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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Biblia_pauperum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The <i>Biblia pauperum</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Biblia_pauperum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_of_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_of_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reproduction of motifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_of_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Transfer of ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>The message of sorrow, guilt and fear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_message_of_sorrow,_guilt_and_fear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_message_of_faith,_hope_and_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_message_of_faith,_hope_and_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>The message of faith, hope and love</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_message_of_faith,_hope_and_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Apostolic_Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Apostolic_Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Apostolic Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Apostolic_Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schemes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schemes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schemes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Life_of_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Life_of_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Life of Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Life_of_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Crucifix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crucifix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>The Crucifix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crucifix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>The Gospel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stations_of_the_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stations_of_the_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Stations of the Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stations_of_the_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Life_of_the_Virgin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Life_of_the_Virgin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Life of the Virgin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Life_of_the_Virgin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Old_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Old_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The Old Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lives_of_the_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lives_of_the_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lives of the Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lives_of_the_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophets,_apostles_and_patriarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophets,_apostles_and_patriarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Prophets, apostles and patriarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophets,_apostles_and_patriarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Reference_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Reference_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>The Reference Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Reference_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cycles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cycles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cycles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_round_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_round_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The round world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_round_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_round_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_round_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The round year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_round_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God's_gifts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God's_gifts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>God's gifts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God's_gifts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gryphons,_gargoyles,_beasts_and_cherubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gryphons,_gargoyles,_beasts_and_cherubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Gryphons, gargoyles, beasts and cherubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gryphons,_gargoyles,_beasts_and_cherubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Mural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Mosaic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosaic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Stained glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panel_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panel_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Panel painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panel_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_on_canvas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_on_canvas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Oil on canvas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_on_canvas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Wood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Mixed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> 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href="https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Poor_Man%27s_Bible">Citation bot</a> (<a href="/wiki/User:Citation_bot" title="User:Citation bot">documentation</a>)</span>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Poor Man's Bible">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Poor+Man%27s+Bible%22">"Poor Man's Bible"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Poor+Man%27s+Bible%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Poor+Man%27s+Bible%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Poor+Man%27s+Bible%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Poor+Man%27s+Bible%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Poor+Man%27s+Bible%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The term <i><b>Poor Man's Bible</b></i> has come into use in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a> to describe works of art within churches and cathedrals which either individually or collectively have been created to illustrate the teachings of the Bible for a largely illiterate population. These artworks may take the form of carvings, paintings, mosaics or stained-glass windows. In some churches a single artwork, such as a <a href="/wiki/Stained-glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained-glass">stained-glass</a> window, has the role of <i>Poor Man's Bible</i>, while in others, the entire church is decorated with a complex biblical narrative that unites in a single scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-WPS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The window has a simple round-arched top. The stained glass is supported by a lead armature of squares and circles which divide it into many separate pictures. The upper pictures show the story of the Three Wise Men. The lower part has an assortment of biblical scenes including "The Sower". The background colour is deep blue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG/300px-Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="567" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG/450px-Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG/600px-Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="4536" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Poor Man's Bible</i> window at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, 13th century, reconstructed with fragments of perhaps two other windows</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Poor Man's Bible">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Biblia_pauperum">The <i>Biblia pauperum</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Biblia pauperum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Poor Man's Bible</i> is not to be confused with the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_pauperum" title="Biblia pauperum">Biblia pauperum</a></i>, which are biblical picture books, either in <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscript</a> or <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">printed "block-book"</a> form. The illuminated <i>Biblia Pauperum</i>, despite the name given in the 1930s by German scholars, were much too expensive to have been owned by the poor, although the printed versions were much cheaper and many were probably shown to the poor for instruction. </p><p>But despite the fact that the books, at least in their earlier manuscript versions, were created for the rich, while the carvings and windows of a great church provided free entertainment and instruction to all who entered the doors, there were strong points of similarity in both subject matter and <i><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>.</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_110.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Round sections of two stained-glass windows both show a scene of a person kneeling at an altar while onlookers talk. The number of onlookers, small details and colour schemes are different." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canterbury_Cathedral_110.jpg/300px-Canterbury_Cathedral_110.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canterbury_Cathedral_110.jpg/450px-Canterbury_Cathedral_110.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canterbury_Cathedral_110.jpg/600px-Canterbury_Cathedral_110.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption>Details of two windows from Canterbury Cathedral illustrating different stories but repeating the two left-hand figures, the columns, table, candlestick and book. Left – Medieval; right – Victorian</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_of_motifs">Reproduction of motifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reproduction of motifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a world before the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printed book</a>, fidelity to the original in transcribing of books by hand was the only thing that maintained the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and other works of literature for posterity.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the written words of the document were often transcribed commentaries and illustrations. While talented illuminators added their own style and embellishments, the form of many pictures remained the same, and different scenes or motifs were repeated many times and in different media. </p><p>There is, for example a particular <a href="/wiki/Motif_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motif (art)">motif</a> of several sheep, one of which has a foot raised to scratch its ear, which occurs in Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries in <a href="/wiki/Manuscript_illumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscript illumination">manuscript illumination</a>, wall paintings and carved stone panels. A motif of paired flying winged figures which is seen on pagan Roman <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a> passed into <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> as a very commonly used portrayal of angels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The reproduction of figures from manuscripts was particularly common in stained glass windows with various <i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Pauperum" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblia Pauperum">Biblia Pauperum</a></i> being frequent sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_ideas">Transfer of ideas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transfer of ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exists a folio of drawings by <a href="/wiki/Villard_de_Honnecourt" title="Villard de Honnecourt">Villard de Honnecourt</a> from Picard in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, who between the years of about 1220 and 1230 travelled, for reasons unknown, in France and other parts of Europe as far as Hungary, producing drawings of motifs architectural, scientific and figural. The drawings, for the most part, are not original designs. They are drawn from buildings and artworks that he saw on his travels. In order that they might be utilized as designs for students, they were carefully annotated by a skilled <a href="/wiki/Calligrapher" class="mw-redirect" title="Calligrapher">calligrapher</a> and placed into a leather <a href="/wiki/Briefcase#Types" title="Briefcase">portfolio</a>. They give us a clear indication of the way in which decorative motifs and figurative subjects could be transferred from one region to another and from one artform to another. </p><p>Although the names of many <a href="/wiki/Stonemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemason">masons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painters" class="mw-redirect" title="Painters">painters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated manuscripts">illuminators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> artists are unknown, the movements of some are traceable, including: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pen and ink drawing from a medieval manuscript shows the monk kneel and bending forward beneath a line of text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg/300px-BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg/450px-BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg/600px-BritLibRoyal14CVIIFol006rMattParisSelfPort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Self portrait of the Benedictine monk, Matthew Paris</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a>, mason, was in Canterbury in 1174.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminator</a>, from St Albans, was in Trondheim in 1248.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_of_Agincourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre of Agincourt (page does not exist)">Pierre of Agincourt</a>, mason, was in Naples in 1270</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Wilfred&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Wilfred (page does not exist)">Hugh Wilfred</a>, from London, was in Avignon in 1321</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathieu_d%27Arras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathieu d'Arras (page does not exist)">Mathieu d'Arras</a>, mason, from Avignon, was in Prague in 1344</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a>, painter, from Maeseyck, was in Lisbon in 1428</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Colonia" title="Juan de Colonia">Juan de Colonia</a>, mason, from Cologne, was in Burgos in 1442</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Morow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Morow (page does not exist)">John Morow</a>, mason, from Paris, was in <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Abbey" title="Melrose Abbey">Melrose</a> in 1450</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss" title="Veit Stoss">Veit Stoss</a>, sculptor, from Nuremberg, was in Cracow in 1477</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Poor Man's Bible">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revelations">Revelations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revelations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angers_Cathedral_Christ_in_Majesty_TTaylor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The sculptured section from above a Gothic door. The pointed archway has four molded bands carved with small angels. The triangular section framed by the arch has the figure of Christ surrounded by the Four Heavenly Beasts, the eagle of St John, the winged ox of St Luke, the winged man of St Matthew and the winged lion of St Mark." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Angers_Cathedral_Christ_in_Majesty_TTaylor.JPG/300px-Angers_Cathedral_Christ_in_Majesty_TTaylor.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Angers_Cathedral_Christ_in_Majesty_TTaylor.JPG/450px-Angers_Cathedral_Christ_in_Majesty_TTaylor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Angers_Cathedral_Christ_in_Majesty_TTaylor.JPG/600px-Angers_Cathedral_Christ_in_Majesty_TTaylor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Revelation</i> – Christ in Majesty from <a href="/wiki/Angers_Cathedral" title="Angers Cathedral">Angers Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the major purposes of an artistic scheme, or <i>Poor Man's Bible</i>, within a church was to show the viewer the "Way to Salvation". In order for this to be achieved, there are two major revelations by God to humankind that the viewer should be exposed to, by the means of the artistic scheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_message_of_sorrow,_guilt_and_fear"><span id="The_message_of_sorrow.2C_guilt_and_fear"></span>The message of sorrow, guilt and fear</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The message of sorrow, guilt and fear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the <i>Poor Man's Bible</i> to fulfil its aim, the viewer needs to know and to accept the Christian premise that he/she is a sinful being and as such will be brought to trial on the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgement</a>. This Day of Judgement is described by the last book of the Bible, known as the <i>Revelation of St John</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> in which John describes many scenes, including the dreadful <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a> and a vision of the Lord seated on a throne borne up by four <i>Heavenly Beasts</i>: a winged lion, a winged man, a winged bull and an eagle, as also described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a>. </p><p>This Revelation is often depicted, with or without the Judgement and the rewards of <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and terrors of <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, above the lintel of the main entrance door. In countries where stone-carving prevails as an art, it is externally placed. In countries where murals are more common, the Last Judgement occupies the internal wall above the main door. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimabue_018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Gothic fresco showing, to the right, a carved throne on which sits the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child. Around the throne are four angels. To the left stands St Francis in a brown robe, looking small and humble. The colour of the background and robes is predominantly sky blue, but the ancient surface has flaked to show brown underpainting. The faces are gentle and realistic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cimabue_018.jpg/220px-Cimabue_018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cimabue_018.jpg/330px-Cimabue_018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cimabue_018.jpg/440px-Cimabue_018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption><i>Redemption through Love</i> – The Madonna and Child with St Francis, by <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a>, in the Lower <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">Church of St Francis at Assisi</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_message_of_faith,_hope_and_love"><span id="The_message_of_faith.2C_hope_and_love"></span>The message of faith, hope and love</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The message of faith, hope and love"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second <i>Revelation</i> that the Poor Man's Bible seeks to share with the viewer is the revelation of God's plan for humanity's <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a> through sending his son, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, to be born as a human baby, to live among people and to die a cruel death to absolve the sins committed by humanity. Jesus, as depicted on the walls, domes and windows of churches, is the <i>Revelation</i> of God's love, his grace, his mercy and his glory. This, broadly speaking, is the theme of every Poor Man's Bible. </p><p>The underlying theme of humankind's sinfulness may be illustrated in a number of ways. Although terrifying scenes of <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Christ the Judge</a> were common in medieval art, they became less common in the art of the Renaissance. On the other hand, there were numerous depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> story of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> eating the fruit that they had been forbidden by God to touch. There were also depictions of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Sins" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Deadly Sins">Seven Deadly Sins</a> and the parable of the Wise and the Foolish Bridesmaids. All this sought to confirm humankind's need to turn to Jesus to receive God's saving grace. </p><p>The Revelation of God's <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a> through Jesus might be shown in several ways. The focus might be on his <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">birth</a>, on his <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">sacrificial death</a>, on his subsequent <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a> from the dead, or upon his coming in glory. </p><p>In other churches there is a focus upon an incident or incidents which particularly involve the saint to whom the church is dedicated. For example, a church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St Thomas</a> might have above the high altar an oil painting in which Thomas sees the resurrected Jesus and proclaims him as <i>Lord</i>. A church dedicated to <a href="/wiki/St_Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis of Assisi">St Francis of Assisi</a> might focus on the miraculous moment at which the saint, while praying before a large panel <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, heard the voice of God and received on his hands the signs of the wounds of Christ's crucifixion, <a href="/wiki/The_stigmata" class="mw-redirect" title="The stigmata">the stigmata</a>. (This crucifix before which St Francis prayed in the 12th century still exists.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Apostolic_Succession">The Apostolic Succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Apostolic Succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part of the role of the decorated church was to confirm the role of <i>the Church</i>. <i>Christ's Church</i> was the body of Christian believers. But in the narrower sense it was an organization, and, particularly when under threat of heresy, humanism, division and reform, it needed to maintain and reinforce its role in offering the right way to <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantiagoMatamoros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This crudely carved statue shows St James as a bearded knight in armour with a red cloak and upraised sword. He rides a white galloping horse which is trampling the bodies of two armoured men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SantiagoMatamoros.jpg/220px-SantiagoMatamoros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SantiagoMatamoros.jpg/330px-SantiagoMatamoros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/SantiagoMatamoros.jpg/440px-SantiagoMatamoros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption><i>The Apostles</i> – Painted wooden statue of St James who is said to have come to the aid of the Spanish against the Moorish invaders, now in a museum, <a href="/wiki/Carri%C3%B3n_de_los_Condes" title="Carrión de los Condes">Carrión de los Condes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The decorative schemes in churches have often reflected <i>the Church's</i> role. One point of emphasis is to show that <i>the Church</i> was founded by the apostles and its history goes back to that time without a break. One way a church might reflect this was to have the relics of an apostle or an early martyr. There was a great trade in body parts of different religious notables. At least three churches claim to have the body of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>. </p><p>With the relics came beautiful <a href="/wiki/Reliquaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliquaries">reliquaries</a> of ivory, gold and precious stones. Some saints' remains were reported to have healing powers. This fortunate phenomenon produced <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, which was very lucrative for the church involved and, if the saint was of sufficient renown, for all the churches and monasteries that sprang up along the pilgrimage route. Three of the most popular pilgrimage churches in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> were The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> in Jerusalem, the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostella" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Compostella">Santiago de Compostella</a> in Spain and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches, particularly <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, honored their own. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Canterbury">Thomas of Canterbury</a> is an example. This archbishop was murdered by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>'s henchmen while praying at a side altar in the cathedral. The King himself made a penitent pilgrimage to the cathedral. Even though much of the stained glass has been lost over the years, there still remains two windows which show some of the many healings and miracles associated with St Thomas, both before and after his death. </p><p>In churches that are monastic, there is often an emphasis on the saints that belonged to that particular order. It is not uncommon to see religious paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin">Blessed Virgin</a> enthroned with the Christ Child and surrounded by numerous saints, including some of the 1st century, and some belonging to the particular Order who commissioned the work. </p><p>Another way for the church to confirm its role was through the administration of the rites. Some churches have decorative schemes which support this role of the church, illustrating the various rites and <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>. The Church of St John at <a href="/wiki/Tideswell" title="Tideswell">Tideswell</a> in Derbyshire has a particularly fine set of 20th-century bench-ends by Advent and William Hunstone, showing the rites of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schemes">Schemes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Schemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Poor Man's Bible">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Life_of_Jesus">The Life of Jesus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Life of Jesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cimabue_Crocefisso_di_San_Domenico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cimabue_Crocefisso_di_San_Domenico.jpg/170px-Cimabue_Crocefisso_di_San_Domenico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cimabue_Crocefisso_di_San_Domenico.jpg/255px-Cimabue_Crocefisso_di_San_Domenico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Cimabue_Crocefisso_di_San_Domenico.jpg/340px-Cimabue_Crocefisso_di_San_Domenico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2341" data-file-height="3458" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Crucifix</i> by <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> in San Domenico's Church, Arezzo, Italy</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Crucifix">The Crucifix</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Crucifix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a> is in general the most significant single narrative object in the decorative scheme of any church. During the medieval period the crucifix, called the <a href="/wiki/Rood" title="Rood">Rood</a> in England, from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <i>roda</i>, was a large crucifix placed conspicuously, often suspended in the Quire or standing on a screen separating either the Quire or the sanctuary from the rest of the church. The suspended crucifix could either be painted or carved of wood. In England where rood screens have often survived without the rood itself, it was general for the crucifix to have accompanying figures of Mary the Mother of Christ and either <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a> or <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> carrying a banner bearing the inscription "Behold, the <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>". In Italy, roods were created by some of the most famous painters and sculptors, such as <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Brunelleschi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>. In many Protestant churches the crucifix has been replaced by a simple cross without a figure, symbolically representing both the redeeming sacrifice and the resurrection to new life offered by Jesus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Gospel">The Gospel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common theme for the Poor Man's Bible is the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Christ</a>, the story of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>. This may be related in a continuous sequence of pictures, either in paint, mosaic, wood sculpture or stained glass, and located either around the walls of a church or, particularly in French Cathedrals, in niches in a screen that surrounds the Sanctuary, so that they might be seen by people walking around the <i><a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a>.</i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noli_me_tangere_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A square fresco. In a shallow stage-like space is shown the empty tomb of Jesus, like a rectangular box of pink marble. Two angels sit on its edge while four Roman soldiers lie sprawled asleep in front of it. To the extreme right, walking out of the picture frame, is Jesus, robed in white and carrying a banner symbolising Victory. He gestures to restrain Mary Magdalene, who kneels at the centre of the picture in a red cloak, and reaches out both hands to touch him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Noli_me_tangere_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/300px-Noli_me_tangere_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Noli_me_tangere_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/450px-Noli_me_tangere_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Noli_me_tangere_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg/600px-Noli_me_tangere_-_Capella_dei_Scrovegni_-_Padua_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2876" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption><i>The Resurrection</i>. <a href="/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone" class="mw-redirect" title="Giotto di Bondone">Giotto di Bondone</a>, Scrovegni Chapel, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>. c.1305</figcaption></figure> <p>Frequently only one aspect of Jesus' life is illustrated, most commonly his Death and Resurrection. But the theme may differ from church to church. A church located near a hospital might have windows that focus upon the miraculous healings. Another church might have aspects of Jesus' life that stress works of charity and service to others. These sort of themes are particularly prevalent in 19th- and 20th-century churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stations_of_the_Cross">Stations of the Cross</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stations of the Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An important form of visual narration is the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">Stations of the Cross</a></i> cycle, telling of the Passion (trial and execution) of Jesus. These appear in almost all <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Roman Catholic churches</a> and are used for devotional purposes as the prompts for a series of <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a>. The <i>Stations of the Cross</i> usually take the form of oil paintings, molded and painted plaster or carved wood set into frames and suspended on the aisle walls so that the sequence may be easily followed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Life_of_the_Virgin">The Life of the Virgin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Life of the Virgin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another form of biblical, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">extra-canonical</a>, narrative that is often illustrated is the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin</a>, in earlier periods concentrating on her early life using additional apocryphal scenes drawn from books such as the "Infancy <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>", written about the middle of the 2nd century CE. Cycles of Mary usually take the story up to the Birth of Christ, often including the visit of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a> and the Flight to Egypt, and later usually cover later scenes from the life of Mary, especially her presence at the Crucifixion, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> and her death, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Death_of_the_Virgin" title="Death of the Virgin">Death of the Virgin</a></i>, for which depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a> began to be substituted from the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firenze.Baptistry.door01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="One of ten gilt bronze panels in low relief. It shows scenes in the story of Joseph visited in Egypt by his brothers, come to beg for grain in the famine. Rear left, Joseph sits on a throne while his brothers plead. Centrally is a large circular granary surrounded by arches. To the right, a group of people load a heavy sack onto a camel. To the left, a gold cup is discovered hidden in the sack of the youngest brother, a small child. The eldest brother tears his clothes in despair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Firenze.Baptistry.door01.JPG/300px-Firenze.Baptistry.door01.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Firenze.Baptistry.door01.JPG/450px-Firenze.Baptistry.door01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Firenze.Baptistry.door01.JPG/600px-Firenze.Baptistry.door01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><i>Old Testament</i> – Joseph in Egypt from the "Gates of Paradise", <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Old_Testament">The Old Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aspect of the Old Testament that appears most frequently in a continuous narrative form is the <i><a href="/wiki/Creation_according_to_Genesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation according to Genesis">Creation</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Downfall</a></i> of humankind through the actions of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>. Surviving large-scale extensive schemes of Old Testament stories are comparatively rare. The oldest is in mosaics of the 5th century in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore</a> in Rome. There are two complete frescoed schemes in Italy, one painted by <a href="/wiki/Giusto_de_Menabuoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giusto de Menabuoi">Giusto de Menabuoi</a> in the Baptistery of the Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> in the 14th century and another of about the same date by <a href="/wiki/Bartolo_di_Fredi" title="Bartolo di Fredi">Bartolo di Fredi</a> in the Collegiate Church in <a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a>. There are some surviving schemes in stained glass, including that in the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> in Paris. By far the best known of such schemes are the one painted by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel ceiling</a> and that created in bronze for the doors of the <a href="/wiki/Battistero_di_San_Giovanni_(Florence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battistero di San Giovanni (Florence)">Baptistery</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, the so-called "Gates of Paradise". Many more schemes survive in similar small-scale carvings on portals or doors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Memling_070.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rectangular oil painting of three saints. It is set in a landfscape and divided in three section by craggy rocks along the side of a stream. Ss Maurus and Giles are robed in black as Dominican friars. Maurus has a bishop's staff and reads a book. Giles has his hand on the head of a doe. In the centre, St Christopher, with a wooden staff and red robe, wades in the stream carrying the Christ Child on his shoulders. The child is robed in black." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Memling_070.jpg/300px-Hans_Memling_070.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Memling_070.jpg/450px-Hans_Memling_070.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Memling_070.jpg/600px-Hans_Memling_070.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2485" /></a><figcaption><i>Lives of the Saints</i> – <a href="/wiki/St_Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="St Christopher">St Christopher</a> with <a href="/wiki/St_Maurus_of_Glanfeuil" class="mw-redirect" title="St Maurus of Glanfeuil">St Maurus of Glanfeuil</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="St Giles">St Giles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Memling" title="Hans Memling">Memling</a>, 1484</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lives_of_the_Saints">Lives of the Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lives of the Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many churches and cathedrals are dedicated to a particular biblical or early Christian saint and bear the name of that saint. Other churches have been founded by or have been associated with some person who was later <a href="/wiki/Canonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonisation">canonized</a>. These associations are often celebrated in the decoration of the church, to encourage worshippers to emulate the piety, good works, or steadfast faith of the saint. Sometimes saints are shown together in a sort of pictorial gallery, but the depiction of narratives is also common. This may take the form of a single incident, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sebastian" title="Saint Sebastian">Saint Sebastian</a> tied to a tree and bristling with arrows or <a href="/wiki/St_Christopher" class="mw-redirect" title="St Christopher">St Christopher</a> carrying the Christ Child across the river, or the saint's life may be shown in a narrative sequence, similar to the way in which the life of Jesus is depicted, such as the <i>Life of St Augustine</i> by <a href="/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli" title="Benozzo Gozzoli">Benozzo Gozzoli</a> in the Church of Sant' Agostino, <a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a>. </p><p>The stories of a saint's life may be based on highly reliable sources. On the other hand, some may contain fanciful elements and others may be entirely fictitious. Some of the stories are well known and the saints that they depict are easily recognized. These include St <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stephen">St Stephen</a> the first Christian martyr and <a href="/wiki/St_Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="St Francis of Assisi">St Francis of Assisi</a> preaching to the birds. There are many other saints whose recognition is highly localized. Among these is <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fina" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fina">Santa Fina</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a>, whose death and funeral were depicted in two frescoes by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Ghirlandaio" title="Domenico Ghirlandaio">Domenico Ghirlandaio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prophets,_apostles_and_patriarchs"><span id="Prophets.2C_apostles_and_patriarchs"></span>Prophets, apostles and patriarchs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prophets, apostles and patriarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo shows four of ten statues above the door of the Abbey. They are carved in a realistic and lifelike manner, full of action. Elizabeth wears nun's habit and holds a cross, King preaches with a little black girl at his feet, Romero holds a naked indigenous baby, Bonhoeffer carries a book. They are set in traditional Gothic niches with ornate carved canopies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg/300px-Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg/450px-Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Westminster_Abbey_C20th_martyrs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>20th-century martyrs, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Elizabeth_Fyodorovna" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Elizabeth Fyodorovna">Mother Elizabeth of Russia</a>, Revd <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a>, Pastor <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The depiction of <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints">saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchs">patriarchs</a> and other people associated with the church often have a place in the decorative scheme. The thematic use of such figures may be a very obvious one. There may, for example, be a row of stained glass windows showing the prophets that predicted the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>. Or within a carved stone screen might stand statues of those monarchs who were particularly devoted to the church. The apostles, usually twelve in number but sometimes accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">St Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> and others, are a frequent subject. The upright, standing figures particularly lent themselves to architectural decoration and they often appear in a columnar form around doorways or in tiers on the façades of cathedrals. </p><p>Sometimes the selection is esoteric, the choice depending on the local tradition of the church or whim of the individual who commissioned the particular work of art. Sometimes the characters depicted are easily identified because they carry particular <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">attributes</a> or emblems: <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> has a reed cross and banner and may wear a camel-skin, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> has an ointment pot, Peter carries the keys of Heaven, <a href="/wiki/St_Agatha" class="mw-redirect" title="St Agatha">St Agatha</a> has her breasts on a salver. <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrs</a> frequently carry a palm leaf or the instrument of their death. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis of Paris">St Denis</a> of Paris carries his own head, with which he is claimed to have walked all around the town. </p><p><b>List of common subjects</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ancestors_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestors of Christ">Ancestors of Christ</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophets of Israel</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Four Evangelists</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyred saints</a></li> <li>Saints of a particular region</li> <li>Saints of a particular <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_saints_and_martyrs" title="List of royal saints and martyrs">Devout rulers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Reference_Bible">The Reference Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Reference Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This stained glass window is divided into five long sections, above which the stone tracery looks like a lacey medallion. The colours are not like Medieval glass; there is a lot of bright red, pale blue, apple green, mauve and pink." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG/300px-Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG/450px-Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG/600px-Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption><i>Cross references</i> – The East Window of St Mary's Chilham, UK. The five scenes of the Death and Resurrection of Jesus are paired with Old Testament scenes which prefigure these events. nineteenth century</figcaption></figure> <p>In many of the decorative schemes that illustrate the life of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, the narrative is set into the context of related stories drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> and sometimes from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>. Certain characters of the Old Testament, through particular incidents in their lives, are seen to prefigure Jesus in different ways. Often their actions or temperament is set in contrast to that of Jesus. For example, according to the Bible, Adam, created in purity and innocence by God, fell to temptation and led humankind into sin. Jesus, on the other hand, lived a blameless life and died for the redemption of the sin of Adam and all his descendants. </p><p>The way in which the cross-referencing is achieved is usually by a simple <a href="/wiki/Juxtaposition_(literary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juxtaposition (literary)">juxtaposition</a>, particularly in mediaeval stained glass windows, where the narrative of Jesus occupies the central panels of a window and on either side are the related incidents from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>. In this, the windows have much in common with the <i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Pauperum" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblia Pauperum">Biblia Pauperum</a></i> which were often arranged in this manner, and were sometimes used as a source of design. In nineteenth- and early twentieth-century windows, the sections holding the major narrative are often larger and the Old Testament panels might be quite small. A similar arrangement is sometimes used in Early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> panel painting. </p><p>The nineteenth-century east window by <a href="/wiki/William_Wailes" title="William Wailes">William Wailes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chilham" title="Chilham">Chilham</a>, Kent, demonstrates a typical pairing of scenes such as had occurred from the medieval period. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden" title="Agony in the Garden">Jesus, in a state of agony of mind, prays in the Garden of Gethsemane</a>. He asks his disciples Peter, James and John to wait nearby, but they fall asleep, thus "abandoning" him. Below: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_the_Dreamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph the Dreamer">Joseph the Dreamer</a> is put down a well by his own brothers and abandoned.</li> <li>Jesus is made to carry his cross on the way to the execution place of Golgotha. Below: Isaac, led by his father Abraham, carries the firewood, not knowing that his father plans to sacrifice him.</li> <li>Jesus is crucified. Below: The Israelites at the Passover slay a sacrificial lamb and paint its blood on the door lintel as a sign to the angel of the Lord.</li> <li>Jesus is resurrected from the dead. Below: Jonah is spat out by a great fish which had swallowed him three days earlier.</li> <li>Jesus ascends to Heaven. Below: Elijah is carried up to Heaven by angels.</li></ul> <p>In some of the most sophisticated schemes, there is not only a reference to events of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, but also a cross-referencing of <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> events. One such scheme is that painted by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Scrovegni_Chapel" title="Scrovegni Chapel">Scrovegni Chapel</a>. At first appearance, the frescoed scenes of the birth and childhood of the Virgin and the life of Jesus seem simply to proceed around the walls in tiers, in a predictable sequence, with small painted panels of Old Testament motifs (rather than detailed scenes) between them. Close examination shows a rich contextuality. Scenes have been skillfully placed so that they contrast with or inform upon another, either placed in the same vertical row, or in immediate opposition across the building. Such juxtapositions include the wise men kneeling before the Infant Christ with Jesus washing the feet of Peter kneeling before the apostle Peter washing his feet and the <a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising of Lazarus">Raising of Lazarus</a> from the Dead with the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">Resurrection of Christ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cycles">Cycles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_round_world">The round world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The round world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creation_of_stars_and_planets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fresco. God is depicted as an old man with a long grey beard, wearing a pink garment. He is depicted twice, with great dynamic action. To the right, He is shown supported by angels, creating the Moon with his left hand, and the Sun, at the centre of the painting, with his right. To the left, He is shown from the back, creating the Earth, which is covered with plants and only partly visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Creation_of_stars_and_planets.jpg/220px-Creation_of_stars_and_planets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Creation_of_stars_and_planets.jpg/330px-Creation_of_stars_and_planets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Creation_of_stars_and_planets.jpg/440px-Creation_of_stars_and_planets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creation_of_the_Sun,_Moon_and_Vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Creation of the Sun, Moon and Vegetation">The Creation of the Sun, Moon and Vegetation</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A common theme in the art of many churches is to show the greatness of God through his <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation</a> and the order that he has placed upon it. God is often depicted in the act of creation as described in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>– making the firmament (or Earth), placing the Sun, stars and Moon in the sky or creating mankind. There are many symbolic representations of the Earth, sometimes showing the four rivers that are described in Genesis as running out of <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque art</a>, the globe is often represented, with varying degrees of accuracy. Just as <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named four rivers that divided the ancient world, there were four writers upon whose books the Christian Church rested. Convention provided four <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> points, <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">four winds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">four elements</a> of Fire, Air, Earth and Water and <a href="/wiki/Four_humours" class="mw-redirect" title="Four humours">four humors</a> affecting the human nature. The number four appeared to be part of the way in which God organized his world. It related to the fact that creatures have four limbs and buildings stand firm on four supports. Consequently, groups of four people or objects are common in Christian art, demonstrating that the <i>Church</i> is directly linked to the order of material and earthly things that God has put in place. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_cathedral_041_Seasons_Dec_Jan_Feb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Part of a large window. It is divided into four circular panels with a quatrefoil (or four-lobed section) between them and an arched segment beneath. To the lower right, a knight, Sagittarius, is being welcomed home. At the centre a man empties a water pot, symbolising Aquarius and a two-faced figure symbolises New Year. To the upper right, are the two fish of Pisces. The other sections show each month's activities: grapevine pruning, bell-ringing and sitting by the fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chartres_cathedral_041_Seasons_Dec_Jan_Feb.JPG/220px-Chartres_cathedral_041_Seasons_Dec_Jan_Feb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chartres_cathedral_041_Seasons_Dec_Jan_Feb.JPG/330px-Chartres_cathedral_041_Seasons_Dec_Jan_Feb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Chartres_cathedral_041_Seasons_Dec_Jan_Feb.JPG/440px-Chartres_cathedral_041_Seasons_Dec_Jan_Feb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><i>God's Order of the Universe</i> in the <i>Window of the Months</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>. December, January and February</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_round_year">The round year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The round year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linked to the theme of God's <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation</a> is God's Order. The God of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, who put the sun to brighten the day and the moon for the night also caused the stars to shift overhead in a particular pattern which coincided with the changing seasons and could be seen as God's guidance as to when sowing and harvesting was to take place. The ancient identities of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiacal signs</a> continued in use and were often depicted in small carvings, particularly around arched doorways, and also in stained glass where, because the pattern is cyclic, they were particularly suited to small panels in rose windows. </p><p>The Zodiac was intrinsically linked with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_the_Months" title="Labours of the Months">Labours of the Months</a>, the various tasks and activities that were performed at certain months of the year, the tending and harvesting, the hunting and feasting, and the sitting by the fire in the long cold month of February. As most people lived in rural communities, the tasks that decked the arches and windows of the churches were all too familiar. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_joseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A narrow section from a wing of a large painted altarpiece. Joseph is shown as an old man in a thick brown robe and blue turban. He is seated on a tall high-backed seat with a work bench in front of him. He is drilling a piece of wood. Other tools shown on the bench and floor are a hammer and chisel, an axe, an adze, a rasp, a knife, a gimlet and a plane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_joseph.jpg/220px-Saint_joseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_joseph.jpg/330px-Saint_joseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Saint_joseph.jpg/440px-Saint_joseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>St Joseph the Carpenter from a triptych by the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Flemalle" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Flemalle">Master of Flemalle</a>, 1425.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God's_gifts"><span id="God.27s_gifts"></span>God's gifts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: God's gifts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>God, who according to <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, made the Heaven and the Earth, also created man in his own likeness<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gave to humankind also the gift of creativity. It is a lesser theme that consistently runs through religious art. There are, in particular, and understandably, many depictions of stonemasons, woodcarvers, painters and glaziers at work. There are also countless depictions of monks, musicians and scribes. As well as these are shown spinners and weavers, merchants, cooks, carters, butchers, apothecaries, furriers, bullock drivers, fishermen and shepherds. </p><p>In general, these depictions of human living are not among those elements of decoration that could be termed <a href="/wiki/Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine Arts">Fine Arts</a>. They occupy, for the most part, places of less distinction and frequently may not be very well known. They hide in the leaves of the capitals of columns and the bosses of roofs. They form small panels on the exterior of buildings or are carved in wood beneath the <a href="/wiki/Misericords" class="mw-redirect" title="Misericords">folding seats</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">quire</a>. </p><p>On the other hand, where artworks have been sponsored by major <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a>, they may be masterpieces by renowned artists, such as the series of statues of <a href="/wiki/Patron_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron Saints">Patron Saints</a> that fill the external niches of the Church of <a href="/wiki/Orsanmichele" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="St George">St George</a>, commissioned by the armorers and now in the <a href="/wiki/Bargello" title="Bargello">Bargello</a>, is one of the best known statues of the Early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. These saints include among their number a blacksmith, a professional soldier, a doctor, a tax collector and four shoemakers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_dame-paris-view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Notre_dame-paris-view.jpg/220px-Notre_dame-paris-view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Notre_dame-paris-view.jpg/330px-Notre_dame-paris-view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Notre_dame-paris-view.jpg/440px-Notre_dame-paris-view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>A Gargoyle of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gryphons,_gargoyles,_beasts_and_cherubs"><span id="Gryphons.2C_gargoyles.2C_beasts_and_cherubs"></span>Gryphons, gargoyles, beasts and cherubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gryphons, gargoyles, beasts and cherubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cathedrals are decorated with a wide variety of creatures and characters, many of which have no obvious link to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Often the creature was seen to represent some particular vice or virtue or was believed to have a certain characteristic which could serve as a warning or as an example to the Christian believer. "Sins of the Flesh" were often represented by human figures poking out their tongues, stroking their beards, displaying their genitals or gorging on food. </p><p>Other motifs represent the Nature of Christ, or the nature of the Church. One such is that of the pelican. It was believed that a pelican was prepared to peck its own breast in order to feed its hungry young. Thus, the pelican became a symbol for the love of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> for the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Lar_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Creatures such as hares, geese, monkeys, foxes, lions, camels, <a href="/wiki/Gryphons" class="mw-redirect" title="Gryphons">gryphons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">unicorns</a>, bees, and <a href="/wiki/Storks" class="mw-redirect" title="Storks">storks</a> abound in the decorative carvings of capitals, wall arcading, ceiling bosses and the wooden fittings of cathedrals. Some, like the <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyles</a> of Notre Dame, are well known to many. Others, like the <i>Blemyah</i> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Man" title="Green Man">Green Man</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral" title="Ripon Cathedral">Ripon Cathedral</a> in England, lurk underneath the folding seats or <i>misericords</i> of the Quire.<sup id="cite_ref-Wim_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typologies">Typologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Typologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Special:EditPage/Poor Man's Bible">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoldovitaIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small chapel in the grounds of a monastery has the walls decorated with four tiers of frescos in rich colours, faded and damaged by the weather. The roof of the chapel overhangs the walls to protect the murals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/MoldovitaIV.jpg/220px-MoldovitaIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/MoldovitaIV.jpg/330px-MoldovitaIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/MoldovitaIV.jpg/440px-MoldovitaIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moldovi%C5%A3a_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldoviţa Monastery">Moldoviţa Monastery</a>, Romania</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mural">Mural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">mural</a> is a painting on the surface of a plastered wall, the term coming from the Latin <i>muralis</i>. It is cheap compared with mosaic and stained glass, and can be extremely durable under good conditions, but liable to be damaged by damp and stained by candle smoke. Narrative murals are generally located on the upper walls of churches, while the lower walls may be painted to look like marble or drapery. They also occur on <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vaulted roofs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domes" class="mw-redirect" title="Domes">domes</a>. </p><p>Murals were a common form of wall decoration in ancient Rome. The earliest Christian mural paintings come from the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">catacombs of Rome</a>. They include many representations of Christ as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Shepherd_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Good Shepherd (Christianity)">the Good Shepherd</a></i>, generally as a standardized image of a young, beardless man with a sheep on his shoulders. Other popular subjects include the <i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and Child">Madonna and Child</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> being thrown into the sea, the three young men in the furnace and the <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></i>. In one remarkable mural, in the Catacomb of the Aurelii, is the earliest image of Jesus, as he came to be commonly depicted, as a bearded, Jewish man in long robes. In this particular image he is preaching, not to a group of people but to a flock of sheep and goats, representing the faithful and the wayward. </p><p>Mural painting was to become a common form of enlightening decoration in Christian churches. Biblical themes rendered in mural can be found all over the Christian world. They are a more common form of church decoration in some regions than others. Painted churches are common throughout those areas where the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> prevails. In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> there is an unusual group of churches in which it is the exterior rather than the interior which is richly decorated, the large arcaded porches containing images of the <i><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></i>. </p><p>Mural painting was also common in Italy, where the method employed was generally <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, painting on freshly laid, slightly damp plaster. Many fine examples have survived from the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Art">Medieval</a> and Early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> periods. Remarkably, the best known example of such Biblical story-telling was not created for the edification of the poor but for the rich and powerful, the Ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_ceiling" title="Sistine Chapel ceiling">Sistine Chapel</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>. </p><p>Murals occur in France, particularly in the south where the walls tend to be wider, rather than the north where the art of stained glass prevailed. In England, few examples survived the depredations of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. Some fine Early Medieval examples exist in Germany and Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosaic">Mosaic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mosaic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apsis_mosaic,_Santa_Pudenziana,_Rome_photo_Sixtus_enhanced_TTaylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The curved surface of the roof of an apse is decorated with the scene of Christ in Majesty. He is robed in gold, seated on a throne in front of a depiction of the Holy City. The apostles look up at him, while Saint Pudenziana and her sister Prasede stand to either side carrying laurel wreaths. In the sky are shown the Four Holy Beasts, symbols of the Gospel writers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_photo_Sixtus_enhanced_TTaylor.jpg/300px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_photo_Sixtus_enhanced_TTaylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_photo_Sixtus_enhanced_TTaylor.jpg/450px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_photo_Sixtus_enhanced_TTaylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_photo_Sixtus_enhanced_TTaylor.jpg/600px-Apsis_mosaic%2C_Santa_Pudenziana%2C_Rome_photo_Sixtus_enhanced_TTaylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Late Roman mosaics in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">Santa Pudenziana</a>, Rome.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></i> is the art of decorating solid surfaces with pieces of multi-colored stone or glass set in mortar. Golden mosaic can be created by applying <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a> to a single surface of a transparent glass tile, and placing the gilt inwards towards the mortar so that it is visible but cannot be scraped. The gilt <a href="/wiki/Tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiles">tiles</a> are often used as a background to figures, giving a glowing and sumptuous effect. Mosaic can be applied equally well to flat or curved surfaces and is often used to decorate vaults and domes. In churches where mosaic is applied extensively, it gives an impression that the interior of the church has been spread with a blanket of pictures and patterns. </p><p>Mosaic was a common form of decoration throughout the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and because of its durability was usually applied to floors, where it was at first executed in pebbles or small marble tiles. During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> period glass tiles were used extensively for wall and vault decorations, the vault of the Mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Costanza" title="Santa Costanza">Santa Costanza</a> in Rome being a fine example of decorative, non-narrative Christian mosaic. A perhaps unique example of Late Roman pictorial mosaic is the magnificent apsidal mosaic of the Church of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Pudenziana" title="Santa Pudenziana">Santa Pudenziana</a>. The nearby church, dedicated to her sister <a href="/wiki/Santa_Prassede" title="Santa Prassede">Santa Prassede</a>, has mosaics which are Byzantine in style. </p><p>Mosaic was a favorite form of decoration in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine period</a> and richly decorated churches in this style can be seen throughout <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and other countries. In the 19th century, gold mosaics were applied to the domes of the chancel of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London, illustrating the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">creation</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, however, it was rare north of the Alps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone">Stone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Stone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four carved figures are set between columns and are mounted against the wide angled jamb of a medieval door. The figures are paired to illustrate two stories. To the left, a smiling angel approaches Mary who raises her hand. in the right groupt, Mary approaches her elderly cousin Elizabeth who turns her eyes to heaven. The style of the two groups is entirely different, the first being simpler and more elegant, the second having very elaborate drapery and realistic detail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/300px-Reims6.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/450px-Reims6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Reims6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><i>Annunciation and Visitation</i> in <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> in stone is seemingly the most permanent way of creating images. Because stone is durable to the weather, it is the favored way of adding figurative decoration to the exteriors of church buildings, either with free-standing statues, figures that form a structural part of the building, or panels of pictorial reliefs. Unfortunately with the pollution and <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> of the 19th and 20th centuries, much architectural sculpture that had remained reasonably intact for centuries has rapidly deteriorated and become unrecognizable in the last 150 years. On the other hand, much sculpture that is located within church buildings is as fresh as the day it was carved. Because it is often made of the very substance of the building which houses it, narrative stone sculpture is often found internally to be decorating features such as <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a>, or as figures located within the apertures of stone screens. </p><p>The first Christian sculpture took the form of sarcophagi, or stone coffins, modelled on those of non-Christian Romans which were often pictorially decorated. Hence, on Christian sarcophagi there were often small narrative panels, or images of Christ enthroned and surrounded by Saints. In Byzantine Italy, the application of stone reliefs of this nature spread to <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i> (bishop's thrones), <i><a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">ambo</a></i> (reading lecterns), well heads, <i><a href="/wiki/Baldachin" title="Baldachin">baldachin</a></i> (canopy over altar) and other objects within the church, where it often took on symbolic form such as paired doves drinking from a chalice. Capitals of columns tended to be decorative, rather than narrative. It was in Western Europe, Northern France in particular, that sculptural narrative reached great heights in the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> periods, decorating, in particular, the great West Fronts of the cathedrals, the style spreading from there to other countries of Europe. In England, figurative architectural decoration most frequently was located in vast screens of niches across the West Front. Unfortunately, like the frescoes and windows, they were decimated in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leuben_-_Himmelfahrtskirche_Altarfenster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rose window of simple form having a circle with eight lobes like a flower. It has glass showing Christ rising into heaven watched by apostles and angels. Below are five arched windows each with a saint. Red and yellow are the predominant colours" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leuben_-_Himmelfahrtskirche_Altarfenster.jpg/220px-Leuben_-_Himmelfahrtskirche_Altarfenster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leuben_-_Himmelfahrtskirche_Altarfenster.jpg/330px-Leuben_-_Himmelfahrtskirche_Altarfenster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Leuben_-_Himmelfahrtskirche_Altarfenster.jpg/440px-Leuben_-_Himmelfahrtskirche_Altarfenster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass <i>Ascension</i>, Himmelfahrtskirche, Dresden-Leuben, 1901.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stained_glass">Stained glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> windows are created by cutting pieces of colored glass to match a drawn template and setting them into place in a mesh of lead <i><a href="/wiki/Came" title="Came">cames</a></i> and supporting the whole with rigid metal bars. Details such as facial features can be painted on the surface of the glass, and stains of bright yellow applied to enliven white areas. The effect is to add an appearance of brilliance and richness to a church interior, while the media lends itself to narratives. If the lead is properly maintained, stained glass is extremely durable and many windows have been in place for centuries. </p><p>In Italy, during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period, windows were often filled with thin slices of <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a>, which although not figurative, gave a brightly patterned effect when sunlight was transmitted through them. There is a rare example of alabaster being used for a figurative subject in the Dove of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>, in the chancel of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St Peter's</a> in Rome. The earliest known figurative stained glass panel is a small head of Christ (with many fragments missing) found in a ditch near the royal abbey of <a href="/wiki/Lorsch_Abbey" title="Lorsch Abbey">Lorsch-an-der-Bergstrasse</a> and thought to date from the 9th century. Although a few panels dating from the 10th and 11th centuries exist in museums, the earliest known that are in situ are four panels of <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a> and three prophets at <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Cathedral" title="Augsburg Cathedral">Augsburg Cathedral</a> in Germany dating from about 1100.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stained Glass windows were a major art form in the cathedrals and churches of France, Spain, England and Germany. Although not as numerous, there are also some fine windows in Italy, notably the rose window by <a href="/wiki/Duccio" title="Duccio">Duccio</a> in Siena Cathedral and those at the base of the dome in <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>, which were designed by the most famous Florentine artists of the early 15th century including <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> of the 19th century, stained glass returned as a major Christian art form in churches across the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panel_painting">Panel painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Panel painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentile_da_Fabriano_Adoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painted altarpiece in the International Gothic style. The Virgin Mary and Christ Child sit to the extreme left, attended by several women. At the centre, the Three Kings stand and kneel before the child. To the right, and winding away into the distance is a procession of the king's retinue. The painting is remarkable for its elaborate and decorative treatment, many surfaces being embossed and gilded in different patterns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_Adoration.jpg/300px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_Adoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_Adoration.jpg/450px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_Adoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Gentile_da_Fabriano_Adoration.jpg/600px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_Adoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="730" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Kings_(Gentile_da_Fabriano)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Three Kings (Gentile da Fabriano)">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> by Gentile da Fabriano (1423), Florence, <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Panel paintings are those done on specially prepared wooden surfaces. Before the technique of oil painting was introduced by the Dutch masters of the 15th century, panel paintings was done using <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a>, in which powdered color was mixed with egg yolk. It was applied on a white ground, the colors being built up in layers, with tiny brushstrokes, the details often finished with gold leaf. With the invention of oil painting and its introduction to Italy and other countries of Europe, it became easier to create large works of art. </p><p>In the 1st century a similar technique was employed in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to paint funerary portraits. Many of these remain in excellent condition. <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">Tempera</a> panels were a common art form in the Byzantine world and are the preferred method for creating icons. Because the method was very meticulous, tempera paintings are often small, and were frequently grouped into a single unit with hinged sections, known as a diptych, triptych or <a href="/wiki/Polyptych" title="Polyptych">polyptych</a>, depending on its number of parts. Some large altarpiece paintings exist, particularly in Italy where, in the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Duccio_di_Buoninsegna" class="mw-redirect" title="Duccio di Buoninsegna">Duccio di Buoninsegna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> created the three magnificent <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonnas</a> that now hang in the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>, but were once housed in the churches of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. With the development of oil painting, oil on panel began to replace tempera as a favored method of enhancing a church. The <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil paint</a> lent itself to a richer and deeper quality of color than tempera, and permitted the painting of textures in ways that were highly realistic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravaggio-Crucifixion_of_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This painting is starkly realistic and is lit by dramatic lighting. It is viewed from a low angle which reveals the Peter's face as three men work to erect the cross on which he is nailed head downwards. One man drags on a rope, one lifts and the other is beneath the cross with his shoulder under it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Caravaggio-Crucifixion_of_Peter.jpg/220px-Caravaggio-Crucifixion_of_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Caravaggio-Crucifixion_of_Peter.jpg/330px-Caravaggio-Crucifixion_of_Peter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Caravaggio-Crucifixion_of_Peter.jpg/440px-Caravaggio-Crucifixion_of_Peter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_St_Peter_(Caravaggio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion of St Peter (Caravaggio)">Crucifixion of St. Peter</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, 1601, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Popolo" title="Santa Maria del Popolo">Santa Maria del Popolo</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_on_canvas">Oil on canvas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Oil on canvas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">Oil paint</a> comprises ground pigment mixed with <a href="/wiki/Linseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Linseed">linseed</a> and perhaps other oils. It is a medium which takes a long time to dry, and lends itself to varied methods and styles of application. It can be used on a rigid wooden panel, but because it remains flexible, it can also be applied to a base of <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> made from densely woven <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> flax, hence, the linseed oil and the canvas base are both products of the same plant which is harvested in Northern Europe. With canvas spread over a wooden frame as a base, paintings can be made very large and still light in weight, and relatively transportable though liable to damage. In the latter 15th century, oil paintings were generally done in a meticulous manner that simulated the smoothness and luminescent layering of tempera. In the 16th century the handling of the paint became freer and painters exploited the possibility of laying paint on in broad, visible and varied brushstrokes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oil_paintings" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil paintings">Oil paintings</a> initially became a popular method for producing <a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">altarpieces</a> and soon replaced tempera for this purpose. The ease with which large paintings could be created meant that not only did very large altar paintings proliferate, taking the place of polyptychs made of small panels, but because they were of relatively light weight, such pictures could be used on ceilings, by setting them into wooden frames and without the trouble of the artist having to work laboriously on a <a href="/wiki/Scaffold" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaffold">scaffold</a>. Famous Venetian painters, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a> produced many such pictures. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> painted a <i><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Christ">Passion of Christ</a></i> in a number of large canvases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Wood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hochaltar_Chur_Kathedrale_St._Mari%C3%A4_Himmelfahrt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The central section of an elaborately carved, painted and gilded altarpiece showing the Virgin Mary and Christ Child seated in majesty and surrounded by saints and angels. Although the flesh and some details are painted in colour, most of the surfaces are gilt. The figures are all chubby-faced and have a charming quality." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hochaltar_Chur_Kathedrale_St._Mari%C3%A4_Himmelfahrt.jpg/300px-Hochaltar_Chur_Kathedrale_St._Mari%C3%A4_Himmelfahrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hochaltar_Chur_Kathedrale_St._Mari%C3%A4_Himmelfahrt.jpg/450px-Hochaltar_Chur_Kathedrale_St._Mari%C3%A4_Himmelfahrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hochaltar_Chur_Kathedrale_St._Mari%C3%A4_Himmelfahrt.jpg/600px-Hochaltar_Chur_Kathedrale_St._Mari%C3%A4_Himmelfahrt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Altarpiece from Chur, Switzerland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the nature of wood lends itself to easy working it has been a favored material for decorative fittings within churches. It can be carved, veneered and inlaid with other materials. It can be lacquered, painted or gilt. It can be used for artefacts and free-standing <a href="/wiki/Sculptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculptures">sculptures</a>. It is relatively robust unless finely carved, but must be protected from mold and insects. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine period</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> rather than wood was the preferred material for carving into small religious objects, caskets, panels and furniture, the <a href="/wiki/Throne_of_Maximianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne of Maximianus">throne</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maximianus_of_Ravenna" title="Maximianus of Ravenna">Maximianus of Ravenna</a>, with carved reliefs of Biblical stories and saints, being the finest example. The oldest large wooden sculpture to have survived in Europe is the painted and gilt oak <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_Gero" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop Gero">Archbishop Gero</a> (969-971), in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>. Subsequent to this time, there are an increasing number of surviving large Crucifixes and free-standing statues, large and small, often of the Virgin and Child. Much of the wooden furniture in churches is richly decorated with carved figures, as are structural parts such as roof bosses and beams. Carved and decorated wooden screens and reredos remain from the 13th century onwards. In Germany, in particular, the skill of making carved altarpieces reached a high level in the Late <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a>/Early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> wood carving reached a height in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Baroque period</a>, when the great pulpits were carved. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_reliquary_of_the_Twenty_Martyrs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The reliquary is a large rectangular box with a gabled lid, giving it the appearance of a small temple. It is sculptured with architectonic details in the Gothic style and rests on feet in the shape of small lions. It has nine sculptured niches on each side and three at the ends in which stand small statues of the martyrs and patron saints. While there are a number of semi precious stones in the apex of each niche, the richness of the object comes from the delicate and elaborate quality of the metalwork demonstrating many techniques such as filigree, engraving and embossing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Brussels_reliquary_of_the_Twenty_Martyrs.jpg/220px-Brussels_reliquary_of_the_Twenty_Martyrs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Brussels_reliquary_of_the_Twenty_Martyrs.jpg/330px-Brussels_reliquary_of_the_Twenty_Martyrs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Brussels_reliquary_of_the_Twenty_Martyrs.jpg/440px-Brussels_reliquary_of_the_Twenty_Martyrs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Reliquary of the Twenty Martyrs, Flemish, Gothic</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a> can take a vast number of forms, from a tiny <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a> to a large statue or elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tomb</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">screen</a>. The metals used can range from the finest gold leaf or silver filigree to cast <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>. Metal was commonly used for <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> vessels, for <a href="/wiki/Candelabra" title="Candelabra">candelabra</a> and all types of small fittings, and lent itself to being richly decorated by a number of techniques. It can be molded, hammered, twisted, engraved, inlaid and gilded. If properly maintained, metal is extremely durable. Most metal articles appearing to be gold are <a href="/wiki/Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">Silver-gilt</a> or gilt bronze. </p><p>From the early Byzantine period there remains a number of <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a> vessels, some of which, like the <i>paten</i> found at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Repousse" class="mw-redirect" title="Repousse">repousse</a> decoration of religious subjects. From the 8th century come Byzantine crucifixes and the famous <a href="/wiki/Ardagh_Chalice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardagh Chalice">Ardagh Chalice</a> from Ireland, decorated with <a href="/wiki/Cloisonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloisonne">cloisonne</a>. From the Romanesque period onwards are the golden Altar frontal of <a href="/wiki/Basel_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Cathedral">Basel Cathedral</a> (1022), <a href="/wiki/Bonanno_Pisano" title="Bonanno Pisano">Bonanno Pisano</a>'s bronze doors at <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a> (1185), the font of <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s,_Hildesheim" class="mw-redirect" title="St Michael's, Hildesheim">St Michael's, Hildesheim</a> (1240) and reliquaries, altar frontals and other such objects. In the early 15th century the renowned sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> was commissioned to create series of figures for the chancel screen of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Sant%27Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di Sant'Antonio">Basilica di Sant'Antonio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen_Altar_Nahansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The altar and the reredos that rises behind it together are an example of German Baroque church fitting. They have polychrome marbled surfaces of pink and grey which match the columns of the church. The reredos is heavily architectonic with columns, niches, scrolls and pediments of different shapes which rise in stages to a plinth on which rests a Medieval statue of the Virgin Mary grieving over the body of Christ. On the level below this is a statue of the Lamb of God. In the niche beneath is a silver cross of Medieval design. Beneath this is a gilt metal sacrament cupboard. The central objects are surrounded by a profusion of shiny white stucco cherubs, angels and saints. Across the front of the marble altar is the name "Jesus" is elaborate capital letters. The altar is decked with a lace-edged cloth, flowers and a Bible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen_Altar_Nahansicht.jpg/170px-Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen_Altar_Nahansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen_Altar_Nahansicht.jpg/255px-Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen_Altar_Nahansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen_Altar_Nahansicht.jpg/340px-Wallfahrtskirche_Steinhausen_Altar_Nahansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Altar of the Sacrament, Wallfahrtskirche, Steinhausen.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed">Mixed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Mixed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is normal for many objects to combine several media. Oil paintings, for example, usually come in ornate frames of gilt wood. Among the most sumptuous and decorative objects that are to be found within churches are those constructed of mixed media, in which any of the above may be combined. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Mark%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mark's Basilica">St. Mark's Basilica</a> of Venice houses the <a href="/wiki/Pala_d%27Oro" title="Pala d'Oro">Pala d'Oro</a>, an altarpiece pieced together over several hundred years so that it has elements of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine arts</a>. The Pala d'Oro is made of gold and is set with <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewels">jewels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-precious_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-precious stones">semi-precious stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carvings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gems" class="mw-redirect" title="Engraved gems">engraved gems</a>, often from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> were highly valued, and given elaborate mounts in goldsmith work. In the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> the use of mixed media reached a high point as great altarpieces were constructed out of <a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">pietra dura</a> and marble, wood and metal, often containing oil paintings as well. Some of these altarpieces create illusionistic effects, as if the viewer were having a vision. Other objects that are commonly of mixed media are devotional statues, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, which most commonly have faces of painted plaster, but also of wax, ivory, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>. They are often dressed in elaborate satin garments decorated with metallic braid and lace, pearls, beads and occasionally jewels and may be decked with jewelry and trinkets offered by the faithful. </p><p>Another mixed-media art form is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tableau" class="extiw" title="wikt:tableau">tableau</a>, which may comprise a <a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a> or a Christmas <a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Creche</a>. These may be elaborate and exquisite, or may be assembled by the Sunday School using cotton-reels bodies, <a href="/wiki/Ping-pong" class="mw-redirect" title="Ping-pong">ping-pong</a> ball heads and bottle-top crowns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collegiale-Thann-p1010093.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Collegiale-Thann-p1010093.jpg/300px-Collegiale-Thann-p1010093.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Collegiale-Thann-p1010093.jpg/450px-Collegiale-Thann-p1010093.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Collegiale-Thann-p1010093.jpg/600px-Collegiale-Thann-p1010093.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint-Thi%C3%A9baut_Church,_Thann" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Thiébaut Church, Thann">Saint-Thiébaut church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thann,_Haut-Rhin" title="Thann, Haut-Rhin">Thann, Haut-Rhin</a> (Gothic, 14th century). The <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympana</a> of the main portal.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The decoration of the Baptistery of <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, a small cubic domed church which stands next to the <a href="/wiki/Padua_Cathedral" title="Padua Cathedral">city's cathedral</a>, executed by <a href="/wiki/Giusto_de%27_Menabuoi" title="Giusto de' Menabuoi">Giusto de' Menabuoi</a>, comprises one of the most complete and comprehensive frescoed Poor Man's Bibles (1376–78).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiata_di_San_Gimignano" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiata di San Gimignano">The Collegiate church of San Gimignano</a> contains a remarkably intact and consistent scheme by a number of different painters, comprising a <i>Last Judgement</i>, an Old Testament narrative including the <i>Story of Job</i> and the<i> Life of Christ</i>, as well as several other frescoes and artworks.</li> <li>The mosaic scheme of <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> in Venice covers the portals, porches, walls, vaults, domes and floors. There are also a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_architecture_of_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral architecture of Western Europe">Rood Screen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pala_d%27Oro" title="Pala d'Oro">Pala d'Oro</a>, as well as reliquaries of every imaginable description.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Chartres">Chartres Cathedral</a> contains an incomparable range of stained glass, including some of the earliest <i>in situ</i> in the world. It also has three richly carved Gothic portals of which the stylized 12th-century figures of the western Royal Portal are the earliest.</li> <li>The western façade of <a href="/wiki/Thann,_Haut-Rhin" title="Thann, Haut-Rhin">Thann, Haut-Rhin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saint-Thi%C3%A9baut_Church,_Thann" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Thiébaut Church, Thann">Collegiate church of Saint-Thiébaut</a>, features a particularly vast and ornate portal, whose multiple <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archivolt" title="Archivolt">archivolts</a> and surrounding statues depict 150 scenes from the Old and the New Testament with over 500 different figures.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> contains a greater number of early Gothic windows than any other English Cathedral. While the 19th century saw the removal of some of the glass to museums and private collections, with reproductions put in their place, much still remains, including the fragmentary Poor Man's Bible window (reproduced above).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isenheim_Altarpiece" title="Isenheim Altarpiece">Isenheim Altarpiece</a> by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewald" title="Matthias Grünewald">Matthias Grünewald</a> (1506–1515) shows scenes of the birth, crucifixion and glory of Christ. The sick would be placed to sleep in front of the image of the crucified Christ, in the hope of healing. Different aspects of the altarpiece would be revealed in different seasons of the year. The church in which it is housed is now open as a museum.</li> <li>The Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> contains the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_Altarpiece" title="Ghent Altarpiece">Ghent Altarpiece</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_van_Eyck" title="Hubert van Eyck">Hubert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Eyck" title="Jan van Eyck">Jan van Eyck</a> (1432). It is a Poor Man's Bible within itself, the various scenes representing the Fall of Man and the Salvation, with the Mystic Lamb of God and the enthroned Christ at its center.</li> <li>The church of <a href="/wiki/San_Zaccaria_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Zaccaria di Venezia">San Zaccaria</a> in Venice contains a series of huge oil paintings by many of Venice's best-known painters, illustrating the story of <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (priest)">St Zachariah</a> was the father of John the Baptist, as told in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>. The church also houses <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/San_Zaccaria_Altarpiece" title="San Zaccaria Altarpiece">altarpiece of the Madonna and Child surrounded by Saints</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The windows of <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney">St Andrew's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> make up one of the earliest complete schemes of English 19th-century glass. It shows the Life of Jesus, the Miracles and the Parables. The set was completed and installed by Hardman of Birmingham for the consecration in 1868. A short walk away is St Mary's Catholic Cathedral with another cycle of Hardman windows dating from the 1880s to the 1930s.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">Nativity of Jesus in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy">Sacri Monti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cathedrals">List of cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_characteristics_of_European_cathedral_architecture" title="List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture">List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WPS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WPS_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter P. Snyder, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xrysostom.com/askthepastor/columns/0190.txt">Ask the Pastor: Poor Man's Bible</a> (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art101/Art101B-7-EarlyMedieval/WebPage-Full.00033.html">Art101B--Aguilar - Scribe Ezra Rewriting the Sacred Records, from Codex Amiatinus. early 8th century</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHouseCanterbury" class="citation web cs1">House, Canterbury Cathedral Cathedral; Canterbury, 11 The Precincts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/">"Welcome to Canterbury Cathedral"</a>. <i>www.canterbury-cathedral.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canterbury-cathedral.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Canterbury+Cathedral&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Canterbury+Cathedral+Cathedral&rft.au=Canterbury%2C+11+The+Precincts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canterbury-cathedral.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Man%27s+Bible" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Book of Genesis, chapter 1 Holy Bible</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 2:10–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 1:26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lar-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lar_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wim-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wim_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wim Swaan, <i>The Gothic Cathedral</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101211357/http://www.reep.org/resources/easter2002/index.html">"The Green Man"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reep.org/resources/easter2002/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Green+Man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freep.org%2Fresources%2Feaster2002%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Man%27s+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldart.sjsu.edu/VieO2992$596*3954316">World Art</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/UK/Britain_South_and_West/Canterbury_Cathedral/Canterbury_Stained_Glass/Canterbury_Stained%20Glass.htm">http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/UK/Britain_South_and_West/Canterbury_Cathedral/Canterbury_Stained_Glass/Canterbury_Stained%20Glass.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822141443/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Venice%20%26%20N%20Italy/Venice/San%20Zaccaria.htm">"San Zaccaria, Venice"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paradoxplace.com/Perspectives/Venice%20&%20N%20Italy/Venice/San%20Zaccaria.htm">the original</a> on August 22, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Zaccaria%2C+Venice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paradoxplace.com%2FPerspectives%2FVenice%2520%26%2520N%2520Italy%2FVenice%2FSan%2520Zaccaria.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoor+Man%27s+Bible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading.">Further reading.</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Donald Attwater – <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Saints</i>, Penguin Books (1965)</li> <li>Luciano Berti – <i>Florence, the City and its Art</i>, Becocci Editore (1979)</li> <li>Luciano Berti – <i>The Uffizi</i>, Becocci Editore (1971)</li> <li>Sarah Brown – <i>Stained Glass, an Illustrated History</i>, Bracken Books (1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85891-157-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85891-157-5">1-85891-157-5</a></li> <li>T. Francis Bumpus – <i>The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium</i>, T. Werner Laurie Ltd (1928)</li> <li>P. and C. Cannon Brooks – <i>Baroque Churches</i>, Paul Hamlyn (1969)</li> <li>Enzo Carli – <i>Sienese Painting</i>, Summerfield Press (1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-584-50002-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-584-50002-5">0-584-50002-5</a></li> <li>Andre Chastel – <i>The Art of the Italian Renaissance</i>, Alpine Fine Arts Collection <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88168-139-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88168-139-3">0-88168-139-3</a></li> <li>Kenneth Clark, David Finn – <i>The Florence Baptistery Doors</i>, Thames and Hudson (1980)</li> <li>Sarel Eimerl – <i>The World of Giotto</i>, Time-Life Books, Amsterdam (1967) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900658-15-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-900658-15-0">0-900658-15-0</a></li> <li>Mgr. Giovanni Foffani – <i>Padua – Baptistery of the Cathedral</i>, Edizioni G Deganello (1988)</li> <li>Andre Grabar – <i>The Beginnings of Christian Art</i>, Thames and Hudson (1966)</li> <li>Howard Hibbard – <i>Masterpieces of Western Sculpture</i>, (1977)</li> <li>Rene Huyghe, editor – <i>Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art</i>, Paul Hamlyn (1963)</li> <li>Simon Jenkins – <i>England's Thousand Best Churches</i>, Allen Lane, Penguin Press (1999) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9281-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9281-6">0-7139-9281-6</a></li> <li>Andrew Martindale – <i>The Rise of the Artist in the Middle Ages and Early Renaissance</i>, Thames and Hudson (1972) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-56006-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-56006-4">0-500-56006-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_M%C3%A2le" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Mâle">Emile Mâle</a>, <i>The Gothic Image: Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century</i>, English translation of 3rd ed, 1913, Collins, London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0064300322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0064300322">978-0064300322</a></li> <li>Wim Swan – <i>The Gothic Cathedral</i>, Omega Books (1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907853-48-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-907853-48-X">0-907853-48-X</a></li> <li>Wim Swan – <i>Art and Architecture of the Late Middle Ages</i>, Omega Books (1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907853-35-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-907853-35-8">0-907853-35-8</a></li> <li>Rosella Vantaggi – <i>San Gimignano, Town of Fine Towers</i>, Plurigraf-Narni-Terni (1979)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poor_Man%27s_Bible&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.classicalmosaics.com/photo_album.htm">Gallery of Ancient Mosaics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618050428/http://www.villardman.net/diction.html">Villard de Honnecourt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catacombe.roma.it/">The Catacombs of Rome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejoyofshards.co.uk/history/index.shtml">The Joy of Shards- History of Mosaic Art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309001809/http://www.initaly.com/regions/friuli/tiepolo.htm">Udine, the City of Tiepolo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/html/m/michelan/3sistina/index.html">Frescoes in the Sistine Chapel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artchive.com/artchive/T/tintoretto.html">Jacopo Robusti Tintoretto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.bawue.de/~wmwerner/essling/english/glas01.html">Medieval Stained Glass windows from Esslingen am Neckar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516021154/http://www.invenicetoday.com/art-tour/churches/churches.htm">Churches of Venice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchmousewebsite.co.uk/">The Churchmouse Website</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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