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class="mw-page-title-main">Quango</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUANGO" title="QUANGO – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="QUANGO" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quango" title="Quango – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quango" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_administrative_ind%C3%A9pendante" title="Autorité administrative indépendante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autorité administrative indépendante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%B4%EA%B3%A0" title="콴고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콴고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quango" title="Quango – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Quango" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autorit%C3%A0_amministrativa_indipendente" title="Autorità amministrativa indipendente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autorità amministrativa indipendente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quango" title="Quango – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Quango" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quango" title="Quango – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quango" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%AD%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93" title="外郭団体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外郭団体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quango" title="Quango – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quango" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvazinevladina_organizacija" title="Kvazinevladina organizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvazinevladina organizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4lillinen_julkishallinto" title="Välillinen julkishallinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Välillinen julkishallinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quango_(f%C3%B6rkortning)" title="Quango (förkortning) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Quango (förkortning)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of public authority</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Quango_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quango (disambiguation)">Quango (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>quango</b> (<b>quasi-autonomous non-governmental organization</b><sup id="cite_ref-cole_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an organization to which a government has <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> power, but which is still partly controlled and/or financed by government bodies. The <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> is derived from the shortening of "quasi NGO", where NGO is the abbreviation for a <a href="/wiki/Non-government_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-government organization">non-government organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As its original name suggests, a quango is a hybrid form of organization, with elements of both NGOs and <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> bodies. Although originating in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-cole_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cole-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term is frequently applied in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and, to a lesser degree, other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">core and middle Anglosphere</a>. </p><p>In the UK, the term quango covers different "arm's-length" government bodies, including "<a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-departmental public bodies">non-departmental public bodies</a>" (NDPBs), <a href="/wiki/Non-ministerial_government_departments" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-ministerial government departments">non-ministerial government departments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Executive_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive agencies">executive agencies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations of Canada</a></div> <p>In Canada, quangos are referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown Corporations</a>' or simply 'Crown corps'. As of May 2021 there were 45 Crown corps owned by the Canadian federal government, however many more are owned by each of the provincial governments. Notably electricity providers such as the '<a href="/wiki/SaskPower" title="SaskPower">Saskatchewan Power Corporation</a>' a.k.a. SaskPower owned by the province of Saskatchewan and '<a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Hydro" title="Manitoba Hydro">Manitoba Hydro-Electric Board</a>' a.k.a. Manitoba Hydro owned by the province of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Saskatchewan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> is notable for the ubiquity of provincial crown corps with most styled with the prefix <i>Sask</i>- followed by the primary service. The larger Saskatchewan Crown corps have their own Saskatchewan minister with all Saskatchewan Crown corps owned by the Crown Investment Corporation of Saskatchewan which in turn is owned by the provincial government. Some of the most notable Saskatchewan Crown corps are as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SaskTel" title="SaskTel">SaskTel</a> (Saskatchewan Telecommunications Holding Corporation) providing telecommunications. Notable for the last remaining government owned incumbent telephone provider in Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaskPower" title="SaskPower">SaskPower</a> (Saskatchewan Power Corporation) providing electricity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaskEnergy" title="SaskEnergy">SaskEnergy</a> (SaskEnergy Incorporated) providing natural gas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaskWater" title="SaskWater">SaskWater</a> (Saskatchewan Water Corporation) providing <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">potable water</a> and sewage services to certain communities.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, there were 832 quangos in the Republic of Ireland – 482 at national and 350 at local level – with a total of 5,784 individual appointees and a combined annual budget of €13 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish majority party, <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>, had promised to eliminate 145 quangos should they be the governing party in the 2016 election.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since coming to power they have reduced the overall number of quangos by 17. This reduction also included agencies which the former government had already planned to remove. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, quangos are referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Crown_entity" title="Crown entity">Crown Entities</a>', with the shift occurring in the 1980s during a period of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalisation</a> of the state sector.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, there were an estimated 310 quangos in New Zealand, and an additional 2690 school Boards of Trustees (similar to the American model of <a href="/wiki/Board_of_education" title="Board of education">boards of education</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other quangos from 1996 include: "...63 Crown Health Enterprises, 39 tertiary education institutions, 21 Business development boards and 9 Crown Research Institutes. But there were also 71 single crown entities with services ranging from regulatory (e.g. Accounting Standards Review Board, Takeovers Panel) to quasi-judicial (e.g. Police Complaints Authority, Race Relations Conciliator), to the arts (e.g. New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, NZ Film Commission), to social welfare (e.g. Housing Corporation of NZ) and to substantial enterprises (e.g. Auckland International Airport Ltd)."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2003, the number of quangos had increased to an estimated 400 (excluding Board of Trustees), with more than 3,000 people sitting on governance boards that were appointed by successive governments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appointment of people to governance boards has been widely criticised by political parties and political commentators as a form of <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronyism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, there were 2,607 crown entities (including Board of Trustees) with annual expenditure of $32billion in 2009/2010.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">Non-departmental public body</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_UK_quango_reforms" title="2010 UK quango reforms">2010 UK quango reforms</a></div> <p>Despite a 1979 "commitment" from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> to curb the growth of non-departmental bodies, their numbers grew rapidly throughout that party's time in power during the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One UK example is the <a href="/wiki/Forestry_Commission" title="Forestry Commission">Forestry Commission</a>, which is a non-ministerial government department responsible for forestry in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. </p><p>The Cabinet Office 2009 report on non-departmental public bodies found that there were 766 NDPBs sponsored by the UK government. The number had been falling: there were 827 in 2007 and 790 in 2008. The number of NDPBs had fallen by over 10% since 1997. Staffing and expenditure of NDPBs had increased. They employed 111,000 people in 2009 and spent £46.5 billion, of which £38.4 billion was directly funded by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Use of the term quango is less common in the United States, although many US bodies, including <a href="/wiki/Government-sponsored_enterprise" title="Government-sponsored enterprise">government-sponsored enterprises</a>, operate in the same fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a> has stated that the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> is, effectively, "what the British call a quango... Its complex structure divides power between the federal government and the private banks that are its members, and in effect gives substantial autonomy to a governing board of long-term appointees."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other U.S.-based organizations that fit the original definition of quangos include the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Missing_and_Exploited_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Missing and Exploited Children">National Center for Missing and Exploited Children</a> (NCMEC), the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_National_Mortgage_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal National Mortgage Association">Federal National Mortgage Association</a> (Fannie Mae) and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Mortgage_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation">Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation</a> (Freddie Mac). </p><p>By the broader definition now used in the United Kingdom, there are hundreds of <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_agencies_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal agencies in the United States">federal agencies</a> that might be classed as quangos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council" title="Indonesian Ulema Council">Indonesian Ulema Council</a> is considered a quango for its status as an independent, mass organization-like public organization but supported and financed by the state while keeping its status as independent organization outside the Indonesian state organizational system in other side.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a quango, MUI is empowered to issue religious edicts (<a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwas</a>) comparable to state laws which are binding upon the Indonesian Muslim population and can exert influence upon state policies, politics, and the economy due to its status and prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "quasi non-governmental organisation" was created in 1967 by Alan Pifer of the US-based <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching" title="Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching">Carnegie Foundation</a>, in an essay on the independence and accountability of public-funded bodies that are incorporated in the private sector. This essay got the attention of David Howell, a Conservative M.P. in Britain, who then organized an Anglo-American project with Pifer, to examine the pros and cons of such enterprises. The lengthy term was shortened to the <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> <small>QUANGO</small> (later lowercased quango) by a British participant to the joint project, Anthony Barker, during one of the conferences on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It describes an ostensibly non-governmental organisation performing governmental functions, often in receipt of funding or other support from government,<sup id="cite_ref-Wettenhall_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wettenhall-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, traditional NGOs mostly get their donations or funds from the public and other organisations that support their cause. </p><p>An essential feature of a quango in the original definition was that it should not be a formal part of the state structure. The term was then extended to apply to a range of organisations, such as <a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">executive agencies</a> providing (from 1988) health, education and other services. Particularly in the UK, this occurred in a polemical atmosphere in which it was alleged that proliferation of such bodies was undesirable and should be reversed. In this context, the original acronym was often replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> spelt out as "quasi-autonomous national government organisation, and often rendered as 'qango'<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spawned the related acronym <i>qualgo</i>, a 'quasi-autonomous <i>local</i> government organisation'.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The less contentious term <a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">non-departmental public body</a> (NDPB) is often employed to identify numerous organisations with devolved governmental responsibilities. Examples in the United Kingdom include those engaged in the regulation of various commercial and service sectors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Water_Services_Regulation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Services Regulation Authority">Water Services Regulation Authority</a>. </p><p>The UK government's definition in 1997 of a non-departmental public body or quango was: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Ministers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> has accused quangos of bureaucratic waste and excess.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Dan Lewis, author of <i>The Essential Guide to Quangos</i>, claimed that the UK had 529 quangos, many of which were useless and duplicated the work of others. </p><p>The term has spawned the derivative <b>quangocrat</b>; the <a href="/wiki/Taxpayers%27_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxpayers' Alliance">Taxpayers' Alliance</a> faulted a majority of "quangocrats" for not making declarations of political activity.<sup id="cite_ref-cam_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cam-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Lyttelton,_Viscountess_Cobham" title="Penelope Lyttelton, Viscountess Cobham">Penelope Lyttelton, Viscountess Cobham</a> – nicknamed the "Quango Queen"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accountability#Political_accountability" title="Accountability">Political accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_United_Kingdom_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Departments of the United Kingdom Government">Departments of the United Kingdom Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-organized_non-governmental_organization" title="Government-organized non-governmental organization">Government-organized non-governmental organization</a> (GONGO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agency">Independent agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="New York state public-benefit corporations">New York state public-benefit corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-budget_enterprise" title="Off-budget enterprise">Off-budget enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_public_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish public bodies">Scottish public bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government_sponsored_body" title="Welsh Government sponsored body">Welsh Government sponsored body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">Non-departmental public body</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cole-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cole_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cole_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cole Andrew (20 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2000/nov/20/policy.health1">"All you ever wanted to know about quangos... but were afraid to ask".</a> <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 8 March 2025. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPifer" class="citation book cs1">Pifer, Alan. <i>The Quasi-Non-Governmental Organisation</i>. Appendix to D. C. Hague, W. J. M. Mackenzie and A. Barker, Public Policy and Private Interests: The Institutions of Compromise, London, Macmillan, 1975, p. 381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quasi-Non-Governmental+Organisation&rft.pub=Appendix+to+D.+C.+Hague%2C+W.+J.+M.+Mackenzie+and+A.+Barker%2C+Public+Policy+and+Private+Interests%3A+The+Institutions+of+Compromise%2C+London%2C+Macmillan%2C+1975%2C+p.+381&rft.aulast=Pifer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuango" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations">"Departments, agencies & public bodies – Inside Government"</a>. Gov.UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Departments%2C+agencies+%26+public+bodies+%E2%80%93+Inside+Government&rft.pub=Gov.UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuango" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a survey carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> Tasc in 2006. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222003631/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/ireland/article616806.ece">Focus: What's wrong with the quangos?</a>" — <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Times (UK)">The Sunday Times</a></i> newspaper article, 29 October 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGee" class="citation news cs1">McGee, Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/quango-cull-audacious-promises-of-2011-amounted-to-little-1.2929535">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Quango cull': Audacious promises of 2011 amounted to little"</a>. The Irish Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved 5 April 2008. <i>"London Waste Regulation Authority, the first 'qualgo' formed after abolition of the Greater London Council...The new body is a joint board of councillors from London boroughs."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209190600/http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/caboff/bodies97/intro-1.htm">"<i>Public Bodies 1997</i>, "Introduction"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/caboff/bodies97/intro-1.htm">the original</a> on 9 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Bodies+1997%2C+%22Introduction%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.official-documents.co.uk%2Fdocument%2Fcaboff%2Fbodies97%2Fintro-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuango" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726203516/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3953922.ece">"Waste mounts as £100 billion web of quangos duplicates work"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article3953922.ece">the original</a> on 26 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waste+mounts+as+%C2%A3100+billion+web+of+quangos+duplicates+work&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Farticle3953922.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuango" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cam-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cam_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cityam.com/taxpayers-alliance-hits-out-at-quangocrat-gravy-train/">"Taxpayers' Alliance hits out at "quangocrat gravy train"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. CityAM. Limited. 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Taxpayers%27+Alliance+hits+out+at+%22quangocrat+gravy+train%22&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityam.com%2Ftaxpayers-alliance-hits-out-at-quangocrat-gravy-train%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuango" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quango&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quango" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:quango">quango</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/publications/read-burning">Read Before Burning: Arm's length government for a new administration – report by the Institute for Government about the quango landscape</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations">Civil Service – Government Departments and Accredited NDPBs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913081352/http://quangos.ercouncil.org/">Economic Research Council – online database of all UK quangos 1998–2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/extrabudgetary-.html">Richard Allen and Dimitar Radev, "Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds", OECD Journal of Budgeting, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006</a></li> <li>Carsten Greve, Matthew Flinders, Sandra Van Thiel (1999), Quangos—What's in a Name? Defining Quangos from a Comparative Perspective, Governance 12 (2), 129–146 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0952-1895.951999095">10.1111/0952-1895.951999095</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414190314/http://www.publicappointments.gov.uk/">UK government site about the process of making public appointments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12020394">Quango name 'source of ridicule', files from 1980 show</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quango&oldid=1283791367">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quango&oldid=1283791367</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_bodies" title="Category:Government bodies">Government bodies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology" title="Category:Political terminology">Political terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1967_neologisms" title="Category:1967 neologisms">1967 neologisms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2023">Use dmy dates from February 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 April 2025, at 17:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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