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<li id="toc-Divinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Divinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divinity_and_humanity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divinity_and_humanity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Divinity and humanity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divinity_and_humanity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestral_spirits_and_saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestral_spirits_and_saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ancestral spirits and saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestral_spirits_and_saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afterlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afterlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Afterlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afterlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_totems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_totems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family totems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_totems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_secret_order_of_the_Saltigue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_secret_order_of_the_Saltigue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The secret order of the Saltigue</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Raan_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religious law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Day_of_rest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Day_of_rest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Day of rest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Day_of_rest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premarital_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premarital_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Premarital relationship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Premarital_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adultery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adultery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Adultery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adultery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Murder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious attire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine,_harvest_and_offerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine,_harvest_and_offerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Medicine, harvest and offerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine,_harvest_and_offerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Senegambia" 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class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cosmology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_devotion_and_martyrdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_devotion_and_martyrdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Religious devotion and martyrdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_devotion_and_martyrdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serers</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serer religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Symbol of the Ndut initiation rite"><img alt="Symbol of the Ndut initiation rite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg/70px-Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg/105px-Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg/140px-Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="307" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Star of Yoonir"><img alt="The Star of Yoonir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/100px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/150px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/200px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kop%C3%A9_Tiatie_Cac" title="Kopé Tiatie Cac">Kopé Tiatie Cac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokh_Kox" title="Kokh Kox">Kokh Kox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiurakh" title="Tiurakh">Tiurakh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Main doctrines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius#Serer_religion" title="Sirius">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination#Serer_religion" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints#Serer_religion" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#Rainmaker" title="Traditional African religions">Rainmaker</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cekeen_Tumulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cekeen Tumulus">Cekeen Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fand%C3%A8ne" title="Fandène">Fandène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_holy_places" title="Category:Serer holy places">Index of holy sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somb" title="Somb">Somb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Sangomar" title="Point of Sangomar">Point of Sangomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiouthioune" title="Thiouthioune">Thiouthioune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukar" title="Tukar">Tukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboyabo" title="Yaboyabo">Yaboyabo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_headed_by_Serer_Lamanes" title="States headed by Serer Lamanes">States headed by Serer Lamanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Godomat" title="Amar Godomat">Amar Godomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane_Jegan_Joof" title="Lamane Jegan Joof">Lamane Jegan Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Issa Laye Thiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="Maad Semou Njekeh Joof">Maad Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_patriarchs" title="Category:Serer patriarchs">Index of Serer patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_matriarchs" title="Category:Serer matriarchs">Index of Serer matriarchs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Relations with other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarnation#Serer_religion" title="Incarnation">Serer views on incarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_history" title="Serer history">Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_Serers" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_traditional_African_religions#By_Muslims" title="Persecution of traditional African religions">By Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_traditional_African_religions#By_Christians" title="Persecution of traditional African religions">By Christians</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage#Serer_religion" title="Interfaith marriage">Serer views on interfaith marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell#Africa" title="Hell">Serer views on heaven and hell</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Ndut initiation rite</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_history" title="Category:Serer history">Index of articles relating to Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">Index of articles relating to Serer religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_people" title="Category:Serer people">Index of all articles relating to Serer people</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_people" title="Category:Serer people">Serer people category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">Serer religion category</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serer_religion" title="Template:Serer religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serer_religion" title="Template talk:Serer religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serer_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serer religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Serer religion</b>, or <i><b>A ƭat Roog</b></i> ("the way of the Divine"), is the original religious beliefs, practices, and teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a> living in the <a href="/wiki/Senegambia_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegambia region">Senegambia region</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. The Serer religion believes in a universal <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">supreme deity</a> called <a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog</a> (or <i>Rog</i>). In the <a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin languages</a>, Roog is referred to as <i>Koox</i> (or <i>Kooh</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Kop%C3%A9_Tiatie_Cac" title="Kopé Tiatie Cac">Kopé Tiatie Cac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kokh_Kox" title="Kokh Kox">Kokh Kox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Serer people are found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia region</a>. In the 20th century, around 85% of the Serer converted to Islam (<a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villalón2006p71_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villalón2006p71-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some are Christians or follow their traditional religion.<sup id="cite_ref-olson516_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olson516-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Serer religious practices encompass ancient chants and poems, veneration of and offerings to deities as well as spirits (<a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">pangool</a>), <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiation</a> rites, <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>, and Serer history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_African_religions" title="Category:Traditional African religions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_masker_TMnr_6372-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional Kanaga mask"><img alt="A traditional Kanaga mask" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_masker_TMnr_6372-2.jpg/100px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_masker_TMnr_6372-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_masker_TMnr_6372-2.jpg/150px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_masker_TMnr_6372-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_masker_TMnr_6372-2.jpg/200px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houten_masker_TMnr_6372-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_religion" title="Bantu religion">Bantu</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Dini_Ya_Msambwa" title="Dini Ya Msambwa">Luhya</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Gbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a> (Igbo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">Vodun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a> (Oromo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_divination" title="African divination">African divination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius#Dogon" title="Sirius">Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo" title="Nommo">Dogon astronomy (Nommo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_mythology" title="Category:African mythology">Index of African mythology and creation narratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius#Serer_spirituality" title="Sirius">Serer astronomy (the star Sirius)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_deities" title="Category:African deities">Index of African deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_mythological_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African mythological figures">List of African deities and mythical figures</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandiagara_Escarpment" title="Bandiagara Escarpment">Bandiagara Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_City" title="Benin City">Benin City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ifẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu" title="Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hombori" title="Mount Hombori">Mount Hombori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nri-Igbo" title="Nri-Igbo">Nri-Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsukka" title="Nsukka">Nsukka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Oyo">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Sangomar" title="Point of Sangomar">Point of Sangomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha,_Mali" title="Sangha, Mali">Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha_Ogol_Leye" title="Sangha Ogol Leye">Sangha Ogol Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_River" title="Sine River">Sine River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somb" title="Somb">Somb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaguine" title="Tattaguine">Tattaguine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukar" title="Tukar">Tukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboyabo" title="Yaboyabo">Yaboyabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youga_Dogorou" title="Youga Dogorou">Youga Dogorou</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyi" title="Okuyi">Okuyi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Priesthood</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hogon" title="Hogon">Hogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houngan" class="mw-redirect" title="Houngan">Houngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambo (Vodou)">Mambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaaaaa;color: var(--color-base)">Relation with other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_traditional_African_religions" title="Persecution of traditional African religions">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_Dogons" title="Religious persecution">Persecution of Dogons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_Serers" title="Religious persecution">Persecution of Serers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion_and_other_religions" title="Traditional African religion and other religions">Traditional African religion and other religions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_African_religions" title="Category:Traditional African religions"><b>Category</b></a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/12px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/18px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/24px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Traditional_African_religions" title="Portal:Traditional African religions">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_African_religions" title="Template:Traditional African religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_African_religions" title="Template talk:Traditional African religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_African_religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional African religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divinity">Divinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Divinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koox" class="mw-redirect" title="Koox">Koox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kop%C3%A9_Tiatie_Cac" title="Kopé Tiatie Cac">Kopé Tiatie Cac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth#Cosmogony" title="Serer creation myth">Cosmogony in the Serer creation myth</a></div> <p>The Serer people believe in a supreme deity called <a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog</a> (or <i>Rog</i>) and sometimes referred to as <i>Roog Sene</i> ("Roog The Immensity" or "The Merciful God").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serer tradition deals with various dimensions of life, death, space and time, ancestral spirit communications and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>. There are also other lesser gods, goddesses and <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> spirits or genie (<a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">pangool</a> or <i>nguus</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) such as the <a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">fangool</a> <i>Mendiss</i> (or <i>Mindis</i>), a female protector of <a href="/wiki/Fatick_Region" title="Fatick Region">Fatick Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">the arm of the sea</a> that bears her name; the god <a href="/wiki/Tiurakh" title="Tiurakh">Tiurakh</a> (var : <i>Thiorak</i> or <i>Tulrakh</i>) – god of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, and the god <a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a> (var : <i>Taahkarr</i>) – god of <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> or vengeance.<sup id="cite_ref-Gravrand_Civilisation_Sereer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gravrand_Civilisation_Sereer-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Roog</i> is neither the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a> nor a genie, but the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Creator_deity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Creator deity">Lord of creation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Religio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roog is the very embodiment of both male and female to whom offerings are made at the foot of trees, such as the sacred <a href="/wiki/Adansonia_digitata" title="Adansonia digitata">baobab tree</a>, the sea, the river (such as the sacred <a href="/wiki/Sine_River" title="Sine River">River Sine</a>), in people's own homes or community shrine, etc. Roog Sene is reachable perhaps to a lesser extent by the Serer high priests and priestesses (<a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a>), who have been initiated and possess the knowledge and power to organise their thoughts into a single cohesive unit. However, Roog is always watching over its children and always available to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Pangool_pp_205-8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pangool_pp_205-8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Divinity_and_humanity">Divinity and humanity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Divinity and humanity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Serer, <i>Roog Sene</i> is the lifeblood to which the incorruptible and sanctified soul returns to eternal peace after they depart the living world. Roog Sene sees, knows and hears everything, but does not interfere in the day-to-day affairs of the living world. Instead, lesser gods and goddesses act as Roog's assistants in the physical world. Individuals have the <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> to either live a good and spiritually fulfilled life in accordance with Serer religious doctrines or waver from such doctrines by living an unsanctified lifestyle in the physical world. Those who live their lives contrary to the teachings will be rightfully punished in the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestral_spirits_and_saints">Ancestral spirits and saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancestral spirits and saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints#Serer_religion" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession of Saints in the Serer religion</a></div> <p>Ordinary Serers address their prayers to the <a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">pangool</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Serer_religion" title="Reincarnation">Serer ancestral spirits and saints</a>) as they are the intermediaries between the living world and the divine. An orthodox Serer must remain faithful to the ancestral spirits as the soul is sanctified as a result of the ancestors' intercession between the living world and the divine. The pangool have both a historical significance as well as a religious one. They are connected to the history of the Serer by virtue of the fact that the pangool is associated with the founding of Serer villages and towns as a group of <i>pangool</i> would accompany village founders called "<a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">lamane</a>" (or <i>laman</i> – who were their ancient kings) as they make their journey looking for land to exploit. Without them, the lamane exploits would not have been possible. In the religious sense, these ancient lamanes created <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrines</a> to these pangool, thereby becoming the priests and custodians of the shrine. As such, "they became the intermediaries among the land, the people and the pangool".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whenever any member of the lamanic lineage dies, the whole Serer community celebrates in honour of the exemplary lives they had lived on earth in accordance with the teachings of the Serer religion. Serer prayers are addressed to the pangool who act as intercessors between the living world and the divine. In addressing their prayers to the pangool, the Serers chant ancient songs and offer sacrifices such as bull, sheep, goat, chicken or harvested crops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afterlife">Afterlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Serer_religion" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation in the Serer religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell#Africa" title="Hell">Concept of Hell in African Religions</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">immortality of the soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> (<i>ciiɗ</i> in <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a strongly held belief in Serer religion. The pangool are viewed as holy saints, and will be called upon and venerated, and have the power to intercede between the living and the divine. The Serer strive to be accepted by their ancestors who have long departed and to gain the ability to intercede with the divine. Failure to do so results in rejection by the ancestors and becoming a lost and wandering soul.<sup id="cite_ref-Religio_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_totems">Family totems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Family totems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each Serer family has a <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> (<i>tiim</i> / <i>tim</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Totems are prohibitions as well as guardians. They can be animals and plants among other beings. For example, the totem of the <a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>. Any brutality against this animal by the Joof family is prohibited. This respect gives the Joof family holy protection. The totem of the <a href="/wiki/Njie" title="Njie">Njie</a> family is the <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a>; the totem of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8ne" title="Sène">Sène</a> family is the <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a> and for the Sarr family is the <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grav_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grav-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_secret_order_of_the_Saltigue">The secret order of the Saltigue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The secret order of the Saltigue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Divination#Serer_religion" title="Divination">Divination in the Serer Religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion#Rainmaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">Rainmaker in the Traditional African religion</a></div> <p>Both men and women can be initiated into the secret order of the <a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a> (Spiritual Elder). In accordance with Serer religious doctrines, for one to become a Saltigue, one must be initiated which is somewhat reserved for a small number of insiders, particularly in the mysteries of the universe and the unseen world. The <i><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></i> (<i>Xoy</i> or <i>Khoy</i>) ceremony is a special religious event in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_calendar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer calendar (page does not exist)">Serer religious calendar</a>. It is the time when the initiated Saltigue (Serer High Priests and Priestesses) come together to literally predict the future in front of the community. These diviners and healers deliver sermons at the Xooy Ceremony which relates to the future weather, politics, economics, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event brings together thousands of people to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Holy Sine</a> from all over the world. Ultra orthodox Serers and Serers who <i>"<a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretise</a>"</i> (mix Islam or Christianity with the old Serer religion) as well as non-Serers such as the <a href="/wiki/Lebou_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebou people">Lebou people</a> (who are a distinct group but still revere the ancient religious practices of their Serer ancestors) among others gather at Sine for this ancient ceremony. Serers who live in the West sometimes spend months planning for the pilgrimage. The event goes on for several days where the Saltigue take centre stage and the ceremony usually begins in the first week of June at <a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holy_ceremonies_and_festivals">Holy ceremonies and festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Holy ceremonies and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Ndut initiation rite</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg/150px-Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Serer_Religious_Ceremony.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>The symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Ndut initiation rite</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a> (variation: <i>Xoy</i> or <i>Khoy</i>)</li> <li>Jobai</li> <li>Randou Rande</li> <li>Mindisse</li> <li>Mbosseh</li> <li>Mboudaye</li> <li>Tobaski</li> <li>Gamo (var: <i>Gamou</i>)</li> <li>Tourou Peithie<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Daqaar mboob<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Raan</i> Festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Ndut</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raan_festival">Raan festival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Raan festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Raan</i> festival of <a href="/wiki/Tukar" title="Tukar">Tukar</a> takes place in the old village of Tukar founded by <a href="/wiki/Lamane_Jegan_Joof" title="Lamane Jegan Joof">Lamane Jegan Joof</a> (or <i>Lamane Djigan Diouf</i> in French speaking <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>) around the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is headed by his descendants (the <a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamanic lineage</a>). The Raan occurs every year on the second Thursday after the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> in April. On the morning of Raan, the Lamane would prepare offerings of millet, sour milk and sugar. After sunrise, the Lamane makes a visit to the sacred pond – the shrine of <i>Saint Luguuñ Joof</i> who guided Lamane Jegan Joof after he migrated from <a href="/wiki/Lambaye_Arrondissement" title="Lambaye Arrondissement">Lambaye</a> (north of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a>). The Lamane would make an offering to Saint Luguuñ and spends the early morning in ritual prayer and <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>. After that, he makes a tour of Tukar and perform ritual offerings of milk, millet and wine as well as small animals at key shrines, trees, and sacred locations. The people make their way to the compound of the chief Saltigue (the Serer high priests and priestess – who are the "hereditary rain priests selected from the Lamane's lineage for their oracular talent").<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_law">Religious law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Day_of_rest">Day of rest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Day of rest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Serer religion, Monday is the day of rest. Cultural activities such as <i>Njom</i> or "Laamb" (<a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Senegalese wrestling</a>) and weddings are also prohibited on Thursday.<sup id="cite_ref-Religio_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Courting for a wife is permitted but with boundaries. Women are given respect and honour in Serer religion. The woman must not be dishonoured or engaged in a physical relationship until after she has been married. When a man desires a woman, the man provides the woman gifts as a mark of interest. If the woman and her family accept, this then becomes an implied contract that she should therefore not court or accept gifts from another man whose aim is to court her.<sup id="cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Premarital_relationship">Premarital relationship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Premarital relationship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Were a young man and a woman found engaged in premarital relationships, both are exiled to avoid bringing shame to the family, even if pregnancy resulted from that courtship.<sup id="cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adultery">Adultery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adultery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adultery is dealt with by the Serer jurisprudence of <i>Mbaax Dak A Tiit</i> (the rule of compensation).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a married woman engaged in <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> with another man, both adulterers are humiliated in different ways. The wronged male spouse (the husband) is entitled to take the undergarment of the other male and hang it outside his house to show that the male lover had broken custom by committing adultery with his wife. The lover would be shunned from the Serer society; no family would want to marry into his family and he would be excommunicated. This was and is seen as extremely humiliating; many male Serers have been known to take their own lives because they couldn't bear the humiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IS_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public display of undergarments was not applied to women; when women marry in Serer society, they braid their hair in a particular style, which is restricted to married women – it is a symbol of their status, which is highly valued in Serer society. An adulteress's female relatives unbraid her hair. This is so humiliating and degrading for a married woman that many women have been known to commit suicide rather than endure the shame.<sup id="cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IS_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wronged man can forgive both his wife and her lover if he chooses to. The adulterers and their respective families must gather at the king, chief, or elder's compound to formally seek forgiveness. This will be in front of the community because the rules that govern society have been broken. The doctrine extends to both married men and women. Protection is given to the wronged spouse regardless of his or her gender.<sup id="cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa_Laye_Thiaw-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IS_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IS-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder">Murder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Murder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graves_of_the_Sereres-1821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Graves_of_the_Sereres-1821.jpg/220px-Graves_of_the_Sereres-1821.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Graves_of_the_Sereres-1821.jpg/330px-Graves_of_the_Sereres-1821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Graves_of_the_Sereres-1821.jpg/440px-Graves_of_the_Sereres-1821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption> Serer final resting place with Serer grave diggers. The top points are directed towards the gods. (1821)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the past, when someone killed another person, the victim's family had the right to either forgive or seek vengeance. The murderer and his family would gather at a local centre headed by the Chief or the palace headed by the King. Before this judgement, the murderer's family would cook some food (millet) to be shared among the community and the victim's family. The victim's family would nominate a strong man armed with a spear with a piece of cooked lamb or beef at the end of it. This executioner, taking his instruction from the victim's family, would run towards the murderer, who was required to keep his mouth open. If the victim's family chose accordingly, the executioner would kill the murderer with his spear, after which the food that had been cooked would not be eaten and everyone would disperse. From that day on, the families would be strangers to each other. On the other hand, if the victim's family had forgiven the murderer, then would the executioner run and gently feed the murderer the piece of meat on his spear. In that case, the community would enjoy the meal and the two families would be sealed as one and sometimes even marry off their children to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa_Laye_Thiaw-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marguerite_Dupire_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marguerite_Dupire-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_attire">Religious attire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religious attire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Serers may wear an item belonging to their ancestor, such as the hair of an ancestor or an ancestor's treasured belonging, which they turn into <i><a href="/wiki/Juju" title="Juju">juju</a></i> on their person or visibly on their necks.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicine,_harvest_and_offerings"><span id="Medicine.2C_harvest_and_offerings"></span>Medicine, harvest and offerings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medicine, harvest and offerings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Serers also have an ancient knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbalism</a> which is passed down and takes years to acquire.<sup id="cite_ref-Horticonsult_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horticonsult-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senegalese government has set a school and centre to preserve this ancient knowledge and teach it to the young. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=CEMETRA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CEMETRA (page does not exist)">CEMETRA</a> (Centre Expérimental de Médecine Traditionnelle de <a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a>) Membership alone consist of at least 550 professional Serer healers in the Serer region of Sine-Saloum.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several traditional practices linked with land and agricultural activities are known, two examples are described below: </p> <ul><li>Prediction ceremonies organized by the <a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltige</a>, who are considered to be the custodians of indigenous knowledge. Such meetings are aimed at providing information and warning people about what will happen in the village during the next rainy season.</li> <li>Preparation of sowings, a ceremony called <i>Daqaar mboob</i> aimed at ensuring good millet or groundnut production. For this purpose, every grower has to obtain something called <i>Xos</i>, further to a competitive ceremony consisting of hunting, racing, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Horticonsult_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horticonsult-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Senegambia">Influence on Senegambia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Influence on Senegambia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the old <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> festivals were borrowed and altered by Christianity which came later,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the names of ancient Serer religious festivals were also borrowed by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Senegal" title="Islam in Senegal">Senegambian Muslims</a> in a different way to describe genuine Islamic festivals in their own language. The Serers are one of very few communities in Senegambia, apart from the <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jolas</a>, who have a name for god[s] which is not borrowed from Arabic but indigenous to their language.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tobaski</i> (var : <i>Tabaski</i>) was an ancient Serer hunting festival; <i>Gamo</i> was an ancient Serer divination festival; <i>Korite</i> [from the Serer word <i>kor</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] was a male initiation rite; <i>Weri Kor</i> was the season (or month) Serer males went through their <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">initiation rites</a>. <i>Gamo</i> (comes from the old Serer word <i>Gamahou</i>, variation : <i>Gamohou</i>). "Eid al kabir" or "eidul adha" (which are Arabic) are different from Serer <i>Tobaski</i>, but the <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambian</a> Muslims <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loaned</a> <i>Tobaski</i> from Serer religion to describe "Eid al Kabir". <i>Gamo</i> also derives from Serer religion.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic word for it is "Mawlid" or "Mawlid an-Nabi" (which celebrates the birth of Muhammad). <i>Weri Kor</i> (the month of fasting, "Ramadan" in Arabic) and <i>Koriteh</i> or <i>Korité</i> ("Aïd-el-fitr" in Arabic which celebrates the end of the month of fasting) also comes from the <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mummification_and_Cult_of_the_Upright_Stones">Mummification and Cult of the Upright Stones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mummification and Cult of the Upright Stones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Serer_ancient_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Serer ancient history">Serer ancient history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wassu_Stone_Cirles_shaunamullally_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wassu_Stone_Cirles_shaunamullally_02.jpg/220px-Wassu_Stone_Cirles_shaunamullally_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wassu_Stone_Cirles_shaunamullally_02.jpg/330px-Wassu_Stone_Cirles_shaunamullally_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wassu_Stone_Cirles_shaunamullally_02.jpg/440px-Wassu_Stone_Cirles_shaunamullally_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian stone circles</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The dead, especially those from the upper echelons of society, were <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummified</a> in order to prepare them for the afterlife (<i>Jaaniiw</i>). They were accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> including gold, silver, metal, their <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a> and other personal objects. Mummification is less common now, especially post-independence.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marguerite_Dupire_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marguerite_Dupire-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead were buried in a pyramid shaped tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-Marguerite_Dupire_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marguerite_Dupire-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Serer <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a> play a vital and religious role on the death of a Serer King. On the death of a Serer king, the <i>Fara Lamb Sine</i> (the chief griot in the Serer <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Kingdom of Sine</a>) would bury his treasured drum (the <a href="/wiki/Junjung" title="Junjung">junjung</a>) with the king. His other drums would be played for the last time before their burial in the ground facing east. The griots then chant ancient songs marked by sadness and praise for the departed king. The last time this ceremony occurred was on 8 March 1969 following the death of the last king of Sine – <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Mahecor_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof">Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a>: <i>Maye Koor Juuf</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/170px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/255px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg/340px-Five_Pointed_Star_Lined.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption><i>Yoonir</i>, symbol of the Universe.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The cult of the Upright Stone, such as the <a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian stone circles</a>, which were probably built by predecessors of the Serer,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Serer-Jola_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serer-Jola-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were also a place of worship. <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a> <a href="/wiki/Megaliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaliths">megaliths</a> were carved, planted, and directed towards the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serer_cosmogony_-_representation_of_the_universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Serer_cosmogony_-_representation_of_the_universe.jpg/150px-Serer_cosmogony_-_representation_of_the_universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Serer_cosmogony_-_representation_of_the_universe.jpg/225px-Serer_cosmogony_-_representation_of_the_universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Serer_cosmogony_-_representation_of_the_universe.jpg/300px-Serer_cosmogony_-_representation_of_the_universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer cosmogony</a>. A representation of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>. The three worlds<b>:</b> the invisible world, the terrestrial world and the nocturnal world.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a></div> <p>One of the most important <a href="/wiki/Cosmological" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological">cosmological</a> stars of the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a> is called <i>Yoonir</i>. The "Star of Yoonir" is part of the Serer cosmos. It is very important and sacred and just one of many religious symbols in Serer religion and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>. It is the brightest star in the night sky, <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>. With an ancient heritage of farming, "Yoonir" is very important and sacred in Serer religion,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it announces the beginning of flooding and enables Serer farmers to start planting seeds. The <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> call it <i>"Sigui"</i>, whilst in Serer it is called <i>"Yoonir"</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – represented in the form of the <i>"Pangool"</i> (interceders with <i>Roog</i> – the Supreme Deity) and <i>"Man"</i>. It is before this event where the Serer High Priests and Priestesses known as <a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a> gather at the <a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a> annual divination ceremony where they predict the course of the winter months among other things relevant to the lives of the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Pangool</i> (singular : <i>Fangool</i>) are ancestral spirits (also ancient Serer Saints in Serer religion) represented by snakes. </p><p>The peak of the Star (top point) represents the Supreme Deity (<a href="/wiki/Roog_(Serer_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roog (Serer deity)">Roog</a>). The other four points represent the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal points</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a>. The crossing of the lines ("bottom left" and "top right" and "top left and bottom right") pinpoints the axis of the Universe, that all energies pass. The top point is "the point of departure and conclusion, the origin and the end".<sup id="cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Serers who cannot read or write the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, it is very common for them to sign official documents with the Star of Yoonir, as the Star also represents "good fortune and destiny".<sup id="cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_devotion_and_martyrdom">Religious devotion and martyrdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Religious devotion and martyrdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution#Persecution_of_Serers" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution of the Serers</a></div> <p>While most Serers converted to Islam and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (specifically <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>), their conversion was after <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>. They and the <a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a> were the last to convert to these religions.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many still follow the Serer religion especially in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Kingdom of Sine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">the Gambia</a> being predominantly Muslim countries.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Serers have also battled many prominent African Islamic <a href="/wiki/Jihadists" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadists">jihadists</a> over the centuries. Some of those like <a href="/wiki/Maba_Diakhou_B%C3%A2" title="Maba Diakhou Bâ">Maba Diakhou Bâ</a> is considered a national hero and given a saint like status by <a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_communities_of_Senegal" title="Category:Muslim communities of Senegal">Senegambian Muslims</a>. He himself was killed in battle fighting against the Serer King of Sine – <a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a> on 18 July 1867 at <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a> commonly known as The Battle of Somb.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the surprise attacks of Naodorou, Kaymor and Ngaye, where the Serers were defeated, they killed themselves rather than be conquered by the Muslim forces. In these 19th-century Islamic <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a> wars, many of the Serers villagers committed martyrdom, including jumping to their deaths at the Well of Tahompa.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Serer religion, suicide is only permitted if it satisfies the Serer principle of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jom_(Serer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jom (Serer) (page does not exist)">Jom</a> (also spelt <i>"Joom"</i> which literally means "honour"<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer language</a>) – a code of beliefs and values that govern Serer lives.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="/wiki/Portal:Mauritania" title="Portal:Mauritania">Mauritania portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_headed_by_ancient_Serer_Lamanes" class="mw-redirect" title="States headed by ancient Serer Lamanes">States headed by ancient Serer Lamanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Dupire" title="Marguerite Dupire">Dupire, Marguerite</a>, <i>Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut</i>, Karthala Editions (1994), p. 54, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2865374874" title="Special:BookSources/2865374874">2865374874</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité sérères : l'exemple de la région de Thiès", <i>Éthiopiques</i>, no. 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?page=imprimer-article&id_article=1253">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_S._Olson" title="James S. Olson">Olson, James Stuart</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&q=serer%7Cseereer+muslims&pg=PA516"><i>The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313279188" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313279188"><bdi>978-0313279188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Africa%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313279188&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdaAdBC-_S4C%26q%3Dserer%257Cseereer%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerer+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villalón2006p71-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Villalón2006p71_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardo_A._Villalón2006" class="citation book cs1">Leonardo A. Villalón (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA73"><i>Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03232-2"><bdi>978-0-521-03232-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Society+and+State+Power+in+Senegal%3A+Disciples+and+Citizens+in+Fatick&rft.pages=71-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03232-2&rft.au=Leonardo+A.+Villal%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxFC1KUbXJ6gC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerer+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olson516-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olson516_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Stuart_Olson1996" class="citation book cs1">James Stuart Olson (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&pg=PA516"><i>The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood. p. 516. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27918-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27918-8"><bdi>978-0-313-27918-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Africa%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27918-8&rft.au=James+Stuart+Olson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdaAdBC-_S4C%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerer+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Di%C3%A8ne_Faye" title="Louis Diène Faye">Faye, Louis Diène</a>, <i>Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer</i>, Les Nouvelles Editions <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africaines</a> (1983), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9">2-7236-0868-9</a>. p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nguus means genie. See : Kalis, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gravrand_Civilisation_Sereer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gravrand_Civilisation_Sereer_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Henry, Gravrand</a>, <i>La civilisation sereer</i>, vol. II : <i>Pangool</i>, Nouvelles éditions africaines, <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a> (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kellog, Day Otis, and Smith, William Robertson, <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica</i>: latest edition. A dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature", Volume 25, p. 64, Werner (1902).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religio-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Religio_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religio_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Religio_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Verbatim: "le Maître/Seigneur de la créature" <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Thaiw, Issa Laye</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article1248">"La religiosité des Seereer, avant et pendant leur islamisation"</a>, in <i>Éthiopiques</i>, no. 54, volume 7, 2e semestre 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pangool_pp_205-8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pangool_pp_205-8_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 205–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fondation <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>, <i>Éthiopiques</i>, Issues 55–56 (1991), pp. 62–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galvan, Dennis Charles, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsLQTePijB4C&q=intermediary">The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal</a></i>, Berkeley, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> (2004), p. 53, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520235916" title="Special:BookSources/0520235916">0520235916</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ciiɗ means poetry in Serer, it can also mean the reincarnated or the dead who seek to reincarnate in Serer religion. Two chapters are devoted to this by Faye see: Faye, Louis Diène, <i>Mort et Naissance Le Monde Sereer</i>, Les Nouvelles Edition Africaines (1983), pp. 9–10, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9">2-7236-0868-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faye, Louise Diène, <i>Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer</i>, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1983), pp. 17–25, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9">2-7236-0868-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Dupire" title="Marguerite Dupire">Dupire, Marguerite</a>, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut, KARTHALA Editions (1994), p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Marc Gastellu (M. Sambe – 1937 [in]), <i>L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal</i>, IRD Editions (1981), p. 130, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7099-0591-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-7099-0591-4">2-7099-0591-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grav-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grav_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand Henry</a>, <i>La civilisation sereer</i>, vol. I : <i>Cosaan: les origines</i>, Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar (1983), p. 211, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2723608778" title="Special:BookSources/2723608778">2723608778</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alioune_Sarr" title="Alioune Sarr">Sarr, Alioune</a>, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum" (introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), in <i>Bulletin de l'<a href="/wiki/Institut_Fondamental_d%27Afrique_Noire" title="Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire">IFAN</a></i>, tome 46, série B, nos 3–4, 1986–1987 pp. 31–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Niang, Mor Sadio, [in] <i>Ethiopiques</i> numéro 31" - révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine 3e trimestre, <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fondamental_d%27Afrique_Noire" title="Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire">IFAN</a>, (1982) – (From Xoy to Tourou Peithie) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article905">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224154807/http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article905">Archived</a> 24 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seck, A.; Sow, I. & Niass, M., "Senegal", [in] <i>"The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables",</i> pp. 85–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galvan, Dennis Charles, pp. 108–111 and 122, 304, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a> (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23591-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23591-6">0-520-23591-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bressers, Hans, & Rosenbaum, Walter A., <i>Achieving sustainable development: the challenge of governance across social scales</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group (2003), p. 151, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97802-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97802-8">0-275-97802-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galvan, Dennis Charles, University of California Press (2004), p. 202, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23591-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23591-6">0-520-23591-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw1_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiaw, Issa Laye, <i>La femme Seereer</i> (Sénégal), L'Harmattan, Paris, septembre (2005), pp. 92, 255–65, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-8907-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7475-8907-2">2-7475-8907-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Piallée</i> No. 141. avril 2006. <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiaw, Issa Laye, <i>La femme Seereer</i> (Sénégal), [in] Fatou K. Camara, <i>Moving from Teaching African Cusmary Laws to Teaching African Indigenous Law</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IS-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IS_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IS_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IS_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Thaiw, Issa Laye</a>, <i>"La femme Seereer" (Sénégal)</i>, L'Harmattan, Paris, septembre (2005), p. 169, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-8907-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7475-8907-2">2-7475-8907-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issa_Laye_Thiaw-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Issa_Laye_Thiaw_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thiaw, Issa Laye, <i>Corporal Punishment in Seereer Customary Law</i> pp. 25–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marguerite_Dupire-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marguerite_Dupire_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marguerite_Dupire_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marguerite_Dupire_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Dupire" title="Marguerite Dupire">Dupire, Marguerite</a>, "Les tombes de chiens : mythologies de la mort en pays Serer" (Sénégal), <i>Journal of Religion in Africa</i> (1985), vol. 15, fasc. 3, pp. 201–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Project" title="Joshua Project">Joshua Project</a>: "What are their beliefs?".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horticonsult-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horticonsult_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horticonsult_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Secka, A.; Sow, I., and Niass, M., (Collaborators: A.D. Ndoye, T. Kante, A. Thiam, P. Faye and T. Ndiaye.) Senegal, Horticonsult <i>The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables</i>, pp. 85–110 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www2.bioversityinternational.org/publications/46/pdf/5a_Senegal.pdf">[3]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simone_Kalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simone Kalis (page does not exist)">Kalis, Simone</a>, <i>Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal</i>, L'Harmattan, (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9">2-7384-5196-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205200601/http://www.prometra-france.org/presentation-de-prometra-france/">"Promotion de Medicine Traditionnelles"</a> (in French). Prometra International, Prometra France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prometra-france.org/presentation-de-prometra-france/">the original</a> on 5 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promotion+de+Medicine+Traditionnelles&rft.pub=Prometra+International%2C+Prometra+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prometra-france.org%2Fpresentation-de-prometra-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASerer+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biblical Archaeology Society. <i>Bible review</i>, Volumes 18–19. Published by: Biblical Archaeology Society, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9677901-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9677901-0-7">0-9677901-0-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Amadou, "Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855)", (trans : B. Cissé), V. Monteil, <i>Bulletin de l'IFAN</i>, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4. 1941, 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meaning man or male. Variation : <i>gor</i> as in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)". (1972). <i>Bulletin de l'IFAN</i>, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Brisebarre, Anne-Marie, Kuczynski, Liliane, <i>La Tabaski au Sénégal: Une fête musulmane en milieu urbain</i>, Karthala Editions (2009), pp. 13, 141–200, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8111-0244-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-8111-0244-2">2-8111-0244-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krzyżaniak, Lech; Kroeper, Karla & Kobusiewicz, Michał, "Muzeum Archeologiczne w Poznaniu", <i>Interregional contacts in the later prehistory of northeastern Africa</i>, Poznań Archaeological Museum (1996), pp. 57–58, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-900434-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-900434-7-5">83-900434-7-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Diop, Cheikh Anta</a>, <i>The African origin of civilization: myth or reality</i> L. Hill (1974), p. 197, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-072-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-072-7">1-55652-072-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>African forum</i>, Volumes 3–4, American Society of African Culture, (1967), p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?page=imprimer-article&id_article=1253">"Diversite et unicite Sereres: L'exemple de la Region de Thies"</a> [in] <i>Ethiopiques</i> n°54, revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série, volume 7 2e semestre (1991) (Retrieved : 10 May 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Louis_Di%C3%A8ne_Faye" title="Louis Diène Faye">Faye, Louis Diène</a>, <i>Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer</i>, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1983), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9">2-7236-0868-9</a>) [in] Boyd-Buggs, Debra; Scott, Joyce Hope, <i>Camel Tracks: Critical Perspectives on Sahelian Literatures</i>, Africa World Press (2003), p. 56, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865437572" title="Special:BookSources/0865437572">0865437572</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OU5smBgGku0C&dq=Louis+Di%C3%A8ne+Faye&pg=PA56">[4]</a> (Retrieved : 10 May 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravrand, <i>La civilisation sereer : Pangool</i> p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji, <i>Canadian Museum of Civilization</i>, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, "International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition", (Louvain, Belgium), pp. 27, 155, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1">0-660-15965-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a>, <i>La Civilisation Sereer - <a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></i>, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal, 1990, p. 77, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1">2-7236-1055-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gambian Studies</i> No. 17., "People of The Gambia. I. The Wolof with notes on the Serer and the Lebou", By David P. Gamble & Linda K. Salmon with Alhaji Hassan Njie, San Francisco (1985).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serer-Jola-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Serer-Jola_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Espie, Ian, <i>A thousand years of West African history: a handbook for teachers and students</i>, Editors: J. F. Ade Ajayi, Ian Espie, Humanities Press (1972), p. 134, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0391002171" title="Special:BookSources/0391002171">0391002171</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Becker, Charles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_5/b_fdi_01/010014636.pdf"><i>Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer</i></a>. Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M (Excerpt) (Retrieved : 28 June 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diop, Cheikh Anta, <i>The African origin of civilization: myth or reality</i>, L. Hill (1974), p. 196, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88208-021-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88208-021-0">0-88208-021-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravrand, Henry, <i>La Civilisation Sereer - Pangool</i>, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 9, 20 & 77, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1">2-7236-1055-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Becker, Charles, <i>Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer</i>, Dakar (1993), CNRS - ORS TO M.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravrand, Henry, <i>Pangool</i>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berg, Elizabeth L., & Wan, Ruth, <i>Cultures of the World: Senegal</i>, Benchmark Books (New York) (2009), p. 144, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4481-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4481-7">978-0-7614-4481-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kalis, Simone, "Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal" – <i>La Coonaissance de la Nuit</i>, L'Harmattan (1997), pp. 25–60, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9">2-7384-5196-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The following is an account of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Henry Gravrand</a>'s description of the representation of "Yoonir", Serer ancestral links to the "Sahara" and the ancient relics of Thiemassas in modern day <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>: <dl><dd>"Fixed towards the sky or drawn on the ground.</dd> <dd><b>The Star (Yoonir)</b></dd> <dd>The Sereer symbol of the universe</dd> <dd>The five branches represents</dd> <dd>the black man standing head held high,</dd> <dd>hands raised representing</dd> <dd>work and prayer.</dd> <dd>Sign of God :Image of Man." (Gravrand, "Pangool" p. 21).</dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravrand, Henry, <i>La civilisation Sereer Pangool</i>, Les nouvelles Edition (1990), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji, <i>Canadian Museum of Civilization</i>, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition, (Louvain, Belgium), <i>Tracing memory: a glossary of graphic signs and symbols in African art and culture</i>, Canadian Museum of Civilization (1996), pp. 5, 27, 115, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1">0-660-15965-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Glover. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hn3jLfdvoNEC&dq=Sereer+religion+in+Senegal&pg=PA201"><i>Sufism and jihad in modern Senegal: the Murid order</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Conversion to Islam: Military Recruitment and Generational Conflict in a Sereer-Safin Village</i> (Bandia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarr, Alioune, <i>Histoire du Sine-Saloum</i>, Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Martin A., <i>Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a> (1968), pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Camara, Alhaji Sait, [in] <i>Sunu Chossan</i> formerly <i>Chossani Senegambia</i> (<i>history of Senegambia</i>). <a href="/wiki/GRTS" class="mw-redirect" title="GRTS">GRTS</a> Programs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It can mean either "heart" or "honour" depending on the context.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gravrand, <i>Pangool</i>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethiopiques.refer.sn/spip.php?article895">"L'Heritage spirituel Sereer : Valeur Traditionnelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain"</a> [in] <i>Ethiopiques</i>, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982 (Retrieved : 10 May 2012).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issa_Laye_Thiaw" title="Issa Laye Thiaw">Thiaw, Issa Laye</a>, <i>Myth de la Creation du monde selon les sages Seereer</i>. p. 45</li> <li>Dion, Salif, <i>L'Education traditionnelle à travers les chants et poèmes sereer,</i> Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1983, p. 344</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a>, <i>La civilisation sereer,</i> vol. II : <i>Pangool</i>, Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1990, pp. 9–77, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1">2-7236-1055-1</a></li> <li>Gravrand, Henry : "L'Heritage spirituel Sereer : Valeur Traditionnelle d'hier, d'aujourd'hui et de demain" [in] <i>Ethiopiques</i>, numéro 31, révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3e trimestre 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Di%C3%A8ne_Faye" title="Louis Diène Faye">Faye, Louis Diène</a>, <i>Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer</i>, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1983, pp. 9–44, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-0868-9">2-7236-0868-9</a></li> <li>Kellog, Day Otis & Smith, William Robertson, <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica:</i> latest edition. A dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature, Volume 25, p. 64. Published by Werner, 1902.</li> <li>Thiaw, Issa Laye, <i>La religiosité des Seereer, avant et pendant leur islamisation</i>, in Éthiopiques, no. 54, volume 7, 2e semestre 1991</li> <li>Galvan, Dennis Charles, <i>The State Must Be Our Master of Fire:</i> How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004, pp. 108–304, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23591-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23591-6">0-520-23591-6</a></li> <li>Fondation <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a>. Éthiopiques, Issues 55–56. 1991. pp. 62–95</li> <li>Gastellu, Jean-Marc (with ref to notes of : M. Sambe – 1937), <i>L'égalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal</i>, IRD Editions, 1981. p. 130. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7099-0591-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-7099-0591-4">2-7099-0591-4</a></li> <li>Gravrand, Henry, <i>La civilisation sereer</i>, vol. I : <i>Cosaan: les origines</i>, Nouvelles éditions africaines, Dakar, 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alioune_Sarr" title="Alioune Sarr">Sarr, Alioune</a>, <i>Histoire du Sine-Saloum</i> (introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker), [in] Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 46, série B, nos 3–4, 1986–1987 pp. 31–38</li> <li>Niang, Mor Sadio, IFAN. Ethiopiques numéro 31 révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine 3e trimestre 1982.</li> <li>Seck, A., Sow, I., & Niass, M., <i>Senegal</i>, [in] The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables, p. 85–110.</li> <li>Bressers, Hans & Rosenbaum, Walter A., <i>Achieving sustainable development:</i> the challenge of governance across social scales, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, p. 151, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97802-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97802-8">0-275-97802-8</a>. 18.</li> <li>Thiaw, Issa Laye, <i>La femme Seereer</i> (Sénégal), L'Harmattan, Paris, septembre 2005, p. 169, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7475-8907-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-7475-8907-2">2-7475-8907-2</a></li> <li>LA PIAILLÉE No. 141. avril 2006. Dakar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Dupire" title="Marguerite Dupire">Dupire, Marguerite</a>, <i>Les "tombes de chiens : mythologies de la mort en pays Serer</i> (Sénégal), Journal of Religion in Africa, 1985, vol. 15, fasc. 3, pp. 201–215</li> <li>Dupire, Marguerite, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", KARTHALA Editions (1994), p. 54,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2865374874" title="Special:BookSources/2865374874">2865374874</a></li> <li>Kalis, Simone, <i>Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal</i>, La Coonaissance de la Nuit. L'Harmattan, 1997, pp. 25–60, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9">2-7384-5196-9</a></li> <li>Biblical Archaeology Society. Bible review, Volumes 18–19. Published by: Biblical Archaeology Society, 2002.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9677901-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9677901-0-7">0-9677901-0-7</a></li> <li>Wade, Amadou, <i>Chronique du Walo sénégalais (1186-1855).</i> B. Cissé trans. V. Monteil. Bulletin de l'IFAN, Series B, Vol. 26, no. 3/4. 1941, 1964</li> <li>Diouf, Niokhobaye, <i>Chronique du royaume du Sine</i>, (suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no. 4, 1972, pp. 706–7 (pp. 4–5), pp. 713–14 (pp. 9–10)</li> <li>Krzyżaniak, Lech; Kroeper, Karla & Kobusiewicz, Michał, Muzeum Archeologiczne w Poznaniu. Interregional contacts in the later prehistory of northeastern Africa. Poznań Archaeological Museum, 1996, pp. 57–58,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-900434-7-5" title="Special:BookSources/83-900434-7-5">83-900434-7-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheikh_Anta_Diop" title="Cheikh Anta Diop">Diop, Cheikh Anta</a>, <i>The African origin of civilization: myth or reality</i>, L. Hill, 1974, pp. 9, 197, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-072-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-072-7">1-55652-072-7</a></li> <li>American Society of African Culture. <i>African forum</i>, Volumes 3–4. American Society of African Culture., 1967. p. 85</li> <li>Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, <i>Diversite et unicite Sereres: L'exemple de la Region de Thies.</i> Ethiopiques n° 54, revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine, Nouvelle série, volume 7 2e semestre 1991</li> <li>Becker, Charles: <i>Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer</i>, Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M</li> <li>Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition (Louvain, Belgium), <i>Tracing memory: a glossary of graphic signs and symbols in African art and culture. Canadian Museum of Civilization</i>, 1996. pp. 5–115, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1">0-660-15965-1</a></li> <li>Berg, Elizabeth L., & Wan, Ruth, <i>Cultures of the World: Senegal</i>, Benchmark Books (NY), 2009, p. 144, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4481-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4481-7">978-0-7614-4481-7</a></li> <li>Conversion to Islam: Military Recruitment and Generational Conflict in a Sereer-Safin Village (Bandia)</li> <li>Klein, Martin A, <i>Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914</i>, Edinburgh at the University Press (1968)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Serer topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serer_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serer topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serer_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_people" title="Category:Serer people">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seex_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seex people (page does not exist)">Seex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cii%C9%97_(Serer_religion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciiɗ (Serer religion) (page does not exist)">Ciiɗ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_initiation_rite" title="Ndut initiation rite">Classical Ndut teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Creation myth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criticism_of_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Criticism of Serer religion (page does not exist)">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Serer_festivals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Serer festivals (page does not exist)">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jaaniiw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jaaniiw (page does not exist)">Jaaniiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjung" title="Junjung">Junjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangool" title="Pangool">Pangool</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadax&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadax (page does not exist)">Sadax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_symbolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer symbolism (page does not exist)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_of_women_in_Serer_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role of women in Serer religion (page does not exist)">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xooy" title="Xooy">Xooy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_deities" title="Category:Serer deities">Supreme deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokh_Kox" title="Kokh Kox">Kokh Kox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koox" class="mw-redirect" title="Koox">Koox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kop%C3%A9_Tiatie_Cac" title="Kopé Tiatie Cac">Kopé Tiatie Cac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roog" title="Roog">Roog (main)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumba_Njaay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumba Njaay (page does not exist)">Kumba Njaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takhar" title="Takhar">Takhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiurakh" title="Tiurakh">Tiurakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_holy_places" title="Category:Serer holy places">Sacred sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatick" title="Fatick">Fatick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_River" title="Sine River">Sine River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine-Saloum" title="Sine-Saloum">Sine-Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somb" title="Somb">Somb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Sangomar" title="Point of Sangomar">Point of Sangomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattaguine" title="Tattaguine">Tattaguine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukar" title="Tukar">Tukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaboyabo" title="Yaboyabo">Yaboyabo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_history" title="Category:Serer history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Godomat" title="Amar Godomat">Amar Godomat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cekeen_Tumuli" title="Cekeen Tumuli">Cekeen Tumuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasso" title="Khasso">Khasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Kingdom of Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biffeche" title="Biffeche">Kingdom of Biffeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">kingdom of Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Kingdom of Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_prehistory" title="Serer prehistory">Serer prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_history" title="Serer history">Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_headed_by_Serer_Lamanes" title="States headed by Serer Lamanes">States headed by Serer Lamanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fandane-Thiouthioune" title="Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune">Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Logand%C3%A8me" title="Battle of Logandème">Battle of Logandème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_country" title="Category:Serer country">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Gambia" title="Demographics of the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mauritania" title="Demographics of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Senegal" title="Demographics of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serer_country&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serer country (page does not exist)">Serer country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_language" title="Category:Serer language">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangin_languages" title="Cangin languages">Cangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laalaa_language" title="Laalaa language">Lehar/Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndut_language" title="Ndut language">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noon_language" title="Noon language">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_language" title="Palor language">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safen_language" title="Safen language">Safen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_language" title="Serer language">Serer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birth_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birth in Serer society (page does not exist)">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiere" title="Thiere">Saadj (or Chere or saay)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death in Serer society (page does not exist)">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inheritance_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inheritance in Serer society (page does not exist)">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_in_Serer_society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage in Serer society (page does not exist)">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbalax" title="Mbalax">Mbalax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njuup" title="Njuup">Njuup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabar" title="Sabar">Sabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Tama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tassu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tassu (page does not exist)">Tassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_wrestling" title="Senegalese wrestling">Njom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_royalty" title="Category:Serer royalty">Royalty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Maad" title="Category:Maad">Kings</a> (<i>Maad</i>) and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Lamane" title="Category:Lamane">Lamanes</a> (ancient kings / landowners)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamane_Jegan_Joof" title="Lamane Jegan Joof">Lamane Jegan Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Famak_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Kumba_Ndoffene_Fa_Ndeb_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof">Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Mahecor_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof">Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Maysa_Wali_Jaxateh_Manneh" title="Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh">Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig_Ama_Joof_Gnilane_Faye_Joof" title="Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof">Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Ndaah_Njemeh_Joof" title="Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof">Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="Maad Semou Njekeh Joof">Maad Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lingeer" title="Category:Lingeer">Queens & Queen Mothers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Fatim_Beye" title="Lingeer Fatim Beye">Lingeer Fatim Beye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ndoye_Demba" title="Lingeer Ndoye Demba">Lingeer Ndoye Demba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer_Ngon%C3%A9_Di%C3%A8ye" title="Lingeer Ngoné Dièye">Lingeer Ngoné Dièye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingeer_Selbeh_Ndoffene_Joof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof (page does not exist)">Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_maternal_clans" title="Serer maternal clans">Serer maternal clans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dynasties and<br />royal houses</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelowar" title="Guelowar">Guelowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joos_Maternal_Dynasty" title="Joos Maternal Dynasty">Joos Maternal Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Boureh_Gnilane_Joof" title="The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof">The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Jogo_Siga_Joof" title="The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof">The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_House_of_Semou_Njekeh_Joof" title="The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof">The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_families" title="Category:Serer families">Families</a> and<br />royal titles</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buumi" title="Buumi">Buumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_family" title="Faye family">Faye family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joof_family" title="Joof family">Joof family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamane" title="Lamane">Lamane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingeer" title="Lingeer">Lingeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loul" title="Loul">Loul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad" title="Maad">Maad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_Saloum" title="Maad Saloum">Maad Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maad_a_Sinig" title="Maad a Sinig">Maad a Sinig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngum_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngum family (page does not exist)">Ngum family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Njie_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Njie family (page does not exist)">Njie family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarr_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarr family (page does not exist)">Sarr family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sene_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sene family (page does not exist)">Sene family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teigne" title="Teigne">Teigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilas" title="Thilas">Thilas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebu_people" title="Lebu people">Lebu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_religion" title="Template:Africa religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_religion" title="Template talk:Africa religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Religion in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/21px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/31px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg/42px-Brooklyn_Museum_1989.51.39_Nommo_Figure_with_Raised_Arms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Traditional_African_religions" title="Portal:Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akamba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Akamba mythology">Akamba mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Africa" title="Baháʼí Faith in Africa">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Traditional Berber religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asase_Ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asase Ya">Bono mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Africa" title="Hinduism in Africa">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Igbo religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Africa" title="Irreligion in Africa">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoko mythology">Isoko mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi mythology">Khoe/San religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti mythology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Serer religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" title="Serer creation myth">Serer creation myth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_people#Religion_and_beliefs" title="Zulu people">Zulu religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomies</a>, and<br /> other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="Religion in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Ceuta">Ceuta</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mayotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Puntland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Puntland (page does not exist)">Puntland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Réunion">Réunion</a> (France)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Helena">St. Helena</a> (UK)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zanzibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> (Tanzania)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&oldid=1252167641">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Serer_religion&oldid=1252167641</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serer_religion" title="Category:Serer religion">Serer religion</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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