author=Ye%2CX"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR117">Wang SY, Gong YS, Zhou JJ (2009b) Chromatographic isolation and characterization of a novel peroxidase from large lima legumes. J Food Sci 74:C193–C198</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXlt1Onurs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 117">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 117" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Chromatographic%20isolation%20and%20characterization%20of%20a%20novel%20peroxidase%20from%20large%20lima%20legumes&journal=J%20Food%20Sci&volume=74&pages=C193-C198&publication_year=2009&author=Wang%2CSY&author=Gong%2CYS&author=Zhou%2CJJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR118">Woloshuk CP, Meulenhoff JS, Sela-Buurlage M, van den Elzen PJ, Cornelissen BJ (1991) Pathogen-induced proteins with inhibitory activity toward <i>Phytophthora infestans</i>. Plant Cell 3:619–628</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXltlajurc%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 118">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 118" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Pathogen-induced%20proteins%20with%20inhibitory%20activity%20toward%20Phytophthora%20infestans&journal=Plant%20Cell&volume=3&pages=619-628&publication_year=1991&author=Woloshuk%2CCP&author=Meulenhoff%2CJS&author=Sela-Buurlage%2CM&author=Elzen%2CPJ&author=Cornelissen%2CBJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR119">Wong JH, Ng TB (2003) Gymnin, a potent defensin-like antifungal peptide from the yunnan bean (<i>Gymnocladus chinensis</i> Baill). Peptides 24:963–968</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnt1Grt7g%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 119">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 119" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Gymnin%2C%20a%20potent%20defensin-like%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20the%20yunnan%20bean%20%28Gymnocladus%20chinensis%20Baill%29&journal=Peptides&volume=24&pages=963-968&publication_year=2003&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR120">Wong JH, Ng TB (2005) Sesquin, a potent defensin-like antimicrobial peptide from ground beans with inhibitory activities toward tumor cells and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Peptides 26(7):1120–1126</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXltFaksbk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 120">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 120" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Sesquin%2C%20a%20potent%20defensin-like%20antimicrobial%20peptide%20from%20ground%20beans%20with%20inhibitory%20activities%20toward%20tumor%20cells%20and%20HIV-1%20reverse%20transcriptase&journal=Peptides&volume=26&issue=7&pages=1120-1126&publication_year=2005&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR121">Wong JH, Ng TB (2006) Limenin, a defensin-like peptide with multiple exploitable activities from shelf beans. J Pept Sci 12:341–346</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XltVamtbs%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 121">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 121" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Limenin%2C%20a%20defensin-like%20peptide%20with%20multiple%20exploitable%20activities%20from%20shelf%20beans&journal=J%20Pept%20Sci&volume=12&pages=341-346&publication_year=2006&author=Wong%2CJH&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR122">Wurms K, Greenwood D, Sharrock K, Long P (1999) Thaumatin-like protein in kiwi fruit. J Sci Food Agric 79:1448–1452</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlt12ku70%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 122">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 122" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Thaumatin-like%20protein%20in%20kiwi%20fruit&journal=J%20Sci%20Food%20Agric&volume=79&pages=1448-1452&publication_year=1999&author=Wurms%2CK&author=Greenwood%2CD&author=Sharrock%2CK&author=Long%2CP"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR123">Xia L, Ng TB (2005) An antifungal protein from flageolet beans. Peptides 26:2397–2403</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1GgtrzP" aria-label="CAS reference 123">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 123" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20flageolet%20beans&journal=Peptides&volume=26&pages=2397-2403&publication_year=2005&author=Xia%2CL&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR124">Yan Q, Jiang Z, Yang S, Deng W, Han L (2005) A novel homodimeric lectin from <i>Astragalus mongholicus</i> with antifungal activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 442:72–81</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVeiu7rE" aria-label="CAS reference 124">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 124" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20novel%20homodimeric%20lectin%20from%20Astragalus%20mongholicus%20with%20antifungal%20activity&journal=Arch%20Biochem%20Biophys&volume=442&pages=72-81&publication_year=2005&author=Yan%2CQ&author=Jiang%2CZ&author=Yang%2CS&author=Deng%2CW&author=Han%2CL"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR125">Yang Q, Gong ZZ (2002) Purification and characterization of an ethylene-induced antifungal protein from leaves of guilder rose (<i>Hydrangea macrophylla</i>). Protein Exp Purif 24:76–82</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xntlyjug%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 125">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 125" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Purification%20and%20characterization%20of%20an%20ethylene-induced%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20leaves%20of%20guilder%20rose%20%28Hydrangea%20macrophylla%29&journal=Protein%20Exp%20Purif&volume=24&pages=76-82&publication_year=2002&author=Yang%2CQ&author=Gong%2CZZ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR126">Ye XY, Ng TB (2000a) Hypogin, a novel antifungal peptide from peanuts with sequence similarity to peanut allergen. J Pept Res 57:330–336</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 126" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Hypogin%2C%20a%20novel%20antifungal%20peptide%20from%20peanuts%20with%20sequence%20similarity%20to%20peanut%20allergen&journal=J%20Pept%20Res&volume=57&pages=330-336&publication_year=2000&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR127">Ye XY, Ng TB (2000b) Mungin, a novel cyclophilin-like antifungal protein from the mungbean. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 273:1111–1115</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXks1Oms7g%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 127">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 127" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mungin%2C%20a%20novel%20cyclophilin-like%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20the%20mungbean&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=273&pages=1111-1115&publication_year=2000&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR128">Ye XY, Ng TB (2001) Isolation of unguilin, a cyclophilin-like protein with anti-mitogenic, antiviral, and antifungal activities, from black-eyed pea. J Protein Chem 20:353–359</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXosVGrurg%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 128">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 128" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20unguilin%2C%20a%20cyclophilin-like%20protein%20with%20anti-mitogenic%2C%20antiviral%2C%20and%20antifungal%20activities%2C%20from%20black-eyed%20pea&journal=J%20Protein%20Chem&volume=20&pages=353-359&publication_year=2001&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR129">Ye XY, Ng TB (2002a) A new antifungal protein and a chitinase with prominent macrophage-stimulating activity from seeds of <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> cv. <i>pinto</i>. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290:813–819</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xislaguw%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 129">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 129" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20new%20antifungal%20protein%20and%20a%20chitinase%20with%20prominent%20macrophage-stimulating%20activity%20from%20seeds%20of%20Phaseolus%20vulgaris%20cv.%20pinto&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=290&pages=813-819&publication_year=2002&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR130">Ye XY, Ng TB (2002b) A new peptide protease inhibitor from <i>Vicia faba</i> seeds exhibits antifungal, HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibiting and mitogenic activities. J Pept Sci 8:656–662</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitl2quw%3D%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 130">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 130" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20new%20peptide%20protease%20inhibitor%20from%20Vicia%20faba%20seeds%20exhibits%20antifungal%2C%20HIV-reverse%20transcriptase%20inhibiting%20and%20mitogenic%20activities&journal=J%20Pept%20Sci&volume=8&pages=656-662&publication_year=2002&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR131">Ye XY, Ng TB (2002c) Delandin, a chitinase-like protein with antifungal, HIV-1 revere transcriptase inhibitory and mitogenic activities from the rice bean <i>Delandia umbellata</i>. Protein Exp Purif 24:524–529</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitlGnsb0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 131">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 131" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Delandin%2C%20a%20chitinase-like%20protein%20with%20antifungal%2C%20HIV-1%20revere%20transcriptase%20inhibitory%20and%20mitogenic%20activities%20from%20the%20rice%20bean%20Delandia%20umbellata&journal=Protein%20Exp%20Purif&volume=24&pages=524-529&publication_year=2002&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR132">Ye XY, Ng TB (2002d) Isolation of a new cyclophilin-like protein from chickpeas with mitogenic, antifungal and anti-HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activities. Life Sci 70:1129–1138</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xht1eqt78%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 132">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 132" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20a%20new%20cyclophilin-like%20protein%20from%20chickpeas%20with%20mitogenic%2C%20antifungal%20and%20anti-HIV-1%20reverse%20transcriptase%20activities&journal=Life%20Sci&volume=70&pages=1129-1138&publication_year=2002&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR133">Ye XY, Ng TB (2002e) Isolation of a novel peroxidase from French bean legumes and first demonstration of antifungal activity of a non-milk peroxidase. Life Sci 71:1667–1680</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xls1Wrs74%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 133">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 133" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20a%20novel%20peroxidase%20from%20French%20bean%20legumes%20and%20first%20demonstration%20of%20antifungal%20activity%20of%20a%20non-milk%20peroxidase&journal=Life%20Sci&volume=71&pages=1667-1680&publication_year=2002&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR134">Ye XY, Ng TB (2009) Isolation and characterization of juncin, an antifungal protein from seeds of Japanese takana (<i>Brassica juncea</i> var<i>. integrifolia</i>). J Agric Food Chem 57:4366–4371</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktF2gs7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 134">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 134" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20characterization%20of%20juncin%2C%20an%20antifungal%20protein%20from%20seeds%20of%20Japanese%20takana%20%28Brassica%20juncea%20var.%20integrifolia%29&journal=J%20Agric%20Food%20Chem&volume=57&pages=4366-4371&publication_year=2009&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR135">Ye XY, Wang HX, Ng TB (1999) First chromatographic isolation of an antifungal thaumatin-like protein from French bean legumes and demonstration of its antifungal activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263:130–134</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXlvVWqtL0%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 135">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 135" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=First%20chromatographic%20isolation%20of%20an%20antifungal%20thaumatin-like%20protein%20from%20French%20bean%20legumes%20and%20demonstration%20of%20its%20antifungal%20activity&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=263&pages=130-134&publication_year=1999&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR136">Ye XY, Wang HX, Ng TB (2000) Structurally dissimilar proteins with antiviral and antifungal potency from cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) seeds. Life Sci 67:3199–3207</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXosVWgtLk%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 136">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 136" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Structurally%20dissimilar%20proteins%20with%20antiviral%20and%20antifungal%20potency%20from%20cowpea%20%28Vigna%20unguiculata%29%20seeds&journal=Life%20Sci&volume=67&pages=3199-3207&publication_year=2000&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Wang%2CHX&author=Ng%2CTB"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR137">Ye XY, Ng TB, Rao PF (2001a) A Bowman–Birk type trypsin–chymotrypsin inhibitor from broad beans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 289:91–96</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXot12hu7w%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 137">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 137" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20Bowman%E2%80%93Birk%20type%20trypsin%E2%80%93chymotrypsin%20inhibitor%20from%20broad%20beans&journal=Biochem%20Biophys%20Res%20Commun&volume=289&pages=91-96&publication_year=2001&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB&author=Rao%2CPF"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR138">Ye XY, Ng TB, Tsang PWK, Wang J (2001b) Isolation of a homodimeric lectin with antifungal and antiviral activities from red kidney bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>) seeds. J Protein Chem 20:367–375</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXosVGrurY%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 138">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 138" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20of%20a%20homodimeric%20lectin%20with%20antifungal%20and%20antiviral%20activities%20from%20red%20kidney%20bean%20%28Phaseolus%20vulgaris%29%20seeds&journal=J%20Protein%20Chem&volume=20&pages=367-375&publication_year=2001&author=Ye%2CXY&author=Ng%2CTB&author=Tsang%2CPWK&author=Wang%2CJ"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR139">Yeung HW, Poon SP, TB NG, Li WW (1987) Isolation and characterization of an immunosuppressive protein from <i>Trichosanthes kirilowii</i> root tubers. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 9:25–46</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXlslansbw%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 139">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 139" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Isolation%20and%20characterization%20of%20an%20immunosuppressive%20protein%20from%20Trichosanthes%20kirilowii%20root%20tubers&journal=Immunopharmacol%20Immunotoxicol&volume=9&pages=25-46&publication_year=1987&author=Yeung%2CHW&author=Poon%2CSP&author=TB%2CNG&author=Li%2CWW"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li><li class="c-article-references__item js-c-reading-companion-references-item"><p class="c-article-references__text" id="ref-CR140">Yun DJ, Ibeas JI, Lee H, Coca MA, Narasimham ML, Uesono Y, Hasegawa PM, Pardo JM, Bressan RA (1998) Osmotin, a plant antifungal protein subverts signal transduction to enhance fungal cell susceptibility. Mol Cell 1:807–817</p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" data-track-value="cas reference" data-track-action="cas reference" href="/articles/cas-redirect/1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjslSjt7k%3D" aria-label="CAS reference 140">CAS</a> <a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 140" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Osmotin%2C%20a%20plant%20antifungal%20protein%20subverts%20signal%20transduction%20to%20enhance%20fungal%20cell%20susceptibility&journal=Mol%20Cell&volume=1&pages=807-817&publication_year=1998&author=Yun%2CDJ&author=Ibeas%2CJI&author=Lee%2CH&author=Coca%2CMA&author=Narasimham%2CML&author=Uesono%2CY&author=Hasegawa%2CPM&author=Pardo%2CJM&author=Bressan%2CRA"> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgments"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgments</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>The award of a direct grant from the Medicine Panel, CUHK Research Committee is gratefully acknowledged.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">The School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Jack H. Wong, T. B. Ng, Randy C. F. Cheung, X. J. Ye, S. K. Lam, P. Lin, Y. S. Chan & Evandro F. Fang</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">H. X. Wang</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Patrick H. K. Ngai</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">College of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">L. X. Xia</p></li><li id="Aff5"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">College of Biological Science and Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">X. Y. Ye</p></li><li id="Aff6"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Y. Jiang & F. Liu</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Jack_H_-Wong-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Jack H. Wong</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Jack%20H.%20Wong" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jack%20H.%20Wong" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jack%20H.%20Wong%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-T__B_-Ng-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">T. B. Ng</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=T.%20B.%20Ng" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=T.%20B.%20Ng" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22T.%20B.%20Ng%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Randy_C__F_-Cheung-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Randy C. F. Cheung</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Randy%20C.%20F.%20Cheung" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Randy%20C.%20F.%20Cheung" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Randy%20C.%20F.%20Cheung%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-X__J_-Ye-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">X. J. Ye</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=X.%20J.%20Ye" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=X.%20J.%20Ye" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22X.%20J.%20Ye%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-H__X_-Wang-Aff2"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">H. X. Wang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=H.%20X.%20Wang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=H.%20X.%20Wang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22H.%20X.%20Wang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-S__K_-Lam-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">S. K. Lam</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=S.%20K.%20Lam" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=S.%20K.%20Lam" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22S.%20K.%20Lam%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-P_-Lin-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">P. Lin</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=P.%20Lin" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=P.%20Lin" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22P.%20Lin%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Y__S_-Chan-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Y. S. Chan</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Y.%20S.%20Chan" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Y.%20S.%20Chan" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Y.%20S.%20Chan%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Evandro_F_-Fang-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Evandro F. Fang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Evandro%20F.%20Fang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Evandro%20F.%20Fang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Evandro%20F.%20Fang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Patrick_H__K_-Ngai-Aff3"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Patrick H. K. Ngai</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Patrick%20H.%20K.%20Ngai" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Patrick%20H.%20K.%20Ngai" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Patrick%20H.%20K.%20Ngai%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-L__X_-Xia-Aff4"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">L. X. Xia</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=L.%20X.%20Xia" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=L.%20X.%20Xia" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22L.%20X.%20Xia%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-X__Y_-Ye-Aff5"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">X. Y. Ye</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=X.%20Y.%20Ye" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=X.%20Y.%20Ye" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22X.%20Y.%20Ye%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-Y_-Jiang-Aff6"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Y. Jiang</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Y.%20Jiang" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Y.%20Jiang" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Y.%20Jiang%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li><li id="auth-F_-Liu-Aff6"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">F. Liu</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=F.%20Liu" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=F.%20Liu" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22F.%20Liu%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:b021770@mailserv.cuhk.edu.hk">T. B. Ng</a>, <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:hxwang@cau.edu.cn">H. X. Wang</a> or <a id="corresp-c3" href="mailto:xialixin@126.com">L. X. Xia</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Proteins%20with%20antifungal%20properties%20and%20other%20medicinal%20applications%20from%20plants%20and%20mushrooms&author=Jack%20H.%20Wong%20et%20al&contentID=10.1007%2Fs00253-010-2690-4&copyright=Springer-Verlag&publication=0175-7598&publicationDate=2010-06-08&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Wong, J.H., Ng, T.B., Cheung, R.C.F. <i>et al.</i> Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms. <i>Appl Microbiol Biotechnol</i> <b>87</b>, 1221–1235 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2010-03-08">08 March 2010</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Revised<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2010-05-17">17 May 2010</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2010-05-17">17 May 2010</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2010-06-08">08 June 2010</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2010-07">July 2010</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button class="js-get-share-url c-article-share-box__button" type="button" id="get-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-external="" data-track-action="get shareable link">Get shareable link</button><div class="js-no-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info c-article-share-box__no-sharelink-info">Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.</p></div><div class="js-share-url-container u-display-none" hidden=""><p class="js-share-url c-article-share-box__only-read-input" id="share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="select share url"></p><button class="js-copy-share-url c-article-share-box__button--link-like" type="button" id="copy-share-url" data-track="click" data-track-label="button" data-track-action="copy share url" data-track-external="">Copy to clipboard</button></div><p class="js-c-article-share-box__additional-info c-article-share-box__additional-info"> Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative </p></div></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Antifungal&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Antifungal</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Medicinal&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Medicinal</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Plants&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Plants</a></span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span><a href="/search?query=Mushrooms&facet-discipline="Life%20Sciences"" data-track="click" data-track-action="view keyword" data-track-label="link">Mushrooms</a></span></li></ul><div data-component="article-info-list"></div></div></div></div></div></section> </div> </main> <div class="c-article-sidebar u-text-sm u-hide-print l-with-sidebar__sidebar" id="sidebar" data-container-type="reading-companion" data-track-component="reading companion"> <aside> <div data-test="collections"> </div> <div data-test="editorial-summary"> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion"> <div class="c-reading-companion__sticky" data-component="reading-companion-sticky" data-test="reading-companion-sticky"> <div data-test="access-article" class="app-article-access"> <h2 class="app-article-access__heading">Access this article</h2> <div class="u-ma-16 u-clear-both"> <a href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-010-2690-4%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3D05f26266-6014-4175-b6e0-53ec4293a4a8" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--primary u-justify-content-space-between c-pdf-download__link" data-track="click" data-track-action="institution access" data-track-label="button"> <span data-test="access-via-institution">Log in via an institution</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg> </a> </div> <div data-test="buy-box-desktop" class="c-article-buy-box"> <div class="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin" id="sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin"> <!-- rendered: 2024-11-25T08:39:12.028693 --><!-- Darwin version --> <div class="buying-option" data-test-id="buy-article-darwin"> <div> <div class="c-springer-plus"> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Subscribe and save</h2> <div class="springer-plus"> <div class="springer-plus-headline"> <div class="springer-plus-title"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-check-filled-medium"></use> </svg><span>Springer+ Basic</span> </div> <div class="dd price-amount-springer-plus"> €32.70 /Month </div> </div> <ul class="buying-option-usps"> <li>Get 10 units per month</li> <li>Download Article/Chapter or eBook</li> <li>1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter</li> <li>Cancel anytime</li> </ul><a href="https://link.springer.com/product/springer-plus" id="btn-subscribe-springerPlus" class="u-button u-button--full-width u-button--secondary" data-track="click||click_springer_subscribe" data-track-context="buy box"><span>Subscribe now </span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="16" height="16" class="u-icon"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a> </div> <h2 class="springer-plus-heading">Buy Now</h2> </div> <div class="buybox__buy"> <form action="https://order.springer.com/public/cart" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="type" value="article"><input type="hidden" name="doi" value="10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4"><input type="hidden" name="isxn" value="1432-0614"><input type="hidden" name="contenttitle" value="Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms"><input type="hidden" name="copyrightyear" value="2010"><input type="hidden" name="year" value="2010"><input type="hidden" name="authors" value="Jack H. Wong, et al."><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"><input type="hidden" name="mac" value="381f0ba94cafa228daf89c56607b9099"> <div class="u-ma-16"> <button type="submit" class="u-button--small u-button u-button--secondary u-button--full-width" onclick="dataLayer.push({"event":"addToCart","ecommerce":{"currencyCode":"EUR","add":{"products":[{"name":"Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms","id":"1432-0614","price":39.95,"brand":"Springer-Verlag","category":"Microbiology","variant":"ppv-article","quantity":1}]}}});"><span>Buy article PDF 39,95 €</span></button> </div> </form> <p class="c-notes__text c-notes__vat">Price includes VAT (Hong Kong/P.R.China)<br></p> <p class="c-notes__text c-notes__usp">Instant access to the full article PDF.</p> </div> </div> <script>dataLayer.push({"ecommerce":{"currency":"EUR","impressions":[{"name":"Proteins with antifungal properties and other medicinal applications from plants and mushrooms","id":"1432-0614","price":39.95,"brand":"Springer-Verlag","category":"Microbiology","variant":"ppv-article","quantity":1}]}});</script> <script style="display: none"> ;(function () { if (document.cookie.indexOf("feature-monetise-subscriptions-display-springer-plus") > -1) { document.querySelectorAll(".c-springer-plus").forEach(function(node) { node.style.display = "block" }) } // springerPlus roll out 10% starts here var springerPlusGroup = setLocalStorageSpringerPlus(); var rollOutSpringerPlus = springerPlusGroup === "B" function setLocalStorageSpringerPlus() { var selectUserKey = "springerPlusRollOut"; var springerPlusGroup = "X"; if (!window.localStorage) return springerPlusGroup; try { var selectUserValue = window.localStorage.getItem(selectUserKey) springerPlusGroup = selectUserValue || randomDistributionSpringerPlus(selectUserKey) } catch (err) { console.log(err) } return springerPlusGroup; } function randomDistributionSpringerPlus(selectUserKey) { var randomGroup = Math.random() < 0.9 ? "A" : "B" window.localStorage.setItem(selectUserKey, randomGroup) return randomGroup } if (rollOutSpringerPlus) { revealSpringerPlus(); } function revealSpringerPlus() { var article = document.getElementById("sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin"); if(article) { document.querySelectorAll(".c-springer-plus").forEach(function(node) { node.style.display = "block" }) } } //springerPlus ends here })() </script> <style> .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li::before { background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg viewBox='0 0 100 100' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%230070A8'%3E%3Ccircle cx='50' cy='50' r='50'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); } </style> </div> <article class="buybox__rent-article buybox__access-option u-sans-serif" id="deepdyve" style="display: none" data-test-id="journal-subscription"> <div class="c-box__body"> <div class="buybox__info"> <p>Rent this article via <a class="deepdyve-link" target="deepdyve" rel="nofollow" data-track="click" data-track-action="rent article" data-track-label="rent action, new buybox">DeepDyve</a> <svg focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" style="vertical-align: middle"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-external-link-small"></use> </svg></p> </div> </div> <script> function deepDyveResponse(data) { if (data.status === 'ok') { [].slice.call(document.querySelectorAll('.buybox__rent-article')).forEach(function (article) { article.style.display = 'flex' var link = article.querySelector('.deepdyve-link') if (link) { link.setAttribute('href', data.url) } }) } } var script = document.createElement('script') script.src = '//www.deepdyve.com/rental-link?docId=10.1007/s00253-010-2690-4&journal=1432-0614&fieldName=journal_doi&affiliateId=springer&format=jsonp&callback=deepDyveResponse' document.body.appendChild(script) </script> </article> <div class="buybox__access-option buybox__institutional-subs-link u-sans-serif"> <p><a href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians/licensing/agc/journals">Institutional subscriptions <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="24" height="24" class="u-icon" style="vertical-align: middle"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </div> <style>.sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .buybox__access-option{ border-top: 1px solid #cedbe0; font-size: 1rem; padding: 16px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .c-springer-plus{ display: none; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus{ background-color: #EBF6FF; font-family: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding: 16px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-headline{ display: flex; justify-content: space-between; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-heading{ border-bottom: 1px solid #c5e0f4; border-top: 1px solid #c5e0f4; font-family: 'Merriweather Sans', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.125rem; font-weight: 700; margin: 0; padding: 16px; text-align: center; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-title{ align-items: center; display: flex; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus-title span{ margin-left: 8px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a{ background-color: #fff; border: 1px solid #025e8d; color: #025e8d; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; max-height: 44px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a span{ margin-right: 8px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:hover{ background-color: #025e8d; border: 4px solid #025e8d; box-shadow: none; color: #fff; font-weight: 700; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:visited{ color: #025e8d; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus a:visited:hover{ color: #fff; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps{ color: #555; font-size: 1rem; line-height: 1.6; list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 16px 0 24px 0; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li{ padding-left: 26px; position: relative; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li::before{ content: ''; height: 10px; left: 0; position: absolute; top: calc(0.8em - 5px); width: 10px; } .sprcom-buybox-articleDarwin .springer-plus .buying-option-usps > li:not(:first-child){ margin-top: 4px; } </style> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__sections c-reading-companion__panel--active" id="tabpanel-sections"> <div class="u-lazy-ad-wrapper u-mt-16 u-hide" data-component-mpu><div class="c-ad c-ad--300x250"> <div class="c-ad__inner"> <p class="c-ad__label">Advertisement</p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-MPU1" class="div-gpt-ad grade-c-hide" data-pa11y-ignore data-gpt data-gpt-unitpath="/270604982/springerlink/253/article" data-gpt-sizes="300x250" data-test="MPU1-ad" data-gpt-targeting="pos=MPU1;articleid=s00253-010-2690-4;"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__figures c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-figures"></div> <div class="c-reading-companion__panel c-reading-companion__references c-reading-companion__panel--full-width" id="tabpanel-references"></div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </article> <div class="app-elements"> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--search" id="eds-c-header-popup-search"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Search</h2> <div class="u-container"> <search class="eds-c-header__search" role="search" aria-label="Search from the header"> <form method="GET" action="//link.springer.com/search" data-test="header-search" data-track="search" data-track-context="search from header" data-track-action="submit search form" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="form" > <label for="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-label">Search by keyword or author</label> <div class="eds-c-header__search-container"> <input id="eds-c-header-search" class="eds-c-header__search-input" autocomplete="off" name="query" type="search" value="" required> <button class="eds-c-header__search-button" type="submit"> <svg class="eds-c-header__icon" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-search-medium"></use> </svg> <span class="u-visually-hidden">Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </search> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-header__expander eds-c-header__expander--menu" id="eds-c-header-nav"> <h2 class="eds-c-header__heading">Navigation</h2> <ul class="eds-c-header__list"> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/" data-track="nav_find_a_journal" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click find a journal" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Find a journal </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_how_to_publish" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click publish with us link" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Publish with us </a> </li> <li class="eds-c-header__list-item"> <a class="eds-c-header__link" href="https://link.springernature.com/home/" data-track="nav_track_your_research" data-track-context="unified header" data-track-action="click track your research" data-track-category="unified header" data-track-label="link" > Track your research </a> </li> </ul> </div> <footer > <div class="eds-c-footer" > <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <div class="eds-c-footer__grid eds-c-footer__group--separator"> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Discover content</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals/a/1" data-track="nav_journals_a_z" data-track-action="journals a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journals A-Z</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/books/a/1" data-track="nav_books_a_z" data-track-action="books a-z" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Books A-Z</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Publish with us</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/journals" data-track="nav_journal_finder" data-track-action="journal finder" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Journal finder</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/authors" data-track="nav_publish_your_research" data-track-action="publish your research" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Publish your research</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/open-research/about/the-fundamentals-of-open-access-and-open-research" data-track="nav_open_access_publishing" data-track-action="open access publishing" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Open access publishing</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Products and services</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/products" data-track="nav_our_products" data-track-action="our products" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Our products</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/librarians" data-track="nav_librarians" data-track-action="librarians" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Librarians</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/societies" data-track="nav_societies" data-track-action="societies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Societies</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/partners" data-track="nav_partners_and_advertisers" data-track-action="partners and advertisers" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Partners and advertisers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__group"> <h3 class="eds-c-footer__heading">Our imprints</h3> <ul class="eds-c-footer__list"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springer.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Springer" data-track-action="Springer" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Springer</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.nature.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Nature_Portfolio" data-track-action="Nature Portfolio" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Nature Portfolio</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.biomedcentral.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_BMC" data-track-action="BMC" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">BMC</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.palgrave.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Palgrave_Macmillan" data-track-action="Palgrave Macmillan" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Palgrave Macmillan</a></li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"><a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.apress.com/" data-track="nav_imprint_Apress" data-track-action="Apress" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Apress</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="eds-c-footer__container"> <nav aria-label="footer navigation"> <ul class="eds-c-footer__links"> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <button class="eds-c-footer__link" data-cc-action="preferences" data-track="dialog_manage_cookies" data-track-action="Manage cookies" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link"><span class="eds-c-footer__button-text">Your privacy choices/Manage cookies</span></button> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/legal/ccpa" data-track="nav_california_privacy_statement" data-track-action="california privacy statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Your US state privacy rights</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://www.springernature.com/gp/info/accessibility" data-track="nav_accessibility_statement" data-track-action="accessibility statement" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Accessibility statement</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/termsandconditions" data-track="nav_terms_and_conditions" data-track-action="terms and conditions" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Terms and conditions</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://link.springer.com/privacystatement" data-track="nav_privacy_policy" data-track-action="privacy policy" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Privacy policy</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/home" data-track="nav_help_and_support" data-track-action="help and support" data-track-context="unified footer" data-track-label="link">Help and support</a> </li> <li class="eds-c-footer__item"> <a class="eds-c-footer__link" href="https://support.springernature.com/en/support/solutions/articles/6000255911-subscription-cancellations" data-track-action="cancel contracts here">Cancel contracts here</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="eds-c-footer__user"> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info"> <span data-test="footer-user-ip">8.222.208.146</span> </p> <p class="eds-c-footer__user-info" data-test="footer-business-partners">Not affiliated</p> </div> <a href="https://www.springernature.com/" class="eds-c-footer__link"> <img src="/oscar-static/images/logo-springernature-white-19dd4ba190.svg" alt="Springer Nature" loading="lazy" width="200" height="20"/> </a> <p class="eds-c-footer__legal" data-test="copyright">© 2024 Springer Nature</p> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </body> </html>