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id="toc-Suppressing_peaceful_criticism_begets_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suppressing_peaceful_criticism_begets_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Suppressing peaceful criticism begets violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suppressing_peaceful_criticism_begets_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Freedom of speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legitimacy_and_Israeli_uniqueness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimacy_and_Israeli_uniqueness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legitimacy and Israeli uniqueness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimacy_and_Israeli_uniqueness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Legitimacy_of_the_State_of_Israel##" title="Talk:Legitimacy of the State of Israel">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/400px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Israel" title="Emblem of Israel">Israeli national emblem</a>, showcasing a <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">menorah</a> surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Olive_branch" title="Olive branch">olive branches</a> with "Israel" written in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> below it.</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>Since the founding of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948, a number of countries and individuals have challenged its <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupation of Arab territories</a>, or both. Over the course of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, the country's authority has been questioned on a number of fronts. <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">Critics of Israel</a> may be motivated by their opposition to the country's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_exist" title="Right to exist">right to exist</a> or, since the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 Arab–Israeli War</a>, their disapproval of the established power structure within the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a>. Increasingly, Israel has been <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">accused of apartheid</a>. Israel regards such criticism as an attempt to de-legitimize it.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) as a <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">full member state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has bilateral ties with each of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">UNSC Permanent Five</a>. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_of_the_State_of_Israel&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 28 of the 193 UN member states do not <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognize Israeli sovereignty</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> accounts for 25 of the 28 non-recognizing countries, with <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> representing the remainder. Most of the governments opposed to Israel have cited the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> as the basis for their stance. </p><p>In the early 1990s, Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and Palestinian political leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> exchanged the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition" title="Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition">Letters of Mutual Recognition</a>. Pursuant to this correspondence, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO) formally recognized Israel's right to exist as a sovereign state while Israel formally recognized the PLO as a legitimate entity representing the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian people</a>. This development set the stage for negotiations towards achieving a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> (i.e., Israel alongside the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>) through what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_normalization_and_legitimacy">Diplomatic normalization and legitimacy</h2></div> <p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legitimacy_of_the_State_of_Israel&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 30 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_member_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations member state">United Nations member states</a> do not recognise the State of Israel: 13 of the 21 UN members in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>: Algeria, Comoros, Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen; a further nine members of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mali, Niger, and Pakistan; and Cuba, North Korea and Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-usres_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usres-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, nine members of the Arab League recognise Israel: Bahrain,<sup id="cite_ref-Baharain_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baharain-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordan,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mauritania,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oman,<sup id="cite_ref-israel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-israel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudan,<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_U.S._Israel_Sudan_Deal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_U.S._Israel_Sudan_Deal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United Arab Emirates<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Palestine;<sup id="cite_ref-kd_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kd-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most of the non-Arab members of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation also recognise Israel. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hussein_Clinton_Rabin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hussein_Clinton_Rabin.jpg/280px-Hussein_Clinton_Rabin.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Hussein_Clinton_Rabin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>A handshake between <a href="/wiki/Hussein_I_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein I of Jordan">Hussein I of Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, during the Israel-Jordan peace negotiations, 25 July 1994</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s, Islamic and leftist movements in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> attacked the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_Treaty_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace">Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace</a> as legitimization.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant minorities in Jordan see Israel as an illegitimate state, and reversing the normalization of diplomatic relations was central to Jordanian discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002 the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> unanimously adopted the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a> at their Beirut summit. The comprehensive peace plan called for full normalization of Arab-Israeli relations in return for full Israeli withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">territories occupied in June 1967</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LR2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LR2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turki_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Turki bin Faisal Al Saud">Turki al-Faisal</a> of Saudi Arabia said that in endorsing the initiative every Arab state had "made clear that they will pay the price for peace, not only by recognising Israel as a legitimate state in the area, but also to normalise relations with it and end the state of hostilities that had existed since 1948."<sup id="cite_ref-IB2008_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IB2008-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ORG_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ORG-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_Authority_and_Hamas">Palestinian Authority and Hamas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton,_Yitzhak_Rabin,_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/280px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/420px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/560px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> at the Oslo Accords signing ceremony, 13 September 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1988 the Palestine Liberation Organization accepted the existence of the state of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_I_Accord" title="Oslo I Accord">Oslo I Accord</a> in 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> and Israel conditionally recognized each other's right to govern specific areas of the country. This boosted Israel's legal authority and legitimacy on the international stage.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palestinian Authority leader <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> said while speaking at the UN regarding Palestinian recognition, "We did not come here seeking to delegitimize a state established years ago, and that is Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, in contrast, does not recognize Israel as a legitimate government. Furthermore, Hamas denies the legitimacy of the Oslo I Accord.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhetoric_of_delegitimization">Rhetoric of delegitimization</h2></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">Palestinian legislative election of 2006</a> and Hamas' <a href="/wiki/Governance_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance of the Gaza Strip">governance of the Gaza Strip</a>, the term "<a href="/wiki/Delegitimisation" title="Delegitimisation">delegitimisation</a>" has been frequently applied to rhetoric surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_pejorative_terminology">Use of pejorative terminology</h3></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in 1979, Iran's official position has been to not recognize the State of Israel, often employing pejorative terminology in its rhetoric, with Iranian officials and state-controlled media frequently refer to Israel as the "Zionist regime" and "Occupied Palestine".<sup id="cite_ref-Jaspal2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaspal2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the term "Zionist regime" instead of "State of Israel" in Iranian discourse implies that Israel is not a legitimate sovereign state but rather an oppressive regime. The people of Israel are often labeled not as Israelis but as "Zionists", furthering the narrative of illegitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaspal2014_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaspal2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such rhetoric has been consistent in Iranian media, especially in English-language publications targeting international audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaspal2014_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaspal2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, Jordan's linguistic approach towards Israel underwent a significant transformation following the peace treaty signed on October 26, 1994. Prior to the treaty, Jordanian media employed terms like "Filastiin" (Palestine), "al-ardh al-muhtallah" (the occupied land), and "al-kayaan as-suhyuuni" (the Zionist entity), mirroring the state of war and ideological conflict. However, post-peace, there was a noticeable shift to more neutral terms such as "Israel" and "the state of Israel".<sup id="cite_ref-JordanianJournalisticArabic_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JordanianJournalisticArabic-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy_rhetoric_as_antisemitism">Legitimacy rhetoric as antisemitism</h3></div> <p>Delegitimization is seen by some observers to be a <a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">double standard</a> which separates Israel from other legitimate nations which have imperfect government. <a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>, discussed the <a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">three Ds</a> for determining <a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">new antisemitism</a>. The third of the three Ds is delegitimization. He explains "when Israel's fundamental right to exist is denied – alone among all peoples in the world – this too is anti-Semitism."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dore_Gold" title="Dore Gold">Dore Gold</a>, President of the Israeli think tank <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a> (JCPA), believes there is a "campaign to delegitimize Israel" based on three themes: a "denial of Israel's right to security", "portrayal of Israel as a criminal state", and "denial of Jewish history".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elhanan Yakira, professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, also considers portrayal of Israel as "criminal" and denial of Jewish history, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, to be key to a delegitimizing narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> believes that other standard lines of argument include claims of Israel's "colonial" nature, a belief that statehood was not granted "legally", the <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">apartheid analogy</a>, and the necessity of a <a href="/wiki/One-state_solution" title="One-state solution">one-state solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Cotler" title="Irwin Cotler">Irwin Cotler</a>, the lopsided number of anti-Israel resolutions passed by the UN is an example of delegitimization.<sup id="cite_ref-harkov1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harkov1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian ex-Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Baird_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Baird (Canadian politician)">John Baird</a> has characterized Israel's delegitimization as the new antisemitism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy_rhetoric_as_distraction">Legitimacy rhetoric as distraction</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/M.J._Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="M.J. Rosenberg">M.J. Rosenberg</a>, writing in 2011 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, argued that the term "delegitimization" is a "distraction", whose purpose is to divert attention away from world opposition to the "illegitimate" Israeli occupation of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and blockade of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, from the "illegal" <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, and from "the ever-louder calls for Israel to grant Palestinians equal rights". He concludes that "It's not the Palestinians who are delegitimizing Israel, but the Israeli government, which maintains the occupation. And the leading delegitimizer is <a href="/wiki/Netanyahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a>, whose contemptuous rejection of peace is turning Israel into an international pariah."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_of_delegitimization_to_peace">Effect of delegitimization to peace</h2></div> <p>Many sources argue that delegitimizing Israel will hinder the peace process, while others disagree. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, which accuses Israel of practicing apartheid notes that the <a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">peace process</a> is already dead, and is often used as an excuse to violate human rights of Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressuring_Israel_will_bring_peace">Pressuring Israel will bring peace</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Thrall" title="Nathan Thrall">Nathan Thrall</a>, who argues Israel is practicing apartheid over Palestinians, believes the most effective way to peace is to pressure Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-thrall_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He points out that during the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_Suez_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 Suez crisis (page does not exist)">1956 Suez crisis</a>, President Eisenhower used the threat of economic sanctions against Israel to convince it to withdraw from Sinai and Gaza.<sup id="cite_ref-thrall_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, President Ford refused to provide Israel with new arms deals until it agreed to a second Sinai withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-thrall_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Carter threatened to terminate US military assistance to Israel if it did not immediately evacuate Lebanon in September 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-thrall_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter also threatened Israel (and Egypt) at <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a> that the United States would withhold aid if the countries did not sign an agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-thrall_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, in 1991 US secretary of state James Baker forced Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir to attend negotiations in Madrid by threatening to not give Israel a $10bn loan it needed.<sup id="cite_ref-thrall_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yousef Munayyer argues that it is important for international actors to realize that Israel is practicing apartheid, and accurately describing Israeli policies will motivate the international community to take against Israel's human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delegitimization_is_dangerous">Delegitimization is dangerous</h3></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Steinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Steinberg">Gerald Steinberg</a> writing for JCPA, attacks on Israel's legitimacy are a barrier to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amos_Yadlin" title="Amos Yadlin">Amos Yadlin</a>, former head of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli intelligence">Israeli intelligence</a> said that "delegitimization of Israel is a graver threat than war."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, says "for 100 years, through violence and delegitimization, Israelis and Palestinians have made sure that the other was never allowed to really feel at home in Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Delegitimization of the adversary, among all the psychological themes, is said to be "one of the major detrimental forces that turns a conflict to be vicious and violent, while preventing its peaceful resolution."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said in a May 2011 speech "for the Palestinians, efforts to delegitimize Israel will end in failure. Symbolic actions to isolate Israel at the United Nations in September won't create an independent state."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the president said, "whenever an effort is made to delegitimize the State of Israel, my administration has opposed them."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Cotler" title="Irwin Cotler">Irwin Cotler</a>, former Canadian Attorney General, said that delegitimization is "masked under the current discourse". It is hidden in the anti-Israel resolutions passed by the UN, <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a> is "often abused" regarding Israel, it is "laundered under the cover of human rights", and is hidden behind the use of accusations of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harkov1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harkov1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Delegitimization is seen as a threat to Israel's security. Demands for Israel to not enter into <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> and defeat <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pillar_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Pillar of Defense">Operation Pillar of Defense</a> are characterized by David Schwartz as a "delegitimization of Israel's right to defend itself."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a> said that "the threat of delegitimization intensifies other threats facing Israel, and limits our ability to protect ourselves."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suppressing_peaceful_criticism_begets_violence">Suppressing peaceful criticism begets violence</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Thrall" title="Nathan Thrall">Nathan Thrall</a> writes "When peaceful opposition to Israel’s policies is squelched and those with the capacity to dismantle the occupation don’t raise a finger against it, violence invariably becomes more attractive to those who have few other means of upsetting the status quo."<sup id="cite_ref-thrall_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thrall-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_speech">Freedom of speech</h2></div> <p>Starting June 27, 2024, Germany requires all those applying for naturalization must affirm Israel's right to exist. Opponents of the law argue that it infringes on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legitimacy_and_Israeli_uniqueness">Legitimacy and Israeli uniqueness</h2></div> <p>Professor Emanuel Adler of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> considers Israel as willing to accept a situation where its legitimacy may be challenged, because it sees itself as occupying a unique place in the <a href="/wiki/International_order" title="International order">world order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stacie E. Goddard of <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_College" title="Wellesley College">Wellesley College</a> argues that the legitimacy of Israeli historical narratives is used as a tool to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">secure territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Anti-Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Anti-Zionism">Timeline of Anti-Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">Criticism of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_right_to_self-defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli right to self-defense">Israeli right to self-defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status" title="Political status">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Livni%3A+Delegitimization+of+Israel+exacerbates+other+threats&rft.date=2010-08-24&rft.aulast=Lis&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2Flivni-delegitimization-of-israel-exacerbates-other-threats-1.309993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALegitimacy+of+the+State+of+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanno2024" class="citation web cs1">Tanno, Sophie (27 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/27/europe/german-citizens-israel-right-to-exist-intl/index.html">"Germany demands new citizens accept Israel's right to exist"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415624150" title="Special:BookSources/0415624150">0415624150</a> p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stacie E. Goddard. <i>Indivisible Territory and the Politics of Legitimacy</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2009. pp. 18–20</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jppi.org.il/uploads/Factors_in_delegitimation_of_Israel_and_younger_Jews.pdf">Delegitimation of Israel and Israel Attachments Among Jewish Young Adults: The College Campus and Other Contributing Factors</a>, a paper by <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_People_Policy_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish People Policy Institute">The Jewish People Policy Institute</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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