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袚邪谢邪泻褌懈泻邪 - 肖懈蟹懈褔械褋泻邪褟 褝薪褑懈泻谢芯锌械写懈褟
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/* femtocomua_in text block */ google_ad_slot = "6620929428"; google_ad_width = 336; google_ad_height = 280; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </div> <!--/ Google Ads in text --> <div class="article"> <h1>谐邪谢邪泻褌懈泻邪</h1> <P> <strong>袚袗袥袗袣孝袠袣袗</strong> (袦谢械褔薪褘泄 袩褍褌褜, 芯褌 谐褉械褔. galaktikos - 屑芯谢芯褔薪褘泄, 屑谢械褔薪褘泄) - 芯斜褕懈褉薪邪褟 蟹胁褢蟹写薪邪褟 褋懈褋褌械屑邪 (褋芯写械褉卸邪褖邪褟 ~10<sup>11</sup> 蟹胁褢蟹写), 泻 泻-褉芯泄 锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸懈褌 小芯谢薪褑械 懈 胁屑械褋褌械 褋 写褉. 褔谢械薪邪屑懈 小芯谢薪械褔薪芯泄 褋懈褋褌械屑褘 袟械屑谢褟.<br> </p> <p> 袚. 胁泻谢褞褔邪械褌 蟹胁褢蟹写褘 褉邪蟹谢. 褌懈锌芯胁 懈 <em><a href="articles/part_1/2204.html">屑械卸蟹胁褢蟹写薪褍褞 褋褉械写褍</a></em>, 胁 褌. 褔. 屑邪谐薪. 锌芯谢褟, 褔邪褋褌懈褑褘 胁褘褋芯泻懈褏 褝薪械褉谐懈泄 (<em>泻芯褋屑懈</em><em>褔械褋泻懈械 谢褍褔懈)</em>. 袩芯 褋胁芯械泄 褋褌褉褍泻褌褍褉械 袚. 锌褉懈薪邪写谢械卸懈褌 泻 <em><a href="articles/part_2/3834.html">褋锌懈褉邪谢褜薪褘屑 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈泻邪屑</a></em>. 袘. 褔. 胁懈写懈屑褘褏 蟹胁械蟹写 袚. 蟹邪薪懈屑邪械褌 胁 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械 芯斜褗械屑, 懈屑械褞褖懈泄 褎芯褉屑褍 写懈褋泻邪, 邪 屑械薪褜褕邪褟 褔邪褋褌褜 芯斜褉邪蟹褍械褌 谐邪谢芯 褋褎械褉懈褔. 褎芯褉屑褘 (褉懈褋. 1). 袙 褑械薪褌褉. 褔邪褋褌懈 写懈褋泻邪 懈屑械械褌褋褟 褍褌芯谢褖械薪懈械 (斜邪谢写卸). 袩芯锌械褉械褔薪懈泻 写懈褋泻邪 袚.<img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-67.jpg" alt="1119920-67.jpg" align="absmiddle">30 泻锌泻, 斜邪谢写卸邪 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-68.jpg" alt="1119920-68.jpg" align="absmiddle">8 泻锌泻. 袚. 懈屑械械褌 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌褜 褋懈屑屑械褌褉懈懈, 泻-褉褍褞 薪邪蟹. 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌褜褞 (锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌褜 写懈褋泻邪), 懈芯褋褜 褋懈屑屑械褌褉懈懈 (芯褋褜 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 袚.). 袙 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 薪邪褏芯写褟褌褋褟 褌懈锌懈褔薪褘械 写谢褟 褋锌懈褉邪谢褜薪褘褏 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈泻 泻褉褍锌薪芯屑邪褋褕褌邪斜薪褘械 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 - 褋锌懈褉邪谢褜薪褘械 褉褍泻邪胁邪. 袙 薪懈褏 褋芯褋褉械写芯褌芯褔械薪褘 锌芯褔褌懈 胁褋械 谐芯褉褟褔懈械 蟹胁褢蟹写褘 胁褘褋芯泻芯泄 褋胁械褌懈屑芯褋褌懈 懈 蟹薪邪褔懈褌. 褔邪褋褌褜 谐邪蟹芯胁芯-锌褘谢械胁芯泄 屑邪褌械褉懈懈. 小芯谢薪褑械 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪芯 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 胁 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 薪邪 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 <em>R褋</em> 芯泻. 10 泻锌泻 芯褌 <em><a href="articles/part_1/0657.html">谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褑械薪褌褉邪</a></em> 薪邪 胁薪褍褌褉. 泻褉邪褞 褉褍泻邪胁邪, 薪芯褋褟褖械谐芯 薪邪蟹胁. 褉褍泻邪胁邪 袨褉懈芯薪邪.<br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-69.jpg" alt="1119920-69.jpg" align="absmiddle"></p> <p> </p> <p> 袪懈褋. 1. 小褌褉芯械薪懈械 袚邪谢邪泻褌懈泻懈 (褋械褔械薪懈械 袚邪谢邪泻褌懈泻懈 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌褜褞, 褋芯写械褉卸邪褖械泄 芯褋褜 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 懈 小芯谢薪褑械, 褋褏械屑邪).<br> </p><p align="center"> <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-70.jpg" alt="1119920-70.jpg" align="absmiddle"> </p><p> 袪懈褋. 2. 袟邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌褜 谢懈薪械泄薪芯泄 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌懈 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-71.jpg" alt="1119920-71.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 袚邪谢邪泻褌懈泻懈 芯褌 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 (<em>R</em>)写芯 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻芯谐芯 褑械薪褌褉邪 (锌芯 袚. 袪褍谐芯褉褍 懈 携. 袨芯褉褌褍).<br> </p> <p> <br> </p> <p> 袦邪褋褋邪 袚. (<em>M</em><sub>袚</sub><em>)</em>, 芯褑械薪懈胁邪械屑邪褟 锌芯 写胁懈卸械薪懈褞 蟹胁褢蟹写 胁 芯斜褖械屑 谐褉邪胁懈褌邪褑. 锌芯谢械 袚., 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 ~10<sup>11</sup> <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-72.jpg" alt="1119920-72.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (屑邪褋褋邪 小芯谢薪褑邪 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-73.jpg" alt="1119920-73.jpg" align="absmiddle">=1,99*10<sup>33</sup> 谐). 袧邪 蟹胁褢蟹写薪褍褞 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖褍褞 锌褉懈褏芯写懈褌褋褟 芯泻. 98% <em>M</em> 谐, 薪邪 谐邪蟹 懈 写褉. 泻芯屑锌芯薪械薪褌褘 屑械卸蟹胁褢蟹写薪芯泄 褋褉械写褘 - 芯泻. 2% <em>M</em><sub>袚</sub>. 袙芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯, 袚. 芯斜谢邪写邪械褌 蟹薪邪褔懈褌. <em><a href="articles/part_2/3695.html">褋泻褉褘褌芯泄 屑邪褋褋芯泄</a></em>, 褋芯褋褉械写芯褌芯褔械薪薪芯泄 胁 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 泻芯褉芯薪械 懈 褍胁械谢懈褔懈胁邪褞褖械泄 屑邪褋褋褍 袚. 胁 薪械褋泻. 褉邪蟹.<br> </p> <p> 袛邪薪薪褘械 芯 褋褌褉芯械薪懈懈 袚. 锌芯谢褍褔械薪褘 谐谢. 芯斜褉. 屑械褌芯写邪屑懈 芯锌褌懈褔. 懈 褉邪写懈芯邪褋褌褉芯薪芯屑懈懈. 袙 芯锌褌懈褔. 写懈邪锌邪蟹芯薪械 胁芯蟹屑芯卸薪芯褋褌懈 懈褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈泄 芯谐褉邪薪懈褔械薪褘 <em><a href="articles/part_1/2203.html">屑械卸蟹胁械蟹写薪褘屑 锌芯谐谢芯褖械薪懈械屑</a></em> 褋胁械褌邪. 袩褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械薪薪邪褟 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉邪褑懈褟 蟹胁褢蟹写 褍屑械薪褜褕邪械褌褋褟 褋 褍写邪谢械薪懈械屑 芯褌 褑械薪褌褉邪 袚.: 胁 褑械薪褌褉械 芯薪邪 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 薪械褋泻. 屑懈谢谢懈芯薪芯胁 蟹胁褢蟹写 胁 1 锌泻<sup>3</sup>, 薪邪 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈懈 <em>R=1</em> 泻锌泻 芯褌 褑械薪褌褉邪 - 薪械褋泻. 蟹胁褢蟹写 胁 1 锌泻<sup>3</sup>, 胁 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 芯泻褉械褋褌薪芯褋褌褟褏 小芯谢薪褑邪 (<em>R</em><img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-74.jpg" alt="1119920-74.jpg" align="absmiddle">10 泻锌泻) - 锌褉懈屑械褉薪芯 1 蟹胁械蟹写邪 薪邪 8 锌泻<sup>3</sup>.<br> </p> <p> 袘芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 蟹胁褢蟹写 袚. 胁褏芯写懈褌 胁 褋芯褋褌邪胁 写胁芯泄薪褘褏 蟹胁褢蟹写, 泻褉邪褌薪褘褏 蟹胁褢蟹写薪褘褏 褋懈褋褌械屑, 褉邪褋褋械褟薪薪褘褏 懈 褕邪褉芯胁褘褏 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1217.html">蟹胁械蟹写薪褘褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄</a></em>. 袪邪褋褋械褟薪薪褘械 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈褟, 褋芯写械褉卸邪褖懈械 泻邪卸写芯械 薪械褋泻. 褋芯褌械薪, 邪 懈薪芯谐写邪 褌褘褋褟褔 蟹胁褢蟹写, 写芯胁芯谢褜薪芯 褉邪胁薪芯屑械褉薪芯 褉邪褋锌褉械写械谢械薪褘 锌芯 褉邪写懈褍褋褍 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 写懈褋泻邪, 薪芯 褋懈谢褜薪芯 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉懈褉褍褞褌褋褟 泻 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈. 袙 芯褌谢懈褔懈械 芯褌 薪懈褏 褕邪褉芯胁褘械 蟹胁褢蟹写薪褘械 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈褟, 胁泻谢褞褔邪褞褖懈械 泻邪卸写芯械 薪械褋泻. 写械褋褟褌泻芯胁 懈 写邪卸械 褋芯褌械薪 褌褘褋褟褔 蟹胁褢蟹写, 褋谢邪斜芯 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉懈褉褍褞褌褋褟 泻 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 懈 芯褔械薪褜 褋懈谢褜薪芯 泻 褑械薪褌褉褍 袚. 袙褋械谐芯 芯褌泻褉褘褌芯 芯泻. 130 褕邪褉芯胁褘褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄 (懈蟹 芯斜褖械谐芯 锌褉械写锌芯谢邪谐邪械屑芯谐芯 褔懈褋谢邪 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-75.jpg" alt="1119920-75.jpg" align="absmiddle">500) 懈 芯泻. 1000 褉邪褋褋械褟薪薪褘褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄 (胁褋械谐芯 懈褏 屑芯卸械褌 斜褘褌褜 10 000-50 000).<br> </p> <p> 袟薪邪褔懈褌. 褋锌谢褞褋薪褍褌芯褋褌褜 写懈褋泻邪 袚. 褍泻邪蟹褘胁邪械褌 薪邪 械褢 斜褘褋褌褉芯械 胁褉邪褖械薪懈械 胁芯泻褉褍谐 芯褋懈. 袙褉邪褖械薪懈械 写懈褋泻邪 袚. 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 写懈褎褎械褉械薪褑懈邪谢褜薪褘屑 (褋屑. 褉懈褋. 2 懈 褋褌. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0589.html">袙褉邪褖械薪懈械 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈泻</a></em> ).袙 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 芯泻褉械褋褌薪芯褋褌懈 小芯谢薪褑邪 褍谐谢. 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 w 蟹邪胁懈褋懈褌 芯褌 褉邪褋褋褌芯褟薪懈褟 <em>R</em> 芯褌 芯褋懈 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 袚. 泻邪泻 ~1/R, 褌. 械. 谢懈薪械泄薪邪褟 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜<img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-76.jpg" alt="1119920-76.jpg" align="absmiddle">锌褉懈屑械褉薪芯 锌芯褋褌芯褟薪薪邪 懈 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 220-250 泻屑/褋. (袙 1985 袦械卸写褍薪邪褉. 邪褋褌褉芯薪芯屑懈褔. 褋芯褞蟹 褉械泻芯屑械薪写芯胁邪谢 锌褉懈薪褟褌褜 <em>R<sub>小</sub></em>=8,5 泻锌泻 懈 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-77.jpg" alt="1119920-77.jpg" align="absmiddle"> =220 泻屑/褋.) 袩褉懈 <em>R</em>>15 泻锌泻 谢懈薪械泄薪邪褟 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 谢懈斜芯 芯褋褌邪褢褌褋褟 锌芯褋褌芯褟薪薪芯泄, 谢懈斜芯 写邪卸械 褋谢械谐泻邪 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌邪械褌, 褔褌芯 芯斜褍褋谢芯胁谢械薪芯, 胁械褉芯褟褌薪芯, 褋褍褖械褋褌胁芯胁邪薪懈械屑 褍 袚. 屑邪褋褋懈胁薪芯泄 泻芯褉芯薪褘. 袩械褉懈芯写 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 袚. 胁 芯泻褉械褋褌薪芯褋褌懈 小芯谢薪褑邪 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 240-250 屑谢薪. 谢械褌, 褝褌芯 - 褌. 薪. 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 谐芯写.<br> </p> <p> 袧邪 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 泻邪卸写芯泄 蟹胁械蟹写褘 薪邪泻谢邪写褘胁邪械褌褋褟 芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪邪褟 (锌械泻褍谢褟褉薪邪褟) 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜, 锌褉懈褋褍褖邪褟 褋邪屑芯泄 蟹胁械蟹写械 (褋屑., 薪邪锌褉., <em><a href="articles/part_1/0179.html">袗锌械泻褋</a></em> ).袛懈褋锌械褉褋懈褟 芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪褘褏 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌械泄, 褌邪泻 卸械 泻邪泻 懈 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜 胁褉邪褖械薪懈褟 胁芯泻褉褍谐 褑械薪褌褉邪 袚., 褉邪蟹谢懈褔薪邪 褍 褉邪蟹薪褘褏 褌懈锌芯胁 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁. 效械屑 胁褘褕械 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈褟 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌械泄 懈 褔械屑 薪懈卸械 泻褉褍谐芯胁邪褟 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌褜, 褌械屑 锌芯 斜芯谢械械 胁褘褌褟薪褍褌褘屑 芯褉斜懈褌邪屑 写胁懈卸褍褌褋褟 芯斜褗械泻褌褘.<br> </p> <p> 袚邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 芯斜褗械泻褌褘 褉邪蟹谢懈褔邪褞褌褋褟 锌芯 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌邪屑, 褏懈屑. 褋芯褋褌邪胁褍, 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褟屑 懈 泻懈薪械屑邪褌懈褔. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪屑. 袩芯 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械薪薪芯屑褍 锌芯谢芯卸械薪懈褞 懈 褉邪蟹谢懈褔懈褞 写懈邪谐褉邪屑屑 "褋胁械褌懈屑芯褋褌褜 - 锌芯泻邪蟹邪褌械谢褜 褑胁械褌邪" 袙. 袘邪邪写械 (W. Baade, 1944) 褉邪蟹写械谢懈谢 芯斜褗械泻褌褘 薪邪 写胁邪 褌懈锌邪 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟: 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械 I (写懈褋泻) 懈 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械 II (谐邪谢芯). 协褌芯 写械谢械薪懈械 锌芯谢褍褔懈谢芯 写邪谢褜薪械泄褕械械 褉邪蟹胁懈褌懈械: 袘. 袙. 袣褍泻邪褉泻懈薪 懈 袩. 袩. 袩邪褉械薪邪谐芯 胁 1942-49 锌芯 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械薪薪芯-泻懈薪械屑邪褌懈褔. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪屑 褉邪蟹谢. 谐褉褍锌锌 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁 胁 袚. 褉邪蟹写械谢懈谢懈 械褢 薪邪 褌褉懈 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖懈械 (锌谢芯褋泻褍褞, 锌褉芯屑械卸褍褌芯褔薪褍褞 懈 褋褎械褉懈褔械褋泻褍褞). 袠薪芯谐写邪 胁褘写械谢褟褞褌 5 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖懈褏. 袩谢芯褋泻邪褟 懈 锌褉芯屑械卸褍褌芯褔薪褘械 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖懈械 芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褌 写懈褋泻 袚. 袣褉芯屑械 褝褌芯谐芯, 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈械 袚. 写械谢褟褌 薪邪 锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑褘 - 谐褉褍锌锌褘 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁 褋芯 褋褏芯写薪褘屑懈 褎懈蟹. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪屑懈 (锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑褘 <em><a href="articles/part_2/4518.html">褑械褎械懈写</a></em>, 褉邪褋褋械褟薪薪褘褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄 懈 褌. 写.). 袧邪斜谢褞写邪褞褌褋褟 泻芯褉褉械谢褟褑懈懈 屑械卸写褍 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌芯屑, 褋芯褋褌邪胁芯屑, 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械薪薪褘屑懈 懈 泻懈薪械屑邪褌懈褔. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪屑懈 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁, 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪褘械 褋 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈械屑 懈 褝胁芯谢褞褑懈械泄 袚. 小芯褏褉邪薪械薪懈械 褌邪泻懈褏 泻芯褉褉械谢褟褑懈泄 胁 褌械褔械薪懈械 胁褋械泄 褝胁芯谢褞褑懈懈 袚., 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌 泻-褉芯泄 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-78.jpg" alt="1119920-78.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 10-15 屑谢褉写. 谢械褌, 芯斜褗褟褋薪褟械褌褋褟 褌械屑, 褔褌芯 蟹胁褢蟹写褘 芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褌 斜械褋褋褌芯谢泻薪芯胁懈褌. 褋懈褋褌械屑褍 褋 胁褉械屑械薪械屑 褉械谢邪泻褋邪褑懈懈 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-79.jpg" alt="1119920-79.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 袩芯褝褌芯屑褍 泻邪卸写邪褟 谐褉褍锌锌邪 蟹胁褢蟹写 褋芯褏褉邪薪懈谢邪 褌械 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌-胁械薪薪芯-泻懈薪械屑邪褌懈褔. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻懈, 泻-褉褘械 芯薪邪 锌褉懈芯斜褉械谢邪 胁 锌褉芯褑械褋褋械 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟. 小芯胁芯泻褍锌薪芯褋褌褜 锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑 褋芯 褋褏芯写薪褘屑懈 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械薪薪芯-泻懈薪械屑邪褌懈褔. 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪屑懈 芯褌薪芯褋褟褌 泻 芯写薪芯屑褍 褌懈锌褍 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 (芯写薪芯泄 懈 褌芯泄 卸械 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖械泄 袚.).<br> </p> <p> 袧邪褋械谢械薪懈械 II - 褝褌芯 芯褔械薪褜 褋褌邪褉褘械 芯斜褗械泻褌褘, 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌 泻-褉褘褏 斜谢懈蟹芯泻 泻 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-80.jpg" alt="1119920-80.jpg" align="absmiddle">. 小褉械写懈 薪懈褏 薪械褌 蟹胁褢蟹写 褋 屑邪褋褋邪屑懈, 蟹邪屑械褌薪芯 锌褉械胁芯褋褏芯写褟褖懈屑懈 褋芯谢薪械褔薪褍褞 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-81.jpg" alt="1119920-81.jpg" align="absmiddle"> . 袩芯写邪胁谢褟褞褖械械 斜芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 蟹胁褢蟹写 懈屑械械褌 屑邪褋褋褍 薪械 斜芯谢械械 0,85 <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-82.jpg" alt="1119920-82.jpg" align="absmiddle">. 袛谢褟 蟹胁褢蟹写 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 II 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉薪褘 锌芯薪懈卸械薪薪芯械 锌芯 褋褉邪胁薪械薪懈褞 褋 小芯谢薪褑械屑 懈 写褉. 蟹胁褢蟹写邪屑懈 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 I 褋芯写械褉卸邪薪懈械 屑械褌邪谢谢芯胁, 褋懈谢褜薪邪褟 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉邪褑懈褟 泻 褑械薪褌褉褍 袚. 懈 芯褌褋褍褌褋褌胁懈械 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉邪褑懈懈 泻 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 袚. 袙褋械 芯薪懈 写胁懈卸褍褌褋褟 胁芯泻褉褍谐 褑械薪褌褉邪 袚. 锌芯 芯褔械薪褜 胁褘褌褟薪褍褌褘屑 懈 褏邪芯褌懈褔械褋泻懈 芯褉懈械薪褌懈褉芯胁邪薪薪褘屑 芯褉斜懈褌邪屑 褋 斜芯谢褜褕懈屑懈 褝泻褋褑械薪褌褉懈褋懈褌械褌邪屑懈, 写胁懈卸械薪懈械 屑邪谢芯 褍锌芯褉褟写芯褔械薪薪芯械, 褌. 械. 胁械谢懈泻邪 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈褟 芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪褘褏 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌械泄 (100-150 泻屑/褋). 袨薪懈 芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褌 褋褎械褉懈褔. 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖褍褞 (谐邪谢芯) 袚. 袣 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褞 II 芯褌薪芯褋褟褌褋褟 锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑褘 褕邪褉芯胁褘褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄, 锌谢邪薪械褌邪褉薪褘褏 褌褍屑邪薪薪芯褋褌械泄, 泻芯褉芯褌泻芯锌械褉懈芯写懈褔. 褑械褎械懈写, 泻褉邪褋薪褘褏 谐懈谐邪薪褌芯胁 懈 写褉.<br> </p> <p> 小褉械写懈 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 I (写懈褋泻邪) 胁褋褌褉械褔邪褞褌褋褟 蟹胁褢蟹写褘 胁褋械褏 屑邪褋褋 懈 芯褔械薪褜 褕懈褉芯泻芯谐芯 写懈邪锌邪蟹芯薪邪 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌芯胁 - 锌褉邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈 芯褌 0 写芯 10<sup>10</sup> 谢械褌.<br> </p> <p> 小邪屑褍褞 锌谢芯褋泻褍褞 锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑褍 褋 锌芯谢褍褌芯谢褖懈薪芯泄 芯泻. 100 锌泻 锌芯 薪芯褉屑邪谢懈 泻 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 袚. 芯斜褉邪蟹褍褞褌 屑邪褋褋懈胁薪褘械 蟹胁褢蟹写褘 胁褘褋芯泻芯泄 褋胁械褌懈屑芯褋褌懈 褋锌械泻褌褉邪谢褜薪褘褏 泻谢邪褋褋芯胁 袨 懈 袙, 屑械卸蟹胁褢蟹写薪褘械 谐邪蟹 懈 锌褘谢褜, 胁 褌. 褔. 褋邪屑褘械 屑薪芯谐芯褔懈褋谢械薪薪褘械 (薪械褋泻. 褌褘褋.) 懈蟹 屑邪褋褋懈胁薪褘褏 (<img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-83.jpg" alt="1119920-83.jpg" align="absmiddle">10<sup>5</sup> <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-84.jpg" alt="1119920-84.jpg" align="absmiddle">) 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈泄 胁 袚.- 谐懈谐邪薪褌褋泻懈械 屑芯谢械泻褍谢褟褉薪褘械 芯斜谢邪泻邪 (袚袦袨) 懈 写懈褎褎褍蟹薪褘械 <em><a href="articles/part_2/4165.html">褌褍屑邪薪薪芯褋褌懈</a></em> (蟹芯薪褘 H II), 泻芯褋屑懈褔. 屑邪蟹械褉褘, 褔邪褋褌褜 褉邪褋褋械褟薪薪褘褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄. 袙芯蟹褉邪褋褌 褝褌懈褏 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁 屑邪谢 锌芯 褋褉邪胁薪械薪懈褞 褋<img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-85.jpg" alt="1119920-85.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 懈 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟械褌 胁 褋褉械写薪械屑 (泻褉芯屑械, 胁懈写懈屑芯, 袚袦袨) <img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-86.jpg" alt="1119920-86.jpg" align="absmiddle"> 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 谐芯写邪. 协褌懈 芯斜褗械泻褌褘 胁褉邪褖邪褞褌褋褟 锌芯 锌芯褔褌懈 泻褉褍谐芯胁褘屑 芯褉斜懈褌邪屑 胁芯泻褉褍谐 褑械薪褌褉邪 袚., 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈褟 芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪褘褏 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌械泄 褍 薪懈褏 屑邪谢邪 (5-15 泻屑/褋). 袙褋械 芯薪懈, 泻褉芯屑械, 胁懈写懈屑芯, 薪械泻-褉芯泄 褔邪褋褌懈 袚袦袨, 褋胁褟蟹邪薪褘 褋芯 褋锌懈褉邪谢褜薪褘屑懈 胁械褌胁褟屑懈. 孝芯谢褜泻芯 胁 褝褌芯泄 锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑械 懈屑械褞褌褋褟 芯褔邪谐懈 <em><a href="articles/part_1/1220.html">蟹胁械蟹写芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟</a></em> (锌芯褋谢械写薪懈械 薪械褋泻. 屑谢褉写. 谢械褌 蟹胁械蟹写芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 胁 袚. 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 褌芯谢褜泻芯 胁 褋邪屑芯泄 锌谢芯褋泻芯泄 锌芯写褋懈褋褌械屑械 袚.). 袙 褋锌懈褉邪谢褜薪褘褏 胁械褌胁褟褏 蟹邪屑械褔械薪褘 锌褉懈蟹薪邪泻懈 谐褉邪写懈械薪褌芯胁 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌芯胁 蟹胁褢蟹写 锌芯锌械褉褢泻 胁械褌胁械泄, 褍泻邪蟹褘胁邪褞褖懈械, 褔褌芯 蟹胁械蟹写芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 锌褉芯褌械泻邪械褌 胁斜谢懈蟹懈 胁薪褍褌褉. 泻褉邪褟 胁械褌胁械泄, 谐写械 薪邪褏芯写褟褌褋褟 芯褋薪. 谐邪蟹芯锌褘谢械胁褘械 泻芯屑锌谢械泻褋褘 屑械卸蟹胁褢蟹写薪芯泄 褋褉械写褘.<br> </p> <p> 袘芯谢褜褕懈薪褋褌胁芯 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁 袚. 褋芯褋褉械写芯褌芯褔械薪芯 胁 写懈褋泻械 袚. 懈 芯斜褉邪蟹褍械褌 锌褉芯屑械卸褍褌芯褔薪褍褞 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖褍褞 袚. 袨薪懈 芯斜谢邪写邪褞褌 褍屑械褉械薪薪芯泄 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈械泄 芯褋褌邪褌芯褔薪褘褏 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌械泄 (35-45 泻屑/褋), 褝泻褋褑械薪褌褉懈褋懈褌械褌褘 懈褏 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 芯褉斜懈褌 薪械 锌褉械胁芯褋褏芯写褟褌 0,5, 芯薪懈 泻芯薪褑械薪褌褉懈褉褍褞褌褋褟 泻 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈 袚. 懈 泻 械褢 褑械薪褌褉褍, 褋芯写械褉卸邪薪懈械 褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁 胁 薪懈褏 斜谢懈蟹泻芯 泻 褋芯谢薪械褔薪芯屑褍. 袙芯蟹褉邪褋褌 褋邪屑褘褏 褋褌邪褉褘褏 蟹胁褢蟹写薪褘褏 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 I 薪械 锌褉械胁芯褋褏芯写懈褌 5-7 屑谢褉写. 谢械褌. 袙 芯褋芯斜褍褞 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖褍褞, 胁懈写懈屑芯, 褋谢械写褍械褌 胁褘写械谢懈褌褜 斜邪谢写卸 袚. 袧邪褋械谢械薪懈械 斜邪谢写卸邪 锌芯 屑薪芯谐懈屑 锌邪褉邪屑械褌褉邪屑 斜谢懈蟹泻芯 泻 锌褉芯屑械卸褍褌芯褔薪芯泄 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖械泄 袚., 薪芯 褋 斜芯谢械械 胁褘褋芯泻芯泄 写懈褋锌械褉褋懈械泄 褋泻芯褉芯褋褌械泄. 袩芯 褋胁芯懈屑 锌邪褉邪屑械褌褉邪屑 斜邪谢写卸 锌芯褏芯卸 薪邪 胁薪褍褌褉. 褔邪褋褌懈 泻褉褍锌薪褘褏 褝谢谢懈锌褌懈褔. 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈泻.<br> </p> <p> 笑械薪褌褉. 褔邪褋褌褜 袚., 薪械 胁懈写懈屑邪褟 胁 芯锌褌懈褔. 写懈邪锌邪蟹芯薪械 懈蟹-蟹邪 褋懈谢褜薪芯谐芯 屑械卸蟹胁褢蟹写薪芯谐芯 锌芯谐谢芯褖械薪懈褟, 懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁薪芯 懈蟹褍褔邪械褌褋褟 屑械褌芯写邪屑懈 袠袣- 懈 褉邪写懈芯邪褋褌褉芯薪芯屑懈懈. 袙 褑械薪褌褉械 袚. 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟 褋懈谢褜薪褘泄 褉邪写懈芯懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻 小褌褉械谢械褑 袗, 锌芯斜谢懈蟹芯褋褌懈 芯褌 薪械谐芯 - 懈褋褌芯褔薪懈泻懈 袠袣-懈蟹谢褍褔械薪懈褟. 小谢芯卸薪邪褟 泻邪褉褌懈薪邪 褉邪褋锌褉械写械谢械薪懈褟 懈 写胁懈卸械薪懈褟 胁械褖械褋褌胁邪 胁 褑械薪褌褉械 袚. 薪械 薪邪褏芯写懈褌 锌芯泻邪 褍写芯胁谢械褌胁芯褉懈褌. 芯斜褗褟褋薪械薪懈褟. 袪邪褋锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褢薪薪芯泄 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 褌芯褔泻邪 蟹褉械薪懈褟, 褔褌芯 胁 褑械薪褌褉械 袚. 薪邪褏芯写懈褌褋褟 <em><a href="articles/part_2/4552.html">褔褢褉薪邪褟 写褘褉邪</a></em> 褋 屑邪褋褋芯泄 ~10<sup>6 </sup><img src="articles/part_1/p1/1119920-87.jpg" alt="1119920-87.jpg" align="absmiddle"> (褋屑. <em><a href="articles/part_1/0657.html">袚邪谢邪泻褌懈褔械褋泻懈泄 褑械薪褌褉</a></em>).<br> </p> <p> 袠褋褋谢械写芯胁邪薪懈械 褋锌械泻褌褉芯胁 蟹胁褢蟹写 懈 懈褏 褋胁械褌懈屑芯褋褌械泄 锌芯蟹胁芯谢懈谢芯 胁褘褟褋薪懈褌褜 芯斜褖褍褞 泻邪褉褌懈薪褍 褝胁芯谢褞褑懈懈 蟹胁褢蟹写 懈 褝胁芯谢褞褑懈懈 袚. 胁 褑械谢芯屑. 袚. 薪械 褟胁谢褟械褌褋褟 薪械懈蟹屑械薪薪芯泄, 胁 械褢 写懈褋泻械 (胁 褋邪屑芯泄 锌谢芯褋泻芯泄 械谐芯 褋芯褋褌邪胁谢褟褞褖械泄) 懈 褋械泄褔邪褋 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈褌 锌褉芯褑械褋褋 蟹胁械蟹写芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟. 袨斜谢邪褋褌懈 薪邪懈斜. 懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁薪芯谐芯 蟹胁械蟹写芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈褟 褉邪褋锌芯谢芯卸械薪褘 胁 泻芯谢褜褑械 屑械卸写褍 <em>R<sub>1</sub></em>=4 泻锌泻 懈 <em>R<sub>2</sub>=</em>8 泻锌泻 芯褌 褑械薪褌褉邪 袚. 袙 褝褌芯屑 泻芯谢褜褑械 褋芯褋褉械写芯褌芯褔械薪邪 斜. 褔. 懈蟹 薪械褋泻. 褌褘褋褟褔 袚袦袨 懈 褋胁褟蟹邪薪薪褘械 褋 薪懈屑懈 屑芯谢芯写褘械 蟹胁褢蟹写褘. 袨斜薪邪褉褍卸械薪褘 芯斜褕懈褉薪褘械 谐褉褍锌锌褘 屑芯谢芯写褘褏 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁 褋 芯斜褖懈屑 写胁懈卸械薪懈械屑 胁 锌褉芯褋褌褉邪薪褋褌胁械, 芯褌褉邪卸邪褞褖懈屑, 锌芯-胁懈写懈屑芯屑褍, 写胁懈卸械薪懈械 褌芯谐芯 芯斜谢邪泻邪 写懈褎褎褍蟹薪芯泄 屑邪褌械褉懈懈, 懈蟹 泻-褉芯谐芯 芯薪懈 胁芯蟹薪懈泻谢懈. 袙 袚. 薪邪泄写械薪褘 谐褉邪写懈械薪褌褘 褋芯写械褉卸邪薪懈褟 褌褟卸褢谢褘褏 褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁 (褍谐谢械褉芯写邪 懈 锌芯褋谢械写褍褞褖懈褏 褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁 胁 锌械褉懈芯写懈褔. 褋懈褋褌械屑械 褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁), 邪 褌邪泻卸械 懈蟹芯褌芯锌薪芯谐芯 褋芯褋褌邪胁邪, 褍泻邪蟹褘胁邪褞褖懈械, 褔褌芯 胁 锌芯褋谢械写薪懈械 薪械褋泻. 屑谢褉写. 谢械褌 蟹胁械蟹写芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 薪邪懈斜. 懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁薪芯 锌褉芯懈褋褏芯写懈谢芯 胁 泻芯谢褜褑械 4-6 泻锌泻 芯褌 褑械薪褌褉邪 袚., 邪 褌邪泻卸械 胁 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 褑械薪褌褉械.<br> </p> <p> 协泻褋褑械薪褌褉懈褋懈褌械褌褘 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 芯褉斜懈褌 蟹胁褢蟹写 懈 褋泻芯锌谢械薪懈泄 泻芯褉褉械谢懈褉褍褞褌 褋 胁芯蟹褉邪褋褌芯屑: 褍 斜芯谢械械 褋褌邪褉褘褏 蟹胁褢蟹写 芯褉斜懈褌褘 褋懈谢褜薪械械 胁褘褌褟薪褍褌褘, 邪 褋芯写械褉卸邪薪懈械 褌褟卸褢谢褘褏 褝谢械屑械薪褌芯胁 褋薪懈卸械薪芯. 协褌懈 蟹邪胁懈褋懈屑芯褋褌懈 锌芯蟹胁芯谢褟褞褌 褋写械谢邪褌褜 芯锌褉械写械谢. 胁褘胁芯写褘 芯斜 褝胁芯谢褞褑懈懈 袚. 袧邪懈斜. 褋褌邪褉褘械 芯斜褗械泻褌褘 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪谢懈褋褜 褌芯谐写邪, 泻芯谐写邪 褉邪蟹屑械褉褘 袚. (褌芯褔薪械械 锌褉芯褌芯谐邪谢邪泻褌懈泻懈) 斜褘谢懈 薪邪屑薪芯谐芯 斜芯谢褜褕械, 褔械屑 褋芯胁褉. 褉邪蟹屑械褉褘. 袨薪邪 斜褘褋褌褉芯 褋卸懈屑邪谢邪褋褜 泻 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 褑械薪褌褉褍 懈 谐邪谢邪泻褌懈褔. 锌谢芯褋泻芯褋褌懈, 锌褉懈 褝褌芯屑 褕谢芯 懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁薪芯械 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈械 蟹胁褢蟹写, 邪 屑械卸蟹胁褢蟹写薪邪褟 褋褉械写邪 芯斜芯谐邪褖邪谢邪褋褜 褌褟卸褢谢褘屑懈 褝谢械屑械薪褌邪屑懈, 褉芯卸写邪胁褕懈屑懈褋褟 胁 薪械写褉邪褏 蟹胁褢蟹写 懈 锌芯锌邪写邪胁褕懈屑懈 胁 屑械卸蟹胁褢蟹写薪褍褞 褋褉械写褍, 泻芯谐写邪 斜褘褋褌褉芯 锌褉芯褝胁芯谢褞褑懈芯薪懈褉芯胁邪胁褕懈械 蟹胁褢蟹写褘 胁蟹褉褘胁邪谢懈褋褜 泻邪泻 <em><a href="articles/part_2/3526.html">褋胁械褉褏薪芯胁褘械 蟹胁褢蟹写褘</a></em> .袨褋芯斜械薪薪芯 懈薪褌械薪褋懈胁薪芯 褝褌芯褌 锌褉芯褑械褋褋 褕褢谢 胁 泻芯薪褑械 褎芯褉屑懈褉芯胁邪薪懈褟 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁 谐邪谢芯, 锌芯褋谢械 褔械谐芯 谐邪蟹 胁 谐邪谢芯 斜褘谢 懈褋褔械褉锌邪薪 懈 薪邪褋褌褍锌懈谢 锌械褉械褉褘胁 胁 蟹胁械蟹写芯芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁邪薪懈懈 写谢懈褌械谢褜薪芯褋褌褜褞 胁 5-7 屑谢褉写. 谢械褌. 袩芯褋谢械 锌械褉械褉褘胁邪 蟹胁褢蟹写褘 褋褌邪谢懈 芯斜褉邪蟹芯胁褘胁邪褌褜褋褟 谢懈褕褜 胁 写懈褋泻械, 谐写械 芯褋械谢 胁械褋褜 谐邪蟹, 褍卸械 芯斜芯谐邪褖褢薪薪褘泄 褌褟卸褢谢褘屑懈 褝谢械屑械薪褌邪屑懈. 协褌芯 芯斜褗褟褋薪褟械褌 褉邪蟹写械谢械薪懈械 芯斜褗械泻褌芯胁 袚. 薪邪 薪邪褋械谢械薪懈褟 褋 褉邪蟹谢. 褎懈蟹懈褔械褋泻懈屑懈 褏邪褉邪泻褌械褉懈褋褌懈泻邪屑懈.<br> </p> <p> <em>袥懈褌.:</em> 袣褍谢懈泻芯胁褋泻懈泄 袩. 袚., 袟胁械蟹写薪邪褟 邪褋褌褉芯薪芯屑懈褟, 2 懈蟹写., M., 1985; 袘芯泻 袘., 袘芯泻 袩., 袦谢械褔薪褘泄 锌褍褌褜, 锌械褉. 褋 邪薪谐谢., M., 1978; 袦邪褉芯褔薪懈泻 袥. 小., 小褍褔泻芯胁 袗. 袗., 袚邪谢邪泻褌懈泻邪, M., 1984.<br> </P> <div class="blue_border"><!-- --></div> <p class="next-prev"><a rel="prev" href="articles/part_1/0654.html">   <<   </a>  <a rel="index" href="index1.html"> 袩褉械写屑械褌薪褘泄 褍泻邪蟹邪褌械谢褜 </a>  <a rel="next" href="articles/part_1/0656.html">   >>   </a></p> </div> </div> <!--/htracer_context_links--> <div class="both"></div> <div class="blue_border"><!-- --></div> <div class="footer_separator"></div> <div class="footer"> <div class="copyright">漏 femto.com.ua <br> <img src="files/images/mailabs.gif" align="absmiddle" border="0"> webmaster@femto.com.ua</div> </div> </div> </body> </html>