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the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="หน้าตา" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">หน้าตา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th" class=""><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ" class=""><span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือส่วนตัว" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือส่วนตัว</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="เมนูผู้ใช้" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_th.wikipedia.org&uselang=th"><span>บริจาคให้วิกิพีเดีย</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88&returnto=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p" title="แนะนำให้คุณสร้างบัญชีและเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>สร้างบัญชี</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99&returnto=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p" title="แนะนำให้คุณเข้าสู่ระบบ แต่ไม่บังคับ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>เข้าสู่ระบบ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> หน้าสำหรับผู้แก้ไขที่ออกจากระบบ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3" aria-label="เรียนรู้เพิ่มเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไข"><span>เรียนรู้เพิ่มเติม</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="รายการการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ส่วนร่วม</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับการแก้ไขจากเลขที่อยู่ไอพีนี้ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>คุย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ไซต์"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">บล็อก-p</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ไปที่บทความในภาษาอื่น ซึ่งมีใน 38 ภาษา" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 ภาษา</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blok" title="P-blok – แอฟริกานส์" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="P-blok" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="แอฟริกานส์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_d%27o_bloque_p" title="Elementos d'o bloque p – อารากอน" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Elementos d'o bloque p" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="อารากอน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A_p" title="عناصر مستوى فرعي p – อาหรับ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عناصر مستوى فرعي p" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="อาหรับ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_bloque_p" title="Elementos del bloque p – อัสตูเรียส" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del bloque p" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="อัสตูเรียส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="পি-ব্লক – บังกลา" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পি-ব্লক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="บังกลา" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_p-bloka" title="Elementi p-bloka – บอสเนีย" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elementi p-bloka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="บอสเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_del_bloc_p" title="Elements del bloc p – คาตาลัน" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elements del bloc p" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="คาตาลัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_p" title="Blok p – เช็ก" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Blok p" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="เช็ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blokken" title="P-blokken – เดนมาร์ก" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="P-blokken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="เดนมาร์ก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Block" title="P-Block – เยอรมัน" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="P-Block" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="เยอรมัน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_p" title="Τομέας p – กรีก" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τομέας p" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="กรีก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-block" title="P-block – อังกฤษ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="P-block" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="อังกฤษ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_bloque_p" title="Elementos del bloque p – สเปน" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elementos del bloque p" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="สเปน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_bloke" title="P bloke – บาสก์" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="P bloke" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="บาสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9_%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="بلوک پی – เปอร์เซีย" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلوک پی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="เปอร์เซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_p_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Bloc p du tableau périodique – ฝรั่งเศส" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bloc p du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ฝรั่งเศส" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blok" title="P-blok – โครเอเชีย" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="P-blok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_de_bloco_p" title="Elementos de bloco p – อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Elementos de bloco p" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="อินเตอร์ลิงกัว" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blokk" title="P-blokk – ไอซ์แลนด์" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="P-blokk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ไอซ์แลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_del_blocco_p" title="Elementi del blocco p – อิตาลี" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elementi del blocco p" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="อิตาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E3%83%96%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Pブロック元素 – ญี่ปุ่น" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Pブロック元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ญี่ปุ่น" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD" title="P-구역 – เกาหลี" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="P-구역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="เกาหลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B2ch_p" title="Blòch p – ลอมบาร์ด" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Blòch p" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ลอมบาร์ด" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blok" title="P-blok – ดัตช์" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="P-blok" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ดัตช์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blokk" title="P-blokk – นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="P-blokk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="นอร์เวย์นีนอสก์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_p" title="Blok p – โปแลนด์" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blok p" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="โปแลนด์" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B" title="P-элементы – รัสเซีย" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="P-элементы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="รัสเซีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementi_p-bloka" title="Elementi p-bloka – เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elementi p-bloka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="เซอร์โบ-โครเอเชีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_p" title="Blok p – สโลวัก" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Blok p" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="สโลวัก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok_p" title="Blok p – สโลวีเนีย" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Blok p" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="สโลวีเนีย" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-block" title="P-block – โซมาลี" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="P-block" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="โซมาลี" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blocket" title="P-blocket – สวีเดน" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="P-blocket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="สวีเดน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="பி-வலயக்குழு – ทมิฬ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பி-வலயக்குழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ทมิฬ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8" title="P-елементи – ยูเครน" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="P-елементи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ยูเครน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-elementlar" title="P-elementlar – อุซเบก" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="P-elementlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="อุซเบก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-blok" title="P-blok – เฟลมิชตะวันตก" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="P-blok" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="เฟลมิชตะวันตก" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="P区元素 – จีน" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="P区元素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="จีน" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%E5%8D%80%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="P區元素 – กวางตุ้ง" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="P區元素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="กวางตุ้ง" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214483#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="แก้ไขลิงก์ข้ามภาษา" class="wbc-editpage">แก้ไขลิงก์</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="เนมสเปซ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p" title="ดูหน้าเนื้อหา [c]" accesskey="c"><span>บทความ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p" rel="discussion" title="อภิปรายเกี่ยวกับหน้าเนื้อหา [t]" accesskey="t"><span>อภิปราย</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เปลี่ยนรูปแบบภาษา" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ไทย</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="ดู"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&action=history" title="แก้ไขเก่าของหน้านี้ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="เครื่องมือ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">เครื่องมือ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">เครื่องมือ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ตัวเลือกเพิ่มเติม" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> การกระทำ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p"><span>อ่าน</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&action=edit" title="แก้ไขรหัสต้นฉบับของหน้านี้ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>แก้ไข</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&action=history"><span>ดูประวัติ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ทั่วไป </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p" title="รายการหน้าวิกิทุกหน้าที่ลิงก์มาที่นี่ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>หน้าที่ลิงก์มา</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p" rel="nofollow" title="รายการเปลี่ยนแปลงล่าสุดในหน้าที่ลิงก์จากหน้านี้ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกี่ยวโยง</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94" title="อัปโหลดไฟล์ [u]" accesskey="u"><span>อัปโหลดไฟล์</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9" title="รายการหน้าพิเศษทั้งหมด [q]" accesskey="q"><span>หน้าพิเศษ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&oldid=11908978" title="ลิงก์ถาวรมารุ่นนี้ของหน้านี้"><span>ลิงก์ถาวร</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&action=info" title="ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมเกี่ยวกับหน้านี้"><span>สารสนเทศหน้า</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87&page=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&id=11908978&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="สารสนเทศเกี่ยวกับวิธีการอ้างอิงหน้านี้"><span>อ้างอิงบทความนี้</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B9%2587%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2581-p"><span>รับยูอาร์แอลแบบสั้น</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fth.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B9%2587%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2581-p"><span>ดาวน์โหลดคิวอาร์โค้ด</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> พิมพ์/ส่งออก </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p"><span>สร้างหนังสือ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&action=show-download-screen"><span>ดาวน์โหลดเป็น PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&printable=yes" title="รุ่นที่พร้อมพิมพ์ของหน้านี้ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>รุ่นพร้อมพิมพ์</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ในโครงการอื่น </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214483" title="ลิงก์ไปยังสิ่งนี้ในคลังซึ่งเชื่อมโยงข้อมูลต่าง ๆ เข้าด้วยกัน [g]" accesskey="g"><span>สิ่งนี้ในวิกิสนเทศ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="หน้าเครื่องมือ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="หน้าตา"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">หน้าตา</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ย้ายเมนูไปที่แถบด้านข้าง</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ซ่อน</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="th" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10224066">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-ต้องการอ้างอิง plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">บทความนี้<b>ไม่มี<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="วิกิพีเดีย:การอ้างอิงแหล่งที่มา">การอ้างอิง</a>จาก<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89" title="วิกิพีเดีย:การพิสูจน์ยืนยันได้">แหล่งที่มาใด</a></b><span class="hide-when-compact"> กรุณาช่วย<a class="external text" href="https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&action=edit">ปรับปรุงบทความนี้</a> โดยเพิ่มการอ้างอิงแหล่งที่มาที่น่าเชื่อถือ เนื้อความที่ไม่มีแหล่งที่มาอาจถูกคัดค้านหรือลบออก</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="วิธีใช้:การนำแม่แบบบำรุงรักษาออก">เรียนรู้ว่าจะนำสารแม่แบบนี้ออกได้อย่างไรและเมื่อไร</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>บล็อก-p</b> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ภาษาอังกฤษ">อังกฤษ</a>: <span lang="en">p-block</span>) เป็นหนึ่งใน<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="บล็อกในตารางธาตุ">บล็อก</a>ของ<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="ตารางธาตุ">ตารางธาตุ</a> ประกอบด้วยธาตุกลุ่ม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" title="อโลหะ">อโลหะ</a> และ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="กึ่งโลหะ">กึ่งโลหะ</a> และกลุ่ม<a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" title="โลหะ">โลหะ</a>บางตัว ในหกหมู่หลังยกเว้น<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ฮีเลียม">ฮีเลียม</a> ธาตุเหล่านี้ในสภาวะที่<a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="อะตอม">อะตอม</a>มีพลังงานต่ำสุด (ground state) <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="อิเล็กตรอน">อิเล็กตรอน</a>ที่มีพลังงานสูงสุดจะอยู่ในวงโคจรพี (p-atomic orbital) </p><p>ธาตุในบล็อก-p มีดังนี้: </p> <ul><li>13 (IIIB,IIIA) : <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หมู่โบรอน">หมู่โบรอน</a></li> <li>14 (IVB,IVA) : <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หมู่คาร์บอน">หมู่คาร์บอน</a></li> <li>15 (VB,VA) : <a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="หมู่ไนโตรเจน">หมู่ไนโตรเจน</a></li> <li>16 (VIB,VIA) : <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="แชลโคเจน">แชลโคเจน</a></li> <li>17 (VIIB,VIIA) : <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="แฮโลเจน">แฮโลเจน</a></li> <li>18 (Group 0) : <a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="แก๊สมีสกุล">แก๊สมีสกุล</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10552737">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:EditPage/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="พิเศษ:EditPage/แม่แบบ:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="แก้ไขแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ก</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ตารางธาตุ" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="ตารางธาตุ">ตารางธาตุ</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" class="mw-redirect" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron" class="mw-redirect" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a></span> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a></span> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a></span> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a></span> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block">F</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a></span> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a></span> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block">S</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Argon" class="mw-redirect" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a></span> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a></span> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" class="mw-redirect" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indium" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a></span> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barium" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a></span> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Europium" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a></span> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a></span> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radium" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a></span> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a></span> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-s" title="บล็อก-s">บล็อก-s</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-f" title="บล็อก-f">บล็อก-f</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-d" title="บล็อก-d">บล็อก-d</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">บล็อก-p</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10791470"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ตารางธาตุ" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552732"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ดู"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Navbox_periodic_table" title="แม่แบบ:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="ดูแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ด</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-คุย"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Navbox_periodic_table&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="คุยเรื่องแม่แบบ:Navbox periodic table (ไม่มีหน้านี้)"><abbr title="อภิปรายแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ค</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-แก้"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A9:EditPage/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:Navbox_periodic_table" title="พิเศษ:EditPage/แม่แบบ:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="แก้ไขแม่แบบนี้" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">ก</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ตารางธาตุ" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="ตารางธาตุ">ตารางธาตุ</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">รูปแบบ<br />ตารางธาตุ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">มาตรฐาน</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8#การแบ่งตารางธาตุ" title="ตารางธาตุ">18 หมู่</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8#การแบ่งตารางธาตุ" title="ตารางธาตุ">32 หมู่</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8_(%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99)" title="ตารางธาตุ (มาตรฐาน)">มาตรฐาน</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="แม่แบบ:ตารางธาตุย่อ">ย่อ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="ตารางธาตุพร้อมชื่อและน้ำหนักอะตอมใหญ่">ชื่อ-น้ำหนักอะตอมใหญ่</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81" title="ตารางธาตุพร้อมชื่อและน้ำหนักอะตอมเล็ก">ชื่อ-น้ำหนักอะตอมเล็ก</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">แบบกว้าง</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ตารางธาตุแนวดิ่ง">แนวดิ่ง</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">แบบขยาย</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8_(%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2)" title="ตารางธาตุ (ขยาย)">ขยายเกินคาบที่ 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_periodic_table&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extended periodic table (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Pyykkö model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8(%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2)%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="แม่แบบ:ตารางธาตุ(ขยาย)ย่อ">ย่อ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2_(%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ตารางธาตุขยาย (ใหญ่) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">แบบขยาย, ใหญ่</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2(%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ตารางธาตุขยาย(ใหญ่) (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Pyykkö model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ตามสมบัติธาตุ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8_(%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99)" title="ตารางธาตุ (การจัดเรียงอิเล็กตรอน)">การจัดเรียงอิเล็กตรอน</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8_(%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0)" title="ตารางธาตุ (โลหะ และ อโลหะ)">โลหะ-อโลหะ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8_(%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81)" class="mw-redirect" title="ตารางธาตุ (บล็อก)">บล็อก</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">กลุ่มธาตุเคมี<br />ที่มีชื่อเฉพาะ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ตามส่วนประกอบ<br />ของตารางธาตุ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="หมู่ในตารางธาตุ">หมู่</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5" title="โลหะแอลคาไล">1 (โลหะแอลคาไล)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="โลหะแอลคาไลน์เอิร์ธ">2 (โลหะแอลคาไลน์เอิร์ธ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_3" title="ธาตุหมู่ 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_4" title="ธาตุหมู่ 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_5" title="ธาตุหมู่ 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_6" title="ธาตุหมู่ 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_7" title="ธาตุหมู่ 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_8" title="ธาตุหมู่ 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_9" title="ธาตุหมู่ 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_10" title="ธาตุหมู่ 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_11" title="ธาตุหมู่ 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88_12" title="ธาตุหมู่ 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หมู่โบรอน">13 (หมู่โบรอน)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หมู่คาร์บอน">14 (หมู่คาร์บอน)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="นิคโตเจน">15 (นิคโตเจน)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="แคลโคเจน">16 (แคลโคเจน)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="แฮโลเจน">17 (แฮโลเจน)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="แก๊สมีสกุล">18 (แก๊สมีสกุล)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="คาบในตารางธาตุ">คาบ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_1" title="ธาตุคาบ 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_2" title="ธาตุคาบ 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_3" title="ธาตุคาบ 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_4" title="ธาตุคาบ 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_5" title="ธาตุคาบ 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_6" title="ธาตุคาบ 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_7" title="ธาตุคาบ 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_8" title="ธาตุคาบ 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_9" title="ธาตุคาบ 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8" title="บล็อกในตารางธาตุ">บล็อก</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-s" title="บล็อก-s">บล็อก-s</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">บล็อก-p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-d" title="บล็อก-d">บล็อก-d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-f" title="บล็อก-f">บล็อก-f</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-g" title="บล็อก-g">บล็อก-g</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aufbau_principle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aufbau principle (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ตามสมบัติ<br />โลหะ-อโลหะ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" title="โลหะ">โลหะ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5" title="โลหะแอลคาไล">โลหะแอลคาไล</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97" title="โลหะแอลคาไลน์เอิร์ท">โลหะแอลคาไลน์เอิร์ท</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แลนทาไนด์">แลนทาไนด์</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="แอกทิไนด์">แอกทิไนด์</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ซูเปอร์แอกทิไนด์">ซูเปอร์แอกทิไนด์</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eka-superactinide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eka-superactinide (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Eka-superactinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="โลหะทรานซิชัน">โลหะทรานซิชัน</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="โลหะหลังทรานซิชัน">โลหะหลังทรานซิชัน</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="กึ่งโลหะ">กึ่งโลหะ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_metalloid_lists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of metalloid lists (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a 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title="โลหะมีสกุล">โลหะมีสกุล</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="โลหะหนัก">โลหะหนัก</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_metal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Native metal (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ธาตุหลังยูเรเนียม">ธาตุหลังยูเรเนียม</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ธาตุหลังแอกทิไนด์ (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">ธาตุหลังแอกทิไนด์</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Major_actinide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Major actinide (ไม่มีหน้านี้)">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a 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href="https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81-p&action=edit">เพิ่มเติมข้อมูล</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552737"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10552732"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ดู"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="แม่แบบ:โครงเคมี"><abbr title="ดูแม่แบบนี้">ด</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-คุย"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A:%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="คุยเรื่องแม่แบบ:โครงเคมี"><abbr title="อภิปรายแม่แบบนี้">ค</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-แก้"><a 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