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H. Abrams</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85._%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="إم. إتش أبرامز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إم. إتش أبرامز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Мейър Хауърд Ейбрамс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мейър Хауърд Ейбрамс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Howard_Abrams" title="Meyer Howard Abrams – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Meyer Howard Abrams" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="M. H. Abrams" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="M. H. Abrams" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85.%D8%A7%DA%86._%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="ام.اچ. آبرامز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ام.اچ. آبرامز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="M. H. Abrams" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD" title="Մեյեր Հովարդ Աբրամս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեյեր Հովարդ Աբրամս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.H._Abrams" title="M.H. Abrams – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="M.H. Abrams" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="എം.എച്ച്. എബ്രാംസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എം.എച്ച്. എബ്രാംസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B2" title="مائير هوارد ابرامز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مائير هوارد ابرامز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer_Howard_Abrams" title="Meyer Howard Abrams – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Meyer Howard Abrams" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81,_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Абрамс, Мейер Говард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абрамс, Мейер Говард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="M. H. Abrams" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="M. H. Abrams" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="M·H·艾布拉姆斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="M·H·艾布拉姆斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1523584#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">M. H. Abrams</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MHAbrams.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="an image of an older man in light blue sweater smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/df/MHAbrams.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Meyer Howard Abrams</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-07-23</span>)</span>July 23, 1912<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch,_New_Jersey" title="Long Branch, New Jersey">Long Branch</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 21, 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-04-21)</span> (aged 102)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Mike Abrams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Literary critic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literature" title="The Norton Anthology of English Literature">The Norton Anthology of English Literature</a></i>, <i>The Mirror and the Lamp</i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Meyer Howard Abrams</b> (July 23, 1912 – April 21, 2015), usually cited as <b>M. H. Abrams</b>, was an American <a href="/wiki/Literary_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary critic">literary critic</a>, known for works on <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, in particular his book <i>The Mirror and the Lamp</i>. Under Abrams's editorship, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literature" title="The Norton Anthology of English Literature">The Norton Anthology of English Literature</a></i> became the standard text for undergraduate survey courses across the U.S. and a major trendsetter in literary canon formation. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Long_Branch,_New_Jersey" title="Long Branch, New Jersey">Long Branch, New Jersey</a>, Abrams was the son of Eastern European Jewish immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-tabletmag.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabletmag.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The son of a house painter and the first in his family to go to college, he entered <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> as an undergraduate in 1930. He went into <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English</a> because, he says, "there weren't jobs in any other profession..., so I thought I might as well enjoy starving, instead of starving while doing something I didn't enjoy."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After earning his bachelor's degree in 1934, Abrams won a Henry Fellowship to <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, where his tutor was <a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">I. A. Richards</a>. He returned to Harvard for graduate school in 1935 and received a master's degree in 1937 and a Ph.D. in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he served at the Psycho-Acoustics Laboratory at Harvard. He describes his work as solving the problem of voice communications in a noisy military environment by establishing military codes that are highly audible and inventing selection tests for personnel who had a superior ability to recognize sound in a noisy background.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Abrams became a professor at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. The literary critics <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Spivak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri Spivak">Gayatri Spivak</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._D._Hirsch" title="E. D. Hirsch">E. D. Hirsch</a>, and the novelists <a href="/wiki/William_H._Gass" title="William H. Gass">William H. Gass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> were among his students.<sup id="cite_ref-tabletmag.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tabletmag.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1963<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Northwestern University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 4, 2008, he was Class of 1916 Professor of English Emeritus there.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His wife of 71 years, Ruth, predeceased him in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He turned 100 in July 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Centenary_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centenary-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abrams died on April 21, 2015, in Ithaca, New York, at the age of 102.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Mirror_and_the_Lamp"><i>The Mirror and the Lamp</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Mirror and the Lamp"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abrams offers evidence that until the Romantics, literature was typically understood as a mirror reflecting the real world in some kind of mimesis; whereas for the Romantics, writing was more like a lamp: the light of the writer's inner soul spilled out to illuminate the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a> ranked <i>The Mirror and the Lamp</i> one of the 100 greatest English-language nonfiction books of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literature"><i>The Norton Anthology of English Literature</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Norton Anthology of English Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abrams was the general editor of <i>The Norton Anthology</i>, and the editor of <i>The Romantic Period (1798–1832)</i> in that anthology,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he evaluated writers and their reputations. In his introduction to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, he emphasized how <a href="/wiki/Byronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Byronic">Byronism</a> relates to <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>'s idea of the superman.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the introduction to <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, Abrams said, "The tragedy of Shelley's short life was that intending always the best, he brought disaster and suffering upon himself and those he loved."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_of_literary_theories">Classification of literary theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification of literary theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abrams_mirror_and_the_lamp.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Abrams_mirror_and_the_lamp.svg/220px-Abrams_mirror_and_the_lamp.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Abrams_mirror_and_the_lamp.svg/330px-Abrams_mirror_and_the_lamp.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Abrams_mirror_and_the_lamp.svg/440px-Abrams_mirror_and_the_lamp.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>The classification used by Abrams</figcaption></figure> <p>Literary theories, Abrams argues, can be divided into four main groups:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Mimetic Theories (interested in the relationship between the Work and the Universe)</li> <li>Pragmatic Theories (interested in the relationship between the Work and the Audience)</li> <li>Expressive Theories (interested in the relationship between the Work and the Artist)</li> <li>Objective Theories (interested in close reading of the Work)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition</i> (1953) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501471-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501471-6">978-0-19-501471-6</a></li> <li><i>The Poetry of Pope: A Selection</i> (1954) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88295-067-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88295-067-9">978-0-88295-067-9</a></li> <li><i>Literature and Belief: English Institute Essays, 1957</i> (1957) editor <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-02278-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-02278-1">978-0-231-02278-1</a></li> <li><i>A Glossary of Literary Terms</i> (<a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Galt_Harpham" title="Geoffrey Galt Harpham">Geoffrey Harpham</a>, 1957; 9th ed. 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-3390-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4130-3390-8">978-1-4130-3390-8</a></li> <li><i>English Romantic Poets: Modern Essays in Criticism</i> (1960) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501946-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501946-9">978-0-19-501946-9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Norton_Anthology_of_English_Literature" title="The Norton Anthology of English Literature">The Norton Anthology of English Literature</a></i> (1962) founding editor, many later editions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism#Influence_on_literary_creation" title="Opium and Romanticism"><i>The Milk of Paradise: The Effect of Opium Visions on the Works of DeQuincey, Crabbe, Francis Thompson, and Coleridge</i></a> (1970) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-90028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-90028-1">978-0-374-90028-1</a></li> <li><i>Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature</i> (1971) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00609-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00609-4">978-0-393-00609-4</a></li> <li><i>The Correspondent Breeze: Essays on English Romanticism</i> (1984) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30340-7">978-0-393-30340-7</a></li> <li><i>Doing Things With Texts: Essays in Criticism and Critical Theory</i> (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02713-6">978-0-393-02713-6</a></li> <li><i>The Fourth Dimension of a Poem and Other Essays</i> (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05830-7">978-0-393-05830-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tabletmag.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tabletmag.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tabletmag.com_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/105843/the-last-critic-turns-100/2">"Adam Kirsch Pays a 100th Birthday Visit to M. H. Abrams, the Romanticist and Norton Anthology Editor"</a>. <i>Tablet Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123135429/http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/105843/the-last-critic-turns-100/2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tablet+Magazine&rft.atitle=Adam+Kirsch+Pays+a+100th+Birthday+Visit+to+M.+H.+Abrams%2C+the+Romanticist+and+Norton+Anthology+Editor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-arts-and-culture%2Fbooks%2F105843%2Fthe-last-critic-turns-100%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2012" class="citation web cs1">Crawford, Franklin (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cornellalumnimagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1451">"A Literary Century: English Professor Mike Abrams Fêted at 100th Birthday Bash"</a>. <i>Cornell Alumni Magazine</i>. Cornell University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Alumni+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Literary+Century%3A+English+Professor+Mike+Abrams+F%C3%AAted+at+100th+Birthday+Bash&rft.date=2012-09&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcornellalumnimagazine.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2015" class="citation news cs1">Grimes, William (22 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/books/mh-abrams-professor-who-shaped-the-study-of-romanticism-dies-at-102.html?_r=0">"M.H. Abrams, 102, Dies; Shaped Romantic Criticism and Literary 'Bible'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518224808/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/books/mh-abrams-professor-who-shaped-the-study-of-romanticism-dies-at-102.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=M.H.+Abrams%2C+102%2C+Dies%3B+Shaped+Romantic+Criticism+and+Literary+%27Bible%27&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Fbooks%2Fmh-abrams-professor-who-shaped-the-study-of-romanticism-dies-at-102.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.cornell.edu/stories/1999/06/mh-abrams-continues-his-labors-love">"Honored literary scholar M.H. Abrams continues his labors (of love)"</a>. <i>Cornell Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Honored+literary+scholar+M.H.+Abrams+continues+his+labors+%28of+love%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.cornell.edu%2Fstories%2F1999%2F06%2Fmh-abrams-continues-his-labors-love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/99/6.10.99/Abrams.html">"M.H. Abrams continues his labors (of love)"</a>. News.cornell.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120228014936/http://www.news.cornell.edu/chronicle/99/6.10.99/Abrams.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.H.+Abrams+continues+his+labors+%28of+love%29&rft.pub=News.cornell.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cornell.edu%2Fchronicle%2F99%2F6.10.99%2FAbrams.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AAAS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf">"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021801/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+of+Members%2C+1780-2010%3A+Chapter+A&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fpublications%2FBookofMembers%2FChapterA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Abrams&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DAbrams%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northwestern.edu/provost/about/committees/honorary-degrees/honorary-degree-recipients.html">"Recipients: Office of the Provost - Northwestern University"</a>. <i>www.northwestern.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.northwestern.edu&rft.atitle=Recipients%3A+Office+of+the+Provost+-+Northwestern+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northwestern.edu%2Fprovost%2Fabout%2Fcommittees%2Fhonorary-degrees%2Fhonorary-degree-recipients.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/March08/Abrams.mosaic.sr.html">article</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704151109/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/March08/Abrams.mosaic.sr.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the Cornell Chronicle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theithacajournal/obituary.aspx?n=ruth-abrams&pid=119416918#fbLoggedOut">"Ruth Abrams"</a>. <i>Ithaca Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602182520/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theithacajournal/obituary.aspx?n=ruth-abrams&pid=119416918#fbLoggedOut">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ithaca+Journal&rft.atitle=Ruth+Abrams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacy.com%2Fobituaries%2Ftheithacajournal%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fn%3Druth-abrams%26pid%3D119416918%23fbLoggedOut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centenary-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Centenary_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeely2012" class="citation news cs1">Seely, Hart (2012-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2012/07/the_man_behind_the_norton_anth.html">"The man behind the Norton Anthology of English Literature is turning 100 today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post-Standard" title="The Post-Standard">The Post-Standard</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Advance_Publications" title="Advance Publications">Advance Publications</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725234138/http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2012/07/the_man_behind_the_norton_anth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Post-Standard&rft.atitle=The+man+behind+the+Norton+Anthology+of+English+Literature+is+turning+100+today&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft.aulast=Seely&rft.aufirst=Hart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syracuse.com%2Fnews%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F07%2Fthe_man_behind_the_norton_anth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2015" class="citation news cs1">Grimes, William (22 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/books/mh-abrams-professor-who-shaped-the-study-of-romanticism-dies-at-102.html">"M.H. Abrams, 102, Dies; Shaped Romantic Criticism and Literary 'Bible'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722103250/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/books/mh-abrams-professor-who-shaped-the-study-of-romanticism-dies-at-102.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span> – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=M.H.+Abrams%2C+102%2C+Dies%3B+Shaped+Romantic+Criticism+and+Literary+%27Bible%27&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Fbooks%2Fmh-abrams-professor-who-shaped-the-study-of-romanticism-dies-at-102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Stein2015" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Stein (22 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ithacavoice.com/2015/04/one-greatest-professors-cornell-history-died/">"One of the greatest professors in Cornell history has died"</a>. <i>The Ithaca Voice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ithaca+Voice&rft.atitle=One+of+the+greatest+professors+in+Cornell+history+has+died&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.au=Jeff+Stein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fithacavoice.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fone-greatest-professors-cornell-history-died%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2015" class="citation news cs1">Grimes, William (2015-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/23/books/mh-abrams-professor-who-shaped-the-study-of-romanticism-dies-at-102.html">"M.H. Abrams, 102, Dies; Shaped Romantic Criticism and Literary 'Bible'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=M.H.+Abrams%2C+102%2C+Dies%3B+Shaped+Romantic+Criticism+and+Literary+%27Bible%27&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F23%2Fbooks%2Fmh-abrams-professor-who-shaped-the-study-of-romanticism-dies-at-102.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825211346/http://www.modernlibrary.com/top-100/100-best-nonfiction/">"100 Best Nonfiction"</a>. Modern Library. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernlibrary.com/top-100/100-best-nonfiction/">the original</a> on 2012-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Best+Nonfiction&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernlibrary.com%2Ftop-100%2F100-best-nonfiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. H. Abrams (1962), ed., <i>The Norton Anthology of English Literature</i>, New York: Norton, back cover.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. H. Abrams (1962), ed., <i>The Norton Anthology of English Literature</i>, New York: Norton, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. H. Abrams (1962), ed., <i>The Norton Anthology of English Literature</i>, New York: Norton, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooden2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rooden, Aukje van (2012-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalofdutchliterature.org/index.php/jdl/article/view/27">"Magnifying the Mirror and the Lamp: A Critical Reconsideration of the Abramsian Poetical Model and its Contribution to the Research on Modern Dutch Literature"</a>. <i>Journal of Dutch Literature</i>. <b>3</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-0879">2211-0879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dutch+Literature&rft.atitle=Magnifying+the+Mirror+and+the+Lamp%3A+A+Critical+Reconsideration+of+the+Abramsian+Poetical+Model+and+its+Contribution+to+the+Research+on+Modern+Dutch+Literature&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-08-01&rft.issn=2211-0879&rft.aulast=Rooden&rft.aufirst=Aukje+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalofdutchliterature.org%2Findex.php%2Fjdl%2Farticle%2Fview%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AM.+H.+Abrams" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lawrence Lipking, editor (1981) <i>High Romantic Argument: Essays For M.H. Abrams</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1307-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1307-0">978-0-8014-1307-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._H._Abrams&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/M._H._Abrams" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/M. 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