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class="country-flag__name"> Italia </div> </div> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/max_width_290/public/oscar_luigi_scalfaro.jpg.webp?itok=vlU6yxgN" width="290" height="384" alt="Oscar Luigi Scalfaro" loading="lazy" /> <h2 class="h3 leader-position"> <span class="leader-position__field"> Presidente de la Rep煤blica (1992-1999) y ministro del Interior (1983-1987) </span> </h2> <div class="article__tag leader-full-name"> </div> <div class="article__tag--leader leader-term-office"> <strong> Mandato: </strong> <span><time datetime="1992-04-28T12:00:00Z">28 Abril 1992</time> <time datetime="1999-05-15T12:00:00Z">15 Mayo 1999</time> </span> </div> <div class="article__tag--leader"> <strong>Nacimiento:</strong> <span> <time datetime="1918-09-09T12:00:00Z">9 Septiembre 1918</time> </span> <span> Novara, regi贸n de Piamonte </span> </div> <div class="article__tag--leader"> <strong>Defunci贸n:</strong> <span> <time datetime="2012-01-29T12:00:00Z">29 Enero 2012</time> </span> <span> Roma, regi贸n de Lacio </span> </div> <div class="article__tag--leader"> <strong> Partido pol铆tico: </strong> <span>Democracia Cristiana (DC)</span> </div> <div class="article__tag--leader"> <strong> Profesi贸n: </strong> <span>Fiscal del Estado</span> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="article__main"> <div class="text article__text article__text--political-leader"> <p></p> <p>Perteneci贸 a la resistencia antifascista y en 1942 se licenci贸 en Derecho por la Universidad Cat贸lica del Sacro Cuore de Mil谩n, pasando inmediatamente a ejercer la magistratura. En 1945, concluida la guerra, se desempe帽贸 como fiscal p煤blico en los tribunales de Novara y Alessandria. Miembro de la Acci贸n Cat贸lica, fue presidente diocesano de su secci贸n masculina en Novara y, como para otros muchos j贸venes, esta militancia le sirvi贸 de trampol铆n para alcanzar puestos de responsabilidad en el partido Democracia Cristiana (DC) que en 1944 fund贸 Alcide De Gasperi. En sus listas obtuvo el acta de diputado por Tur铆n-Novara-Vercelli en las elecciones a la Asamblea Constituyente de 1946, y luego en los comicios a la Asamblea Legislativa de 1948, esca帽o que ocupar铆a ininterrumpidamente hasta su elecci贸n presidencial en 1992.<br><br>En el partido fue miembro del Consejo Nacional y, de 1949 a 1954, de la Direcci贸n Central, as铆 como subsecretario pol铆tico en 1964-1966 y secretario de organizaci贸n en 1970-1972. En la C谩mara de Diputados fue secretario y vicepresidente del grupo parlamentario democristiano y vicepresidente de la Comisi贸n Especial para la redacci贸n de la ley de funcionamiento del Tribunal Constitucional (1949-1952); presidente de la Comisi贸n Permanente para, sucesivamente, Asuntos de la Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, Interior y Culto, y Entes P煤blicos (1958-1959 y 1965-1966); vicepresidente de la Comisi贸n para el estudio de los fen贸menos mafiosos (1963-1964), y presidente de la Junta Electoral (1963-1966).<br><br>Entre octubre de 1975 y julio de 1983 ocup贸 la vicepresidencia de la C谩mara de Diputados y desde 1987 particip贸 en su Comisi贸n Permanente para Asuntos Exteriores y de las Comunidades Europeas. Tambi茅n figur贸 en el Comit茅 Bicameral de Reflexi贸n sobre el nuevo c贸digo penal. Durante cuatro d茅cadas ocup贸 asimismo diversos puestos gubernamentales: subsecretario de Estado en el Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social con Amintore Fanfani (1954); subsecretario de Estado de la Presidencia con Mario Scelba (1954-1955); subsecretario de Estado en el Ministerio de Justicia con Antonio Segni (1955-1957) y Adone Zoli (1957-1958); subsecretario en el Estado del Ministerio del Interior con Segni, Fernando Tambroni y Fanfani (1959-1962); ministro de Transportes y Aviaci贸n Civil con Aldo Moro, Giovanni Leone, Mariano Rumor y Giulio Andreotti (1968-1972); ministro de Educaci贸n con Andreotti (1972-1973) y ministro del Interior con el socialista Bettino Craxi (1983-1987).<br><br>Precisamente a la ca铆da del Gobierno Craxi, en marzo de 1987, el presidente Francesco Cossiga le pidi贸 que formara un nuevo gabinete de coalici贸n multipartito, pero ante las dificultades que encontr贸 dej贸 ese cometido a Amintore Fanfani. El 24 de abril de 1992 Scalfaro fue elegido presidente de la C谩mara y a ra铆z de la inesperada dimisi贸n, un d铆a despu茅s, del presidente de la Rep煤blica Cossiga, se convirti贸 en el candidato de consenso de los partidos pol铆ticos para ocupar el puesto vacante, de manera que el 25 de mayo, con 672 votos, fue investido como noveno presidente de Italia desde la instauraci贸n de la Rep煤blica en 1946. Con su toma de posesi贸n tres d铆as despu茅s (Giovanni Spadolini, presidente del Senado, hab铆a desempe帽ado la jefatura del Estado en el 铆nterin) se cerr贸 una inc贸moda situaci贸n de acefalia institucional, con un presidente dimisionario y un Gobierno en funciones, ya que el primer ministro Andreotti hab铆a presentado tambi茅n su renuncia el 24 de abril conforme al ritual poselectoral.<br><br>A Scalfaro se le ubicaba entonces en el ala izquierda de la DC y gozaba de una reputaci贸n de intransigente con la corrupci贸n y el clientelismo pol铆ticos, razones ambas por las que le supon铆a irreconciliable enemigo de Andreotti. Efectivamente, Scalfaro dar铆a sobradas muestras de independencia y firmeza de car谩cter en los momentos m谩s delicados de la transici贸n del sistema tradicional de partidos a otro completamente renovado, con los procesos judiciales anticorrupci贸n como revulsivo. Cuando la DC se desintegr贸 en enero de 1994, Scalfaro no se vincul贸 a ninguno de los partidos que surgieron.<br><br>Su actuaci贸n excedi贸 el marco reservado al puesto presidencial, b谩sicamente protocolario, y adquiri贸 un innegable contenido pol铆tico. Ello pudo apreciarse en su negativa a firmar el decreto del Gobierno de Giuliano Amato para limitar la acci贸n de la justicia en la investigaci贸n de los esc谩ndalos de corrupci贸n (7 de marzo de 1993), o en la elecci贸n de los primeros ministros independientes Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (26 de abril de 1993) y Lamberto Dini (13 de enero de 1995), con mandatos expl铆citos para ejecutar las reformas econ贸micas e institucionales m谩s urgentes, unas designaciones que encolerizaron a uno u otro partidos, en fase de reorganizaci贸n e incapaces de formar mayor铆as estables, por considerar que iban dirigidas en contra de sus intereses. Con su hist贸rico decreto del 16 de enero de 1994 para la disoluci贸n del Parlamento y la convocatoria de elecciones anticipadas, Scalfaro aceler贸 el final de cinco d茅cadas de historia de Italia y el advenimiento de un nuevo r茅gimen, con nuevos partidos y nuevas reglas de juego pol铆ticas. <br><br>En todo este tiempo, Scalfaro se erigi贸 en autoridad moral y "palad铆n de la Italia honesta" y en 煤ltimo destinatario de la confianza de una ciudadan铆a conmocionada por la inacabable sangr铆a de acusados y detenidos por corrupci贸n, entre ellos la flor y la nata de la clase pol铆tica tradicional. Aun m谩s, Scalfaro adopt贸 una postura beligerante y anim贸 a la judicatura a "aplicar el bistur铆 para sajar la peste bub贸nica" y a "atacar las patolog铆as que se hab铆an manifestado en la gesti贸n p煤blica", entre otras inequ铆vocas declaraciones. Semejante posicionamiento, como no pod铆a ser menos, le indispuso gravemente con los todav铆a poderosos sectores del viejo r茅gimen, quienes intentaron comprometer su imagen de honestidad con una campa帽a de insidias. Scalfaro denunci贸 la "estrategia de golpe" que entra帽aban las acusaciones de haber participado "como todos" en el cobro de comisiones ilegales. Una pol茅mica en la que el veterano Amintore Fanfani sali贸 al paso el 3 de noviembre de 1993: efectivamente, los servicios secretos intentaron sobornar a Scalfaro cuando era ministro del Interior, pero 茅ste se neg贸 a aceptar el sobre de cien millones de liras que le pusieron sobre la mesa. <br><br>En el plano exterior, merece ser destacado el hist贸rico viaje que Scalfaro realiz贸 a Etiop铆a el 25 de noviembre de 1997, donde present贸 disculpas por las atrocidades cometidas por el Ej茅rcito italiano cuando invadi贸 el pa铆s en 1935.<br><br>El 15 de mayo de 1999, aunque su mandato expiraba el d铆a 28, Scalfaro present贸 la dimisi贸n, de manera que su sucesor elegido el 13, el ex primer ministro Ciampi, tom贸 posesi贸n anticipada el d铆a 18. En su condici贸n de ex presidente Scalfaro accedi贸 a la condici贸n de senador vitalicio dentro del grupo mixto.<br><br>(Nota de edici贸n: esta biograf铆a fue publicada originalmente el 20/3/2001. El ex presidente italiano Oscar Luigi Scalfaro falleci贸 el 29/1/2012 a los 93 a帽os de edad)</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </main> <footer role="contentinfo" class="footer-main"> <div class="footer-main__inner"> <div class="footer-main__top"> <div id="block-footer-description" class="block block-config-pages block-config-pages-block footer-main__top__description"> <div class="config_pages config_pages--type--block-text config_pages--view-mode--full config_pages--block-text--full"> <p>CIDOB es un centro de investigaci贸n en relaciones internacionales que, bas谩ndose en los criterios de excelencia y relevancia, tiene como objetivo el an谩lisis de las cuestiones globales que afectan las din谩micas pol铆ticas, sociales y la gobernanza, desde lo internacional a lo local.</p> </div> </div> <div id="block-footer-social-media" class="block block-config-pages block-config-pages-block social-media footer-main__social-media"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/CidobBarcelona" target="_blank" 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