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grinding</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: grinding"> <meta name="keywords" content="grinding"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="grinding"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 133</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: grinding</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">103</span> Investigation of Some Flotation Parameters and the Role of Dispersants in the Flotation of Chalcopyrite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20A.%20Taner">H. A. Taner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20%C3%96nen"> V. Önen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A suitable choice of flotation parameters and reagents have a strong effect on the effectiveness of flotation process. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the flotation of chalcopyrite with the different conditions and dispersants. Flotation parameters such as grinding time, pH, type, and dosage of dispersant were investigated. In order to understand the interaction of some dispersants, sodium silicate, sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium polyphosphate were used. The optimum results were obtained at a pH of 11.5 and a grinding time of 10 minutes. A copper concentrate was produced assaying 29.85% CuFeS<sub>2</sub> and 65.97% flotation recovery under optimum rougher ﬂotation conditions with sodium silicate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chalcopyrite" title="chalcopyrite">chalcopyrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersant" title=" dispersant"> dispersant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flotation" title=" flotation"> flotation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reagent" title=" reagent"> reagent</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91056/investigation-of-some-flotation-parameters-and-the-role-of-dispersants-in-the-flotation-of-chalcopyrite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91056.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">102</span> The Study of the Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Thermoplastic Polypropylene and Polyamide Materials Used in the Automotive Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sevim%20Gecici">Sevim Gecici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erdinc%20Doganci"> Erdinc Doganci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thermoplastic materials are widely used in the automotive industry due to their lightweight nature, durability, recyclability and versatility in shaping. They serve various purposes in the automotive sector, including interior and exterior components, vehicle body parts and insulation. The recycling of thermoplastic polymer materials used in the automotive industry helps reduce waste and mitigate environmental impacts. The aim of this study is to facilitate the recycling of thermoplastic materials used in the automotive industry. Recycled materials, such as sprues and defective parts, are generated from thermoplastic polymer materials used in the automotive sector after the injection process. In this study, the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the recycled parts obtained from the reprocessing of these materials were determined through various tests. Thermoplastic products (PP and PA) that were recycled after the injection process were processed through a grinding unit and then subjected to a second injection process with physical, chemical and mechanical tests applied to the resulting products. This is a result of the initial grinding process. The same procedures were applied to each thermoplastic material through a series of steps first injection, first grinding, second injection, second grinding, third injection, third grinding, fourth injection and fourth grinding, followed by product testing. Subsequently, the test results of the original raw material's Technical Data Sheet (TDS) were compared with the results obtained from the products after the injection process to determine the raw material based on physical, chemical and mechanical changes. The study included tests for Density, Melt Flow Rate, Tensile Modulus, Tensile Stress, Flexural Modulus (Injection Molded), Charpy Notched Impact Strength, Notched Izod Impact Strength, Shore Hardness, Heat Deflection Temperature, Vicat Softening Temperature and UV tests. Additionally, more specific tests such as Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Heat Aging, FTIR, SEM and TEM analyses were conducted to examine structural changes in thermoplastic materials subjected to multiple recycling processes. In the later stages of the study, injection molding process trials will be conducted with raw materials such as ABS, PC, PC-ABS and PE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection%20molding" title="injection molding">injection molding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automotive" title=" automotive"> automotive</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polypropylene" title=" polypropylene"> polypropylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermoplastic" title=" thermoplastic"> thermoplastic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193126/the-study-of-the-physical-chemical-and-mechanical-properties-of-recycled-thermoplastic-polypropylene-and-polyamide-materials-used-in-the-automotive-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/193126.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">101</span> Cryogenic Grinding of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Peel and Its Effect on Chemical and Morphological Characteristics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhupinder%20Kaur">Bhupinder Kaur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20P.%20Srivastav"> P. P. Srivastav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fruit and vegetable industries are responsible for producing huge amount of waste, which is a problem to environmental safety and should be utilized efficiently. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is an important commercially grown fruit and referred as the “King of fruits”. In 2015, India was the largest producer (18.506 MT) of mangoes and out of which 9.16 % lost during post-harvest handling. The mango kernel and peel represent approximately 17-22% and 7-22% of the overall mass of fruit respectively and discarded as waste. Hence, an attempt has been made with three mango cultivars (Langra, Dashehari, Fazli) to investigate the effect of cryogenic grinding on various characteristics of mango peel powder (MPP). The cryogenic grinding is an emerging technology which is used for retention of beneficial volatile and bioactive components. The feed rate was highest for Langra followed by Chausa. The samples have 2-4% fat along with significant amount of protein (4-6%) and crude fiber (9-13%). Mango peel is also a good source of minerals such as calcium, potassium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, and magnesium. Interestingly, the significant amount of essential minerals like phosphorus and chlorine in all the varieties was found with the highest value in Langra (phosphorus 10.83% and chlorine 2.41%) which are not reported earlier. SEM analysis revealed the surface morphology and shape of the particles. Waste utilization is a promising measure from both an environmental and economic point of view. Chemical characterization of the samples indicated its potential to be used for the fortification of food products which in turn reduces hazards due to waste and improve functional quality of the foods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryogenic%20grinding" title="cryogenic grinding">cryogenic grinding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphological" title=" morphological"> morphological</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral%20composition" title=" mineral composition"> mineral composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71593/cryogenic-grinding-of-mango-mangifera-indica-l-peel-and-its-effect-on-chemical-and-morphological-characteristics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">100</span> Compatibility of Copolymer-Based Grinding Aids and Sulfonated Acetone-Formaldehyde Superplasticizer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Tailong">Zhang Tailong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Compatibility between sulfonated acetone-formalehyde superplasticizer (SAF) and copolymer-based grinding aids (GA) were studied by fluidity, Zeta potential, setting time of cement pasts, initial slump and slump flow of concrete and compressive strength of concrete. ESEM, MIP, and XRD were used to investigate the changing of microstructure of interior concrete. The results indicated that GA could noticeably enhance the dispersion ability of SAF. It was found that better fluidity and slump-keeping ability of cement paste were obtained in the case of GA. In addition, GA and SAF together had a certain retardation effect on hydration of cement paste. With increasing of the GA dosage, the dispersion ability and retardation effect of admixture increased. The compressive strength of the sample made with SAF and GA after 28 days was higher than that of the control sample made only with SAF. The initial slump and slump flow of concrete increased by 10.0% and 22.9%, respectively, while 0.09 wt.% GA was used. XRD examination indicated that new products were not found in the case of GA. In addition, more dense arrangement of hydrates and lower porosity of the specimen were observed by ESEM and MIP, which contributed to higher compressive strength. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copolymer-based%20grinding%20aids" title="copolymer-based grinding aids">copolymer-based grinding aids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superplasiticizer" title=" superplasiticizer"> superplasiticizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compatibility" title=" compatibility"> compatibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cement" title=" cement"> cement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title=" concrete"> concrete</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3476/compatibility-of-copolymer-based-grinding-aids-and-sulfonated-acetone-formaldehyde-superplasticizer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3476.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">246</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">99</span> Correlation Between Ore Mineralogy and the Dissolution Behavior of K-Feldspar</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adrian%20Keith%20Caamino">Adrian Keith Caamino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sina%20Shakibania"> Sina Shakibania</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lena%20Sunqvist-%C3%96qvist"> Lena Sunqvist-Öqvist</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jan%20Rosenkranz"> Jan Rosenkranz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousef%20Ghorbani"> Yousef Ghorbani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Feldspar minerals are one of the main components of the earth’s crust. They are tectosilicate, meaning that they mainly contain aluminum and silicon. Besides aluminum and silicon, they contain either potassium, sodium, or calcium. Accordingly, feldspar minerals are categorized into three main groups: K-feldspar, Na-feldspar, and Ca-feldspar. In recent years, the trend to use K-feldspar has grown tremendously, considering its potential to produce potash and alumina. However, the feldspar minerals, in general, are difficult to decompose for the dissolution of their metallic components. Several methods, including intensive milling, leaching under elevated pressure and temperature, thermal pretreatment, and the use of corrosive leaching reagents, have been proposed to improve its low dissolving efficiency. In this study, as part of the POTASSIAL EU project, to overcome the low dissolution efficiency of the K-feldspar components, mechanical activation using intensive milling followed by leaching using hydrochloric acid (HCl) was practiced. Grinding operational parameters, namely time, rotational speed, and ball-to-sample weight ratio, were studied using the Taguchi optimization method. Then, the mineralogy of the grinded samples was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with automated quantitative mineralogy. After grinding, the prepared samples were subjected to HCl leaching. In the end, the dissolution efficiency of the main elements and impurities of different samples were correlated to the mineralogical characterization results. K-feldspar component dissolution is correlated with ore mineralogy, which provides insight into how to best optimize leaching conditions for selective dissolution. Further, it will have an effect on purifying steps taken afterward and the final value recovery procedures <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K-feldspar" title="K-feldspar">K-feldspar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding" title=" grinding"> grinding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20mineralogy" title=" automated mineralogy"> automated mineralogy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impurity" title=" impurity"> impurity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaching" title=" leaching"> leaching</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161198/correlation-between-ore-mineralogy-and-the-dissolution-behavior-of-k-feldspar" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161198.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">98</span> Manufacturing of Twist-Free Surfaces by Magnetism Aided Machining Technologies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zs.%20Kov%C3%A1cs">Zs. Kovács</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zs.%20J.%20Viharos"> Zs. J. Viharos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Kod%C3%A1csy"> J. Kodácsy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a well-known conventional finishing process, the grinding is commonly used to manufacture seal mating surfaces and bearing surfaces, but is also creates twisted surfaces. The machined surfaces by turning or grinding usually have twist structure on the surfaces, which can convey lubricants such as conveyor screw. To avoid this phenomenon, have to use special techniques or machines, for example start-stop turning, tangential turning, ultrasonic protection or special toll geometries. All of these solutions have high cost and difficult usability. In this paper, we describe a system and summarize the results of the experimental research carried out mainly in the field of Magnetic Abrasive Polishing (MAP) and Magnetic Roller Burnishing (MRB). These technologies are simple and also green while able to produce twist-free surfaces. During the tests, C45 normalized steel was used as workpiece material which was machined by simple and Wiper geometrical turning inserts in a CNC turning lathe. After the turning, the MAP and MRB technologies can be used directly to reduce the twist of surfaces. The evaluation was completed by advanced measuring and IT equipment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetism" title="magnetism">magnetism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finishing" title=" finishing"> finishing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polishing" title=" polishing"> polishing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roller%20burnishing" title=" roller burnishing"> roller burnishing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=twist-free" title=" twist-free"> twist-free</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54508/manufacturing-of-twist-free-surfaces-by-magnetism-aided-machining-technologies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">576</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">97</span> Impact of Length of Straw by the Use of a Straw Mill on the Selective Feeding of Young Cattle and Their Effects for the Cattle</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heiko%20Scholz">Heiko Scholz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When feeding high qualitysilagetoheifersfromthe age of two, there is a riskofenergyoversupply. Depending on the feeding valueorscarceavailability ofsilageorcorn silage diets withhighproportionsof straw is often incorporated. Foran energetically standardized young cattle supply of strawproportion can be more than 20% of dry matter. It was investigated whether the grinding of straw with the strawmillselective feeding significantly limits. The investigation has been carried out with young cattle in the second year. 78 animals were kept and fed under similar conditions in two groups. The experimental group (EG) consisted of cattle 12 to 15 months, and in the control group (CG), the cattle were 15 to 20 months old. The experimental feeding took place in five days of feed distribution, and residual feed were weighed. The ration of EG contained ground with the straw mill straw, and CG was further fed rotor-cut pressed straw. To determine the selective seizure samples of feed distributionandtheremainingfood with the particle separator boxandthecrude protein-and energy-content have been determined. The grinding of the straw increased the daily feed intake.IntheEGan increase infeed intakewas observedby grinding of the straw. Feed intakedirectlyon the day for changing the dietoflongonground straw increased by more than 2.0 kgofDMper animal. In the following days, the feed intakewasincreasedby 0.9kg DMper animal and day on average (7.4 vs. 8.3 kg DM per day). The results of the screen distribution of residual feed point to a differentiated feeding behavior between the groups. In the EG, the particle length of the residual feed to a large extent with the template matches. The acid-base-balance (NSBA)valuesofEGarewithin normal limits. Ifstrawsharesof25% and more are federations to young cattle (heifers), the theparticlelengthof straw has significant impact ontheselectivefeeding behavior. Aparticlelength of 1.5cmcompared to7.5 cmlongpreventedstrawcertainly discarding of the straw on the feeding barn. The feed intake increases whenshortstrawis mixed into theTMR. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=straw%20mill" title="straw mill">straw mill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heifer" title=" heifer"> heifer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feed%20selection" title=" feed selection"> feed selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dry%20matter%20intake" title=" dry matter intake"> dry matter intake</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137905/impact-of-length-of-straw-by-the-use-of-a-straw-mill-on-the-selective-feeding-of-young-cattle-and-their-effects-for-the-cattle" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137905.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">96</span> Obtaining the Analytic Dependence for Estimating the Ore Mill Operation Modes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baghdasaryan%20Marinka">Baghdasaryan Marinka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The particular significance of comprehensive estimation of the increase in the operation efficiency of the mill motor electromechanical system, providing the main technological process for obtaining a metallic concentrate, as well as the technical state of the system are substantiated. The works carried out in the sphere of investigating, creating, and improving the operation modes of electric drive motors and ore-grinding mills have been studied. Analytic dependences for estimating the operation modes of the ore-grinding mills aimed at improving the ore-crashing process maintenance and technical service efficiencies have been obtained. The obtained analytic dependencies establish a link between the technological and power parameters of the electromechanical system, and allow to estimate the state of the system and reveal the controlled parameters required for the efficient management in case of changing the technological parameters. It has been substantiated that the changes in the technological factors affecting the consumption power of the drive motor do not cause an instability in the electromechanical system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromechanical%20system" title="electromechanical system">electromechanical system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=estimation" title=" estimation"> estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operation%20mode" title=" operation mode"> operation mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technological%20process" title=" technological process"> technological process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20mill%20filling%20degree" title=" the mill filling degree"> the mill filling degree</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69165/obtaining-the-analytic-dependence-for-estimating-the-ore-mill-operation-modes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69165.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">95</span> Comparing the Effectiveness of the Crushing and Grinding Route of Comminution to That of the Mine to Mill Route in Terms of the Percentage of Middlings Present in Processed Lead-Zinc Ore Samples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinedu%20F.%20Anochie">Chinedu F. Anochie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The presence of gangue particles in recovered metal concentrates has been a serious challenge to ore dressing engineers. Middlings lower the quality of concentrates, and in most cases, drastically affect the smelter terms, owing to exorbitant amounts paid by Mineral Processing industries as treatment charge. Models which encourage optimization of liberation operations have been utilized in most ore beneficiation industries to reduce the presence of locked particles in valuable concentrates. Moreover, methods such as incorporation of regrind mills, scavenger, rougher and cleaner cells, to the milling and flotation plants has been widely employed to tackle these concerns, and to optimize the grade–recovery relationship of metal concentrates. This work compared the crushing and grinding method of liberation, to the mine to mill route, by evaluating the proportion of middlings present in selectively processed complex Pb-Zn ore samples. To establish the effect of size reduction operations on the percentage of locked particles present in recovered concentrates, two similar samples of complex Pb- Zn ores were processed. Following blasting operation, the first ore sample was ground directly in a ball mill (Mine to Mill Route of Comminution), while the other sample was manually crushed, and subsequently ground in the ball mill (Crushing and Grinding Route of Comminution). The two samples were separately sieved in a mesh to obtain the desired representative particle sizes. An equal amount of each sample that would be processed in the flotation circuit was then obtained with the aid of a weighing balance. These weighed fine particles were simultaneously processed in the flotation circuit using the selective flotation technique. Sodium cyanide, Methyl isobutyl carbinol, Sodium ethyl xanthate, Copper sulphate, Sodium hydroxide, Lime and Isopropyl xanthate, were the reagents used to effect differential flotation of the two ore samples. Analysis and calculations showed that the degree of liberation obtained for the ore sample which went through the conventional crushing and grinding route of comminution, was higher than that of the directly milled run off mine (ROM) ore. Similarly, the proportion of middlings obtained from the separated galena (PbS) and sphalerite (ZnS) concentrates, were lower for the crushed and ground ore sample. A concise data which proved that the mine to mill method of size reduction is not the most ideal technique for the recovery of quality metal concentrates has been established. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comminution" title="comminution">comminution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=degree%20of%20liberation" title=" degree of liberation"> degree of liberation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=middlings" title=" middlings"> middlings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mine%20to%20mill" title=" mine to mill"> mine to mill</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126873/comparing-the-effectiveness-of-the-crushing-and-grinding-route-of-comminution-to-that-of-the-mine-to-mill-route-in-terms-of-the-percentage-of-middlings-present-in-processed-lead-zinc-ore-samples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126873.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">94</span> An Experimental Approach of the Reuse of Dredged Sediments in a Cement Matrix by Physical and Heat Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahfoud%20Benzerzour">Mahfoud Benzerzour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mouhamadou%20Amar"> Mouhamadou Amar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nor-edine%20Abriak"> Nor-edine Abriak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a sediment was used as a secondary raw material in cement substitution with prior treatment. The treatment adopted is a physical treatment involving grinding and separation to obtain different fractions, using a dry method (1 mm, 250µm, 120µm) and washing method (250µm and 120µm). They were subsequently heat treated at temperatures of 650°C, 750°C and 850°C for 1 hour and 3 hours, in order to enable chemical activation by decarbonation or by pozzolanic activation of the material. Different characterization techniques were performed. The determination of main physical and chemical characteristics was obtained through multiple tests: particle size distribution, specific density, the BET surface area, the initial setting time and hydration heat calorimetry Langavant. The chemical tests include: ATG analysis, X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) which were used to quantify the fractions, phases and chemical elements present. Compression tests were performed conforming NF EN 196-1 French standard, over terms of 7 days - 14 days - 28 days and 60 days on all formulated mortars: reference mortar based on 100% CEM I 52.5N binder and cement substituted mortars with 8% and 15% by treated sediment. This clearly evidenced contribution due to the chemical activity which was confirmed by calorimetry monitoring and strength investigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sediment" title="sediment">sediment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding" title=" grinding"> grinding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20treatment" title=" heat treatment"> heat treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substitution" title=" substitution"> substitution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62374/an-experimental-approach-of-the-reuse-of-dredged-sediments-in-a-cement-matrix-by-physical-and-heat-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">93</span> Signal Processing of Barkhausen Noise Signal for Assessment of Increasing Down Feed in Surface Ground Components with Poor Micro-Magnetic Response</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanmaya%20Kumar%20Dash">Tanmaya Kumar Dash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarun%20Karamshetty"> Tarun Karamshetty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soumitra%20Paul"> Soumitra Paul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Barkhausen Noise Analysis (BNA) technique has been utilized to assess surface integrity of steels. But the BNA technique is not very successful in evaluating surface integrity of ground steels that exhibit poor micro-magnetic response. A new approach has been proposed for the processing of BN signal with Fast Fourier transforms while Wavelet transforms has been used to remove noise from the BN signal, with judicious choice of the ‘threshold’ value, when the micro-magnetic response of the work material is poor. In the present study, the effect of down feed induced upon conventional plunge surface grinding of hardened bearing steel has been investigated along with an ultrasonically cleaned, wet polished and a sample ground with spark out technique for benchmarking. Moreover, the FFT analysis has been established, at different sets of applied voltages and applied frequency and the pattern of the BN signal in the frequency domain is analyzed. The study also depicts the wavelet transforms technique with different levels of decomposition and different mother wavelets, which has been used to reduce the noise value in BN signal of materials with poor micro-magnetic response, in order to standardize the procedure for all BN signals depending on the frequency of the applied voltage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barkhausen%20noise%20analysis" title="barkhausen noise analysis">barkhausen noise analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding" title=" grinding"> grinding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20properties" title=" magnetic properties"> magnetic properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20processing" title=" signal processing"> signal processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micro-magnetic%20response" title=" micro-magnetic response"> micro-magnetic response</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29867/signal-processing-of-barkhausen-noise-signal-for-assessment-of-increasing-down-feed-in-surface-ground-components-with-poor-micro-magnetic-response" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29867.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">667</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">92</span> The Comparison of Joint Simulation and Estimation Methods for the Geometallurgical Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzaneh%20Khorram">Farzaneh Khorram</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper endeavors to construct a block model to assess grinding energy consumption (CCE) and pinpoint blocks with the highest potential for energy usage during the grinding process within a specified region. Leveraging geostatistical techniques, particularly joint estimation, or simulation, based on geometallurgical data from various mineral processing stages, our objective is to forecast CCE across the study area. The dataset encompasses variables obtained from 2754 drill samples and a block model comprising 4680 blocks. The initial analysis encompassed exploratory data examination, variography, multivariate analysis, and the delineation of geological and structural units. Subsequent analysis involved the assessment of contacts between these units and the estimation of CCE via cokriging, considering its correlation with SPI. The selection of blocks exhibiting maximum CCE holds paramount importance for cost estimation, production planning, and risk mitigation. The study conducted exploratory data analysis on lithology, rock type, and failure variables, revealing seamless boundaries between geometallurgical units. Simulation methods, such as Plurigaussian and Turning band, demonstrated more realistic outcomes compared to cokriging, owing to the inherent characteristics of geometallurgical data and the limitations of kriging methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometallurgy" title="geometallurgy">geometallurgy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20analysis" title=" multivariate analysis"> multivariate analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plurigaussian" title=" plurigaussian"> plurigaussian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turning%20band%20method" title=" turning band method"> turning band method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cokriging" title=" cokriging"> cokriging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184479/the-comparison-of-joint-simulation-and-estimation-methods-for-the-geometallurgical-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184479.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">91</span> Long Time Oxidation Behavior of Machined 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel in Primary Water Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siyang%20Wang">Siyang Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yujin%20Hu"> Yujin Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuelin%20Wang"> Xuelin Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenqian%20Zhang"> Wenqian Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Austenitic stainless steels are widely used in nuclear industry to manufacture critical components owing to their excellent corrosion resistance at high temperatures. Almost all the components used in nuclear power plants are produced by surface finishing (surface cold work) such as milling, grinding and so on. The change of surface states induced by machining has great influence on the corrosion behavior. In the present study, long time oxidation behavior of machined 316 austenitic stainless steel exposed to simulated pressure water reactor environment was investigated considering different surface states. Four surface finishes were produced by electro-polishing (P), grinding (G), and two milling (M and M1) processes respectively. Before oxidation, the surface Vickers micro-hardness, surface roughness of each type of sample was measured. Corrosion behavior of four types of sample was studied by using oxidation weight gain method for six oxidation periods. The oxidation time of each period was 120h, 216h, 336h, 504h, 672h and 1344h, respectively. SEM was used to observe the surface morphology of oxide film in several period. The results showed that oxide film on austenitic stainless steel has a duplex-layer structure. The inner oxide film is continuous and compact, while the outer layer is composed of oxide particles. The oxide particle consisted of large particles (nearly micron size) and small particles (dozens of nanometers to a few hundred nanometers). The formation of oxide particle could be significantly affected by the machined surface states. The large particle on cold worked samples (grinding and milling) appeared earlier than electro-polished one, and the milled sample has the largest particle size followed by ground one and electro-polished one. For machined samples, the large particles were almost distributed along the direction of machining marks. Severe exfoliation was observed on one milled surface (M) which had the most heavily cold worked layer, while rare local exfoliation occurred on the ground sample (G) and the other milled sample (M1). The electro-polished sample (P) entirely did not exfoliate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=austenitic%20stainless%20steel" title="austenitic stainless steel">austenitic stainless steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oxidation" title=" oxidation"> oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machining" title=" machining"> machining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SEM" title=" SEM"> SEM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88481/long-time-oxidation-behavior-of-machined-316-austenitic-stainless-steel-in-primary-water-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">90</span> Comparison of Polyphonic Profile of a Berry from Two Different Sources, Using an Optimized Extraction Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Torabian">G. Torabian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Fathi"> A. Fathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Valtchev"> P. Valtchev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Dehghani"> F. Dehghani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The superior polyphenol content of Sambucus nigra berries has high health potentials for the production of nutraceutical products. Numerous factors influence the polyphenol content of the final products including the berries’ source and the subsequent processing production steps. The aim of this study is to compare the polyphenol content of berries from two different sources and also to optimise the polyphenol extraction process from elderberries. Berries from source B obtained more acceptable physical properties than source A; a single berry from source B was double in size and weight (both wet and dry weight) compared with a source A berry. Despite the appropriate physical characteristics of source B berries, their polyphenolic profile was inferior; as source A berries had 2.3 fold higher total anthocyanin content, and nearly two times greater total phenolic content and total flavonoid content compared to source B. Moreover, the result of this study showed that almost 50 percent of the phenolic content of berries are entrapped within their skin and pulp that potentially cannot be extracted by press juicing. To address this challenge and to increase the total polyphenol yield of the extract, we used cold-shock blade grinding method to break the cell walls. The result of this study showed that using cultivars with higher phenolic content as well as using the whole fruit including juice, skin and pulp can increase polyphenol yield significantly; and thus, may boost the potential of using elderberries as therapeutic products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=different%20sources" title="different sources">different sources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elderberry" title=" elderberry"> elderberry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding" title=" grinding"> grinding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=juicing" title=" juicing"> juicing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyphenols" title=" polyphenols"> polyphenols</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44253/comparison-of-polyphonic-profile-of-a-berry-from-two-different-sources-using-an-optimized-extraction-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">293</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">89</span> Cocrystal of Mesalamine for Enhancement of Its Biopharmaceutical Properties, Utilizing Supramolecular Chemistry Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akshita%20Jindal">Akshita Jindal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renu%20Chadha"> Renu Chadha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maninder%20Karan"> Maninder Karan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Supramolecular chemistry has gained recent eminence in a flurry of research documents demonstrating the formation of new crystalline forms with potentially advantageous characteristics. Mesalamine (5-amino salicylic acid) belongs to anti-inflammatory class of drugs, is used to treat ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Unfortunately, mesalamine suffer from poor solubility and therefore very low bioavailability. This work is focused on preparation and characterization of cocrystal of mesalamine with nicotinamide (MNIC) a coformer of GRAS status. Cocrystallisation was achieved by solvent drop grinding in stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 using acetonitrile as solvent and was characterized by various techniques including DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), PXRD (X-ray Powder Diffraction), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer). The co-crystal depicted single endothermic transitions (254°C) which were different from the melting peaks of both drug (288°C) and coformer (128°C) indicating the formation of a new solid phase. Different XRPD patterns and FTIR spectrums for the co-crystals from those of individual components confirms the formation of new phase. Enhancement in apparent solubility study and intrinsic dissolution study showed effectiveness of this cocrystal. Further improvement in pharmacokinetic profile has also been observed with 2 folds increase in bioavailability. To conclude, our results show that application of nicotinamide as a coformer is a viable approach towards the preparation of cocrystals of potential drug molecule having limited solubility. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cocrystal" title="cocrystal">cocrystal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesalamine" title=" mesalamine"> mesalamine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nicotinamide" title=" nicotinamide"> nicotinamide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solvent%20drop%20grinding" title=" solvent drop grinding"> solvent drop grinding</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108366/cocrystal-of-mesalamine-for-enhancement-of-its-biopharmaceutical-properties-utilizing-supramolecular-chemistry-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">88</span> A Better Quality of Henna Powder in the Experience of Biskra’s Rural Women </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keltoum%20Benaissa">Keltoum Benaissa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Belhamra"> Mohamed Belhamra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The henna powder is one of the more important natural cosmetic product used especially by the women in Algeria to dye their hair and to stain the hand, nails and feet. To obtain a better powder of henna is one of the concerns of bride’s mothers during the obtaining of this material very important for the wedding ceremony. For this objective, we led an investigation in the most producing henna regions in Biskra (a South East department in Algeria), interview with rural women concerning the manipulations made on post-harvest to obtain a good quality henna powder. The investigated rural women gave us the main as well as the necessary conditions to obtain desired dye since the stage of harvest of henna, the place of drying of the production, the collection of leaves and the ways of grinding it, all those steps to have finally the best tattoo on hands and feet of the bride. For this objective we led an investigation in the most producing henna regions in Biskra (a South East department in Algeria), interview with rural women concerning the manipulations made on post harvest to obtain a good quality henna powder. The investigated rural women gave us the main as well as the necessary conditions to obtain desired dye since the stage of harvest of henna, the place of drying of the production, the collection of leaves and the ways of grinding it, all those steps to have finally the best tattoo on hands and feet of the bride. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=henna" title="henna">henna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=powder%20quality" title=" powder quality"> powder quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women%20experience" title=" women experience"> women experience</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investigation" title=" investigation"> investigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cosmetic%20plant" title=" cosmetic plant"> cosmetic plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39755/a-better-quality-of-henna-powder-in-the-experience-of-biskras-rural-women" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39755.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">87</span> Direct Approach in Modeling Particle Breakage Using Discrete Element Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebrahim%20Ghasemi%20Ardi">Ebrahim Ghasemi Ardi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ai%20Bing%20Yu"> Ai Bing Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Run%20Yu%20Yang"> Run Yu Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Current study is aimed to develop an available in-house discrete element method (DEM) code and link it with direct breakage event. So, it became possible to determine the particle breakage and then its fragments size distribution, simultaneous with DEM simulation. It directly applies the particle breakage inside the DEM computation algorithm and if any breakage happens the original particle is replaced with daughters. In this way, the calculation will be followed based on a new updated particles list which is very similar to the real grinding environment. To validate developed model, a grinding ball impacting an unconfined particle bed was simulated. Since considering an entire ball mill would be too computationally demanding, this method provided a simplified environment to test the model. Accordingly, a representative volume of the ball mill was simulated inside a box, which could emulate media (ball)–powder bed impacts in a ball mill and during particle bed impact tests. Mono, binary and ternary particle beds were simulated to determine the effects of granular composition on breakage kinetics. The results obtained from the DEM simulations showed a reduction in the specific breakage rate for coarse particles in binary mixtures. The origin of this phenomenon, commonly known as cushioning or decelerated breakage in dry milling processes, was explained by the DEM simulations. Fine particles in a particle bed increase mechanical energy loss, and reduce and distribute interparticle forces thereby inhibiting the breakage of the coarse component. On the other hand, the specific breakage rate of fine particles increased due to contacts associated with coarse particles. Such phenomenon, known as acceleration, was shown to be less significant, but should be considered in future attempts to accurately quantify non-linear breakage kinetics in the modeling of dry milling processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20bed" title="particle bed">particle bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breakage%20models" title=" breakage models"> breakage models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breakage%20kinetic" title=" breakage kinetic"> breakage kinetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20element%20method" title=" discrete element method"> discrete element method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79163/direct-approach-in-modeling-particle-breakage-using-discrete-element-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79163.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">86</span> Li2o Loss of Lithium Niobate Nanocrystals during High-Energy Ball-Milling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laura%20Kocsor">Laura Kocsor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laszlo%20Peter"> Laszlo Peter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laszlo%20Kovacs"> Laszlo Kovacs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zsolt%20Kis"> Zsolt Kis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of our research is to prepare rare-earth-doped lithium niobate (LiNbO3) nanocrystals, having only a few dopant ions in the focal point of an exciting laser beam. These samples will be used to achieve individual addressing of the dopant ions by light beams in a confocal microscope setup. One method for the preparation of nanocrystalline materials is to reduce the particle size by mechanical grinding. High-energy ball-milling was used in several works to produce nano lithium niobate. Previously, it was reported that dry high-energy ball-milling of lithium niobate in a shaker mill results in the partial reduction of the material, which leads to a balanced formation of bipolarons and polarons yielding gray color together with oxygen release and Li2O segregation on the open surfaces. In the present work we focus on preparing LiNbO3 nanocrystals by high-energy ball-milling using a Fritsch Pulverisette 7 planetary mill. Every ball-milling process was carried out in zirconia vial with zirconia balls of different sizes (from 3 mm to 0.1 mm), wet grinding with water, and the grinding time being less than an hour. Gradually decreasing the ball size to 0.1 mm, an average particle size of about 10 nm could be obtained determined by dynamic light scattering and verified by scanning electron microscopy. High-energy ball-milling resulted in sample darkening evidenced by optical absorption spectroscopy measurements indicating that the material underwent partial reduction. The unwanted lithium oxide loss decreases the Li/Nb ratio in the crystal, strongly influencing the spectroscopic properties of lithium niobate. Zirconia contamination was found in ground samples proved by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements; however, it cannot be explained based on the hardness properties of the materials involved in the ball-milling process. It can be understood taking into account the presence of lithium hydroxide formed the segregated lithium oxide and water during the ball-milling process, through chemically induced abrasion. The quantity of the segregated Li2O was measured by coulometric titration. During the wet milling process in the planetary mill, it was found that the lithium oxide loss increases linearly in the early phase of the milling process, then a saturation of the Li2O loss can be seen. This change goes along with the disappearance of the relatively large particles until a relatively narrow size distribution is achieved in accord with the dynamic light scattering measurements. With the 3 mm ball size and 1100 rpm rotation rate, the mean particle size achieved is 100 nm, and the total Li2O loss is about 1.2 wt.% of the original LiNbO3. Further investigations have been done to minimize the Li2O segregation during the ball-milling process. Since the Li2O loss was observed to increase with the growing total surface of the particles, the influence of ball-milling parameters on its quantity has also been studied. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-energy%20ball-milling" title="high-energy ball-milling">high-energy ball-milling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium%20niobate" title=" lithium niobate"> lithium niobate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanochemical%20reaction" title=" mechanochemical reaction"> mechanochemical reaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanocrystals" title=" nanocrystals"> nanocrystals</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136642/li2o-loss-of-lithium-niobate-nanocrystals-during-high-energy-ball-milling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/136642.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">85</span> Non-Waste Utilization of Copper Smelting Slags for Production of Demanded Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20D.%20%20Povolockiy">V. D. Povolockiy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20E.%20%20Roshchin"> V. E. Roshchin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20%20Kapelyushin"> Y. Kapelyushin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Smelting of copper matte is followed by production of a large amount of slag. This slag mostly contains silicates and can be utilized in a construction industry. In addition to silicates it also contains Fe; if the Fe content is high, the density of the silicate phases increases and such a slag cannot be used as an additive for the concrete. Furthermore, slags obtained during copper matte production contain copper, sulphur, zinc and some other elements. Fe is the element with the highest price in these slags. An extraction of Fe is possible even using the conventional methods, e.g., the addition of slag to the charge materials during production of sinter for the blast furnace smelting. However, in this case, the blast furnace hot metal would accumulate sulphur and copper which is very harmful impurity for the steelmaking. An accumulation of copper by the blast furnace hot metal is unacceptable, as copper cannot be removed during further steelmaking operations having a critical effect on the properties of steel. In present work, the technological scheme for non-waste utilization of the copper smelting slags has been suggested and experimentally confirmed. This scheme includes a solid state reduction of Fe and smelting for the separation of cast iron and slag. During solid state reduction, the zinc vapor was trapped. After the reduction and smelting operations, the cast iron containing copper was used for the production of metal balls with increased mechanical properties allowing their utilization for milling of ore minerals. Such a cast iron could also be applied in the production of special types of steel with copper. The silicate slag freed from Fe might be used as a propping agent in the oil industry, or granulated for application as an additive for concrete in a construction industry. Thereby, the suggested products for a Mini Mill plant with non-waste utilization of the copper smelting slags are cast iron grinding balls for the ore minerals, special types of steel with copper, silicate slag utilized as an additive for the concrete and propping agents for the oil industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilization%20of%20copper%20slag" title="utilization of copper slag">utilization of copper slag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cast%20iron" title=" cast iron"> cast iron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding%20balls" title=" grinding balls"> grinding balls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=propping%20agents" title=" propping agents "> propping agents </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86594/non-waste-utilization-of-copper-smelting-slags-for-production-of-demanded-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">84</span> Enhancing the Flotation of Fine and Ultrafine Pyrite Particles Using Electrolytically Generated Bubbles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bogale%20Tadesse">Bogale Tadesse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krutik%20Parikh"> Krutik Parikh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ndagha%20Mkandawire"> Ndagha Mkandawire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boris%20Albijanic"> Boris Albijanic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nimal%20Subasinghe"> Nimal Subasinghe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is well established that the floatability and selectivity of mineral particles are highly dependent on the particle size. Generally, a particle size of 10 micron is considered as the critical size below which both flotation selectivity and recovery decline sharply. It is widely accepted that the majority of ultrafine particles, including highly liberated valuable minerals, will be lost in tailings during a conventional flotation process. This is highly undesirable particularly in the processing of finely disseminated complex and refractory ores where there is a requirement for fine grinding in order to liberate the valuable minerals. In addition, the continuing decline in ore grade worldwide necessitates intensive processing of low grade mineral deposits. Recent advances in comminution allow the economic grinding of particles down to 10 micron sizes to enhance the probability of liberating locked minerals from low grade ores. Thus, it is timely that the flotation of fine and ultrafine particles is improved in order to reduce the amount of valuable minerals lost as slimes. It is believed that the use of fine bubbles in flotation increases the bubble-particle collision efficiency and hence the flotation performance. Electroflotation, where bubbles are generated by the electrolytic breakdown of water to produce oxygen and hydrogen gases, leads to the formation of extremely finely dispersed gas bubbles with dimensions varying from 5 to 95 micron. The sizes of bubbles generated by this method are significantly smaller than those found in conventional flotation (> 600 micron). In this study, microbubbles generated by electrolysis of water were injected into a bench top flotation cell to assess the performance electroflotation in enhancing the flotation of fine and ultrafine pyrite particles of sizes ranging from 5 to 53 micron. The design of the cell and the results from optimization of the process variables such as current density, pH, percent solid and particle size will be presented at this conference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroflotation" title="electroflotation">electroflotation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fine%20bubbles" title=" fine bubbles"> fine bubbles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrite" title=" pyrite"> pyrite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrafine%20particles" title=" ultrafine particles"> ultrafine particles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51923/enhancing-the-flotation-of-fine-and-ultrafine-pyrite-particles-using-electrolytically-generated-bubbles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">83</span> A Current Problem for Steel Bridges: Fatigue Assessment of Seams´ Repair</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Pasternak">H. Pasternak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Chwastek"> A. Chwastek</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper describes the results from a research project about repair of welds. The repair was carried out by grinding the flawed seams and re-welding them. The main task was to determine the FAT classes of original state and after repair of seams according to the assessment procedures, such as nominal, structural and effective notch stress approach. The first part shows the results of the tests, the second part encloses numerical analysis and evaluation of results to determine the fatigue strength classes according to three assessment procedures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20loading" title="cyclic loading">cyclic loading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20crack" title=" fatigue crack"> fatigue crack</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-weld%20treatment" title=" post-weld treatment"> post-weld treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seams%E2%80%99%20repair" title=" seams’ repair"> seams’ repair</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50359/a-current-problem-for-steel-bridges-fatigue-assessment-of-seams-repair" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50359.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">82</span> Metallic-Diamond Tools with Increased Abrasive Wear Resistance for Grinding Industrial Floor Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=El%C5%BCbieta%20Cygan">Elżbieta Cygan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B%C4%85czek"> Bączek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piotr%20Wy%C5%BCga"> Piotr Wyżga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the results of research on the physical, mechanical, and tribological properties of materials constituting the matrix in sintered metallic-diamond tools. The ground powders based on the Fe-Mn-Cu-Sn-C system were modified with micro-sized particles of the ceramic phase: SiC, Al₂O₃ and consolidated using the SPS (spark plasma sintering) method to a relative density of over 98% at 850-950°C, at a pressure of 35 MPa and time 10 min. After sintering, an analysis of the microstructure was conducted using scanning electron microscopy. The resulting materials were tested for the apparent density determined by Archimedes’ method, Rockwell hardness (scale B), Young’s modulus, as well as for technological properties. The performance results of obtained diamond composites were compared with the base material (Fe–Mn–Cu–Sn–C) and the commercial alloy Co-20% WC. The hardness of composites has achieved the maximum at a temperature of 900°C; therefore, it should be considered that at this temperature it was obtained optimal physical and mechanical properties of the subjects' composites were. Research on tribological properties showed that the composites modified with micro-sized particles of the ceramic phase are characterized by more than twice higher wear resistance in comparison with base materials and the commercial alloy Co-20% WC. Composites containing Al₂O₃ phase particles in the matrix material were composites containing Al₂O₃ phase particles in the matrix material were characterized by the lowest abrasion wear resistance. The manufacturing technology presented in the paper is economically justified and can be successfully used in the production process of the matrix in sintered diamond-impregnated tools used for the machining of an industrial floor system. Acknowledgment: The study was performed under LIDER IX Research Project No. LIDER/22/0085/L-9/17/NCBR/2018 entitled “Innovative metal-diamond tools without the addition of critical raw materials for applications in the process of grinding industrial floor systems” funded by the National Centre for Research and Development of Poland, Warsaw. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abrasive%20wear%20resistance" title="abrasive wear resistance">abrasive wear resistance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20matrix%20composites" title=" metal matrix composites"> metal matrix composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sintered%20diamond%20tools" title=" sintered diamond tools"> sintered diamond tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spark%20Plasma%20Sintering" title=" Spark Plasma Sintering"> Spark Plasma Sintering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146963/metallic-diamond-tools-with-increased-abrasive-wear-resistance-for-grinding-industrial-floor-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146963.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">81</span> Industrial and Technological Applications of Brewer’s Spent Malt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francielo%20Vendruscolo">Francielo Vendruscolo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During industrial processing of raw materials of animal and vegetable origin, large amounts of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes are generated. Solid residues are usually materials rich in carbohydrates, protein, fiber and minerals. Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) is the main waste generated in the brewing industry, representing 85% of the waste generated in this industry. It is estimated that world’s BSG generation is approximately 38.6 x 106 t per year and represents 20-30% (w/w) of the initial mass of added malt, resulting in low commercial value by-product, however, does not have economic value, but it must be removed from the brewery, as its spontaneous fermentation can attract insects and rodents. For every 100 grams in dry basis, BSG has approximately 68 g total fiber, being divided into 3.5 g of soluble fiber and 64.3 g of insoluble fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin). In addition to dietary fibers, depending on the efficiency of the grinding process and mashing, BSG may also have starch, reducing sugars, lipids, phenolics and antioxidants, emphasizing that its composition will depend on the barley variety and cultivation conditions, malting and technology involved in the production of beer. BSG demands space for storage, but studies have proposed alternatives such as the use of drying, extrusion, pressing with superheated steam, and grinding to facilitate storage. Other important characteristics that enhance its applicability in bioremediation, effluent treatment and biotechnology, is the surface area (SBET) of 1.748 m2 g-1, total pore volume of 0.0053 cm3 g-1 and mean pore diameter of 121.784 Å, characterized as a macroporous and possess fewer adsorption properties but have great ability to trap suspended solids for separation from liquid solutions. It has low economic value; however, it has enormous potential for technological applications that can improve or add value to this agro-industrial waste. Due to its composition, this material has been used in several industrial applications such as in the production of food ingredients, fiber enrichment by its addition in foods such as breads and cookies in bioremediation processes, substrate for microorganism and production of biomolecules, bioenergy generation, and civil construction, among others. Therefore, the use of this waste or by-product becomes essential and aimed at reducing the amount of organic waste in different industrial processes, especially in breweries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brewer%E2%80%99s%20spent%20malt" title="brewer’s spent malt">brewer’s spent malt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agro-industrial%20residue" title=" agro-industrial residue"> agro-industrial residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignocellulosic%20material" title=" lignocellulosic material"> lignocellulosic material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20generation" title=" waste generation"> waste generation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59776/industrial-and-technological-applications-of-brewers-spent-malt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59776.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">80</span> Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Metronidazole by Planetary Ball-Milling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahriar%20Ghammamy">Shahriar Ghammamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Gholipoor"> Maryam Gholipoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metronidazole nano -powders with the average mean particle size around 90 nm were synthesized by high-energy milling using a planetary ball mill is provided. The Scattering factors, milling of time,the ball size and ball to powder ratio on the material properties powder by the Ray diffraction (XRD) study, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), IR. It has been observed that the density of nano-sized grinding balls as ball to powder ratio depends. Using the dispersion factor, the density Can be reduced below the initial particle size was achieved. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metronidazole" title="metronidazole">metronidazole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ball-milling" title=" ball-milling"> ball-milling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticles" title=" nanoparticles"> nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD%20diffraction" title=" XRD diffraction"> XRD diffraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16630/preparation-and-characterization-of-nano-metronidazole-by-planetary-ball-milling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">401</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">79</span> Observation and Experience of Using Mechanically Activated Fly Ash in Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rudolf%20Hela">Rudolf Hela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lenka%20Bodnarova"> Lenka Bodnarova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Paper focuses on experimental testing of possibilities of mechanical activation of fly ash and observation of influence of specific surface and granulometry on final properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Mechanical grinding prepared various fineness of fly ash, which was classed by specific surface in accordance with Blain and their granulometry was determined by means of laser granulometer. Then, sets of testing specimens were made from mix designs of identical composition with 25% or Portland cement CEM I 42.5 R replaced with fly ash with various specific surface and granulometry. Mix design with only Portland cement was used as reference. Mix designs were tested on consistency of fresh concrete and compressive strength after 7, 28, 60, and 90 days. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fly%20ash" title=" fly ash"> fly ash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=latent%20hydraulicity" title=" latent hydraulicity"> latent hydraulicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanically%20activated%20fly%20ash" title=" mechanically activated fly ash"> mechanically activated fly ash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2315/observation-and-experience-of-using-mechanically-activated-fly-ash-in-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2315.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">212</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">78</span> Joint Simulation and Estimation for Geometallurgical Modeling of Crushing Consumption Energy in the Mineral Processing Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzaneh%20Khorram">Farzaneh Khorram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xavier%20Emery"> Xavier Emery</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, it is aimed to create a crushing consumption energy (CCE) block model and determine the blocks with the potential to have the maximum grinding process energy consumption for the study area. For this purpose, a joint estimate (co-kriging) and joint simulation (turning band method and plurigaussian methods) to predict the CCE based on its correlation with SAG power index (SPI), A×B, and ball mill bond work Index (BWI). The analysis shows that TBCOSIM and plurigaussian have the more realistic results compared to cokriging. It seems logical due to the nature of the data geometallurgical and the linearity of the kriging method and the smoothing effect of kriging. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plurigaussian" title="plurigaussian">plurigaussian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turning%20band" title=" turning band"> turning band</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cokriging" title=" cokriging"> cokriging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometallurgy" title=" geometallurgy"> geometallurgy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182716/joint-simulation-and-estimation-for-geometallurgical-modeling-of-crushing-consumption-energy-in-the-mineral-processing-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182716.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">77</span> Superconducting Properties of Fe Doped in Cu-Site of Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3-xFexOy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Suazlina">M. A. Suazlina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Azhan"> H. Azhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20Syamsyir"> S. A. Syamsyir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Y.%20S.%20Yusainee"> S. Y. S. Yusainee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fe2O3 was doped to Bi-2223 superconductor prepared in bulk form using high purity oxide powders via solid state reaction technique with intermediate grinding. A stiochiometric of x=0.00, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 Fe are systematically added to the well balanced Bi1.6Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3-xFexOy in order to trace the effect of Fe doping to the system. Microstructure, resistive transitions, phase volume, and cell parameters were hence investigated. Substitution of Fe is found to slowly decrease the Bi-2223 phase volume and the resistive transitions for x=0.00 – 0.10 samples whereas accelerated formation of the Bi-2212 phase is detected for further substitutions. Changes in superconducting properties of Fe-doping Bi-2223 system were discussed and the findings were further compared with available literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BSCCO" title="BSCCO">BSCCO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20temperature" title=" critical temperature"> critical temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20current%20density" title=" critical current density"> critical current density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XRD" title=" XRD"> XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flux%20pinning" title=" flux pinning"> flux pinning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43230/superconducting-properties-of-fe-doped-in-cu-site-of-bi16pb04sr2ca2cu3-xfexoy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43230.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">76</span> Feasibility of Ground Alkali-Active Sandstone Powder for Use in Concrete as Mineral Admixture </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xia%20Chen">Xia Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hua-Quan%20Yang"> Hua-Quan Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shi-Hua%20Zhou"> Shi-Hua Zhou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alkali-active sandstone aggregate was ground by vertical and ball mill into particles with residue over 45 μm less than 12%, and investigations have been launched on particles distribution and characterization of ground sandstone powder, fluidity, heat of hydration, strength as well as hydration products morphology of pastes with incorporation of ground sandstone powder. Results indicated that ground alkali-active sandstone powder with residue over 45 μm less than 8% was easily obtainable, and specific surface area was more sensitive to characterize its fineness with extension of grinding length. Incorporation of sandstone powder resulted in higher water demand and lower strength, advanced hydration of C<sub>3</sub>A and C<sub>2</sub>S within 3days and refined pore structure. Based on its manufacturing, characteristics and influence on properties of pastes, it was concluded that sandstone powder was a good selection for use in concrete as mineral admixture. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete" title="concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral%20admixture" title=" mineral admixture"> mineral admixture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydration" title=" hydration"> hydration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure" title=" structure"> structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89811/feasibility-of-ground-alkali-active-sandstone-powder-for-use-in-concrete-as-mineral-admixture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89811.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">75</span> Refining Waste Spent Hydroprocessing Catalyst and Their Metal Recovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meena%20Marafi">Meena Marafi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohan%20S.%20Rana"> Mohan S. Rana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Catalysts play an important role in producing valuable fuel products in petroleum refining; but, due to feedstock’s impurities catalyst gets deactivated with carbon and metal deposition. The disposal of spent catalyst falls under the category of hazardous industrial waste that requires strict agreement with environmental regulations. The spent hydroprocessing catalyst contains Mo, V and Ni at high concentrations that have been found to be economically significant for recovery. Metal recovery process includes deoiling, decoking, grinding, dissolving and treatment with complexing leaching agent such as ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The process conditions have been optimized as a function of time, temperature and EDTA concentration in presence of ultrasonic agitation. The results indicated that optimum condition established through this approach could recover 97%, 94% and 95% of the extracted Mo, V and Ni, respectively, while 95% EDTA was recovered after acid treatment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atmospheric%20residue%20desulfurization%20%28ARDS%29" title="atmospheric residue desulfurization (ARDS)">atmospheric residue desulfurization (ARDS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deactivation" title=" deactivation"> deactivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrotreating" title=" hydrotreating"> hydrotreating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spent%20catalyst" title=" spent catalyst"> spent catalyst</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72632/refining-waste-spent-hydroprocessing-catalyst-and-their-metal-recovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">74</span> The Effect of Substrate Surface Roughness for Hot Dip Aluminizing of IN718 Alloy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aptullah%20Karakas">Aptullah Karakas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murat%20Baydogan"> Murat Baydogan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The hot dip aluminizing (HDA) process involves immersing a metallic substrate into a molten aluminum bath for several minutes, and removed from the bath and cooled down to room temperature. After the HDA process, various aluminide layers are formed as a result of interdiffusion between the substrate and the molten aluminum and between the aluminide layers. In order to form a uniform aluminide layer, the specimen must be covered and wet well by the molten aluminum. Surface roughness plays an important role in wettability, and thus, surface preparation is an important stage in determining the final surface roughness. In this study, different roughness values were achieved by grinding the surface with emery papers as 180, 320 and 600 grids. After the surface preparation, the HDA process was performed in a molten Al-Si bath at 700 ᴼC for 10 minutes. After the HDA process, a microstructural examination of the coating was carried out to evaluate the uniformity of the coating and adhesion between the substrate and the coating. According to the results, the best adhesion at the interface was observed on the specimen, which was prepared by 320 grid emery paper having a mean surface roughness (Ra) of 0.097 µm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot-dip%20aluminizing" title="hot-dip aluminizing">hot-dip aluminizing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20roughness" title=" surface roughness"> surface roughness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coating" title=" coating"> coating</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183339/the-effect-of-substrate-surface-roughness-for-hot-dip-aluminizing-of-in718-alloy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183339.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">70</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding&page=1" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">2</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grinding&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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