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Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]] |successor1 = [[Jonathan Russell]] |jr/sr2 = United States Senator |state2 = [[New York (state)|New York]] |term_start2 = February 4, 1804 |term_end2 = June 30, 1804 |predecessor2 = [[Theodorus Bailey (politician)|Theodorus Bailey]] |successor2 = [[Samuel L. Mitchill]] |term_start3 = November 10, 1803 |term_end3 = February 4, 1804 |appointer3 = [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] |predecessor3 = [[DeWitt Clinton]] |successor3 = [[John Smith (New York politician, born 1752)|John Smith]] |term_start4 = November 6, 1800 |term_end4 = February 5, 1802 |predecessor4 = [[John Laurance]] |successor4 = [[DeWitt Clinton]] |office5 = Member of the [[Congress of the Confederation|Continental Congress]] from [[Pennsylvania]] | term_start5 = 1787 | term_end5 = 1788 |birth_date = {{birth date|1758|11|25}} |birth_place = [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]]. [[British America]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1843|4|1|1758|11|25}} |death_place = [[Red Hook, New York]], U.S. |party = [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] |spouse = {{marriage|Alida Livingston|1789|1822|end=her death}} |children = 7 |relatives = [[John Armstrong Sr.|John Armstrong]] (father)<br>[[James Armstrong (Pennsylvania politician)|James Armstrong]] (brother) |education = [[Princeton University]] |allegiance = {{flag|United States|1795}} |branch = {{Flagicon image|Gadsden flag.svg}} [[Continental Army]]<br>{{army|United States}} |rank = [[Major (United States)|Major]] {{small|(Continental Army)}}<br>[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier General]] {{small|(U.S. Army)}} |serviceyears = 1775–1777, 1782–1783 {{small|(Continental Army)}}<br>1812–1813 {{small|(U.S. Army)}} |battles = [[American Revolutionary War]]<br>[[War of 1812]] }} '''John Armstrong Jr.''' (November 25, 1758{{spaced ndash}}April 1, 1843) was an American soldier, diplomat and statesman who was a delegate to the [[Continental Congress]], [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from New York, and [[United States Secretary of War]] under President [[James Madison]].<ref name="nypl">{{cite web|title=John Armstrong letters 1795, 1802, 1806, 1812, 1813, 1814|url=https://archives.nypl.org/mss/6743|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018214058/http://archives.nypl.org/mss/6743|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2019|website=archives.nypl.org|publisher=[[The New York Public Library]]|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> A member of the [[Democratic-Republican Party]], Armstrong was [[List of ambassadors of the United States to France|United States Minister to France]] from 1804 to 1810. ==Early life== {{Further|Livingston family}} Armstrong was born in [[Carlisle, Pennsylvania]], the younger son of General [[John Armstrong Sr.]] and Rebecca (Lyon) Armstrong.<ref name="Marquis Who's Who">{{cite book|title=Who Was Who in American History - the Military|date=1975|publisher=Marquis Who's Who|location=Chicago|isbn=0837932017|page=15}}</ref> John Sr. was a renowned Pennsylvania soldier born in [[Ireland]] of [[Ulster Scots people|Scottish]] descent. John Jr.'s older brother was [[James Armstrong (Pennsylvania)|James Armstrong]], who became a physician and U.S. Congressman.<ref name="Skeen1981"/> After early education in Carlisle, John Jr. studied at the College of New Jersey, now [[Princeton University]].<ref name="Marquis Who's Who"/> He broke off his studies in [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] in 1775 to return to [[Pennsylvania]] and join the fight in the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]].<ref name="Tucker2009">{{cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer|title=U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598841725|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEkFzIWjdn4C&pg=PA127|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> ==Career== ===Revolutionary War=== The young Armstrong initially joined a Pennsylvania militia regiment and the following year he was appointed as [[aide-de-camp]] to General [[Hugh Mercer]] of the [[Continental Army]].<ref name="Tucker2009"/> In this role, he carried the wounded and dying General Mercer from the field at the [[Battle of Princeton]]. After the general died on January 12, 1777, Armstrong became an aide to General [[Horatio Gates]]. He stayed with Gates through the [[Battle of Saratoga]] then resigned due to problems with his health. In 1782 Gates asked him to return. Armstrong joined General Gates' staff as an aide with the rank of major, which he held through the rest of the war.<ref name="Tucker2009"/> ===Newburgh letters=== While in camp with Gates at [[Newburgh, New York]], Armstrong became involved in the [[Newburgh conspiracy|Newburgh Conspiracy]]. He is generally acknowledged as the author of the two anonymous letters directed at the officers in the camp. The first, titled "An Address to the Officers" (dated March 10, 1783), called for a meeting to discuss back pay and other grievances with the [[Continental Congress|Congress]] and form a plan of action. After [[George Washington]] ordered the meeting canceled and called for a milder meeting on March 15, a second address appeared that claimed that this showed that Washington supported their actions.<ref name="Tucker2009"/> Washington successfully defused this protest without a mutiny. While some of Armstrong's later correspondence acknowledged his role, there was never any official action that connected him with the anonymous letters.<ref name="Skeen1981"/> ===After the revolution=== Later in 1783 Armstrong returned home to Carlisle and became an Original Member of the Pennsylvania [[Society of the Cincinnati]]. He was named the Adjutant General of Pennsylvania's militia and also served as [[Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania]] under Presidents [[John Dickinson (delegate)|Dickinson]] and [[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin]]. In 1784, he led a military force of four hundred militiamen into a controversy with Connecticut settlers in the [[Wyoming Valley]] of Pennsylvania. His tactics enraged the nearby states of Vermont and Connecticut, which sent their own militia into the area. [[Timothy Pickering]] was dispatched to forge a solution to the difficulty, and the settlers were able to keep title to the land they had tamed. In 1787 and 1788 Armstrong was sent as a delegate for Pennsylvania to the [[Congress of the Confederation]]. The Congress offered to make him chief justice of the [[Northwest Territory]]. He declined this, as well as all other public offices for the next dozen years.<ref name="Skeen1981"/> Armstrong resumed public life after the resignation of [[John Laurance]] as [[U.S. Senator from New York]]. As a [[Democratic-Republican Party|Jeffersonian Republican]] he was elected in [[United States Senate special election in New York, November 1800|November 1800]] to a term ending in March 1801. He took his seat on November 6, and was [[United States Senate election in New York, 1801|re-elected]] on January 27 for a full term (1801–1807), but [[resignation from the United States Senate|resigned]] on February 5, 1802. [[DeWitt Clinton]] was elected to fill the vacancy, but resigned in 1803, and Armstrong was appointed temporarily to his old seat.<ref name="Tucker2009"/> In [[February 1804 United States Senate special elections in New York|February 1804]], Armstrong was elected again to the U.S. Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of [[Theodorus Bailey (senator)|Theodorus Bailey]], thus moving from the Class 3 to the Class 1 seat on February 25, but served only four months before [[Thomas Jefferson|President Jefferson]] appointed him [[United States Ambassador to France|U.S. Minister to France]].<ref name="JAJrbioguide"/><ref name="Rodriguez2002">{{cite book|last1=Rodriguez|first1=Junius P.|last2=Smith|first2=Robert W.|title=The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia|date=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576071885|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs7GAwwdzyQC&pg=PA16|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> To Paris Armstrong brought as his private secretary the [[Society of United Irishmen|United-Irish exile]], [[David Bailie Warden]]. After serving as Consul, Warden was to author the first major work of reference for the diplomatic corps; a "pioneering" contribution to "the emergence of doctrinal views and a specialist literature on international law".<ref name="Butler">{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=William E. |title=David Bailie Warden and the Development of American Consular Law |journal=Journal of the History of International Law |date=2011 |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=377–424, 317 |doi=10.1163/15718050-13020005 |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jhil/13/2/article-p377_5.xml?language=en |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> Armstrong served as Minister in Paris until September 1810. In 1806 he had also briefly also represented the United States at the court of [[Spain]].<ref name="Tucker2009"/> When the [[War of 1812]] broke out, Armstrong was called to military service. He was commissioned as a Brigadier General, and placed in charge of the defenses for the port of [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="Quimby19979">{{cite book|last1=Quimby|first1=Robert S.|title=The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study|date=1997|publisher=[[Michigan State University Press]]|location=[[East Lansing, Michigan]]}}</ref> Then in 1813 [[James Madison|President Madison]] named him [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]].<ref name="JAJrbioguide"/> [[Henry Brooks Adams|Henry Adams]] wrote of him: ''<blockquote>In spite of Armstrong's services, abilities, and experience, something in his character always created distrust. He had every advantage of education, social and political connection, ability and self-confidence; he was only fifty-four years old, which was also the age of [[James Monroe|Monroe]]; but he suffered from the reputation of [[wikt:indolence#Noun|indolence]] and [[wikt:intrigue|intrigue]]. So strong was the prejudice against him that he obtained only eighteen votes against fifteen in the Senate on his confirmation; and while the two senators from Virginia did not vote at all, the two from Kentucky voted in the negative. Under such circumstances, nothing but military success of the first order could secure a fair field for Monroe's rival.<ref>Adams, Henry, ''History of the United States of America during the Administrations of James Madison''. The Library of America, 1986. p. 593.</ref></blockquote>'' Armstrong made a number of valuable changes to the armed forces but was so convinced that the British would 'not' attack Washington D.C. that he did nothing to defend the city even when it became clear it was the objective of the invasion force. After the American defeat at the [[Battle of Bladensburg]] and the subsequent [[burning of Washington]], Madison, usually a forgiving man, forced him to resign in September 1814.<ref>Pitch, Anthony, ''The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814''. Bluejacket Books, 2000. p. 168.</ref> ===Later life=== Armstrong returned to his farm and resumed a quiet life. He published a number of histories, biographies, and some works on agriculture. He died at [[Rokeby (Barrytown, New York)|La Bergerie]] (later renamed Rokeby), the farm estate he built in [[Red Hook, New York]] in 1843 and is buried in the cemetery in [[Rhinebeck (town), New York|Rhinebeck]]. Following the death of [[Paine Wingate]] in 1838, he became the last surviving delegate to the [[Continental Congress]], and the only one to be photographed.<ref name="Skeen1981"/> ==Personal life== [[File:Alida Livingston Armstrong and Daughter.jpeg|thumb|right|200px|''Alida Livingston Armstrong and Daughter'', [[Rembrandt Peale]], ca. 1810]] [[File:Daguerreotype of John Armstrong, Jr., 1840.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Daguerreotype of Armstrong in 1840. This photo is the only one of a person who served as a delegate to the [[Continental Congress]].]] In 1789, Armstrong married Alida Livingston (1761–1822), the youngest child of Judge [[Robert Livingston (1718-1775)|Robert Livingston]] (1718–1775) and Margaret ([[née]] Beekman) Livingston. Alida was also the sister of Chancellor [[Robert Livingston (1746–1813)|Robert R. Livingston]] and [[Edward Livingston]].<ref name="Livingston1910">{{cite book|last1=Livingston|first1=Edwin Brockholst|title=The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The Nephew," a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants|date=1910|publisher=Knickerbocker Press|url=https://archive.org/details/livingstonslivi00unkngoog|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mowbray1898">{{cite book|last1=Mowbray|first1=Jay Henry|title=Representative Men of New York: A Record of Their Achievements|date=1898|publisher=New York Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZU-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA31|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> Together they had seven children:<ref name="Skeen1981">{{cite book|last1=Skeen|first1=Carl Edward|title=John Armstrong, Jr., 1758-1843: A Biography|date=1981|publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|isbn=9780815622420|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxJ3AAAAMAAJ|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> * Maj [[Horatio Gates Armstrong]] (1790–1858), soldier in the War of 1812.<ref name="HGAObit1858">{{cite news |title=DIED |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32275413/died/ |access-date=5 June 2019 |work=[[The Daily Exchange]] |date=9 Apr 1858 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref> * Henry Beekman Armstrong (1791–1854), also a soldier in the War of 1812.<ref name="Chisholm1905">{{cite book|last1=Chisholm|first1=Hugh|title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information|date=1905|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA11|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> * John Armstrong (1794–1852), who moved to [[New York (state)|New York]] and took up life as a gentleman farmer at [[Rokeby (Barrytown, New York)|La Bergerie]], a farm purchased from Alida's family in [[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess County]] * Robert Livingston Armstrong (1797–1834)<ref name="Heitman1903">{{cite book|last1=Heitman|first1=Francis Bernard|title=Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army: From Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903|date=1903|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|url=https://archive.org/details/historicalregis03heitgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/historicalregis03heitgoog/page/n169 170]|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref> * Margaret Rebecca Armstrong (1800–1872), who married [[William Backhouse Astor Sr.]] (1792–1875) of the prominent [[Astor family]].<ref name="Trager2010">{{cite book|last1=Trager|first1=James|title=The New York Chronology: The Ultimate Compendium of Events, People, and Anecdotes from the Dutch to the Present|date=2010|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=9780062018601|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvGhQoNT27IC&pg=PA169|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mowbray1898"/> * James Kosciuszko Armstrong (1801–1868) * William Armstrong (1814–1902), who married Lucy A. Hickernell (1816–1894). Armstrong died in [[Red Hook, New York]] on April 1, 1843. He was buried at the Rhinebeck Cemetery in [[Rhinebeck, New York]].<ref name="JAJrbioguide">{{cite web|title=ARMSTRONG, John, Jr. - Biographical Information|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000282|website=bioguide.congress.gov|publisher=[[Biographical Directory of the United States Congress]]|access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref> ===Residences=== ====Almont==== Armstrong's initial farm in Dutchess County, called "Altmont" (also known as "The Meadows"), was originally part of the Schuyler patent. In 1795, he purchased a part of the farm from the Van Benthuysen family, and converted an existing barn into a two-story Federal style dwelling with twelve rooms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://classicalamericanhomes.org/essay/the-consummation-of-earthly-bliss/ |title=Kenny, Peter M. ""The Consummation of Earthly Bliss": – Classical American Homes Preservation Trust". Classical American Homes Preservation Trust |access-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-date=May 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525113947/https://classicalamericanhomes.org/essay/the-consummation-of-earthly-bliss/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Around 1800, Armstrong sold "Almont" to [[Andrew Deveaux|Andrew]] and Anna Verplanck Deveaux. Deveaux died in 1812; in 1816 his widow sold "Deveaux Park" to [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|John Stevens]]. The mansion burned down around 1879. In 1908, lumber rights to the white oak and chestnut forests were sold for timber for the New York market.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=hsYpAQAAMAAJ&dq=Sacred+Heart+Chapel+%28Barrytown%2C+New+York%29&pg=PA753 Lewis, John N., "Town of Red Hook", ''History of Dutchess County'', (Frank Hasbrouck, ed.), Higginson Book Company, 1909]{{PD-notice}}</ref> ====La Bergerie==== After the death of Margaret Beekman Livingston, widow of Judge Robert Livingston, much of the Clermont land was distributed among the heirs. John R. Livingston received the land that would become the "Messena" estate. His sister Alida Livingston Armstrong inherited the property just to the south. There the Armstrong's created "La Bergerie", in English "the sheepfold" – an estate where they raised Merino sheep. The Merino sheep were a gift from the French Emperor [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] on Armstrong's departure after being Minister. The Astors purchased it for a summer home and renamed it [[Rokeby (Barrytown, New York)|Rokeby]]. [[Margaret Chanler Aldrich]], great-granddaughter of Margaret Armstrong Astor, married [[Richard Aldrich (music critic)|Richard Aldrich]]. Rokeby remains in the Aldrich family. ==See also== * [[Rokeby (Barrytown, New York)]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== * Skeen, Carl E. ''John Armstrong Jr., 1758–1843: A Biography.'' Syracuse Univ Press, 1982. {{ISBN|0-8156-2242-2}}. ==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} {{congbio|A000282}} * {{cite BDA1906 |wstitle= Armstrong, John (1758–1843) |volume= 1 |page= 138 |year=1906 |short=1}} * {{Find a Grave}} {{S-start}} {{s-par|us-sen}} {{U.S. Senator box|class=3|state=New York| before = [[John Laurance]]| after = [[DeWitt Clinton]] | years =1800&ndash;1802| alongside=[[Gouverneur Morris]] }} {{U.S. Senator box|class=3|state=New York| before = [[DeWitt Clinton]]| after = [[John Smith (New York politician born 1752)|John Smith]] | years =1803&ndash;1804| alongside=[[Theodorus Bailey (senator)|Theodorus Bailey]] }} {{U.S. Senator box|class=1|state=New York| before = [[Theodorus Bailey (senator)|Theodorus Bailey]]| after = [[Samuel Latham Mitchill|Samuel Mitchill]] | years =1804| alongside=[[John Smith (New York politician born 1752)|John Smith]] }} {{s-dip}} {{Succession box|title=[[United States Ambassador to France|U.S. Minister to France]]|before=[[Robert Livingston (1746–1813)|Robert R. Livingston]]|after=[[Joel Barlow]]|years=1804&ndash;1810}} {{s-off}} {{U.S. Cabinet official box | before= [[William Eustis]] | after= [[James Monroe]] | years= 1813&ndash;1814 | president= [[James Madison]] | department= Secretary of War}} {{S-end}} {{Democratic-Republican Party}} {{USSenNY}} {{USSecArm}} {{US Ambassadors to France}} {{Madison cabinet}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Armstrong, John Jr.}} [[Category:1758 births]] [[Category:1843 deaths]] [[Category:Politicians from Carlisle, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:People from colonial Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Livingston family]] [[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]] [[Category:Madison administration cabinet members]] [[Category:United States secretaries of war]] [[Category:Continental Congressmen from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Democratic-Republican Party United States senators from New York (state)]] [[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to France]] [[Category:18th-century American politicians]] 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