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href="#Psychoanalytical_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Psychoanalytical perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychoanalytical_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychoanalytical perspectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalytical_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_psychoanalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_psychoanalysis"> <div 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Havelock Ellis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havelock_Ellis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jean-Paul_Sartre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jean-Paul_Sartre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Jean-Paul Sartre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jean-Paul_Sartre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilles_Deleuze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilles_Deleuze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Gilles Deleuze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilles_Deleuze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-René_Girard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#René_Girard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>René Girard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-René_Girard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern understanding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_and_forensic_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_and_forensic_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medical and forensic classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_and_forensic_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical and forensic classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_and_forensic_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>DSM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>ICD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forensic_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forensic_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Forensic classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forensic_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_BDSM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_BDSM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role in BDSM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_BDSM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadomasochism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سادية مازوخية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سادية مازوخية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazoxizm" title="Sadomazoxizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sadomazoxizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasokismo" title="Sadomasokismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sadomasokismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Садомазохизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Садомазохизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazohizam" title="Sadomazohizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sadomazohizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazoc%27hegezh" title="Sadomazoc'hegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sadomazoc'hegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasoquisme" title="Sadomasoquisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sadomasoquisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadismus_a_masochismus" title="Sadismus a masochismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sadismus a masochismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochisme" title="Sadomasochisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sadomasochisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochismus" title="Sadomasochismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sadomasochismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasohhism" title="Sadomasohhism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sadomasohhism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σαδομαζοχισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαδομαζοχισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasoquismo" title="Sadomasoquismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sadomasoquismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomaso%C4%A5ismo" title="Sadomasoĥismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sadomasoĥismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasokismo" title="Sadomasokismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sadomasokismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="سادومازوخیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سادومازوخیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochisme" title="Sadomasochisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sadomasochisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasogisme" title="Sadomasogisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sadomasogisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1dmhasacachas" title="Sádmhasacachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sádmhasacachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasoquismo" title="Sadomasoquismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sadomasoquismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%ED%94%BC%ED%95%99%EC%A6%9D" title="가피학증 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가피학증" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սադոմազոխիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սադոմազոխիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazohizam" title="Sadomazohizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sadomazohizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasokisme" title="Sadomasokisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sadomasokisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochismo" title="Sadomasochismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sadomasochismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="סאדומאזוכיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סאדומאזוכיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სადომაზოხიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სადომაზოხიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazo%C5%9F%C3%AEzm" title="Sadomazoşîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sadomazoşîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazohisms" title="Sadomazohisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sadomazohisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szadomazochizmus" title="Szadomazochizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szadomazochizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Садомазохизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Садомазохизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სადომაზოხიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სადომაზოხიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochisme" title="Sadomasochisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sadomasochisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_(%E6%80%A7%E9%A2%A8%E4%BF%97)" title="SM (性風俗) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SM (性風俗)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochisme" title="Sadomasochisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sadomasochisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سادومازوخيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سادومازوخيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochizm" title="Sadomasochizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sadomasochizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasoquismo" title="Sadomasoquismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sadomasoquismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Садомазохизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Садомазохизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazokizmi" title="Sadomazokizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sadomazokizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්වපරපීඩක කාමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වපරපීඩක කාමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sadomasochism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="اذيت پسندي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اذيت پسندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochizmus" title="Sadomasochizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sadomasochizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Садомазохизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Садомазохизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazohizam" title="Sadomazohizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sadomazohizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasokismi" title="Sadomasokismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sadomasokismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sadomasochism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%8C" title="ซาดิสม์และมาโซคิสม์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาดิสม์และมาโซคิสม์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomazo%C5%9Fizm" title="Sadomazoşizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sadomazoşizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Садомазохізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Садомазохізм" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sexual practice</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"S&M" and "Masochism" redirect here. 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.theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresseuses_d%27Hommes_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dresseuses_d%27Hommes_1.jpg/200px-Dresseuses_d%27Hommes_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dresseuses_d%27Hommes_1.jpg/300px-Dresseuses_d%27Hommes_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dresseuses_d%27Hommes_1.jpg/400px-Dresseuses_d%27Hommes_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A female <a href="/wiki/Dominant_(BDSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominant (BDSM)">dominant</a> with a male <a href="/wiki/Submissive_(BDSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Submissive (BDSM)">submissive</a> at her feet, from <i>Dresseuses d'Hommes</i> (1931) by Belgian artist Luc Lafnet</div></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Sadism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>) and <b>masochism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>), known collectively as <b>sadomasochism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SAY</span>-doh-<span style="font-size:90%">MASS</span>-ə-kiz-əm</i></a>) or <b>S&M</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-longman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the derivation of pleasure from acts of respectively inflicting or receiving <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">humiliation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is named after the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>, a French author known for his violent and libertine works and lifestyle, and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Leopold von Sacher-Masoch</a>, an Austrian author who described masochistic tendencies in his works. Though sadomasochistic behaviours and desires do not necessarily need to be linked to sex, sadomasochism is also a definitive feature of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">consensual</a> <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> relationships. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sade_(van_Loo).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sade_%28van_Loo%29.png/170px-Sade_%28van_Loo%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Sade_%28van_Loo%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></i> by Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo (1761)</figcaption></figure><p> The word <i>sadomasochism</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sadism" class="extiw" title="wikt:sadism">sadism</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/masochism" class="extiw" title="wikt:masochism">masochism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms originate from the names of two authors whose works explored situations in which individuals experienced or inflicted pain or humiliation. <i>Sadism</i> is named after <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a> (1740–1814), whose major works include graphic descriptions of violent sex acts, rape, torture, and murder, and whose characters often derive pleasure from inflicting pain on others.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sade was imprisoned multiple times for sexual crimes following affairs in which he inflicted and/or received pain during sex, hence engaging in sadomasochism himself. <i>Masochism</i> is named after <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Leopold von Sacher-Masoch</a> (1836–1895), whose novels explored his masochistic fantasies of receiving pain and degradation,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly his novel <i>Venus im Pelz</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Venus_in_Furs" title="Venus in Furs">Venus in Furs</a>").</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Von_Sacher-Masoch,_writer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Von_Sacher-Masoch%2C_writer.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Sacher-Masoch</a></i>, 19th century</figcaption></figure><p>German <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a> (1840-1902) introduced the terms <i>sadism</i> and <i>masochism</i> into clinical use in his work <i>Neue Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Psychopathia sexualis</i> ("New research in the area of Psychopathology of Sex") in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms were first selected for identifying human behavioral phenomena and for the classification of psychological illnesses or deviant behavior. </p><p>In 1905, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> described sadism and masochism in his <i>Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie</i> ("Three Papers on Sexual Theory") as stemming from aberrant psychological development from early childhood. He also laid the groundwork for the widely accepted medical perspective<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what is the groundwork? childhood dev is mentioned but needs more context. names mentioned after arent elaborated on at all either (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the following decades. This led to the first compound usage of the terminology in <i>Sado-Masochism</i> (Loureiroian "Sado-Masochismus") by the Viennese psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaak_Sadger" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidor Isaak Sadger">Isidor Isaak Sadger</a> in his work <i>Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex</i> ("Regarding the sadomasochistic complex") in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later 20th century, <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> activists protested against these ideas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, because, they argued, they were based on the philosophies of the two psychiatrists, Freud and Krafft-Ebing, whose theories were built on the assumption of <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a> and their observations of psychiatric patients<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="rather than what? the scientific method? a different, more popular psychologist's ideas? (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Nomenclature in previous editions of the DSM referring to sexual <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a> have been criticized as lacking scientific veracity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-V</a>, however, has depathologized the language around <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilias</a> in a way that signifies "the APA's intent to not demand treatment for healthy consenting adult sexual expression".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="how was the language changed? (November 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felicia_Fox_6_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Felicia_Fox_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Felicia_Fox_6_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Felicia_Fox_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Felicia_Fox_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Felicia_Fox_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Felicia_Fox_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1389" data-file-height="1826" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autosadism" title="Autosadism">Autosadism</a> is inflicting pain or humiliation on oneself. The photo shows pornographic actress Felicia Fox pouring hot wax over herself in front of an audience (U.S. 2005). Her nipples and genitals are also clamped.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychoanalytical_perspectives">Psychoanalytical perspectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Psychoanalytical perspectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sadomasochism" title="Special:EditPage/Sadomasochism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_cultures">Ancient cultures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sadomasochism has been practiced since ancient times<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2024)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> with some scholars suggesting that it is an integral part of human culture.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some propose that it was already present among <a href="/wiki/Non-human_primate" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-human primate">non-human primate</a> and primitive human communities<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (November 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> before emerging in ancient cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the oldest<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="ancient egypt is a long time (November 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> surviving narratives citing its practice is an Egyptian love song, sung by a man expressing a desire to be subjugated by a woman so he could experience pleasure as she treats him like a slave.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> described a case of a woman who submitted herself to the whipping and beating of the followers of <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_psychoanalysis">Early psychoanalysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early psychoanalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libertine_movement">Libertine movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Libertine movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Libertine" title="Libertine">libertine</a> writers like <a href="/wiki/John_Wilmot,_2nd_Earl_of_Rochester" title="John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester">John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester</a> espoused ideals that modern times are associated with sadomasochism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="in what way? this is almost irrelevant- comparisons are drawn between society and culture all the time in many ways. would be better suited to the article on de sade, libertinism, or a paragraph in this article explicitly describing de sade's philosophies (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dudley_Barnes_Binnie_Petrov_2011_p._151_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dudley_Barnes_Binnie_Petrov_2011_p._151-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krafft-Ebbing_and_Freud">Krafft-Ebbing and Freud</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Krafft-Ebbing and Freud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern conceptualization of sadomasochism was introduced to the medical field by German <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatrist</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">Richard von Krafft-Ebing</a> in his 1886 compilation of case studies <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>. Pain and physical violence are not essential in Krafft-Ebing's conception, and he defined "masochism" (German <i>Masochismus</i>) entirely in terms of control.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a> and a contemporary of Krafft-Ebing, noted that both were often found in the same individuals, and combined the two into a single <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomous</a> entity known as "sadomasochism". French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> argued that the concurrence of sadism and masochism proposed in Freud's model is the result of "careless reasoning," and should not be taken for granted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freud introduced the terms "primary" and "secondary" masochism. Though this idea has come under a number of interpretations, in a primary masochism the masochist undergoes a complete, rather than partial, rejection by the model or courted object (or sadist), possibly <a href="/wiki/Cuckold" title="Cuckold">involving the model taking a rival as a preferred mate</a>. This complete rejection is related to the death drive (<i>Todestrieb</i>) in Freud's psychoanalysis. In a secondary masochism, by contrast, the masochist experiences a less serious, more feigned rejection and punishment by the model. </p><p>Both Krafft-Ebing and Freud assumed that sadism in men resulted from the distortion of the aggressive component of the male sexual instinct. Masochism in men, however, was seen as a more significant aberration, contrary to the nature of male sexuality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="brief explanation of freud's framework of male sexuality instinct needed. this framework is speculative- presenting it without explanation lends it veracity, treats it like a given (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Freud doubted that masochism in men was ever a primary tendency, and speculated that it may exist only as a transformation of sadism. Sadomasochism in women received comparatively little discussion, as it was believed that it occurred primarily in men. Krafft-Ebing and Freud also assumed that masochism was so inherent to female sexuality that it would be difficult to distinguish as a separate inclination.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_whipped_at_Folsom_Street_Fair_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Woman_whipped_at_Folsom_Street_Fair_2010.jpg/170px-Woman_whipped_at_Folsom_Street_Fair_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Woman_whipped_at_Folsom_Street_Fair_2010.jpg/255px-Woman_whipped_at_Folsom_Street_Fair_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Woman_whipped_at_Folsom_Street_Fair_2010.jpg/340px-Woman_whipped_at_Folsom_Street_Fair_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Master/slave_(BDSM)" title="Master/slave (BDSM)">submissive</a> woman <a href="/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)" title="Bondage (BDSM)">bound</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Cross_(BDSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew's Cross (BDSM)">Saint Andrew's Cross</a> being whipped at the <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street_Fair" title="Folsom Street Fair">Folsom Street Fair</a>. The red marks on her body are from the whipping.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Havelock_Ellis">Havelock Ellis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Havelock Ellis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a>, in <i>Studies in the Psychology of Sex</i>, argued that there is no clear distinction between the aspects of sadism and masochism, and that they may be regarded as complementary emotional states. He states that sadomasochism is concerned only with pain in regard to sexual pleasure, and not in regard to cruelty, as Freud had suggested. He believed the sadomasochist generally desires that the pain and violence be inflicted or received in love, not in abuse, for the pleasure of either one or both participants. This mutual pleasure may be essential for the satisfaction of those involved.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jean-Paul_Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jean-Paul Sartre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> linked the pleasure or power experienced by a sadist in appraising the masochist victim to his philosophy of the "Look of the Other"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="these names are roughly in order of the time at which each critique was written. this was after deleuze but was said to have been written before, without clarifying when. (November 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="which is what? (November 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Sartre argued that masochism is an attempt by the "For-itself" (consciousness) to reduce itself to nothing, becoming an object that is drowned out by the "abyss of the Other's subjectivity".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that the "For-itself" desires to attain a point of view in which it is both subject and object, one strategy is to gather and intensify every feeling and posture in which the self appears as an object to be rejected, tested, and humiliated; in this way, the For-itself strives toward a point of view in which there is only one subjectivity in the relationship, being both that of the abuser and the abused. Conversely, Sartre held sadism to be the effort to annihilate the subjectivity of the victim, meaning the sadist is exhilarated by the emotional distress of the victim because they seek a subjectivity that views the victim as both subject and object.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gilles_Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gilles Deleuze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1967 essay <i>Coldness and Cruelty</i> (originally French "<i>Présentation de Sacher-Masoch</i>"), <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a> rejects the term "sadomasochism" as artificial, especially in the context of Sacher-Masoch's <a href="/wiki/Venus_in_Furs" title="Venus in Furs"><i>Venus In Furs</i></a>. Deleuze's counterargument is that the tendency toward masochism is based on intensified desire brought on or enhanced by the acting out of frustration at the delay of gratification. Taken to its extreme, an intolerably indefinite delay is 'rewarded' by punitive perpetual delay, manifested as unwavering coldness. The masochist derives pleasure from, as Deleuze puts it, the "Contract": the process by which he can control another individual and turn the individual into someone cold and callous. The sadist, in contrast, derives pleasure from the "Law": the unavoidable power that places one person below another. The sadist attempts to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego#Ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego, and super-ego">ego</a> in an effort to unify the Freudian <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego#Id" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego, and super-ego">id</a> and <a href="/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego#Super-ego" class="mw-redirect" title="Id, ego, and super-ego">super-ego</a>, gratifying the most base desires the sadist can express while ignoring or completely suppressing the will of the ego or conscience. Thus, Deleuze attempts to argue that masochism and sadism arise from such different impulses that the combination of the two terms is meaningless and misleading. A masochist's perception of their own self-subjugating sadistic desires and capacities are treated by Deleuze as reactions to prior experience of sadistic objectification. The epilogue of <i>Venus In Furs</i> shows the character of Severin has become embittered by his experiment in the alleged control of masochism, and advocates instead the domination of women.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="link this back to deleuze, otherwise this is just a summary of venus in furs and not the criticism laid out by coldness and cruelty (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="René_Girard"><span id="Ren.C3.A9_Girard"></span>René Girard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: René Girard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a> included his account of sadomasochism in <i><a href="/wiki/Things_Hidden_Since_the_Foundation_of_the_World" title="Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World">Things Hidden Since the Foundation of The World</a> (</i>1978), placing masochism as a coherent part of his theory of <a href="/wiki/Mimetic_desire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimetic desire">mimetic desire</a>. In this view of sadomasochism, the violence involved is an expression of a peripheral rivalry that has developed around the actual love-object.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (November 2014)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rejection is not desired by a primary masochist in the same way feigned rejection occurring within a mutually consensual sadomasochistic relationship is, or during instances where the masochist is the one having actual initiative power<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="give an example, too vague for layperson to just invent a scenario here without knowledge of bdsm dynamics (November 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Things_Hidden_Since_the_Foundation_of_the_World" title="Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World">Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a> attempts to resuscitate and reinterpret Freud's distinction of primary and secondary masochism, in connection with his own philosophy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (November 2024)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penis_grabbing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Penis_grabbing.jpg/220px-Penis_grabbing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Penis_grabbing.jpg/330px-Penis_grabbing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Penis_grabbing.jpg/440px-Penis_grabbing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3252" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>S&M may involve painful acts such as <a href="/wiki/Cock_and_ball_torture" title="Cock and ball torture">cock and ball torture</a>. The image shows a dominant woman holding a bound man's penis, applying electricity to his <a href="/wiki/Testicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Testicles">testicles</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Folsom_Street_Fair" title="Folsom Street Fair">Folsom Street Fair</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_understanding">Modern understanding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern understanding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sadomasochism" title="Special:EditPage/Sadomasochism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sadomasochism%22">"Sadomasochism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sadomasochism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sadomasochism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sadomasochism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sadomasochism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sadomasochism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>People find sexual sadomasochism pleasurable for reasons dependent on the individual. For some masochists, taking on a role of compliance or helplessness offers an escape from the stresses of life, responsibility, or guilt. For others, being under the power of a strong, controlling presence may evoke the feelings of safety and protection associated with childhood. Others may derive satisfaction from <a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_submission" title="Service-oriented submission">earning the approval</a> of a controlling figure. A sadist may enjoy the feeling of power and authority that comes from performing a dominant role or from receiving pleasure vicariously through the suffering of the masochist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sexual sadomasochistic desires can appear at any age. Some individuals report having had them before puberty, while others do not discover them until well into adulthood. According to a 1985 study, the majority of male sadomasochists (53%) developed their interest before the age of 15, while the majority of females (78%) developed their interest afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of sadomasochism within the general population is unknown. Despite female sadists being less visible than males, some surveys have resulted in comparable amounts of sadistic fantasies between females and males.<sup id="cite_ref-Fedoroff640_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedoroff640-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of such studies indicate that one's sex may not be the determining factor for a preference towards sadism.<sup id="cite_ref-Fedoroff644_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedoroff644-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to frameworks seeking to explain and categorise sadomasochistic behaviours and desires through psychological, psychoanalytic, medical, or forensic approaches, Romana Byrne suggests that, in the context of sexual behaviours, such practices can be seen as examples of "<a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> sexuality", in which a founding physiological or psychological impulse is irrelevant. Rather, according to Byrne, sadism and masochism may be practiced through choice and deliberation, driven by certain aesthetic goals tied to style, pleasure, and identity, which in certain circumstances, she claims can be compared with the creation of art.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surveys from the 2000s on the spread of sadomasochistic fantasies and practices show strong variations in the range of their results.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="ranges on what? (November 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fakten_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakten-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, researchers assumed that 5 to 25 percent of the population practices sexual behavior related to pain or dominance and submission. The population with related fantasies is believed to be even larger.<sup id="cite_ref-Fakten_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakten-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest in sexual sadomasochism in the 2020s is thought to have increased with the prevalence of easily accessible hardcore pornography and a decrease in social taboo surrounding the subject.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_and_forensic_classification">Medical and forensic classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medical and forensic classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_masochism_disorder" title="Sexual masochism disorder">Sexual masochism disorder</a></div> <p>In 1995, Denmark became the first <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> country to have completely removed sadomasochism from its national classification of diseases. This was followed by Sweden in 2009, Norway in 2010, Finland in 2011 and Iceland in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DSM">DSM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: DSM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical opinion of sadomasochistic activities has changed over time. The classification of sadism and masochism in the <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a> (DSM) has always been separate; sadism was included in the DSM-I in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while masochism was added in the DSM-II in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary psychology continues to identify sadism and masochism separately, and categorizes them as either practised as a lifestyle, or as a medical condition.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM4525_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM4525-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krueger3933_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krueger3933-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current version of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s manual, <a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>, excludes <a href="/wiki/Consensual_BDSM" class="mw-redirect" title="Consensual BDSM">consensual BDSM</a> from diagnosis as a disorder when the sexual interests cause no harm or distress. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder" title="Sexual sadism disorder">Sexual sadism disorder</a> however, listed within the DSM-5, is where arousal patterns involving consenting and non‐consenting others are not distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICD">ICD</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: ICD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 June 2018, the WHO (<a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>) published <a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">ICD-11</a>, in which sadomasochism, together with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">fetishism</a> and fetishistic transvestism (<a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> for sexual pleasure) were removed as psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, discrimination against fetish-having and <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> individuals is considered inconsistent with human rights principles endorsed by the United Nations and The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:ICD1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:ICD1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classifications of sexual disorders reflect contemporary sexual norms and have moved from a model of pathologization or criminalization of non-reproductive sexual behaviors to a model that reflects sexual well-being and pathologizes the absence or limitation of consent in sexual relations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICD-11 classification, contrary to ICD-10 and DSM-5, clearly distinguishes consensual sadomasochistic behaviours (BDSM) that do not involve inherent harm to self or others from harmful violence on non‐consenting persons (coercive sexual sadism disorder).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this regard, "ICD-11 go[es] further than the changes made for DSM-5 … in the removal of disorders diagnosed based on consenting behaviors that are not in and of themselves associated with distress or functional impairment."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, an organization called ReviseF65 worked to remove sadomasochism from the ICD.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On commission from the WHO ICD-11 Working Group on Sexual Disorders and Sexual Health, ReviseF65 in 2009 and 2011 delivered reports documenting that sadomasochism and sexual violence are two different phenomena. The report concluded that the sadomasochism diagnosis was outdated, non-scientific, and stigmatizing.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ICD-11 classification considers Sadomasochism as a variant in sexual arousal and private behavior without appreciable public health impact and for which treatment is neither indicated nor sought.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the ICD-11 guidelines "respect the rights of individuals whose atypical sexual behavior is consensual and not harmful."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WHO's ICD-11 Working Group admitted that psychiatric diagnoses have been used to harass, silence, or imprison sadomasochists. Labeling as such may create harm, convey social judgment, and exacerbate existing stigma and violence to individuals so labeled.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to ICD-11, psychiatric diagnoses can no longer be used to discriminate against BDSM people and fetishists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on advances in research and clinical practice, and major shifts in social attitudes and in relevant policies, laws, and human rights standards", the World Health Organization, on June 18, 2018, removed Fetishism, Transvestic Fetishism, and Sadomasochism as psychiatric diagnoses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forensic_classification">Forensic classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Forensic classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Context plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Context" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit">improve the article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">providing more context for the reader</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Anil_Aggrawal" title="Anil Aggrawal">Anil Aggrawal</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic science</a>, levels of sexual sadism and masochism are classified as follows: </p><p><b>Sexual masochists:</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Class I</i>: Bothered by, but not seeking out, fantasies. May be preponderantly sadists with minimal masochistic tendencies or non-sadomasochistic with minimal masochistic tendencies</li> <li><i>Class II</i>: Equal mix of sadistic and masochistic tendencies. Like to receive pain but also like to be dominant partner (in this case, sadists). Sexual orgasm is achieved without pain or humiliation.</li> <li><i>Class III</i>: Masochists with minimal to no sadistic tendencies. Preference for pain or humiliation (which facilitates orgasm), but not necessary to orgasm. Capable of romantic attachment.</li> <li><i>Class IV</i>: Exclusive masochists (i.e. cannot form typical romantic relationships, cannot achieve orgasm without pain or humiliation).</li></ul> <p><b>Sexual sadists:</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Class I</i>: Bothered by sexual fantasies but do not act on them.</li> <li><i>Class II</i>: Act on sadistic urges with <a href="/wiki/Consent_(BDSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consent (BDSM)">consenting</a> sexual partners (masochists or otherwise). Categorization as <a href="/wiki/Leptosadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptosadism">leptosadism</a> is outdated.</li> <li><i>Class III</i>: Act on sadistic urges with non-consenting victims, but do not seriously injure or kill. May coincide with <a href="/wiki/Sadistic_rapists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadistic rapists">sadistic rapists</a>.</li> <li><i>Class IV</i>: Only act with non-consenting victims and will seriously injure or kill them.</li></ul> <p>The difference between I–II and III–IV is consent.<sup id="cite_ref-aggrawal_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aggrawal-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_BDSM">Role in BDSM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Role in BDSM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></div> <p>Sadomasochism is a subset of <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>, a variety of erotic practices including <a href="/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)" title="Bondage (BDSM)">bondage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discipline_(BDSM)" title="Discipline (BDSM)">discipline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominance_and_submission" title="Dominance and submission">dominance, and submission.</a> Sadomasochism is not diagnosed as a <a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">paraphilia</a> unless such practices lead to clinically significant <a href="/wiki/Distress_(medicine)" title="Distress (medicine)">distress</a> or impairment for the individual.<sup id="cite_ref-DSM4525_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSM4525-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sadomasochism performed within the context of mutual and informed <a href="/wiki/Consent_(BDSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consent (BDSM)">consent</a> is distinguished from non-consensual acts of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a> or aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-Fedoroff637_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedoroff637-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals may <a href="/wiki/Top,_bottom,_switch" title="Top, bottom, switch">identify as</a> and partake in the sadistic, masochistic, or "switch" (performing both or changing) role.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been occasions where the law has focused on the violent aspects of sadomasochistic behaviour while neglecting consensual sexual practices, such as during a case in England where 15 men were tried for a range of offences relating to sadomasochism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="this is one example, more are needed to demonstrate this as a pattern (November 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (<i>See also: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_BDSM" title="Legality of BDSM">Legality of BDSM</a>)</i> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Larry_Townsend" title="Larry Townsend">Larry Townsend</a>'s 1983 edition of <i>The Leatherman's Handbook II</i> states that a black handkerchief is a symbol for sadomasochism in the <a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">handkerchief code</a>, a code employed usually among gay male casual-sex seekers or BDSM practitioners in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Europe. Wearing the handkerchief on the left indicates the top, dominant, or active partner; right indicates the bottom, submissive, or passive partner. Negotiation with a prospective partner remains important as people may wear hankies of any color "only because the idea of the hankie turns them on" or they "may not even know what it means".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Result_of_a_severe_paddling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woman's buttocks turned red as a result of a paddling"><img alt="Woman's buttocks turned red as a result of a paddling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Result_of_a_severe_paddling.jpg/165px-Result_of_a_severe_paddling.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Result_of_a_severe_paddling.jpg/248px-Result_of_a_severe_paddling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Result_of_a_severe_paddling.jpg/330px-Result_of_a_severe_paddling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woman's buttocks turned red as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle (spanking)">paddling</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corset_piercing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Play piercing on a woman's back using multiple needles"><img alt="Play piercing on a woman's back using multiple needles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Corset_piercing.jpg/329px-Corset_piercing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Corset_piercing.jpg/495px-Corset_piercing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Corset_piercing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Play_piercing" title="Play piercing">Play piercing</a> on a woman's back using multiple needles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_WGT_265_Umbra_Et_Imago.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pussy torture: wax play done on a bound nude woman's genitals at Wave-Gotik-Treffen festival, Germany, 2014."><img alt="Pussy torture: wax play done on a bound nude woman's genitals at Wave-Gotik-Treffen festival, Germany, 2014." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2014_WGT_265_Umbra_Et_Imago.jpg/164px-2014_WGT_265_Umbra_Et_Imago.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2014_WGT_265_Umbra_Et_Imago.jpg/247px-2014_WGT_265_Umbra_Et_Imago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/2014_WGT_265_Umbra_Et_Imago.jpg/329px-2014_WGT_265_Umbra_Et_Imago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="4529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pussy torture: <a href="/wiki/Wax_play" title="Wax play">wax play</a> done on a bound nude woman's genitals at <a href="/wiki/Wave-Gotik-Treffen" title="Wave-Gotik-Treffen">Wave-Gotik-Treffen</a> festival, Germany, 2014.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Femdom_bloody_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A submissive man is consoled by his dominant after she has made his back bloody by beating."><img alt="A submissive man is consoled by his dominant after she has made his back bloody by beating." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Femdom_bloody_back.jpg/219px-Femdom_bloody_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Femdom_bloody_back.jpg/329px-Femdom_bloody_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Femdom_bloody_back.jpg/438px-Femdom_bloody_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A submissive man is consoled by his dominant after she has made his back bloody by beating.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_in_BDSM" title="Consent in BDSM">Consent in BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_humiliation" title="Erotic humiliation">Erotic humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master/slave_(BDSM)" title="Master/slave (BDSM)">Master/slave (BDSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder" title="Sexual sadism disorder">Sexual sadism disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_masochism_disorder" title="Sexual masochism disorder">Sexual masochism disorder</a>, medical conditions where unconsenting parties are involved</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-longman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-longman_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John</a> (3 April 2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMurrell1989" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Thomas Edward; Murrell, Thomas R. (1989). <i>The Language of Sadomasochism: A Glossary and Linguistic Analysis</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26481-8"><bdi>978-0-313-26481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Sadomasochism%3A+A+Glossary+and+Linguistic+Analysis&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26481-8&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edward&rft.au=Murrell%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuwirth2018" class="citation book cs1">Neuwirth, Rostam J. (2018). <i>Law in the Time of Oxymora: A Synaesthesia of Language, Logic and Law</i>. Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-17018-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-17018-5"><bdi>978-1-351-17018-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+in+the+Time+of+Oxymora%3A+A+Synaesthesia+of+Language%2C+Logic+and+Law&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-17018-5&rft.aulast=Neuwirth&rft.aufirst=Rostam+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2005" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, John (2005). <i>How to Read Sade</i>. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32822-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32822-8"><bdi>0-393-32822-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+Sade&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-393-32822-8&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2008" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Peter (2008). <i>Demanding the impossible: a history of Anarchism</i>. Oakland: PM Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-064-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-064-1"><bdi>978-1-60486-064-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+impossible%3A+a+history+of+Anarchism&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60486-064-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, J. S., & DeLamater, J. D. (1999). Understanding human sexuality. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 432–435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Details describing the development of the theoretical construct "Perversion" by Krafft-Ebing and his relation of these terms. (See Andrea Beckmann, <i>Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture</i>, 8(2) (2001) 66–95 online under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is2/beckmann.html">Deconstructing Myths</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219173258/http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is2/beckmann.html">Archived</a> 19 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isidor Isaak Sadger: <i>Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex.</i> in: Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und psychopathologische Forschungen, Bd. 5, 1913, S. 157–232 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krueger & Kaplan 2001, p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmin" class="citation web cs1">Admin, Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422123917/https://ncsfreedom.org/press/blog/item/the-dsm-5-says-kink-is-ok.html">"NCSF Blog"</a>. <i>ncsfreedom.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncsfreedom.org/press/blog/item/the-dsm-5-says-kink-is-ok.html">the original</a> on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncsfreedom.org&rft.atitle=NCSF+Blog&rft.aulast=Admin&rft.aufirst=Blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fncsfreedom.org%2Fpress%2Fblog%2Fitem%2Fthe-dsm-5-says-kink-is-ok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMurrell1989" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Thomas Edward; Murrell, Thomas R. (1989). <i>The Language of Sadomasochism: A Glossary and Linguistic Analysis</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26481-8"><bdi>978-0-313-26481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Sadomasochism%3A+A+Glossary+and+Linguistic+Analysis&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26481-8&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edward&rft.au=Murrell%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathbone2012" class="citation book cs1">Rathbone, June (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DKgBQAAQBAJ&q=sadomasochism+ancient+egypt&pg=PT131"><i>Anatomy of Masochism</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-1347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4615-1347-6"><bdi>978-1-4615-1347-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+Masochism&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-1347-6&rft.aulast=Rathbone&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DKgBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsadomasochism%2Bancient%2Begypt%26pg%3DPT131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayMurrell1989" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Thomas Edward; Murrell, Thomas R. (1989). <i>The Language of Sadomasochism: A Glossary and Linguistic Analysis</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26481-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26481-3"><bdi>0-313-26481-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Sadomasochism%3A+A+Glossary+and+Linguistic+Analysis&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-313-26481-3&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edward&rft.au=Murrell%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dudley_Barnes_Binnie_Petrov_2011_p._151-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dudley_Barnes_Binnie_Petrov_2011_p._151_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudleyBarnesBinniePetrov2011" class="citation book cs1">Dudley, S.; Barnes, A.J.; Binnie, J.; Petrov, J.; Walklate, J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qSpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT151"><i>The Thing about Museums: Objects and Experience, Representation and Contestation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63423-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63423-9"><bdi>978-1-136-63423-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511000418/https://books.google.com/books?id=0qSpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT151">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thing+about+Museums%3A+Objects+and+Experience%2C+Representation+and+Contestation&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63423-9&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Binnie%2C+J.&rft.au=Petrov%2C+J.&rft.au=Walklate%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0qSpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Krafft-Ebing1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Krafft-Ebing" title="Richard von Krafft-Ebing">von Krafft-Ebing, Richard</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychopathiasexu00krafuoft">"Masochis"</a>. <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>. New York, Rebman. p. 131. <q>[The masochist] is controlled by the idea of being completely and unconditionally subject to the will of a person of the opposite sex; of being treated by this person as by a master, humiliated and abused. This idea is coloured by lustful feeling; the masochist lives in fancies, in which he creates situations of this kind and often attempts to realise them</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masochis&rft.btitle=Psychopathia+Sexualis&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Rebman&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=von+Krafft-Ebing&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpsychopathiasexu00krafuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeleuze1997" class="citation book cs1">Deleuze, Gilles (1997) [1967]. "Chapter 3, Are Sade and Masoch Complementary?". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780942299557"><i>Coldness and Cruelty</i></a></span>. Zone Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942299-55-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-942299-55-8"><bdi>0-942299-55-8</bdi></a>. <q>We are told [by Freud] that some individuals experience pleasure both in inflicting pain and in suffering it. We are told furthermore that the person who enjoys inflicting pain experiences in his innermost being the link that exists between the pleasure and the pain. But the question is whether these 'facts' are not mere abstractions, whether the pleasure-pain link is being abstracted from the concrete formal conditions in which it arises. [...] Even though the sadist may definitely enjoy being hurt, it does not follow that he enjoys it in the same way as the masochist; [...] The concurrence of sadism and masochism is fundamentally one of analogy only [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%2C+Are+Sade+and+Masoch+Complementary%3F&rft.btitle=Coldness+and+Cruelty&rft.pub=Zone+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-942299-55-8&rft.aulast=Deleuze&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780942299557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2009" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Alison (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20542722">"Rethinking Gendered Perversion and Degeneration in Visions of Sadism and Masochism, 1886-1930"</a>. <i>Journal of the History of Sexuality</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.0.0034">10.1353/sex.0.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20542722">20542722</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19274884">19274884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32855635">32855635</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425214721/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20542722">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>. <q>For Krafft-Ebing women's organic masochism (and the advantage men may take of it) was one of the things that the civilizing process was seen to curtail. [...] women's subordination was equated with their organic masochism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Gendered+Perversion+and+Degeneration+in+Visions+of+Sadism+and+Masochism%2C+1886-1930&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19274884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32855635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20542722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.0.0034&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20542722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Havelock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13612"><i>Stidies in the Psychology of Sex: Analysis of the Sexual Impulse; Love and Pain; The Sexual Impulse in Women</i></a>. Vol. 3. Project Gutenberg. p. 150. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210425214720/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13612">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stidies+in+the+Psychology+of+Sex%3A+Analysis+of+the+Sexual+Impulse%3B+Love+and+Pain%3B+The+Sexual+Impulse+in+Women&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Havelock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F13612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Paul Sartre, <i><a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirardGirard2000" class="citation book cs1">Girard, René; Girard, René (2000). <i>Things hidden since the foundation of the world</i> (Repr ed.). Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2215-5"><bdi>978-0-8047-2215-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Things+hidden+since+the+foundation+of+the+world&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-2215-5&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Girard%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreslowEvansLangley1985" class="citation journal cs1">Breslow, Norman; Evans, Linda; Langley, Jill (August 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01550846">"On the prevalence and roles of females in the sadomasochistic subculture: Report of an empirical study"</a>. <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01550846">10.1007/BF01550846</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002">0004-0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4051718">4051718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=On+the+prevalence+and+roles+of+females+in+the+sadomasochistic+subculture%3A+Report+of+an+empirical+study&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E317&rft.date=1985-08&rft.issn=0004-0002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4051718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01550846&rft.aulast=Breslow&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Evans%2C+Linda&rft.au=Langley%2C+Jill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF01550846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fedoroff640-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fedoroff640_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFedoroff2008">Fedoroff 2008</a>, p. 640: "...surveys have found no difference in frequency of sadistic fantasies in men and women."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fedoroff644-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fedoroff644_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFedoroff2008">Fedoroff 2008</a>, p. 644: "This review indicates that sexual sadism, as currently defined, is a heterogeneous phenomenon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2013" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Romana (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uccTAgAAQBAJ"><i>Aesthetic Sexuality: A Literary History of Sadomasochism</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8358-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-8358-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031174902/https://books.google.com/books?id=uccTAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+Sexuality%3A+A+Literary+History+of+Sadomasochism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8358-3&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Romana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuccTAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fakten-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fakten_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fakten_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datenschlag.org/txt/statistik.html">"Nackte Fakten – Statistik für Zahlenfetischisten"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208192334/http://www.datenschlag.org/txt/statistik.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nackte+Fakten+%E2%80%93+Statistik+f%C3%BCr+Zahlenfetischisten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.datenschlag.org%2Ftxt%2Fstatistik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227102407/http://www.revisef65.org/Sweden.html">"Fetish and SM diagnoses deleted in Sweden"</a>. ReviseF65. 17 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revisef65.org/Sweden.html">the original</a> on 27 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fetish+and+SM+diagnoses+deleted+in+Sweden&rft.pub=ReviseF65&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revisef65.org%2FSweden.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revisef65.org/friskmelding_eng.html">"SM and fetish off the Norwegian sick list"</a>. ReviseF65. 6 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206222549/http://www.revisef65.org/friskmelding_eng.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SM+and+fetish+off+the+Norwegian+sick+list&rft.pub=ReviseF65&rft.date=2010-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revisef65.org%2Ffriskmelding_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621034733/http://www.revisef65.org/finland_eng.html">"Finland joins Nordic sexual reform"</a>. ReviseF65. 13 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revisef65.org/finland_eng.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finland+joins+Nordic+sexual+reform&rft.pub=ReviseF65&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revisef65.org%2Ffinland_eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeid2018" class="citation web cs1">Skeid, Svein (17 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revisef65.net/2018/11/17/iceland/">"Iceland removes Sadomasochism as a diagnosis"</a>. <i>Revise F65</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040705/https://revisef65.net/2018/11/17/iceland/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revise+F65&rft.atitle=Iceland+removes+Sadomasochism+as+a+diagnosis&rft.date=2018-11-17&rft.aulast=Skeid&rft.aufirst=Svein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevisef65.net%2F2018%2F11%2F17%2Ficeland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger2009" class="citation journal cs1">Krueger, Richard B. (8 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226103128/http://niu.edu/user/tj0bjs1/bdsm/Krueger%20(2010a).pdf">"The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Sexual Sadism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>39</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">325–</span>345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-009-9586-3">10.1007/s10508-009-9586-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002">0004-0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19997774">19997774</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11495623">11495623</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niu.edu/user/tj0bjs1/bdsm/Krueger%20(2010a).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+DSM+Diagnostic+Criteria+for+Sexual+Sadism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=2009-12-08&rft.issn=0004-0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11495623%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19997774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-009-9586-3&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niu.edu%2Fuser%2Ftj0bjs1%2Fbdsm%2FKrueger%2520%282010a%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrueger2010" class="citation journal cs1">Krueger, Richard B. (10 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsm5.org/Research/Documents/Krueger_ASB%20Feb%202011.pdf">"The DSM Diagnostic Criteria for Sexual Masochism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>39</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">346–</span>356. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-010-9613-4">10.1007/s10508-010-9613-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002">0004-0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20221792">20221792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17284505">17284505</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418070936/http://www.dsm5.org/Research/Documents/Krueger_ASB%20Feb%202011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+DSM+Diagnostic+Criteria+for+Sexual+Masochism&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E346-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.issn=0004-0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17284505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20221792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-010-9613-4&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsm5.org%2FResearch%2FDocuments%2FKrueger_ASB%2520Feb%25202011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSM4525-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSM4525_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSM4525_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116213702/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/DSMPDF/dsm-iv.pdf"><i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4 ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 1994. p. 525. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatryonline.com/DSMPDF/dsm-iv.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2011. <q>A Paraphilia must be distinguished from the nonpathological use of sexual fantasies, behaviors, or objects as a stimulus for sexual excitement in individuals without a paraphilia. Fantasies, behaviors, or objects are paraphiliac only when they lead to clinically significant distress or impairment (e.g., are obligatory, result in sexual dysfunction, require the participation of nonconsenting individuals, lead to legal complications, interfere with social relationships).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=525&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatryonline.com%2FDSMPDF%2Fdsm-iv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krueger3933-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krueger3933_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKruegerKaplan2001">Krueger & Kaplan 2001</a>, p. 393: "as with many of the paraphilic disorders, these disorders represent a spectrum between sexual behavior that is socially acceptable and nonpathological and behavior that becomes pathological when an individual begins to suffer subjective distress or an impairment in functioning..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedDrescherKruegerAtalla2016" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, Geoffrey M.; Drescher, Jack; Krueger, Richard B.; Atalla, Elham; Cochran, Susan D.; First, Michael B.; Cohen-Kettenis, Peggy T.; Arango-de Montis, Iván; Parish, Sharon J. (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032510">"Disorders related to sexuality and gender identity in the ICD-11: revising the ICD-10 classification based on current scientific evidence, best clinical practices, and human rights considerations"</a>. <i>World Psychiatry</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20354">10.1002/wps.20354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1723-8617">1723-8617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5032510">5032510</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27717275">27717275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Disorders+related+to+sexuality+and+gender+identity+in+the+ICD-11%3A+revising+the+ICD-10+classification+based+on+current+scientific+evidence%2C+best+clinical+practices%2C+and+human+rights+considerations&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5032510%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1723-8617&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27717275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwps.20354&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+M.&rft.au=Drescher%2C+Jack&rft.au=Krueger%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Atalla%2C+Elham&rft.au=Cochran%2C+Susan+D.&rft.au=First%2C+Michael+B.&rft.au=Cohen-Kettenis%2C+Peggy+T.&rft.au=Arango-de+Montis%2C+Iv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Parish%2C+Sharon+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5032510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:ICD1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:ICD1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruegerReedFirstMarais2017" class="citation journal cs1">Krueger, Richard B.; Reed, Geoffrey M.; First, Michael B.; Marais, Adele; Kismodi, Eszter; Briken, Peer (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5487931">"Proposals for Paraphilic Disorders in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Eleventh Revision (ICD-11)"</a>. <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>46</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1529–</span>1545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10508-017-0944-2">10.1007/s10508-017-0944-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002">0004-0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5487931">5487931</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28210933">28210933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Proposals+for+Paraphilic+Disorders+in+the+International+Classification+of+Diseases+and+Related+Health+Problems%2C+Eleventh+Revision+%28ICD-11%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1529-%3C%2Fspan%3E1545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5487931%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0004-0002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28210933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10508-017-0944-2&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Reed%2C+Geoffrey+M.&rft.au=First%2C+Michael+B.&rft.au=Marais%2C+Adele&rft.au=Kismodi%2C+Eszter&rft.au=Briken%2C+Peer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5487931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruegerReedFirstMarais2017" class="citation journal cs1">Krueger, Richard B.; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revise+F65&rft.atitle=The+ICD-11+Revision%3A+Scientific+and+political+support+for+the+Revise+F65+reform+Second+report+to+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevisef65.net%2F2011%2F11%2F11%2Ficd-11-revision-scientific-political-support-revise-f65-reform-second-report-world-health-organization-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochranDrescherKismödiGiami2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cochran, Susan D; Drescher, Jack; Kismödi, Eszter; Giami, Alain; García-Moreno, Claudia; Atalla, Elham; Marais, Adele; Vieira, Elisabeth Meloni; Reed, Geoffrey M (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4208576">"Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in theInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems(ICD-11)"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the World Health Organization</i>. <b>92</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">672–</span>679. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2471%2Fblt.14.135541">10.2471/blt.14.135541</a> (inactive 1 December 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0042-9686">0042-9686</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4208576">4208576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25378758">25378758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Proposed+declassification+of+disease+categories+related+to+sexual+orientation+in+theInternational+Statistical+Classification+of+Diseases+and+Related+Health+Problems%28ICD-11%29&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E672-%3C%2Fspan%3E679&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4208576%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0042-9686&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25378758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2471%2Fblt.14.135541&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=Susan+D&rft.au=Drescher%2C+Jack&rft.au=Kism%C3%B6di%2C+Eszter&rft.au=Giami%2C+Alain&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Moreno%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Atalla%2C+Elham&rft.au=Marais%2C+Adele&rft.au=Vieira%2C+Elisabeth+Meloni&rft.au=Reed%2C+Geoffrey+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4208576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_December_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of December 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aggrawal-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aggrawal_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggrawal2009" class="citation book cs1">Aggrawal, Anil (2009). <i>Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices</i>. Boca Raton: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4308-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4308-2"><bdi>978-1-4200-4308-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+and+Medico-legal+Aspects+of+Sexual+Crimes+and+Unusual+Sexual+Practices&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4308-2&rft.aulast=Aggrawal&rft.aufirst=Anil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fedoroff637-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fedoroff637_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFedoroff2008">Fedoroff 2008</a>, p. 637:"Sexual arousal from consensual interactions that include domination should be distinguished from nonconsensual sex acts."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnulfInnala1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ernulf, Kurt E.; Innala, Sune M. (1995). "Sexual bondage: A review and unobtrusive investigation". <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>24</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">631–</span>654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01542185">10.1007/BF01542185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0002">0004-0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8572912">8572912</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6495515">6495515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Sexual+bondage%3A+A+review+and+unobtrusive+investigation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E631-%3C%2Fspan%3E654&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0004-0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6495515%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8572912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01542185&rft.aulast=Ernulf&rft.aufirst=Kurt+E.&rft.au=Innala%2C+Sune+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoffee2015" class="citation book cs1">Roffee, James (2015). 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New York: Modernismo Publications. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89237-010-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89237-010-6"><bdi>0-89237-010-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leatherman%27s+Handbook+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Modernismo+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-89237-010-6&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Aggrawal" class="citation book cs1">Aggrawal, Anil (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensicmedicole00aggr_764"><i>Forensic and Medico-legal Aspects of Sexual Crimes and Unusual Sexual Practices</i></a></span>. Boca Raton: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forensicmedicole00aggr_764/page/n438">410</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4308-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-4308-2"><bdi>978-1-4200-4308-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forensic+and+Medico-legal+Aspects+of+Sexual+Crimes+and+Unusual+Sexual+Practices&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-4308-2&rft.aulast=Aggrawal&rft.aufirst=Anil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforensicmedicole00aggr_764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110116213702/http://www.psychiatryonline.com/DSMPDF/dsm-iv.pdf"><i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (4 ed.). Washington D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatryonline.com/DSMPDF/dsm-iv.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatryonline.com%2FDSMPDF%2Fdsm-iv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartorius1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sartorius" title="Norman Sartorius">Sartorius, Norman</a> (1992). <i>The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders</i>. Geneva: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ICD-10+Classification+of+Mental+and+Behavioural+Disorders&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Sartorius&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruegerKaplan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Krueger, Richard B.; Kaplan, Meg S. (2001). "The Paraphilic and Hypersexual Disorders:An Overview". <i>Journal of Psychiatric Practice</i>. <b>7</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">391–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00131746-200111000-00005">10.1097/00131746-200111000-00005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15990552">15990552</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17478379">17478379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychiatric+Practice&rft.atitle=The+Paraphilic+and+Hypersexual+Disorders%3AAn+Overview&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17478379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15990552&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00131746-200111000-00005&rft.aulast=Krueger&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Meg+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedoroff2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fedoroff, Paul J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370805301003">"Sadism, Sadomasochism, Sex, and Violence"</a>. <i>Canadian Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>53</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">637–</span>646. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F070674370805301003">10.1177/070674370805301003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18940032">18940032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19577135">19577135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Sadism%2C+Sadomasochism%2C+Sex%2C+and+Violence&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E637-%3C%2Fspan%3E646&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19577135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18940032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F070674370805301003&rft.aulast=Fedoroff&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F070674370805301003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Harvey (2008). "The treatment of paraphilias: An historical perspective". <i>Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health</i>. <b>18</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcbm.687">10.1002/cbm.687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18383202">18383202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Behaviour+and+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=The+treatment+of+paraphilias%3A+An+historical+perspective&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcbm.687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18383202&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne2013" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, Romana (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uccTAgAAQBAJ"><i>Aesthetic Sexuality: A Literary History of Sadomasochism</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8358-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8358-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-8358-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031174902/https://books.google.com/books?id=uccTAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+Sexuality%3A+A+Literary+History+of+Sadomasochism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8358-3&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=Romana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuccTAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Falaky, Faycal (2014). <i>Social Contract, Masochist Contract: Aesthetics of Freedom and Submission in Rousseau</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4989-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4989-0">978-1-4384-4989-0</a></li> <li>Newmahr, Staci (2011). <i>Playing on the Edge: Sadomasochism, Risk and Intimacy.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-22285-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-22285-0">0-253-22285-0</a>.</li> <li>Phillips, Anita (1998). <i>A Defense of Masochism</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-19258-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-19258-4">0-312-19258-4</a>.</li> <li>Odd Reiersol, Svein Skeid:<i>The ICD Diagnoses of Fetishism and Sadomasochism</i>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Homosexuality" title="Journal of Homosexuality">Journal of Homosexuality</a></i>, Harrigton Park Press, Vol.50, No.2/3, 2006, pp. 243–262</li> <li>Saez, Fernando y Olga Viñuales, <i>Armarios de Cuero</i>, Editorial Bellaterra, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7290-345-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7290-345-6">978-84-7290-345-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpengler1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Spengler" title="Andreas Spengler">Spengler, Andreas</a> (1977). "Manifest sadomasochism of males: results of an empirical study". <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>6</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">441–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01541150">10.1007/BF01541150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/931623">931623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35038106">35038106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Manifest+sadomasochism+of+males%3A+results+of+an+empirical+study&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35038106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F931623&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01541150&rft.aulast=Spengler&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASadomasochism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tupper, Peter. <i>A Lover's Pinch: A Cultural History of Sadomasochism</i>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1538111178" title="Special:BookSources/978-1538111178">978-1538111178</a>.</li> <li>Weinberg, Thomas S., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3812541">"Sadomasochism in the United States: A Review of Recent Sociological Literature"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Sex_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Sex Research">The Journal of Sex Research</a></i> <b>23</b> (Feb. 1987) 50–69</li> <li>Nicolini, Andrea, <i>Masochism. A Challenge for Ethics</i>, Mimesis International, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-69774-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-69774-14-0">978-88-69774-14-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Sadomasochism</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:BDSM" class="extiw" title="c:Category:BDSM">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sadomasochism" class="extiw" title="q:Sadomasochism">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2211650" class="extiw" title="d:Q2211650">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/masochism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:masochism">masochism</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sadism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:sadism">sadism</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085120/http://www.wellcome.ac.uk/en/pain/microsite/culture1.html">"Pain and the erotic" by Lesley Hall</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadomasochism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8POQMk5OD8U&t=1325s">"Ms. Servalan Cane Class @ DomConLA taken by Mistress Ellen"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGexL9LBKNM">"50 Shades of Fringe. Blade & whip demo."</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGMPnYJK31k">"Piercing and Fire Show @ Tattoo Messe Frankfurt 20 03 2015"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZwVhfL0wQA">"BDSM Board Game"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BDSM451" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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id="BDSM451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_BDSM" title="Outline of BDSM">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_BDSM" title="Glossary of BDSM">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bondage_(BDSM)" title="Bondage (BDSM)">Bondage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discipline_(BDSM)" title="Discipline (BDSM)">discipline</a><br /><i>B&D</i> or <i>B/D</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_roleplay" title="Animal roleplay">Animal roleplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_hood" title="Bondage hood">Bondage hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_positions_and_methods" title="Bondage positions and methods">Bondage positions and methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_suit" title="Bondage suit">Bondage suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collars_in_BDSM" title="Collars in BDSM">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BDSM_equipment" title="List of BDSM equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tickle_fetishism" title="Tickle fetishism">Erotic tickling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_bondage" class="mw-redirect" title="Head bondage">Head bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogtie_bondage" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogtie bondage">Hogtie bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_furniture" title="Human furniture">Human furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM_in_culture_and_media" title="BDSM in culture and media">In culture and media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation_scene" title="Interrogation scene">Interrogation scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_bondage" title="Japanese bondage">Japanese bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_BDSM" title="Legality of BDSM">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_bondage" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal bondage">Metal bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummification_(BDSM)" title="Mummification (BDSM)">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BDSM_organizations" title="List of BDSM organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_positions_and_methods" title="Bondage positions and methods">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicament_bondage" title="Predicament bondage">Predicament bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_bondage" title="Rope bondage">Rope bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-bondage" title="Self-bondage">Self-bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensation_play" title="Sensation play">Sensation play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadeagle_(position)#BDSM" title="Spreadeagle (position)">Spreadeagle position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_bondage" title="Suspension bondage">Suspension bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_enclosure_fetishism" title="Total enclosure fetishism">Total enclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominance_and_submission" title="Dominance and submission">Dominance and submission</a><br /><i>D&S</i> or <i>D/S</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageplay" title="Ageplay">Ageplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omorashi" title="Omorashi">Bladder desperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_worship" title="Body worship">Body worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_worship" title="Boot worship">Boot worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity_belt_(BDSM)" title="Chastity belt (BDSM)">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominatrix" title="Dominatrix">Dominatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facesitting" title="Facesitting">Facesitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_play" title="Fear play">Fear play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_submission" title="Female submission">Female submission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminization (activity)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_dominance_(BDSM)" title="Male dominance (BDSM)">Male dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_submission" title="Male submission">Male submission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master/slave_(BDSM)" title="Master/slave (BDSM)">Master/slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_fetishism" title="Medical fetishism">Medical fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_seduction" title="Forced seduction">Forced seduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_submission" title="Service-oriented submission">Service-oriented submission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sadomasochism</a><br /><i>S&M</i> or <i>S/M</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast_torture" title="Breast torture">Breast torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning" title="Caning">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_and_ball_torture" title="Cock and ball torture">Cock and ball torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation" title="Erotic asphyxiation">Erotic asphyxiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_electrostimulation" title="Erotic electrostimulation">Erotic electrostimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_spanking" title="Erotic spanking">Erotic spanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figging" title="Figging">Figging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_play" title="Impact play">Impact play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife_play" title="Knife play">Knife play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_piercing" title="Play piercing">Play piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_play" title="Temperature play">Temperature play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_sounding" title="Urethral sounding">Urethral sounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violet_wand" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet wand">Violet wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_play" title="Wax play">Wax play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_humiliation" title="Erotic humiliation">Erotic humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadism_and_masochism_in_fiction" title="Sadism and masochism in fiction">In fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftercare_(BDSM)" title="Aftercare (BDSM)">Aftercare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_in_BDSM" title="Consent in BDSM">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon_monitor" title="Dungeon monitor">Dungeon monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgeplay" title="Edgeplay">Edgeplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Feminist views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorean_subculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorean subculture">Gorean subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fetish_Day" title="International Fetish Day">International Fetish Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kink_(sexuality)" title="Kink (sexuality)">Kink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_subculture" title="Leather subculture">Leathermen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather pride flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limits_(BDSM)" title="Limits (BDSM)">Limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munch_(BDSM)" title="Munch (BDSM)">Munch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegging_(sexual_practice)" title="Pegging (sexual practice)">Pegging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(BDSM)" title="Play (BDSM)">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_party_(BDSM)" title="Play party (BDSM)">Play party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk-aware_consensual_kink" title="Risk-aware consensual kink">Risk-aware consensual kink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safeword" title="Safeword">Safeword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_roleplay" title="Sexual roleplay">Sexual roleplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top,_bottom,_switch" title="Top, bottom, switch">Top, bottom, switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Antoniou" title="Laura Antoniou">Laura Antoniou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Desclos" title="Anne Desclos">Pauline Réage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Rice" title="Anne Rice">Anne Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Robbe-Grillet" title="Catherine Robbe-Grillet">Catherine Robbe-Grillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Sacher-Masoch" title="Leopold von Sacher-Masoch">Leopold von Sacher-Masoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sands" title="Ariel Sands">Ariel Sands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Commentators and theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Brame" title="Gloria 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