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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geonic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geonic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Geonic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geonic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-To_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#To_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>To 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-To_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithuanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Lithuanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hasidic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hasidic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Hasidic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hasidic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sephardi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sephardi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Sephardi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sephardi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>19th century to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservative_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Conservative movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nondenominational_or_mixed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nondenominational_or_mixed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Nondenominational or mixed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nondenominational_or_mixed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_and_Reconstructionist_seminaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_and_Reconstructionist_seminaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Reform and Reconstructionist seminaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_and_Reconstructionist_seminaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Contemporary Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4.1</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure and features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure and features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academic_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Academic year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chavruta-style_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chavruta-style_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chavruta-style learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chavruta-style_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College_credit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College_credit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>College credit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College_credit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Curriculum-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Curriculum subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Talmud_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmud_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Talmud study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmud_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Jewish law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics,_mysticism_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics,_mysticism_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ethics, mysticism and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics,_mysticism_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torah_and_Bible_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah_and_Bible_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Torah and Bible study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah_and_Bible_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yeshiva</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7" title="يشيفا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يشيفا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Ешыбот – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ешыбот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Ешыбот – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ешыбот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Йешива – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йешива" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeschiwa" title="Jeschiwa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jeschiwa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yeshiva" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieixiv%C3%A0" title="Ieixivà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ieixivà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%A1iva" title="Ješiva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ješiva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeschiwa" title="Jeschiwa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jeschiwa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiv%C3%A1" title="Yeshivá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yeshivá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%9Divo" title="Jeŝivo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jeŝivo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7" title="یشیوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یشیوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yechiva" title="Yechiva – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yechiva" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%94" title="예시바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예시바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Եշիվա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եշիվա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yeshiva" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshivah" title="Yeshivah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yeshivah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94" title="ישיבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישיבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9F%C3%AEva" title="Yeşîva – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yeşîva" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Yeshiva" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%A1iva" title="Ješiva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ješiva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%A1iva" title="Ješiva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ješiva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesiva" title="Jesiva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jesiva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7" title="يشيفا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يشيفا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesjiva" title="Jesjiva – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jesjiva" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="イェシーバー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イェシーバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yeshiva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7" title="یشیوا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یشیوا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesziwa" title="Jesziwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jesziwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiv%C3%A1" title="Yeshivá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yeshivá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ie%C8%99iva" title="Ieșiva – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ieșiva" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Иешива – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иешива" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yeshiva" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%A1iva" title="Ješiva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ješiva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%A1iva" title="Ješiva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ješiva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Јешива – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јешива" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%A1iva" title="Ješiva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ješiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%A1iva" title="Ješiva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ješiva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yeshiva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yeshiva" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fiva" title="Yeşiva – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeşiva" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Єшива – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єшива" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7" title="یشیوا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یشیوا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7ng_vi%E1%BB%87n_Do_Th%C3%A1i" title="Chủng viện Do Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủng viện Do Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish educational institution for Torah study</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Jewish educational system. 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirs_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mirs_14.JPG/220px-Mirs_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mirs_14.JPG/330px-Mirs_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Mirs_14.JPG/440px-Mirs_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2171" data-file-height="2558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mir_Yeshiva_(Jerusalem)" title="Mir Yeshiva (Jerusalem)">Mir Yeshiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, one of two largest yeshivot in the world</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BaisMedrashInterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/BaisMedrashInterior.jpg/220px-BaisMedrashInterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/BaisMedrashInterior.jpg/330px-BaisMedrashInterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/BaisMedrashInterior.jpg/440px-BaisMedrashInterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A typical <a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash"><i>bet midrash</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel">Yeshivas Ner Yisroel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carteret_beis_medrash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Carteret_beis_medrash.jpg/220px-Carteret_beis_medrash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Carteret_beis_medrash.jpg/330px-Carteret_beis_medrash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Carteret_beis_medrash.jpg/440px-Carteret_beis_medrash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1516" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Chavrusas in study at <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Gedola_of_Carteret" title="Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret">Yeshiva Gedola of Carteret</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OrYisrael8885.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/OrYisrael8885.JPG/220px-OrYisrael8885.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/OrYisrael8885.JPG/330px-OrYisrael8885.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/OrYisrael8885.JPG/440px-OrYisrael8885.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Morning <i>seder</i> at <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva#Schools_and_religious_institutions" title="Petah Tikva">Or-Yisrael</a>, a yeshiva founded by the <a href="/wiki/Chazon_Ish" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazon Ish">Chazon Ish</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeshivat_Har_EtzionRML4RALRP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Yeshivat_Har_EtzionRML4RALRP.jpg/220px-Yeshivat_Har_EtzionRML4RALRP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Yeshivat_Har_EtzionRML4RALRP.jpg/330px-Yeshivat_Har_EtzionRML4RALRP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Yeshivat_Har_EtzionRML4RALRP.jpg/440px-Yeshivat_Har_EtzionRML4RALRP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Shiur by Rav <a href="/wiki/Mosheh_Lichtenstein" title="Mosheh Lichtenstein">Mosheh Lichtenstein</a> in memory of Rav <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Lichtenstein" title="Aharon Lichtenstein">Aharon Lichtenstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Har_Etzion" title="Yeshivat Har Etzion">Yeshivat Har Etzion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a> yeshiva</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyLindmanRabbinicalSchoolJerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RoyLindmanRabbinicalSchoolJerusalem.jpg/220px-RoyLindmanRabbinicalSchoolJerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RoyLindmanRabbinicalSchoolJerusalem.jpg/330px-RoyLindmanRabbinicalSchoolJerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RoyLindmanRabbinicalSchoolJerusalem.jpg/440px-RoyLindmanRabbinicalSchoolJerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3641" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinical</a> students in <i><a href="/wiki/Shiur_(Torah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur (Torah)">shiur</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg/220px-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg/330px-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg/440px-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><i>Shiur klali</i> at <a href="/wiki/Slabodka_yeshiva_(Bnei_Brak)" title="Slabodka yeshiva (Bnei Brak)">Slabodka Yeshiva</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>yeshiva</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><span lang="he"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94#Hebrew" class="extiw" title="wikt:ישיבה">ישיבה</a></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'sitting'; pl. <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ישיבות</span></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yeshivot</i></span> or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">yeshivos</i></span>) is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">educational institution</a> focused on the study of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a>, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halacha</a> (Jewish law), while <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a> are studied in parallel. The studying is usually done through daily <i><a href="/wiki/Shiur_(Torah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur (Torah)">shiurim</a></i> (lectures or classes) as well as in study pairs called <i><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">chavrusas</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> for 'friendship' or 'companionship').<sup id="cite_ref-Forta_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></i>-style learning is one of the unique features of the yeshiva. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, different levels of yeshiva education have different names. In the U.S., elementary-school students enroll in a <i><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">cheder</a></i>, post-<a href="/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a>-age students learn in a <i><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">mesivta</a></i>, and undergraduate-level students learn in a <i><a href="/wiki/Beit_midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit midrash">beit midrash</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_gedola" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshiva gedola">yeshiva gedola</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ישיבה גדולה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'large yeshiva' or 'great yeshiva'). In Israel, elementary-school students enroll in a <a href="/wiki/Talmud_Torah" title="Talmud Torah">Talmud Torah</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">cheder</a></i>, post-bar mitzvah-age students learn in a <i>yeshiva ketana</i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ישיבה קטנה</span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'small yeshiva' or 'minor yeshiva'), and high-school-age students learn in a <i>yeshiva gedola</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">kollel</a></i> is a yeshiva for married men, in which it is common to pay a token stipend to its students. Students of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <i>yeshivot gedolot</i> (plural of <i>yeshiva gedola</i>) usually learn in yeshiva until they get married. </p><p>Historically, yeshivas were for men only. Today, all non-Orthodox yeshivas are open to women. Although there are separate schools for Orthodox women and girls,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i><a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">midrasha</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Seminaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaria">"seminary"</a>) these do not follow the same structure or curriculum as the traditional yeshiva for boys and men. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternate spellings and names include <i>yeshivah</i>; <i>metivta</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">mesivta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">מתיבתא</span> <i>methivta</i>); <i><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">beth midrash</a></i>; Talmudical academy, rabbinical academy and rabbinical school. The word <i>yeshiva</i> is applied to the activity of learning in class, and hence to a learning "session."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transference in meaning of the term from the learning session to the institution itself appears to have occurred by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Academies_in_Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Academies in Babylonia">Talmudic Academies in Babylonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sura_(city)" title="Sura (city)">Sura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pumbedita" title="Pumbedita">Pumbedita</a>, which were known as <i>shte ha-yeshivot</i> (the two colleges). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education#The_yeshiva" title="Jewish education">Jewish education § The yeshiva</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> tractate <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a> contains the law that a town can only be called a <i>city</i> if it supports ten men (<i>batlanim</i>) to make up the required <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">quorum</a> for communal prayers. Similarly, every <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">beth din</a> ('house of judgement') was attended by a number of pupils up to three times the size of the court (<a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, tractate <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a>). According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adults generally took two months off every year to study. These being <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> the months preceding the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrimage festivals">pilgrimage festivals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a>, called <i>Yarḥei Kalla</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> for '<a href="/wiki/Kallah" title="Kallah">Months of Kallah</a>'). The rest of the year, they worked. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geonic_period">Geonic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geonic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbi_Ashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rabbi_Ashi.jpg/220px-Rabbi_Ashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rabbi_Ashi.jpg/330px-Rabbi_Ashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Rabbi_Ashi.jpg/440px-Rabbi_Ashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of <a href="/wiki/Sura_Academy" title="Sura Academy">Sura</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Beit_Hatefutsot" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Hatefutsot">Beit Hatefutsot</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Geonic period takes its name from <a href="/wiki/Gaon_(Hebrew)" title="Gaon (Hebrew)"><i>Gaon</i></a>, the title given to the heads of the three yeshivas which existed from the third to the thirteenth century. The Geonim acted as the principals of their individual yeshivot, and as spiritual leaders and high judges for the wider communities tied to them. The yeshiva conducted all official business in the name of its Gaon, and all correspondence to or from the yeshiva was addressed directly to the Gaon. </p><p>Throughout the Geonic Period there were three yeshivot, each named for the cities in which they were located: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sura_(city)" title="Sura (city)">Sura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pumbedita" title="Pumbedita">Pumbedita</a>; the yeshiva of Jerusalem would later relocate to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and the yeshivot of Sura and Pumbedita to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, but retain their original names. Each Jewish community would associate itself with one of the three yeshivot; Jews living around the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> typically followed the yeshiva in Jerusalem, while those living in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> typically followed one of the two yeshivot in Baghdad. There was no requirement for this, and each community could choose to associate with any of the yeshivot. </p><p>The yeshiva served as the highest educational institution for the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbis</a> of this period. In addition to this, the yeshiva wielded great power as the principal body for interpreting <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>. The community regarded the Gaon of a yeshiva as the highest judge on all matters of Jewish law. Each yeshiva ruled differently on matters of ritual and law; the other yeshivot accepted these divisions, and all three ranked as equally orthodox. The yeshiva also served as an administrative authority, in conjunction with local communities, by appointing members to serve as the head of local congregations. These heads of a congregation served as a link between the congregation and the larger yeshiva it was attached to. These leaders would also submit questions to the yeshiva to obtain final rulings on issues of dogma, ritual, or law. Each congregation was expected to follow only one yeshiva to prevent conflict with different rulings issued by different yeshivot. </p><p>The yeshivot were financially supported by a number of means, including fixed voluntary, annual contributions; these contributions being collected and handled by local leaders appointed by the yeshiva. Private gifts and donations from individuals were also common, especially during holidays, consisting of money or goods. </p><p>The yeshiva of Jerusalem was finally forced into exile in Cairo in 1127, and eventually dispersed entirely. Likewise, the yeshivot of Sura and Pumbedita were dispersed following the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> invasions of the 13th century. After this education in Jewish religious studies became the responsibility of individual <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a>. No organization ever came to replace the three great yeshivot of Jerusalem, Sura and Pumbedita.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="To_19th_century">To 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: To 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Geonic Period Jews established more Yeshiva academies in Europe and in Northern Africa, including the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairuan yeshiva</a> in Tunisia (Hebrew: ישיבת קאירואן) that was established by Chushiel Ben Elchanan (Hebrew: חושיאל בן אלחנן) in 974.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, every town <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> had the right to maintain a number of full or part-time pupils in the town's <a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">beth midrash</a> (study hall), which was usually adjacent to the synagogue. Their cost of living was covered by community taxation. After a number of years, the students who received <i><a href="/wiki/Semikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Semikha">semikha</a></i> (rabbinical ordination) would either take up a vacant rabbinical position elsewhere or join the workforce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuanian">Lithuanian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lithuanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_yeshivos_in_Europe_(before_World_War_II)" title="List of yeshivos in Europe (before World War II)">List of yeshivos in Europe (before World War II)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg/220px-Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg/330px-Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg/440px-Volozhin_yeshiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volozhin_yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Volozhin yeshiva">Volozhin yeshiva</a>, "mother of the yeshivas"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mir_Yeshiva_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mir_Yeshiva_1a.jpg/220px-Mir_Yeshiva_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mir_Yeshiva_1a.jpg/330px-Mir_Yeshiva_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mir_Yeshiva_1a.jpg/440px-Mir_Yeshiva_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mir_Yeshiva_(Belarus)" title="Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)">Mir yeshiva</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponivez1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ponivez1.JPG/220px-Ponivez1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ponivez1.JPG/330px-Ponivez1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ponivez1.JPG/440px-Ponivez1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponevezh_Yeshiva" title="Ponevezh Yeshiva">Ponevezh Yeshiva</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Organised <a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a> was revolutionised by <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Volozhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Volozhin">Chaim Volozhin</a>, an influential 18th-century Lithuanian leader of Judaism and disciple of the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>. In his view, the traditional arrangement did not cater to those looking for more intensive study. </p><p>With the support of his teacher, Volozhin gathered interested students and started a yeshiva in the town of <a href="/wiki/Valozhyn" title="Valozhyn">Valozhyn</a>, located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Volozhin_yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Volozhin yeshiva">Volozhin yeshiva</a> was closed some 60 years later in 1892 following the Russian government's demands for the introduction of certain secular studies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, a number of yeshivot opened in other towns and cities, most notably <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Knesses_Yisrael_(Slabodka)" title="Yeshivas Knesses Yisrael (Slabodka)">Slabodka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Panevėžys">Panevėžys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir_yeshiva_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir yeshiva (Poland)">Mir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisk_tradition_and_Soloveitchik_dynasty" title="Brisk tradition and Soloveitchik dynasty">Brisk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telshe_yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Telshe yeshiva">Telz</a>. Many prominent contemporary <i>yeshivot</i> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> are continuations of these institutions, and often bear the same name. </p><p>In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Salanter" title="Israel Salanter">Israel Salanter</a> initiated the <a href="/wiki/Mussar_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar movement">Mussar movement</a> in non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jewry, which sought to encourage yeshiva students and the wider community to spend regular times devoted to the study of Jewish ethical works. Concerned by the new social and religious changes of the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a> (the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>), and other emerging political ideologies (such as <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>) that often opposed traditional Judaism, the masters of Mussar saw a need to augment <a href="/wiki/Talmudic" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic">Talmudic</a> study with more personal works. These comprised earlier classic Jewish ethical texts (<a href="/wiki/Mussar_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar literature">mussar literature</a>), as well as a new literature for the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Actually_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Actually-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After early opposition, the Lithuanian yeshiva world saw the need for this new component in their curriculum, and set aside times for individual mussar study and mussar talks ("mussar shmues"). A <i><a href="/wiki/Mashgiach_ruchani" title="Mashgiach ruchani">mashgiach ruchani</a></i> (spiritual mentor) encouraged the personal development of each student. To some degree, this Lithuanian movement arose in response, and as an alternative, to the separate mystical study of the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a> world. Hasidism began in the previous century within traditional Jewish life in Ukraine, and spread to Hungary, Poland and Russia. As the 19th century brought upheavals and threats to traditional Judaism, the Mussar teachers saw the benefit of the new spiritual focus in Hasidism, and developed their alternative ethical approach to spirituality. </p><p>Some variety developed within Lithuanian yeshivas to methods of studying Talmud and <i>mussar</i>, for example whether the emphasis would be placed on <i>beki'ut</i> (breadth) or <i>iyyun</i> (depth). <i><a href="/wiki/Pilpul" title="Pilpul">Pilpul</a></i>, a type of in-depth analytical and casuistic argumentation popular from the 16th to 18th centuries that was traditionally reserved for investigative Talmudic study, was not always given a place. The new analytical approach of the <a href="/wiki/Brisker_method" title="Brisker method">Brisker method</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Soloveitchik" title="Chaim Soloveitchik">Chaim Soloveitchik</a>, has become widely popular. Other approaches include those of <a href="/wiki/Mir_yeshiva_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir yeshiva (Poland)">Mir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Rabbeinu_Yisrael_Meir_HaKohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yisrael Meir HaKohen">Chofetz Chaim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telshe_yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Telshe yeshiva">Telz</a>. In <i>mussar</i>, different schools developed, such as Slabodka and <a href="/wiki/Novardok_Yeshiva" title="Novardok Yeshiva">Novhardok</a>, though today, a decline in devoted spiritual self-development from its earlier intensity has to some extent levelled out the differences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hasidic">Hasidic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hasidic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeszywas_Chachmei_w_Lublinie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeszywas_Chachmei_w_Lublinie.JPG/220px-Jeszywas_Chachmei_w_Lublinie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeszywas_Chachmei_w_Lublinie.JPG/330px-Jeszywas_Chachmei_w_Lublinie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeszywas_Chachmei_w_Lublinie.JPG/440px-Jeszywas_Chachmei_w_Lublinie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="3609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chachmei_Lublin_Yeshiva" title="Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva">Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva</a>, now a national monument</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breslov_Yeshiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Breslov_Yeshiva.jpg/220px-Breslov_Yeshiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Breslov_Yeshiva.jpg/330px-Breslov_Yeshiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Breslov_Yeshiva.jpg/440px-Breslov_Yeshiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov</a> Yeshiva in <a href="/wiki/Mea_Shearim" title="Mea Shearim">Mea Shearim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satmer_Yeshiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Satmer_Yeshiva.jpg/220px-Satmer_Yeshiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Satmer_Yeshiva.jpg/330px-Satmer_Yeshiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Satmer_Yeshiva.jpg/440px-Satmer_Yeshiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a> Yeshiva in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99.jpg/220px-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99.jpg/330px-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99.jpg/440px-%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%97%D7%92%D7%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov</a> Kollel in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>With the success of the yeshiva institution in Lithuanian Jewry, the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> world developed their own yeshivas, in their areas of Eastern Europe. These comprised the traditional Jewish focus on Talmudic literature that is central to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, augmented by study of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic philosophy</a> (Hasidism). Examples of these Hasidic yeshivas are the <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad Lubavitch</a> yeshiva system of <a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Temimim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomchei Temimim">Tomchei Temimim</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Sholom_Dovber_Schneersohn" title="Sholom Dovber Schneersohn">Sholom Dovber Schneersohn</a> in Russia in 1897, and the <a href="/wiki/Chachmei_Lublin_Yeshiva" title="Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva">Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva</a> established in Poland in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Meir_Shapiro" title="Meir Shapiro">Meir Shapiro</a>, who is renowned in both Hasidic and Lithuanian Jewish circles for initiating the <a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a> daily cycle of Talmud study. (For contemporary <i>yeshivas</i>, see, for example, under <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Belz_yeshivas" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Institutions" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)#Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pupa_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pupa (Hasidic dynasty)">Pupa</a>.) </p><p>In many Hasidic <i>yeshivas</i>, study of Hasidic texts is a secondary activity, similar to the additional mussar curriculum in Lithuanian yeshivas. These paths see Hasidism as a means to the end of inspiring emotional <i><a href="/wiki/Devekut" title="Devekut">devekut</a></i> (spiritual attachment to God) and mystical enthusiasm. In this context, the personal pilgrimage of a Hasid to his <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a> is a central feature of spiritual life, in order to awaken spiritual fervour. Often, such paths will reserve the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> in the yeshiva for the sweeter teachings of the classic texts of Hasidism. </p><p>In contrast, Chabad and <a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov</a>, in their different ways, place daily study of their dynasties' Hasidic texts in central focus; see <a href="#Ethics,_mysticism_and_philosophy">below</a>. Illustrative of this is Sholom Dovber Schneersohn's wish in establishing the Chabad yeshiva system, that the students should spend a part of the daily curriculum learning Chabad Hasidic texts "with <i>pilpul</i>". The idea to learn Hasidic mystical texts with similar logical profundity, derives from the unique approach in the works of the Rebbes of Chabad, initiated by its founder <a href="/wiki/Schneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Schneur Zalman of Liadi">Schneur Zalman of Liadi</a>, to systematically investigate and articulate the "Torah of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>" in intellectual forms. Further illustrative of this is the differentiation in Chabad thought (such as the "Tract on Ecstasy" by <a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Dovber Schneuri</a>) between general Hasidism's emphasis on emotional enthusiasm and the Chabad ideal of intellectually reserved ecstasy. In the Breslov movement, in contrast, the daily study of works from the imaginative, creative radicalism of <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a> awakens the necessary soulfulness with which to approach other Jewish study and observance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sephardi">Sephardi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sephardi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>See: <a href="/wiki/Category:Sephardic_yeshivas" title="Category:Sephardic yeshivas">Category:Sephardic yeshivas</a>, as well the more complete, <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:קטגוריה:ישיבות ספרדיות">קטגוריה:ישיבות ספרדיות</a></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva,_Geula_branch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva%2C_Geula_branch.jpg/220px-Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva%2C_Geula_branch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva%2C_Geula_branch.jpg/330px-Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva%2C_Geula_branch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva%2C_Geula_branch.jpg/440px-Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva%2C_Geula_branch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geula" title="Geula">Geula</a> branch of Porat Yosef Yeshiva.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kisse_Rahamin_Yeshiva,_Bnei_Brak.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kisse_Rahamin_Yeshiva%2C_Bnei_Brak.JPG/220px-Kisse_Rahamin_Yeshiva%2C_Bnei_Brak.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kisse_Rahamin_Yeshiva%2C_Bnei_Brak.JPG/330px-Kisse_Rahamin_Yeshiva%2C_Bnei_Brak.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kisse_Rahamin_Yeshiva%2C_Bnei_Brak.JPG/440px-Kisse_Rahamin_Yeshiva%2C_Bnei_Brak.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kisse_Rahamim_yeshivah" title="Kisse Rahamim yeshivah">Kisse Rahamim yeshivah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the yeshiva as an institution is in some ways a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Academies_in_Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Academies in Babylonia">Talmudic Academies in Babylonia</a>, large scale educational institutions of this kind were not characteristic of the North African and Middle Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> Jewish world in pre-modern times: education typically took place in a more informal setting in the synagogue or in the entourage of a famous rabbi. In medieval Spain, and immediately following the expulsion in 1492, there were some schools which combined Jewish studies with sciences such as logic and astronomy, similar to the contemporary Islamic <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>. In 19th century Jerusalem, a college was typically an endowment for supporting ten adult scholars rather than an educational institution in the modern sense; towards the end of the century a school for orphans was founded providing for some rabbinic studies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early educational institutions on the European model were <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Bet_Zilkha" title="Midrash Bet Zilkha">Midrash Bet Zilkha</a> founded in 1870s Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva" title="Porat Yosef Yeshiva">Porat Yosef Yeshiva</a> founded in Jerusalem in 1914. Also notable is the <a href="/wiki/Beit_El_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit El Synagogue">Bet El yeshiva</a> founded in 1737 in Jerusalem for advanced Kabbalistic studies. Later Sephardic yeshivot are usually on the model either of Porat Yosef or of the Ashkenazi institutions. </p><p>The Sephardic world has traditionally placed the study of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> (esoteric Jewish mysticism) in a more mainstream position than in the European <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> world. This difference of emphasis arose as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a> heresy in the 17th century, that suppressed widespread study of Kabbalah in Europe in favour of Rabbinic Talmudic study. In Eastern European Lithuanian life, Kabbalah was reserved for an intellectual elite, while the mystical revival of Hasidism articulated Kabbalistic theology through Hasidic thought. These factors did not affect the Sephardi Jewish world, which retained a wider connection to Kabbalah in its traditionally observant communities. With the establishment of Sephardi yeshivas in Israel after the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">immigration of the Arabic Jewish communities there</a>, some Sephardi yeshivas incorporated study of more accessible Kabbalistic texts into their curriculum. The European prescriptions to restrict advanced Kabbalistic study to mature and elite students also influence the choice of texts in such yeshivas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_to_present">19th century to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th century to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservative_movement">Conservative movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conservative movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JTSA_122_Bway_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JTSA_122_Bway_jeh.JPG/220px-JTSA_122_Bway_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JTSA_122_Bway_jeh.JPG/330px-JTSA_122_Bway_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JTSA_122_Bway_jeh.JPG/440px-JTSA_122_Bway_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="2982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">JTS</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_Breslau" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau">Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau</a> was founded. It was headed by <a href="/wiki/Zecharias_Frankel" title="Zecharias Frankel">Zecharias Frankel</a>, and was viewed as the first educational institution associated with "positive-historical Judaism", the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a>. In subsequent years, Conservative Judaism established a number of other institutions of higher learning (such as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a> in New York City) that emulate the style of traditional yeshivas in significant ways. Many do not officially refer to themselves as "yeshivas" (one exception is the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Yeshiva" title="Conservative Yeshiva">Conservative Yeshiva</a> in Jerusalem), and all are open to both women and men, who study in the same classrooms and follow the same curriculum. Students may study part-time, as in a kollel, or full-time, and they may study <i>lishmah</i> (for the sake of studying itself) or towards earning rabbinic ordination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nondenominational_or_mixed">Nondenominational or mixed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nondenominational or mixed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Curriculum">§ Curriculum</a></div> <p>Non-denominational yeshivas and kollels with connections to Conservative Judaism include <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Hadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Hadar">Yeshivat Hadar</a> in New York, whose leaders include <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a> members <a href="/wiki/Elie_Kaunfer" title="Elie Kaunfer">Elie Kaunfer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shai_Held" title="Shai Held">Shai Held</a>. The rabbinical school of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy for Jewish Religion in California">Academy for Jewish Religion in California</a> is led by Conservative rabbi Mel Gottlieb. The faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_Jewish_Religion_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy for Jewish Religion in New York">Academy for Jewish Religion in New York</a> and of the Rabbinical School of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_College" title="Hebrew College">Hebrew College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newton_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton Centre">Newton Centre</a>, Massachusetts also includes many Conservative rabbis. See also <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Traditional_Judaism" title="Institute of Traditional Judaism">Institute of Traditional Judaism</a>. </p><p>More recently, several non-traditional, and nondenominational (also called "transdenominational" or "postdenominational") seminaries have been established.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These grant semikha in a shorter time, and with a modified curriculum, generally focusing on leadership and pastoral roles. These are <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Spiritual_Leaders_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute">JSLI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Seminary_International" title="Rabbinical Seminary International">RSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralistic_Rabbinical_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralistic Rabbinical Seminary">PRS</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Non-denominational" title="List of rabbinical schools">Ateret Tzvi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mesifta_Adath_Wolkowisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesifta Adath Wolkowisk">Wolkowisk Mesifta</a> is aimed at community professionals with significant knowledge and experience, and provides a tailored program to each candidate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reform_and_Reconstructionist_seminaries">Reform and Reconstructionist seminaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reform and Reconstructionist seminaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College_in_Wyncote,_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College_in_Wyncote%2C_PA.jpg/220px-Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College_in_Wyncote%2C_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College_in_Wyncote%2C_PA.jpg/330px-Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College_in_Wyncote%2C_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College_in_Wyncote%2C_PA.jpg/440px-Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College_in_Wyncote%2C_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructionist Rabbinical College</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Union College">Hebrew Union College</a> (HUC), affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, was founded in 1875 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Mayer_Wise" title="Isaac Mayer Wise">Isaac Mayer Wise</a> in Cincinnati, Ohio. HUC later opened additional locations in New York, Los Angeles, and Jerusalem. It is a rabbinical seminary or college mostly geared for the training of rabbis and clergy specifically. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical College">Reconstructionist Rabbinical College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist Judaism</a>, founded in Pennsylvania in 1968, functions to train its future clergy. Some Reform and Reconstructionist teachers also teach at the non-denominational seminaries mentioned above. In Europe, Reform Judaism trains rabbis at <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_College" title="Leo Baeck College">Leo Baeck College</a> in London, UK and <a href="/wiki/Abraham-Geiger-Kolleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham-Geiger-Kolleg">Abraham Geiger Kolleg</a> in Potsdam, Germany. None of these institutions describes itself as a "yeshiva". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_Orthodox">Contemporary Orthodox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg/220px-The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg/330px-The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg/440px-The_old_Beis_Madrash_Building_of_BMG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beth_Medrash_Govoha" title="Beth Medrash Govoha">Beth Medrash Govoha</a>, Lakewood, New Jersey – largest yeshiva outside Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-LargestYeshivaOutsideIsrael_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LargestYeshivaOutsideIsrael-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LargestYeshivaNorthAmerica_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LargestYeshivaNorthAmerica-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercaz_HaRav01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mercaz_HaRav01.JPG/220px-Mercaz_HaRav01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mercaz_HaRav01.JPG/330px-Mercaz_HaRav01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Mercaz_HaRav01.JPG/440px-Mercaz_HaRav01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mercaz_Harav" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercaz Harav">Mercaz Harav</a>, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kollelbirkatizhak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kollelbirkatizhak.jpg/220px-Kollelbirkatizhak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kollelbirkatizhak.jpg/330px-Kollelbirkatizhak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Kollelbirkatizhak.jpg/440px-Kollelbirkatizhak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Kollel Birkat Yitzhak, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_yeshivas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of yeshivas">List of yeshivas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Orthodox" title="List of rabbinical schools">List of rabbinical schools § Orthodox</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> brought the yeshivot of Eastern and Central Europe to an end; although many scholars and rabbinic students who <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">survived the war</a> established yeshivot in Israel as well a number of Western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_of_Nitra" title="Yeshiva of Nitra">Yeshiva of Nitra</a> was the last surviving in occupied Europe. Many students and faculty of the Mir Yeshiva were able to escape to Siberia, with the Yeshiva ultimately <a href="/wiki/Mir_Yeshiva_(Belarus)#Shanghai" title="Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)">continuing to operate in Shanghai</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_in_World_War_II" title="Yeshivas in World War II">Yeshivas in World War II</a>. </p><p>From the mid-20th century<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the greatest number of yeshivot, and the most important were centered in Israel and in the U.S.; they were also found in many other Western countries, prominent examples being <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Talmudical_College" title="Gateshead Talmudical College">Gateshead Yeshiva</a> in England (one of the <a href="/wiki/Novardok_Yeshiva#Post_World_War_II" title="Novardok Yeshiva">descendants of Novardok</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_of_Aix-les-Bains" title="Yeshiva of Aix-les-Bains">Yeshiva of Aix-les-Bains</a>, France. The <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> movement was particularly active in this direction,<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> establishing yeshivot also in France, North Africa, Australia, and South Africa; this "network of institutions" is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Temimim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomchei Temimim">Tomchei Temimim</a></i>. Many prominent contemporary yeshivot in the U.S. and Israel are continuations of European institutions, and often bear the same name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Israel">Israel</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel#Orthodox_spectrum" title="Religion in Israel">Religion in Israel § Orthodox spectrum</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_yeshivas_in_Israel" title="Category:Orthodox yeshivas in Israel">Category:Orthodox yeshivas in Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_Zionist_yeshivot" title="Category:Religious Zionist yeshivot">Category:Religious Zionist yeshivot</a></div> <p>Yeshivot in Israel have operated since Talmudic times,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#Geonic_Period">as above</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Eretz_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic academies in Eretz Yisrael">Talmudic academies in Eretz Yisrael</a>. More recent examples include the <a href="/wiki/Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue" title="Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue">Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue</a> (since the mid-1500s); the <a href="/wiki/Beit_El_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit El Synagogue">Bet El yeshiva</a> (operating since 1737); and <a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_Yeshiva" title="Etz Chaim Yeshiva">Etz Chaim Yeshiva</a> (since 1841). Various yeshivot were established in Israel in the early 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Shaar_Hashamayim_Yeshiva" title="Shaar Hashamayim Yeshiva">Shaar Hashamayim</a> in 1906, Chabad's <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%AA_(%D7%97%D7%91%22%D7%93)" class="extiw" title="he:ישיבת תורת אמת (חב"ד)">Toras Emes</a> in 1911, <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Yeshiva" title="Hebron Yeshiva">Hebron Yeshiva</a> in 1924, <a href="/wiki/Sfas_Emes_Yeshiva" title="Sfas Emes Yeshiva">Sfas Emes</a> in 1925, <a href="/wiki/Lomza_Yeshiva" title="Lomza Yeshiva">Lomza</a> in 1926. After (and during) World War II, numerous other Haredi and Hasidic Yeshivot were re-established there by survivors. The Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem – today the largest Yeshiva in the world – was established in 1944, by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yehuda_Finkel_(Poland_and_Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliezer Yehuda Finkel (Poland and Jerusalem)">Eliezer Yehuda Finkel</a> who had traveled to Palestine to obtain visas for his students; Ponevezh similarly by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Shlomo_Kahaneman" title="Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman">Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Knesses_Chizkiyahu" title="Knesses Chizkiyahu">Knesses Chizkiyahu</a> in 1949. The leading Sephardi Yeshiva, Porat Yosef, was founded in 1914; its predecessor, Yeshivat Ohel Moed was founded in 1904. From the 1940s and onward, especially following immigration of the Arabic Jewish communities, Sephardi leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben-Zion_Meir_Hai_Uziel" title="Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel">Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel</a>, established various yeshivot to facilitate Torah education for Sephardi and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> (and alternative to Lithuanian yeshivot). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> community has grown with time – In 2018, 12% of Israel's population was Haredi,<sup id="cite_ref-IDI_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Sephardic Haredim</a> – supporting <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" class="extiw" title="he:קטגוריה:ישיבות חרדיות בישראל">numerous yeshivot correspondingly</a>. Boys and girls here attend separate schools, and proceed to higher Torah study, in a yeshiva or seminary, respectively, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18; see <i><a href="/wiki/Chinuch_Atzmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch Atzmai">Chinuch Atzmai</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></i>. A significant proportion of young men then remain in yeshiva until their marriage; thereafter many continue their Torah studies in a kollel. (In 2018, there were 133,000 in full-time learning .<sup id="cite_ref-IDI_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDI-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Kollel studies usually focus on deep analysis of Talmud, and those Tractates not usually covered in the standard "undergraduate" program; see <a href="#Talmud_study">§ Talmud study</a> below. Some Kollels similarly focus on halacha in total, others specifically on those topics required for <i><a href="/wiki/Semikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Semikha">Semikha</a></i> (Rabbinic ordination) or <a href="/wiki/Dayan_(rabbinic_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayan (rabbinic judge)"><i>Dayanut</i></a> (qualification as a Rabbinic Judge). The certification in question is often conferred by the Rosh Yeshiva. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mercaz_Harav" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercaz Harav">Mercaz Harav</a>, the foundational and leading <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious-Zionist</a> yeshiva was established in 1924 by Ashkenazi <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a>. Many in the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a> community today attend a <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a> yeshiva (discussed <a href="#Types_of_yeshivot">below</a>) during <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism#Military_service" title="Religious Zionism">their national service</a>; these offer a kollel for Rabbinical students. (Students generally prepare for the <i>Semikha</i> test of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a>; until his recent passing (2020) commonly for that of the <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">posek</a> R. <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Nechemia_Goldberg" title="Zalman Nechemia Goldberg">Zalman Nechemia Goldberg</a>.) Training as a <i>Dayan</i> in this community is usually through <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C" class="extiw" title="he:מכון אריאל"><i>Machon Ariel</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Machon_Harry_Fischel" class="mw-redirect" title="Machon Harry Fischel">Machon Harry Fischel</a></i>), also founded by Rav Kook, or <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%94_(%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9C)" class="extiw" title="he:ארץ חמדה (כולל)"><i>Kollel Eretz Hemda</i></a>. Women in this community, as above, study in a <a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">Midrasha</a>. High school students study at <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel#Educational_tiers_and_tracks" title="Education in Israel"><i>Mamlachti dati</i></a> schools, often associated with <i><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bar_Ilan_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Ilan University">Bar Ilan University</a> allows students to combine Yeshiva studies with university study; <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_College_of_Technology" title="Jerusalem College of Technology">Jerusalem College of Technology</a> similarly, which also offers a Haredi track; there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_universities_and_colleges#Colleges" title="List of Israeli universities and colleges">several colleges of education</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a> and the <i>Midrashot</i> (these often offer specializations in <i>Tanakh</i> and <i>Machshavah</i> – discussed <a href="#Curriculum">below</a>). See <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism#Educational_institutions" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism § Educational institutions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_States">United States</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirrer_Yeshiva,_Ocean_PKWY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mirrer_Yeshiva%2C_Ocean_PKWY.jpg/220px-Mirrer_Yeshiva%2C_Ocean_PKWY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mirrer_Yeshiva%2C_Ocean_PKWY.jpg/330px-Mirrer_Yeshiva%2C_Ocean_PKWY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mirrer_Yeshiva%2C_Ocean_PKWY.jpg/440px-Mirrer_Yeshiva%2C_Ocean_PKWY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3255" data-file-height="2718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mir_Yeshiva_(Brooklyn)" title="Mir Yeshiva (Brooklyn)">Mir Yeshiva</a> in Brooklyn</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_yeshivas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Orthodox yeshivas in the United States">Category:Orthodox yeshivas in the United States</a></div> <p>The first Orthodox yeshiva in the U.S. was <a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_Yeshiva_(Manhattan)" title="Etz Chaim Yeshiva (Manhattan)">Etz Chaim</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> (1886), modeled after Volozhin. It developed into the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary</a> (1896; "RIETS") and eventually <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> in 1945. It was established in the wake of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States#Immigration_of_Ashkenazi_Jews" title="History of the Jews in the United States">the immigration of Central and Eastern European Jews</a> (1880s – 1924). <a href="/wiki/Mesivtha_Tifereth_Jerusalem" title="Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem">Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem</a>, founded in 1907, was led by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Moshe Feinstein</a> from the 1940s through 1986; <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Rabbi_Chaim_Berlin" title="Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin">Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin</a>, est 1904, was headed by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Hutner" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzchok Hutner">Yitzchok Hutner</a> from 1943 to 1980. <a href="/wiki/Category:Hasidic_Judaism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Hasidic Judaism in the United States">Many Hasidic dynasties</a> have their main Yeshivot in America, typically established in the 1940s; <a href="/wiki/770_Eastern_Parkway#Central_Lubavitcher_Yeshiva" title="770 Eastern Parkway">the Central Lubavitcher Yeshiva</a> has over 1000 students. </p><p>The postwar establishment of Ashkenazi yeshivot and <i>kollelim</i> parallels that in Israel; as does the educational pattern in <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism#United_States" title="Haredi Judaism">the American Haredi community</a>, although more obtain a secular education <a href="#College_credit">at the college level</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beth_Medrash_Govoha" title="Beth Medrash Govoha">Beth Medrash Govoha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Lakewood Township, New Jersey">Lakewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> with 3,000 students in the early 2000s was founded in 1943 by R. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Kotler" class="mw-redirect" title="Aaron Kotler">Aaron Kotler</a> on the "rigid Lithuanian model" that demanded full-time study;<sup id="cite_ref-JVL_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it now offers a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Talmudic_Law" title="Bachelor of Talmudic Law">Bachelor of Talmudic Law</a> degree which allows students to go on to <a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">graduate school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JVL_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JVL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best known of the numerous Haredi yeshivas are, additional to "Lakewood", Telz, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Rabbeinu_Yisrael_Meir_HaKohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivas Rabbeinu Yisrael Meir HaKohen">"Rabbinical Seminary of America"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel">Ner Yisroel</a>, Chaim Berlin, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Theological_College" title="Hebrew Theological College">Hebrew Theological College</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></i> (i.e. satellite) communities often maintain a <a href="/wiki/Kollel#Community_kollelim" title="Kollel">community kollel</a>. Many Hasidic sects have their own yeshivas, such as <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Institutions" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov</a>, while Chabad operates its <i>Tomchei Temimim</i> nationwide. The first Sephardic yeshiva in the Americas was Yeshivat Mikdash Melech, established in 1972 <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Rabbi Haim Benoliel. (In 1988, the yeshiva opened a branch in Israel, Mikdash Melech Jerusalem,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to serve English-speaking Sephardic students.) There are over today 600 junior and high schools, typically a <a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah Umesorah">Torah Umesorah</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a> typically spend a year, often two, post-high school in a yeshiva (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a>) or <i>Midrasha</i> in Israel. Many thereafter, or instead, attend <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>, undertaking a dual curriculum, combining academic education with Torah study;<sup id="cite_ref-missionstatement_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-missionstatement-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <i><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University#Campuses" title="Yeshiva University">S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program</a>. (A percentage stay in Israel, "making <i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></i>"; many also go on to higher education in other American colleges.) Semikha is usually through RIETS, although many <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbis">Rabbis</a> study through <i><a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a></i>, or other Yeshivot in Israel such as <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_HaMivtar" title="Yeshivat HaMivtar">Yeshivat HaMivtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi's</a> <i>Musmachim</i> program,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Machon Ariel.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RIETS also houses several post-semikha kollelim, including one focused on <i>Dayanut</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dayanim also train through Kollel Eretz Hemda<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Machon Ariel; while Mizrachi's post-semikha <i>Manhigut Toranit</i> program<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> focuses on leadership and scholarship, with the advanced semikha of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel#Semikhah" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">"Rav Ir"</a>. Communities will often host a <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F)" class="extiw" title="he:תורה מציון (ארגון)"><i>Torah MiTzion</i></a> kollel, where <i><a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a></i> graduates learn and teach, generally for one year. There are numerous <a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_Orthodox_Jewish_day_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States">Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools</a>, typically offering a <i>beit midrash</i> / <i>metivta</i> program in parallel with the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_the_United_States#Curriculum" title="Secondary education in the United States">standard curriculum</a>, (often) structured such that students are able to join the first <i>shiur</i> in an Israeli yeshiva. </p><p>The US educational pattern is to be found around the Jewish world, with regional differences; see <a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_yeshivas_in_Europe" title="Category:Orthodox yeshivas in Europe">Category:Orthodox yeshivas in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_yeshivas_by_country" title="Category:Orthodox yeshivas by country">Category:Orthodox yeshivas by country</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_features">Structure and features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Structure and features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" width="250"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>typical daily schedule </td></tr> <tr> <td>The following is a typical daily schedule for Beit Midrash students in mainstream Lithuanian yeshivas, although the schedule will vary from Yeshiva to Yeshiva:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li>7:00 a.m. – Optional <i>seder</i> (study session)</li> <li>7:30 a.m. – Shacharit – Morning prayers</li> <li>8:30 a.m. – Session on study of Jewish law</li> <li>9:00 a.m. – Breakfast</li> <li>9:30 a.m. – Morning Talmud study (first <i>seder</i>)</li> <li>12:30 p.m. – <a href="/wiki/Shiur_(Torah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur (Torah)">Shiur</a> (lecture) – advanced students sometimes dispense with this lecture</li> <li>1:30 p.m. – Lunch</li> <li>2:45 p.m. – Mincha – afternoon prayers</li> <li>3:00 p.m. – Mussar <i>seder</i> – Jewish ethics</li> <li>3:30 p.m. – Talmud study (second <i>seder</i>)</li> <li>7:00 p.m. – Dinner</li> <li>8:00 p.m. – Night <i>seder</i> – Review of lecture, or study of choice.</li> <li>9:25 p.m. – Mussar <i>seder</i> – Jewish Ethics</li> <li>9:45 p.m. – Maariv – Evening prayers</li> <li>10:00 p.m. – Optional evening <i>seder</i></li></ul> <p>This schedule is generally maintained Sunday through Thursday. On Thursday nights, there may be an extra long night seder, known as <i>mishmar</i> sometimes lasting beyond 1:00 am, and in some yeshivot even until the following sunrise. On Fridays, there is usually at least one <i>seder</i> in the morning, with unstructured learning schedules for the afternoon. Saturdays have a special <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> schedule which includes some <i>sedarim</i> but usually no shiur. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeshiva_lunchroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yeshiva_lunchroom.jpg/220px-Yeshiva_lunchroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yeshiva_lunchroom.jpg/330px-Yeshiva_lunchroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Yeshiva_lunchroom.jpg/440px-Yeshiva_lunchroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mincha" title="Mincha">Mincha</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Centre,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshiva Centre, Melbourne">Yeshiva Centre, Melbourne</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Yeshiva study is differentiated from, for example university study, by several features, apart from the curriculum. The year is structured into "<i>zmanim</i>"; the day is structured into "<i>seders</i>". The learning itself is delivered through a "<i>shiur</i>", a discursive-lecture with pre-specified sources, or "<i>marei mekomot</i>" (מראה מקומות; "bibliography", lit. "indication of the (textual) locations");<sup id="cite_ref-MaareiMekomot_1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaareiMekomot_1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MaareiMekomot_2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaareiMekomot_2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> study in general, and particularly the preparation for <i>shiur</i>, takes place in "<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chavruta</i></span>" or paired-study. This study is in a common venue called the <i><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">bet midrash</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, "zal" i.e. "hall"). </p><p>The institution is headed by its <i><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">rosh yeshiva</a></i>, while other senior rabbis are referred to as "Ram" (<i><a href="/wiki/Rosh_mesivta" title="Rosh mesivta">rosh mesivta</a> or reish metivta</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Mashgiach_ruchani" title="Mashgiach ruchani"><i>mashgiach</i></a> assumes responsibility for students' spiritual development (<i><a href="/wiki/Mashpia" title="Mashpia">mashpia</a></i>, in Hasidic yeshivot). A <i>kollel</i> is headed by its <i><a href="/wiki/Kollel#Leadership" title="Kollel">rosh kollel</a></i>, even when it is part of a yeshiva. A <i>sho'el u'meishiv</i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שואל ומשיב</span>; <abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr> ask and he answers; often simply "<i>meishiv</i>", or alternately "<i>nosay v'notayn</i>") is available to consult to students on difficult points in their day's Talmudic studies. The rabbi responsible for the Talmudic <i>shiur</i> is known as a <i><a href="/wiki/Maggid_shiur" title="Maggid shiur">maggid shiur</a></i>. Students are known as <i>talmidim</i> (sing. <i>talmid</i>). <i><a href="/wiki/Rav_muvhak" title="Rav muvhak">Rav muvhak</a></i> is sometimes used in reference to one's primary teacher; correspondingly, <i>talmid muvhak</i> may refer to a primary, or outstanding, student. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_year">Academic year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Academic year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bein_Hazmanim" title="Bein Hazmanim">Bein Hazmanim</a></div> <p>In most yeshivot, the year is divided into three periods (terms) called <i>zmanim</i> (lit. times; sing. <i>zman</i>). <i>Elul zman</i> starts from the beginning of the Hebrew month of <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> and extends until the end of <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>. The six-weeks-long semester is the shortest yet most intense session, as it comes before the High Holidays of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a> and Yom Kippur. Winter <i>zman</i> starts after <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> and lasts until about two weeks before <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, a duration of five months (six in a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish calendar">Jewish leap year</a>). Summer <i>zman</i> starts after Passover and lasts until <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a> Av or <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>, a duration of about three months. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chavruta-style_learning">Chavruta-style learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chavruta-style learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chavruta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavruta">Chavruta</a></div> <p>Yeshiva students prepare for and review the <a href="/wiki/Shiur_(Torah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur (Torah)"><i>shiur</i></a> (lecture) with their <i>chavruta</i> during a study session known as a <i>seder</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forta_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to conventional classroom learning, in which a teacher lectures to the student, <i>chavruta</i>-style learning requires the student to analyze and explain the material, point out the errors in their partner's reasoning, and question and sharpen each other's ideas, often arriving at entirely new insights of the meaning of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-jeff_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jeff-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>chavruta</i> is intended to help a student keep their mind focused on the learning, sharpen their reasoning powers, develop their thoughts into words, organize their thoughts into logical arguments, and understand another person's viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-zobin_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zobin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shiur-based system was <a href="/wiki/Telshe_Yeshiva#Rabbi_Eliezer_Gordon" title="Telshe Yeshiva">innovated at the Telshe yeshiva</a>, where there were five levels. </p><p>Chavruta-style learning tends to be animated, as study partners read the Talmudic text and the commentaries aloud to each other, and then analyze, question, debate, and argue their points of view to arrive at an understanding of the text. In the heat of discussion, they may wave their hands, pound the table, or shout at each other.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the size of the yeshiva, dozens or even hundreds of pairs of <i>chavrutas</i> can be heard discussing and debating each other's viewpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students need to learn the ability to block out other discussions in order to focus on theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Forta_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education#The_yeshiva" title="Jewish education">Jewish education § The yeshiva</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4-%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Talmud Torah, Russia, 1937</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-ZKlugerPhotos-000xs9x.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-ZKlugerPhotos-000xs9x.jpeg/220px-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-ZKlugerPhotos-000xs9x.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-ZKlugerPhotos-000xs9x.jpeg/330px-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-ZKlugerPhotos-000xs9x.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-ZKlugerPhotos-000xs9x.jpeg/440px-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C-ZKlugerPhotos-000xs9x.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Yeshiva High School, Tel Aviv, 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_BIBLE_CLASS_IN_A_HEDER_IN_TEL_AVIV._%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%22%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%22_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.D31-105.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_BIBLE_CLASS_IN_A_HEDER_IN_TEL_AVIV._%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%22%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%22_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.D31-105.jpg/220px-A_BIBLE_CLASS_IN_A_HEDER_IN_TEL_AVIV._%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%22%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%22_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.D31-105.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_BIBLE_CLASS_IN_A_HEDER_IN_TEL_AVIV._%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%22%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%22_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.D31-105.jpg/330px-A_BIBLE_CLASS_IN_A_HEDER_IN_TEL_AVIV._%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%22%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%22_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.D31-105.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_BIBLE_CLASS_IN_A_HEDER_IN_TEL_AVIV._%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%22%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%22_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.D31-105.jpg/440px-A_BIBLE_CLASS_IN_A_HEDER_IN_TEL_AVIV._%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%22%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%22_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.D31-105.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>"Cheder"-class in Talmud, Tel Aviv, 1946.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiur_Klali_in_Yeshivas_Kerem_B%27Yavne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shiur_Klali_in_Yeshivas_Kerem_B%27Yavne.jpg/220px-Shiur_Klali_in_Yeshivas_Kerem_B%27Yavne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shiur_Klali_in_Yeshivas_Kerem_B%27Yavne.jpg/330px-Shiur_Klali_in_Yeshivas_Kerem_B%27Yavne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Shiur_Klali_in_Yeshivas_Kerem_B%27Yavne.jpg/440px-Shiur_Klali_in_Yeshivas_Kerem_B%27Yavne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Bet Midrash, Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zysman_yeshiva_college.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zysman_yeshiva_college.jpg/220px-Zysman_yeshiva_college.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zysman_yeshiva_college.jpg/330px-Zysman_yeshiva_college.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Zysman_yeshiva_college.jpg/440px-Zysman_yeshiva_college.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Old Bet Midrash building, Yeshiva University</figcaption></figure> <ol><li>Yeshiva Ketana (junior yeshiva) or "Talmud Torah" – Many Haredi (non-Hasidic and Hasidic) yeshivot ketanot in Israel, and some (primarily Hasidic) in the Diaspora, do not have a secular course of studies,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No course of secular studies at all, or do they usually provide at least a bare-bones secular education? Supporting references required. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with all students learning Judaic Torah studies full-time.</li> <li>Yeshiva High School – also called <i><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></i> (Metivta) or <i>Mechina</i> or <i>Yeshiva Ketana</i>, or in Israel, <i>Yeshiva Tichonit</i> <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – combines the intensive Jewish religious education with a secular high school education. The dual curriculum was pioneered by the Manhattan Talmudical Academy of <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Stern_Talmudical_Academy" title="Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy">Marsha Stern Talmudical Academy</a>) in 1916; <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA)" class="extiw" title="he:אלמה (ישיבה תיכונית)">"Aluma"</a> was established in Jerusalem in 1936, and <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9" class="extiw" title="he:ישיבת היישוב החדש">"ha-Yishuv"</a> in Tel Aviv in 1937.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechina" title="Mechina">Mechina</a> – For Israeli high-school graduates who wish to study for one year before entering the army. In <a href="/wiki/Telshe_yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Telshe yeshiva">Telshe</a> yeshivas and in <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel">Ner Yisroel of Baltimore</a>, the Mesivtas/Yeshiva ketanas are known as Mechinas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a> – For high school graduates, and is attended from one year to many years, dependent on the career plans and affiliation of the student.</li> <li>Yeshivat <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a> – Yeshiva that has an arrangement with the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> by which the students enlist together in the same unit and, as much as is possible serve in the same unit in the army. Over a period of about 5 years there will be a period of service starting in the second year of about 16 months. There are different variations. The rest of the time will be spent in compulsory study in the yeshiva. The <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a> Yeshiva concept is attributed to Rav <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Amital" title="Yehuda Amital">Yehuda Amital</a>. The first was <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Kerem_B%27Yavneh" title="Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh">Yeshivat Kerem B'Yavneh</a>, established in 1954; the largest is the <a href="/wiki/Hesder_Yeshiva_of_Sderot" title="Hesder Yeshiva of Sderot">Hesder Yeshiva of Sderot</a> with over 800 students.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a> – Yeshiva for married men. The kollel idea has its intellectual roots in the Torah; <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> tractate <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a> mentions the law that a town can only be called a "city" if it supports ten men (<i>batlanim</i>) to make up the required <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">quorum</a> for communal learning. It is mostly a modern innovation of 19th-century Europe. A kollel will often be in the same location as the yeshiva.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Teshuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal Teshuva">Baal Teshuva</a> yeshivot catering to the needs of the newly <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>.</li></ol> <p>A post-high school for women is generally called a "seminary", or <i><a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">midrasha</a></i> (plural <i>midrashot</i>) in Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-science.co.il_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.co.il-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not a yeshiva. (Although there are exceptions such as Prospect Park Yeshiva.) The <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a> system was started in 1918 under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Schenirer" title="Sarah Schenirer">Sarah Schenirer</a>. These institutions provide girls with a Torah education, using a curriculum that skews more toward practical <i>halakha</i> (Jewish law) and the study of <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. The curriculum at Religious Zionist and Modern Orthodox <i>midrashot</i> includes some study of Talmud: often Mishnah, sometimes <i>Gemara</i>; in further distinction, curricula generally entail <i>chavruta</i>-based study of the texts of Jewish philosophy, and likewise Tanakh is studied with commentaries. See <a href="/wiki/Midrasha#Curriculum" title="Midrasha">Midrasha § Curriculum</a> for further discussion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classes in most <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> yeshivot (throughout the world) are taught in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kol_Torah" title="Kol Torah">Kol Torah</a>, established in 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and headed by <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Zalman_Auerbach" title="Shlomo Zalman Auerbach">Shlomo Zalman Auerbach</a> for over 40 years, was the first mainstream Haredi yeshiva to teach in Hebrew, as opposed to Yiddish. <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi</a>, Modern Orthodox, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a>, and <i>baal teshuvah</i> yeshivot use <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> or the local language. In many American non-Hassidic Yeshivos, the language generally used is English. </p><p>Students learn with each other in whatever language they are most proficient, with Hasidic students usually learning in Yiddish, Israeli Lithuanian students in Hebrew, and American Lithuanian students in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College_credit">College credit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: College credit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Midrasha#Certifications" title="Midrasha">Midrasha § Certifications</a></div> <p>Some yeshivas permit students to attend college. Often there are arrangements for the student to receive credit towards a college degree for their yeshiva studies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> in New York provides a year's worth of credit for yeshiva studies.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Institutions with similar arrangements in place include <a href="/wiki/Lander_College_for_Men" title="Lander College for Men">Lander College for Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel">Yeshivas Ner Yisroel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Theological_College" title="Hebrew Theological College">Hebrew Theological College</a>. </p><p><a href="#United_States">As above</a>, some American <i>yeshivot</i> in fact <i>award</i> the degrees <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Talmudic_Law" title="Bachelor of Talmudic Law">Bachelor of Talmudic Law</a> (4 years cumulative study), <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Rabbinic_Studies" title="Master of Rabbinic Studies">Master of Rabbinic Studies</a> / <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Talmudic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Talmudic Law">Master of Talmudic Law</a> (six years), and (at <i>Ner Yisroel</i>) the Doctorate in Talmudic Law (10 years). These degrees are <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">nationally accredited</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Advanced_Rabbinical_and_Talmudic_Schools" title="Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools">Association of Advanced Rabbinical and Talmudic Schools</a>, and may then grant access to graduate programs such as law school. </p><p>Non-Orthodox institutions, typically, require that students earn a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>, inherent in the Ordination program. The program is then often <a href="/wiki/Course_credit" title="Course credit">credit-based</a>, and may require a thesis. </p><p>For further discussion on the contemporary integration of secular education, see: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education#Secular_education_emphasis" title="Jewish education">Jewish education § Secular education emphasis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesivta#Modern-day_concept" title="Mesivta">Mesivta § Modern-day concept</a> and <a href="/wiki/Controversy_over_secular_education_in_New_York_Hasidic_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Controversy over secular education in New York Hasidic schools">Controversy over secular education in New York Hasidic schools</a>. </p><p>For historical context see: <a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer#Influence_against_changes_in_Judaism" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer § Influence against changes in Judaism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hildesheimer_Rabbinical_Seminary" title="Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary">Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Volozhin_yeshiva#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Volozhin yeshiva">Volozhin yeshiva § History</a>; <a href="/wiki/Telshe_Yeshiva#History" title="Telshe Yeshiva">Telshe Yeshiva § History</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Rabbinical_School_and_Teachers%27_Seminary" title="Vilna Rabbinical School and Teachers' Seminary">Vilna Rabbinical School and Teachers' Seminary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yitzchok_Hutner#Rabbinic_and_teaching_career" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzchok Hutner">Yitzchok Hutner § Rabbinic and teaching career</a>; <a href="/wiki/Torah_Lehranstalt#History" title="Torah Lehranstalt">Torah Lehranstalt § History</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kelm_Talmud_Torah" title="Kelm Talmud Torah">Kelm Talmud Torah</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Yaacov_Reines#Biography" title="Yitzchak Yaacov Reines">Yitzchak Yaacov Reines § Biography</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a> at an Orthodox yeshiva comprises the study of <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> - essentially along the lines established in the Lithuanian Yeshivas <a href="#Lithuanian_yeshivas">as above</a> - principally the Talmud, along with the study of <i>halacha</i> (Jewish law); <a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic philosophy</a> are often studied also.<sup id="cite_ref-Actually_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Actually-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some institutions, classical <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a> or Kabbalah are formally studied, or the works of individual thinkers (such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a>). See also <a href="/wiki/Rabbi#Contemporary_ordination" title="Rabbi">Rabbi § Contemporary ordination</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabbi#Non-Orthodox_Judaism" title="Rabbi">Non-Orthodox institutions</a> offer a synthesis of traditional and critical methods, allowing Jewish texts and tradition to encounter social change and modern scholarship. The curriculum is thus also focused on classical Jewish subjects – e.g. Talmud, Tanakh, Midrash, <i>halacha</i>, and Philosophy – but differs from Orthodox yeshivot in that the subject-weights are more even (correspondingly, Talmud and halacha are less emphasized), and the approach entails an <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism#Twentieth_century" title="Biblical criticism">openness to modern scholarship</a>; the curriculum also emphasizes "the other functions of a modern rabbi such as preaching, counseling, and pastoral work".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mentioned, often, in these institutions less emphasis is placed on Talmud and Jewish law, "but rather on sociology, cultural studies, and modern Jewish philosophy".<sup id="cite_ref-Blane_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blane-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabbi#Conservative_Judaism" title="Rabbi">Conservative Yeshivot</a> occupy a position midway,<sup id="cite_ref-Blane_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blane-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in that their training places (significantly) more emphasis on Halakha and Talmud than other non-Orthodox programs. See <a href="/wiki/Conservative_halakha" title="Conservative halakha">Conservative halakha</a>. </p><p>The sections below discuss the Orthodox approach, but may also be seen as overviews of the traditional content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmud_study">Talmud study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Talmud study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg/220px-Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg/330px-Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg/440px-Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>The first page of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">tractate Rosh Hashanah</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>. The center column contains the Talmud text, starting with a section of <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a> begins on the eighth line, indicated by <b><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">גמ׳</span></span></b>. The large blocks of text on either side are the <a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> commentaries. Other notes and cross references are in the margins. The "standard" commentaries<sup id="cite_ref-Steinsaltz_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinsaltz-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - Rosh, Rif, Mordechai, Maharam, Maharsha, Maharshal - are appended to the tractate, while other major commentators are published separately.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talmud_set.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Talmud_set.JPG/300px-Talmud_set.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Talmud_set.JPG/450px-Talmud_set.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Talmud_set.JPG/600px-Talmud_set.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2239" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>A full set of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/220px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/330px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/440px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i>Chavrusas</i> learning <i>beki'ut,</i> recording their summary of each <i>sugya</i> alongside its <i>Mishnah</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Commentaries" title="Talmud">Talmud § Commentaries</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></div> <p>In a typical Orthodox yeshiva, the main emphasis is on Talmud study and analysis, or <i><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></i> - a "dialectic give and take" (Aramaic: <i><a href="/wiki/Shakla_v%27tarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakla v'tarya">shakla v'tarya</a></i>) analyzing <a href="/wiki/Mishnah#Content_and_purpose" title="Mishnah">the cases</a> brought in the underlying <i><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></i>. <sup id="cite_ref-Rashab_2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashab_2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For discussion of the nature, structure and characteristics of this activity, see <a href="/wiki/Gemara#Gemara_and_Mishnah" title="Gemara">Gemara § Gemara and Mishnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemara#Argumentation_and_debate" title="Gemara">§ Argumentation and debate</a>. </p><p>Generally, two parallel Talmud streams are covered during a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">zman</i></span> (trimester). The first is <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">iyyun</i></span>, or in-depth study (variants described below), often confined to selected legally focused tractates with an emphasis on analytical skills and close reference to the classical commentators.<sup id="cite_ref-MaareiMekomot_2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaareiMekomot_2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second stream, <i>beki'ut</i> ("expertise"), seeks to build general knowledge of the Talmud. In some Hasidic yeshivas, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">girsa</i></span> ("text"), is the term used for <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">beki'ut</i></span>, but may also incorporate an element of memorization. </p><p>In the yeshiva system of Talmudic study, the undergraduate yeshivot focus on the <i><a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">mesechtohs</a></i> (tractates) that cover civil jurisprudence and monetary law (<i><a href="/wiki/Nezikin" title="Nezikin">Nezikin</a></i>) and those dealing with contract and marital law (<i><a href="/wiki/Nashim" title="Nashim">Nashim</a></i>); through them, the student can best master the <a href="/wiki/Gemara#Argumentation_and_debate" title="Gemara">proper technique of Talmudic analysis</a>, and in parallel,<sup id="cite_ref-Bobov_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobov-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the halakhic application of <a href="/wiki/Category:Talmud_concepts_and_terminology" title="Category:Talmud concepts and terminology">Talmudic principles</a>. With these mastered, the student goes on to other areas of the Talmud.<sup id="cite_ref-Actually_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Actually-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tractates <a href="/wiki/Berakhot_(tractate)" title="Berakhot (tractate)"><i>Berachot</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkah_(Talmud)" title="Sukkah (Talmud)"><i>Sukkah</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesachim_(Talmud)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesachim (Talmud)"><i>Pesachim</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)"><i>Shabbat</i></a> are often included.<sup id="cite_ref-talmudic.edu_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmudic.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-cyttl_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyttl-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See for example under <a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Ner_Yisroel#Cycle_of_Masechtos_(Tractates_of_the_Talmud)" title="Yeshivas Ner Yisroel">Yeshivas Ner Yisroel § Cycle of Masechtos (Tractates of the Talmud)</a>. Sometimes tractates dealing with an upcoming <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">religious holiday</a> are studied before and during the holiday (e.g. <i>Shabbat</i> 21a–23b for <a href="/wiki/Chanukah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanukah">Chanukah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Tractate <i>Megilla</i></a> for <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, etc.). </p><p>Works initially studied to clarify the Talmudic text are the commentary by <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rashi#Commentary_on_the_Talmud_2" title="Rashi">the related</a> work <i><a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a></i>, a parallel analysis and <a href="/wiki/Tosafot#Character" title="Tosafot">running critique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashab_2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashab_2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The integration of Talmud, Rashi and Tosafot, is considered as foundational – and prerequisite – to further analysis<sup id="cite_ref-Rashab_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashab-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in fact, this combination is sometimes referred to by its own acronym, <i>"gefet"</i> גפ״ת – <i>Gemara</i>, <i>perush Rashi</i>, <i>Tosafot</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-cyttl_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyttl-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Super-commentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-commentary">super-commentaries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Luria" title="Solomon Luria">"Maharshal"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meir_Lublin" title="Meir Lublin">"Maharam"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edels" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Edels">"Maharsha"</a> address the three together; being at a further remove from <a href="/wiki/Sugya" title="Sugya">the underlying Talmudic debate</a>, these constitute, then, a higher-order of analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinsaltz_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinsaltz-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At more advanced levels, additional <i><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Commentaries" title="Talmud">mefarshim</a></i> (commentators) are similarly studied: <sup id="cite_ref-Steinsaltz_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinsaltz-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other <i><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">rishonim</a></i>, from the 11th to 14th centuries, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">acharonim</a></i>, from later generations. There are two main schools of <i>rishonim</i>, from France and from Spain, who will hold different interpretations and understandings of the Talmud; the <i>acharonim</i> collate and clarify these opinions, and constitute, then, a further layer of analysis. Widely referenced here are the <a href="/wiki/Menachem_HaMeiri" title="Menachem HaMeiri">"Meiri"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides#Talmudic_commentary" title="Nachmanides">"Ramban"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Adret" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon ben Adret">"Rashba"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yom_Tov_of_Seville" title="Yom Tov of Seville">"Ritva"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nissim_of_Gerona" title="Nissim of Gerona">"Ran"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Meir_Alter#Works" title="Yitzchak Meir Alter">"Rim"</a>, as well as the parallel <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Ashkenazi#Shitah_Mekubezet" title="Bezalel Ashkenazi"><i>Shitah Mekubetzet</i></a> compilation. </p><p>At these levels, students link the Talmudic discussion to <a href="/wiki/Halakha#Codes_of_Jewish_law" title="Halakha">codified law</a> – particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Arba'ah Turim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> – by studying, also, the halakha-focused commentaries of <a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_Jehiel" title="Asher ben Jehiel">Asher ben Jehiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Alfasi" title="Isaac Alfasi">Isaac Alfasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_ben_Hillel" title="Mordechai ben Hillel">Mordechai ben Hillel</a>, respectively referred to as "Rosh", "Rif", and the "Mordechai". Here, too, any differences give rise to further analysis - especially where these have implications re <i>practice</i> - <sup id="cite_ref-Rashab_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashab-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Hillel_and_Shammai" title="Houses of Hillel and Shammai">underlying Talmudic opinions</a>, and the other commentaries, are in turn revisited. <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Shiur_(Torah)#Class_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur (Torah)">level of the <i>shiur</i></a> progresses, so the student must integrate more of these commentaries <sup id="cite_ref-Steinsaltz_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinsaltz-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into their analysis of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sugya" title="Sugya">sugya</a></i> (loosely, Talmudic "unit of analysis"), simultaneously understanding the specific <a href="/wiki/Chidush#Current_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chidush"><i>chidush</i></a>, i.e. novel contribution, as well as any implication re practical-halakha. This <i>iyyun</i> will generally take one of the following forms, each the <i>"derech ha-limud"</i> or "way of learning" of the Yeshiva (see the Hebrew article <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="he:דרכי לימוד התלמוד">"Approaches to Learning Talmud"</a>): </p> <ul><li>At the higher levels, in many Lithuanian influenced Yeshivot, the highly analytic "<a href="/wiki/Brisker_method" title="Brisker method">Brisker method</a>" is employed, <a href="#Lithuanian_yeshivas">as mentioned</a>. The method - often referred to simply as <i>lomdus</i> - seeks to identify the principles underlying each commentator's approach, abstracting beyond the context of the specific <i>sugya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Brisker_method" title="Talmud">by placing each</a> within a categorical structure.</li> <li>Elsewhere, and generally, the approach is more traditional:<sup id="cite_ref-Rashab_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashab-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students work through each <i>sugya</i> in light of the various rishonim, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Rabinowitz#Telshe" title="Chaim Rabinowitz">successively specifying and understanding</a> - and if possible, <a href="/wiki/Gemara#Legal" title="Gemara">reconciling</a> - differences (legal and conceptual) between these, such that "every particular contributes to the clarification of the others."<sup id="cite_ref-Rashab_3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashab_3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this, the study <a href="/wiki/Brisker_method#Controversy" title="Brisker method">builds and deepens the concepts and principles</a> arising from the tractate. Throughout, an important simultaneous requirement is that the <a href="/wiki/Peshat" title="Peshat">"simple interpretation"</a> of the underlying <i>sugyas</i> <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Ohel_Torah-Baranovich#Style_of_learning" title="Yeshiva Ohel Torah-Baranovich">must maintain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many Yeshivot proceed <i>aliba dehilchasa</i><sup id="cite_ref-aliba_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aliba-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (אליבא דהלכתא, Seph. pronunciation, <i>dehilchata</i>; lit. "according to the Law"), where the learning focuses more on the Halachik-rules that develop from the <i>sugya</i>, delineating how the opinions of the rishonim and acharonim relate to practice. There are two sub-approaches:<sup id="cite_ref-aliba_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aliba-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first, often <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Sephardic_approaches" title="Talmud">the approach taken at Sephardic Yeshivot</a>, analyzes the <i>sugya</i> as the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah#The_Gemara" title="Oral Torah">source of the <i>halacha</i></a>, understanding how it inheres in each <i>rishon</i>, and is undertaken even for topics with limited application (prototypical are <i><a href="/wiki/Ir_nidachat" title="Ir nidachat">ir nidachat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ben_sorer_umoreh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben sorer umoreh">ben sorer umoreh</a></i>). The second, often <sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> applied when the <i>sugya</i> is studied by <i>semikha</i> students - see below - focuses on the implication re practical-halacha, the "<i><a href="/wiki/Nafka_mina" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafka mina">nafka mina</a></i>", of each commentary, somewhat limiting consequent theoretical and abstract discussion.</li> <li>Some Yeshivot – such as <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Birkat_Moshe" title="Yeshivat Birkat Moshe">Birkat Moshe</a> – particularly emphasize the Rambam, analyzing the <i>sugya</i> <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah#Study" title="Mishneh Torah">in light of the <i>Mishneh Torah</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_commentaries_on_Mishneh_Torah" title="List of commentaries on Mishneh Torah">its numerous commentaries</a>. (<i>Brisker</i> yeshivot invariably reference Rambam also: the <i>Mishneh Torah</i> covers all of halacha, and thus provides a consistent reference for the treatment of other <i>rishonim</i>; see <i><a href="/wiki/Chiddushei_Rabbeinu_Chaim" title="Chiddushei Rabbeinu Chaim">Chiddushei Rabbeinu Chaim</a></i>.)</li></ul> <p>The <i>Rosh Yeshiva</i> gives the most senior <i>shiur</i>. It is here that the student consolidates the yeshiva's approach to <i>iyyun</i>, i.e. its <i>derech ha-limud</i>; see <a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva#Role" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva § Role</a>. At many yeshivot, students are thus expected to learn in this <i>shiur</i> for at least two years before proceeding to <i>Kollel</i> or <i>semikha</i> study (and with the <i>Rosh Yeshiva's</i> sanction). The <i>Rosh Yeshiva</i> also delivers the weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Shiur_klali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur klali">shiur klali</a></i> ("comprehensive lecture"), which sums up the week's learning, and revisits a selected topic or concept in further detail; this is attended by all levels, and will often have its own <i>marei mekomot</i>. </p><p>Typically, boys begin their study of Talmud in late elementary school, initially studying <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, the component of Talmud where, as outlined above, the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah#Content_and_purpose" title="Mishnah">underlying "cases"</a> are presented. (At this stage, they have completed their survey of <i><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a></i>, with these cases expanding on the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">legal precepts</a> there; see <a href="#Torah_and_Bible_study">below</a>.) In early middle school, <i><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">gemara</a></i>, the analytic component, is introduced; by <a href="/wiki/High_school_in_the_United_States" title="High school in the United States">high school</a> some are able to work with <i>Tosafot</i>. Some systems more closely follow <i><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_Avot" title="Pirkei Avot">Pirkei Avot</a></i> <a class="external text" href="https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/משנה_אבות_ה_כא">ch 5:21</a> as a guideline; where Mishna-study begins at age 10, and <i>Gemara</i> at 15. See <a href="/wiki/Zilberman_Method" title="Zilberman Method">Zilberman Method</a> for further discussion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_law">Jewish law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Jewish law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SA-EE1b.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SA-EE1b.pdf/page1-220px-SA-EE1b.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SA-EE1b.pdf/page1-330px-SA-EE1b.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SA-EE1b.pdf/page1-440px-SA-EE1b.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Page of <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Even_Ha%27ezer" title="Even Ha'ezer">Even Ha'ezer</a></i> section, laws of <i><a href="/wiki/Ketubot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketubot">Ketubot</a></i>. The central block contains the law as presented by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Karo">Yosef Karo</a>, interspersed with <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch#Moses_Isserles" title="Shulchan Aruch">the glosses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles"><i>Rema</i></a> in a <a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">"cursive" script</a> and preceded by "הגה"; surrounding this are the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch#Major_commentaries" title="Shulchan Aruch">primary commentators</a> for the section (here, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ben_Uri_Shraga_Phoebus" title="Samuel ben Uri Shraga Phoebus"><i>Beit Shmuel</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Isaac_Judah_Lima" title="Moses ben Isaac Judah Lima"><i>Chelkat Mechokek</i></a>; on <i>Yoreh Deah</i>, <i>"Shakh"</i> and <i>"Taz"</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch#Page_layout" title="Shulchan Aruch">on the margins</a> are various other commentaries and cross references.</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, a period is devoted to the study of practical <i>halakha</i> ("<i>Halakha LeMaaseh</i>"), emphasizing application as opposed to derivation. The text most commonly studied in Ashkenazi yeshivot is the <i><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></i>, a commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i> originally published between 1884 and 1907. In Sephardic yeshivot, the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i> itself is more commonly studied, along with the <a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)"><i>Bet Yosef</i></a> commentary; the <i><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Yosef" title="Yalkut Yosef">Yalkut Yosef</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Chaim_Sofer#Works" title="Yaakov Chaim Sofer"><i>Kaf Hachaim</i></a> are also often studied, while <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayyim#Works" title="Yosef Hayyim"><i>Ben Ish Hai</i></a> is a standard reference. In <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> yeshivot,<sup id="cite_ref-Rabbinical_College_of_America_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbinical_College_of_America-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasis is placed upon study of <i><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch_HaRav" title="Shulchan Aruch HaRav">Shulchan Aruch HaRav</a></i>. Beginning students are encouraged to also work through the <a href="/wiki/Kitzur_Shulchan_Aruch_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (book)"><i>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch</i></a>, so as to survey all areas of applicable <i>halacha</i> and to consolidate their prior, high school, Torah knowledge; this is also often the practice outside of Chabad. More advanced students, additionally and similarly, review the <i><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></i> through <a href="/wiki/Daily_Rambam_Study" title="Daily Rambam Study">its daily study cycle</a> (this is often outside of any <i>seder</i>), here including <i>halachot</i> relating to, for example, the Temple. </p><p>Students in <i><a href="/wiki/Semikha" class="mw-redirect" title="Semikha">Semikha</a></i> (Rabbinic ordination) <a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools#Orthodox" title="List of rabbinical schools">programs</a>, and often those in <a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">kollel</a>, devote the largest portion of their schedule to <i>halakha</i>. The focus is on in-depth, <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> source-based <sup id="cite_ref-MaareiMekomot_1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaareiMekomot_1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> study of those areas where (community) Rabbis will typically be asked <i>"shaylas"</i>, i.e. halachic questions: the testing <sup id="cite_ref-Rabbinical_College_of_America_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabbinical_College_of_America-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RCA_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-RIETS_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIETS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invariably covers <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> (referred to as <i>"Issur v'Heter"</i>), usually <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, often <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Avelut</a> (mourning) and/or <a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">marriage</a>. This study, typically of two to four year's duration, encompasses a detailed analysis of the <i>halakha</i> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Arba'ah Turim</a></i> and <i>Bet Yosef</i>, through its final presentation in the <i>Shulchan Aruch</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch#Major_commentaries" title="Shulchan Aruch">its major commentaries</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Shabbatai_HaKohen#The_"Shakh"" title="Shabbatai HaKohen">"<i>Shakh</i>"</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_HaLevi_Segal#Works" title="David HaLevi Segal">"<i>Taz</i>"</a>), complemented by a survey of key <a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism"><i>She'elot u-Teshuvot</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsa</a>), recent and historical. The analysis, in turn, is built on a detailed knowledge <sup id="cite_ref-JE_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of all relevant Talmudic <i>sugyas</i>, which are studied accordingly within the schedule, <sup id="cite_ref-Bobov_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobov-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-talmudic.edu_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmudic.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasizing the legal commentaries mentioned. Students in an Orthodox Semikha program will thus have a thorough <sup id="cite_ref-JE_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> background in Talmud, typically <sup id="cite_ref-RCA_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RCA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having spent at least four <sup id="cite_ref-talmudic.edu_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talmudic.edu-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cyttl_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyttl-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preceding years in Yeshiva; Kollel students likewise. (See <a href="/wiki/Rabbi#Orthodox_and_Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Rabbi">Rabbi § Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posek#Formulating_a_ruling_(psak_din)" title="Posek">Posek § Formulating a ruling (psak din)</a>.) During the morning <i>seder</i>, Semikha students continue their Talmud studies, learning the same <i>masechet</i> as the rest of the Yeshiva, <sup id="cite_ref-RIETS_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIETS-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often independently, but in many yeshivot, participating in the <i>Rosh Yeshiva's</i> <i>shiur</i>. (Rabbis, then, <a href="/wiki/Semikhah#Concept" title="Semikhah">will have been</a> direct "students of the <i>Rosh Yeshiva</i>" for their final four, or more, years of study.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics,_mysticism_and_philosophy"><span id="Ethics.2C_mysticism_and_philosophy"></span>Ethics, mysticism and philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ethics, mysticism and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesilat_Yesharim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mesilat_Yesharim.jpg/220px-Mesilat_Yesharim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mesilat_Yesharim.jpg/330px-Mesilat_Yesharim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mesilat_Yesharim.jpg/440px-Mesilat_Yesharim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the first edition of <i>Mesillat Yesharim</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Haredi <i>Yeshivot</i> (with the exception of Brisker yeshivot) typically devote a <i>seder</i> to <a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature"><i>mussar</i></a> (ethics and character development). The preeminent text studied is the <i><a href="/wiki/Mesillat_Yesharim" title="Mesillat Yesharim">Mesillat Yesharim</a></i> ("Path of the Just") of <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature#Musar_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Other works</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mussar_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussar literature">mussar literature</a> studied include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Orchot_Tzaddikim" title="Orchot Tzaddikim">Orchot Tzaddikim</a></i> ("Paths of the Righteous"); its authorship and time of writing is uncertain, but as it quotes <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, it was written some time after his works were disseminated.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chovot_ha-Levavot" class="mw-redirect" title="Chovot ha-Levavot">Chovot ha-Levavot</a></i> ("Duties of the Hearts") by <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_ha-Middot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'alot ha-Middot">Ma'alot ha-Middot</a></i> ("Benefit [of good character] traits") by <a href="/wiki/Jehiel_ben_Jekuthiel_Anav" title="Jehiel ben Jekuthiel Anav">Jehiel Anav</a></li> <li><i>Mishnat R' Aharon</i>, Mussar Lectures on many topics by <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Kotler" title="Aharon Kotler">Aharon Kotler</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler#Michtav_me-Eliyahu" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Mikhtav me-Eliyahu</a></i>, the works of <a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tomer_Devorah" title="Tomer Devorah">Tomer Devorah</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Cordovero" title="Moses Cordovero">Moses Cordovero</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Leib_Shmuelevitz#Publications" title="Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz"><i>Sichos Mussar</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Leib_Shmuelevitz" title="Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz">Chaim Leib Shmuelevitz</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pele_Yoetz" title="Pele Yoetz">Pele Yoetz</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Papo" title="Eliezer Papo">Eliezer Papo</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kav_ha-Yashar" title="Kav ha-Yashar">Kav ha-Yashar</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Hirsch_Kaidanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzvi Hirsch Kaidanover">Tzvi Hirsch Kaidanover</a>.</li></ul> <p>As above, these sessions focus the student on self-understanding and introspection, internalizing the spiritual aims of Judaism, and developing the character-traits, or <i>middos</i>, appropriately. Topics in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics#Areas_of_applied_Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">applied Jewish ethics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lashon_hara" title="Lashon hara">the "laws of speech"</a>, are often studied separately. </p><p>Hasidic yeshivot study the mystical, spiritual <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature#Hasidic_thought" title="Rabbinic literature">works of Hasidic philosophy</a> (<i>Chassidus</i>). These draw on the earlier esoteric theology of <i><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></i>, but articulates it in terms of inner psychological awareness and personal analogies. This study thus makes Jewish mysticism accessible and tangible, so that it inspires emotional <i><a href="/wiki/Dveikus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dveikus">dveikus</a></i> (cleaving to God) and embeds a deep <a href="/wiki/Hashkafa#Principles" title="Hashkafa">spiritual element in daily Jewish life</a>; it thereby serves a similar purpose to <i>mussar</i>, but through different means and with different contributions to intellectual and emotional life. Chabad yeshivot, for example, study the <a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)"><i>Tanya</i></a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Likutei_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Likutei Torah">Likutei Torah</a></i>, and the voluminous works of the <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch#The_leaders_of_Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch"><i>Rebbes</i> of Chabad</a> for an hour and a half each morning, before prayers, and an hour and a half in the evening. </p><p><a href="#Sephardi_yeshivas">As mentioned</a>, Sephardi <i>yeshivot</i> often incorporate study of selected Kabbalistic texts into their curriculum – <a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">standard texts</a>, as well as works by <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Hayyim" title="Yosef Hayyim">Yosef Hayyim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Fatiyah" title="Yehuda Fatiyah">Yehuda Fatiyah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Chaim_Sofer" title="Yaakov Chaim Sofer">Yaakov Chaim Sofer</a>. Kabbalistic sources are brought in <i>halachik</i> works such as <i>Kaf Hachaim</i> and <i>Ben Ish Hai</i> – and are then studied indirectly also; see <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs#Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic law and customs § Lurianic Kabbalah</a>. </p><p>In Hesder, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionist">Religious Zionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a> yeshivot, <i>Machshavah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a> generalized / applied as "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_thought" title="Jewish thought">Jewish thought</a>"; also <i><a href="/wiki/Hashkafa" title="Hashkafa">Hashkafa</a></i>, "worldview") is taught formally,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <i>shiurim</i> systematically covering the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">major topics</a> in light of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature#Jewish_philosophy" title="Rabbinic literature">leading works here</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the treatment mirroring Talmud-study as above. These works (<i><a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="The Guide for the Perplexed">Moreh Nevukhim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Ikkarim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer ha-Ikkarim">Sefer ha-Ikkarim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emunoth_ve-Deoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Emunoth ve-Deoth">Emunot ve-Deot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derech_Hashem" title="Derech Hashem">Derech Hashem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_of_Volozhin#Works" title="Chaim of Volozhin">Nefesh Ha-Chaim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kad_ha-Kemach" class="mw-redirect" title="Kad ha-Kemach">Kad ha-Kemach</a></i> and others) in turn draw on <a href="/wiki/Aggadah#In_the_Talmud_and_Midrash" title="Aggadah"><i>Talmudic-Aggadah</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></i>, and on <i>Tanach</i> (see below). Hesder yeshivot additionally devote specific time to the writings of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a>, "Rav Kook", who articulated a unique personal blend of mysticism, creative exegesis and philosophy (as well as to <i><a href="/wiki/Torat_Eretz_Yisrael" title="Torat Eretz Yisrael">Torat Eretz Yisrael</a></i> generally). The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a>, similarly, study the works of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Joseph B. Soloveitchik</a>, "Rav Soloveitchik". Hasidic philosophy and Mussar are also often taught; and <i><a href="/wiki/Judah_Loew_ben_Bezalel#Thought" title="Judah Loew ben Bezalel">Maharal</a></i> may have a dedicated <i>shiur</i>. Machshava is also a focus-area of many <i>Midrashot</i>. </p><p>Some Haredi and Hasidic yeshivas also include formal study of <i>Hashkafa</i>, especially at <i><a href="/wiki/Ba%27al_teshuva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'al teshuva">ba'al teshuva</a></i> focused institutions; many <i>Semikha</i> programs likewise, particularly those with an outreach, or <i><a href="/wiki/Kiruv" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiruv">kiruv</a></i>, component. Regardless, students here typically study the major works independent of a <i>shiur</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah_and_Bible_study">Torah and Bible study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Torah and Bible study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikraot_Gedolot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mikraot_Gedolot.JPG/220px-Mikraot_Gedolot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mikraot_Gedolot.JPG/330px-Mikraot_Gedolot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mikraot_Gedolot.JPG/440px-Mikraot_Gedolot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Chumash</i> with <i>Mikraot Gedolot</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> text is the block of large, bold letters; adjacent to it is the <i>Targum Onkelos</i> with Rashi's commentary below (with the related supercommentary <i><a href="/wiki/Siftei_Chachamim" class="mw-redirect" title="Siftei Chachamim">Siftei Chachamim</a></i> alongside). Ramban, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Ibn Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Jacob_Sforno" title="Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno">Sforno</a> are on the facing page; <a href="/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot#Commentaries" title="Mikraot Gedolot">other commentaries</a> and references are in the margins.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg/220px-Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg/330px-Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg/440px-Mikraot_Gedolot_Jiddisch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Chumash with Yiddish translation</figcaption></figure> <p>Intensive study of <i><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Chumash</a></i> (Torah) with the commentary of <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> is stressed and taught in all elementary grades.<sup id="cite_ref-Actually_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Actually-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Haredi and Hasidic yeshivas, this is often done with Yiddish translations. The rest of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tanach" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanach">Tanach</a></i> (Hebrew Bible; acronym: <i>Torah</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nach_(Bible_acronym)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nach (Bible acronym)">Nach</a></i> = <i>"Torah, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible#Nevi'im" title="Hebrew Bible">Nevi'im</a> u'<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible#Ketuvim" title="Hebrew Bible">Ketuvim</a>"</i>; "Torah, Prophets and Writings") is usually taught through high school, although less intensively. </p><p>In Yeshivot, thereafter, <i>Chumash</i>, and especially <i>Nach</i>, are studied less directly. Yeshiva students typically follow the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Shnayim_mikra_ve-echad_targum" title="Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum">Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum</a></i>, independently reviewing the upcoming <i><a href="/wiki/Parashah" title="Parashah">parashah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">weekly Torah portion</a>) twice in the original Hebrew and once in <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> translation), together with Rashi's commentary. Students often also study <a href="/wiki/Nachmanides#Commentary_on_the_Torah" title="Nachmanides">Ramban's commentary</a>, functioning in relation to Rashi here, somewhat as Tosafot above; less frequently, other commentaries from the <i><a href="/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot" title="Mikraot Gedolot">Mikraot Gedolot</a></i> edition are reviewed. Students may similarly study <i>Nach</i> independently (often using the <a href="/wiki/David_Altschuler#Works" title="David Altschuler"><i>Metzudos</i></a> commentary); usually, <i>Tanach</i> is not taught <i>per se</i>, with exceptions being the five <a href="/wiki/Megilloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Megilloth">Megilloth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Tehillim</a>. The <i>Rosh Yeshiva</i> delivers a weekly <i>shiur</i> on the <i>parashah</i>, exploring a particular question or theme, with a related ethical or <i>hashkafic</i> teaching; this is often <a href="/wiki/Shiur_(Torah)#Public_study_sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur (Torah)">open to the public</a>. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Hesder" title="Hesder">Hesder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox</a> yeshivot, the study of <i>Chumash</i> and <i>Nach</i> continues in parallel with Talmud study. These institutions offer formal <i>shiurim</i> in many, if not all, of the books of <i>Nevi'im</i> and <i>Ketuvim</i>. These are often structured <a href="/wiki/Shiur_(Torah)#Class_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiur (Torah)">by level</a>, similar to Talmud study, where the text, and its overall structure, is then analyzed in light of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Bible" title="Jewish commentaries on the Bible">various commentaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midrash#Classical_compilations" title="Midrash"><i>Midrashim</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically complementing the <i>Machshavah</i> <i>shiurim</i>. (See further re this approach under <a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Har_Etzion#Educational_and_religious_philosophy" title="Yeshivat Har Etzion">Yeshivat Har Etzion § Educational and religious philosophy</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah#In_rabbinic_literature_and_commentary" title="Oral Torah">More recent commentaries</a> especially studied are <i><a href="/wiki/Naftali_Zvi_Yehuda_Berlin#Bibliography" title="Naftali Zvi Yehuda Berlin">"Netziv"</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Malbim#Methodology_and_style" title="Malbim">"Malbim"</a></i>; as well as reference works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Da%27at_Miqra" title="Da'at Miqra">Da'at Miqra</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Breuer" title="Mordechai Breuer">Mordechai Breuer</a> and others. The commentaries by Ramban, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Abarbanel#Exegesis" title="Isaac Abarbanel">Abarbanel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher#Torah_commentary" title="Bahya ben Asher">"Rabbeinu Behaye"</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samson_Raphael_Hirsch#Commentary_on_the_Torah" title="Samson Raphael Hirsch">"Rav Hirsch"</a> provide much philosophical content. The <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Chinuch" title="Sefer ha-Chinuch">Sefer ha-Chinuch</a></i>, although not a commentary <i>per se</i>, offers a systematic <a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Chinuch#Content" title="Sefer ha-Chinuch">legal and philosophic discussion</a> of <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">the commandments</a>, and is similarly referenced. Intensive study of Tanach, as for Machshava, is likewise a feature of many <i>Midrashot</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yeshivas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of yeshivas">List of yeshivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbinical_schools" title="List of rabbinical schools">List of rabbinical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshiva&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Forta-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forta_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forta_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forta_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFForta1989" class="citation book cs1">Forta, Arye (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NhdoWlrzcg4C&q=chavruta&pg=PA89"><i>Judaism</i></a>. Heinemann Educational. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-30321-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-30321-X"><bdi>0-435-30321-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Heinemann+Educational&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-435-30321-X&rft.aulast=Forta&rft.aufirst=Arye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNhdoWlrzcg4C%26q%3Dchavruta%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerezovsky2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sholom_Noach_Berezovsky" title="Sholom Noach Berezovsky">Berezovsky, Rabbi Sholom Noach</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MArvfg24EsC&q=yeshiva+ketana&pg=PA211"><i>נתיבות שלום</i></a> [<i>Nesivos Sholom</i>]. Feldheim Publishers. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781583304952" title="Special:BookSources/9781583304952"><bdi>9781583304952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9D&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781583304952&rft.aulast=Berezovsky&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Sholom+Noach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1MArvfg24EsC%26q%3Dyeshiva%2Bketana%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1984" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Doniel Zvi (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCbtAAAAMAAJ&q=what+is+a+mesivta"><i>The Day Schools and Torah Umesorah: The Seeding of Traditional Judaism in America</i></a>. Yeshiva University Press. p. xiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+Schools+and+Torah+Umesorah%3A+The+Seeding+of+Traditional+Judaism+in+America&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Yeshiva+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Doniel+Zvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCbtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dwhat%2Bis%2Ba%2Bmesivta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://matzav.com/sarah-schenirer-ah-the-mother-of-the-bais-yaakov-movement-on-her-yahrtzeit-today-26-adar">"Sarah Schenirer a"h, the Mother of the Bais Yaakov Movement, On Her Yahrtzeit, Today, 26 Adar"</a>. <i>matzav.com</i>. 2013-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=matzav.com&rft.atitle=Sarah+Schenirer+a%22h%2C+the+Mother+of+the+Bais+Yaakov+Movement%2C+On+Her+Yahrtzeit%2C+Today%2C+26+Adar&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmatzav.com%2Fsarah-schenirer-ah-the-mother-of-the-bais-yaakov-movement-on-her-yahrtzeit-today-26-adar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Session", in fact, similarly derives from the Latin <i>sedere</i>, "to sit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Babylonian Talmud references these <i>Yarḥei Kalla</i> several times; e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Berakhot.6b?lang=bi,"><i>Berakhot</i> 6b</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Taanit.10b.4?lang=bi"><i>Taanit</i> 10b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoitein1999" class="citation book cs1">Goitein, S.D. (1999). Lassner, Jacob (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520240599/a-mediterranean-society"><i>A Mediterranean Society: An Abridgement in One Volume</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520240599" title="Special:BookSources/9780520240599"><bdi>9780520240599</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Mediterranean+Society%3A+An+Abridgement+in+One+Volume&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520240599&rft.aulast=Goitein&rft.aufirst=S.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook%2F9780520240599%2Fa-mediterranean-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">מרדכי וורמברנד ובצלאל ס. רות, <b>עם ישראל – תולדות 4000 שנה – מימי האבות ועד חוזה השלו</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacter1990" class="citation journal cs1">Schacter, Jacob J. (1990). "Haskalah, Secular Studies and the Close of the Yeshiva in Volozhin in 1892". <i>The Torah U-Madda Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: 76–133. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40914771">40914771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Torah+U-Madda+Journal&rft.atitle=Haskalah%2C+Secular+Studies+and+the+Close+of+the+Yeshiva+in+Volozhin+in+1892&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=76-133&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40914771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schacter&rft.aufirst=Jacob+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Actually-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Actually_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Actually_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Actually_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Actually_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrakowski2018" class="citation news cs1">Krakowski, Moshe (26 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/life/faith/416616/what-yeshiva-kids-are-actually-studying-all-day/">"What Yeshiva Kids Are Actually Studying All Day"</a>. <i>Forward</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=What+Yeshiva+Kids+Are+Actually+Studying+All+Day&rft.date=2018-12-26&rft.aulast=Krakowski&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Flife%2Ffaith%2F416616%2Fwhat-yeshiva-kids-are-actually-studying-all-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElazar" class="citation web cs1">Elazar, Daniel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles3/sephardic.htm">"Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+Sephardic+Judaism+be+Reconstructed%3F&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Center+for+Public+Affairs&rft.aulast=Elazar&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2Fdje%2Farticles3%2Fsephardic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Andrea Lobel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/belief/articles/rabbis-different-path-to-ordination">A Different Path to Ordination</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josh Nathan-Kazis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/166946/online-ordained-rabbis-grab-pulpits/">Online-Ordained Rabbis Grab Pulpits</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Aleph" title="Patrick Aleph">P. Beaulier</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejewishphilanthropy.com/want-more-diversity-in-rabbinical-schools-then-move-them-online/">Want More Diversity In Rabbinical Schools? Then Move Them Online</a>, ejewishphilanthropy.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LargestYeshivaOutsideIsrael-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LargestYeshivaOutsideIsrael_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Strunsky2019" class="citation web cs1">Steve Strunsky (April 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/news/2019/04/lakewood-yeshiva-looks-to-use-old-golf-course-for-new-campus.html">"Lakewood yeshiva looks to use old golf course for new campus"</a>. New Jersey On-Line LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Beth Medrash Gohova is said to be the world's largest Jewish-affiliated university outside of Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lakewood+yeshiva+looks+to+use+old+golf+course+for+new+campus&rft.pub=New+Jersey+On-Line+LLC&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft.au=Steve+Strunsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2Flakewood-yeshiva-looks-to-use-old-golf-course-for-new-campus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LargestYeshivaNorthAmerica-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LargestYeshivaNorthAmerica_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Stirling2017" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Stirling (3 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nj.com/ocean/2017/08/11_ways_lakewood_is_like_nowhere_else_in_nj.html">"10 ways Lakewood is unlike anywhere else in N.J."</a> NJ Advance Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2019</span>. <q>The sea change can be pinned to one event: The founding of the Beth Medrash Govoha yeshiva in the mid-20th century. The Orthodox Jewish community has set down roots en masse around the religious school, which is now the largest yeshiva in North America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+ways+Lakewood+is+unlike+anywhere+else+in+N.J.&rft.pub=NJ+Advance+Media&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.au=Stephen+Stirling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj.com%2Focean%2F2017%2F08%2F11_ways_lakewood_is_like_nowhere_else_in_nj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JVL-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JVL_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/yeshiva">"Yeshiva"</a>, jewishvirtuallibrary.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Berakhot.18b.14?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Brachot 18b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDI-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDI_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDI_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilad Malach, Lee Cahaner (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.idi.org.il/articles/29348">2019 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel</a>. Israel Democracy Institute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chea.org/beth-medrash-govoha">beth-medrash-govoha</a> on chea.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikdashmelechjerusalem.com/about.html">about</a>, mikdashmelechjerusalem.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mikdashmelechjerusalem.com/">home page</a>, mikdashmelechjerusalem.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-missionstatement-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-missionstatement_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527113714/http://www.yu.edu/MissionStatement/index.aspx">"Mission Statement"</a>. Yeshiva University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yu.edu/MissionStatement/index.aspx">the original</a> on May 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+Statement&rft.pub=Yeshiva+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yu.edu%2FMissionStatement%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mizrachi.org/musmachim/">Musmachim</a> mizrachi.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fischelfoundation.org/ariel.htm">Ariel Institute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yu.edu/riets/kollellim">"kollellim"</a>, yu.edu/riets</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eretzhemdah.org/content.asp?PageId=3459&lang=en">Yadin-Yadin for the Diaspora</a>, eretzhemdah.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manhigut-toranit.org">manhigut-toranit.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaareiMekomot_1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaareiMekomot_1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaareiMekomot_1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejerusalemkollel.com/wp-content/uploads/download/BerkowitzSheets/Smicha/ISSUR_VHETTER/11_NaT_bar_NaT.pdf">Example <i>marei mekomot</i> - Halacha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaareiMekomot_2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaareiMekomot_2_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaareiMekomot_2_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dafyomireview2.com/ravkaplan/cdd/talmud/5772-Gittin/001-2012_04_24-RavKaplan-gittin-daf2a.gif">Example <i>marei mekomot</i> - Gemara</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jeff-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jeff_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rebjeff.com/1/category/singing/1.html">"Bringing the People Together"</a>. Reb Jeff. 24 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bringing+the+People+Together&rft.pub=Reb+Jeff&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rebjeff.com%2F1%2Fcategory%2Fsinging%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zobin-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zobin_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZobin1996" class="citation book cs1">Zobin, Zvi (1996). <i>Breakthrough to Learning Gemora: A Concise, Analytical Guide</i>. Kest-Lebovits. pp. 104–106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breakthrough+to+Learning+Gemora%3A+A+Concise%2C+Analytical+Guide&rft.pages=104-106&rft.pub=Kest-Lebovits&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Zobin&rft.aufirst=Zvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusnerAvery-Peck2001" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVvAe_U9stsC"><i>The Blackwell Reader in Judaism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishers">Blackwell Publishers</a>. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20738-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20738-4"><bdi>0-631-20738-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Reader+in+Judaism&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-631-20738-4&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Avery-Peck%2C+Alan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVvAe_U9stsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel1999" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Avraham Yaakov (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-20wAAAAYAAJ&q=chavruta"><i>Ein Yaakov: The Ethical and Inspirational Teachings of the Talmud</i></a>. Jason Aronson. p. xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7657-6082-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7657-6082-7"><bdi>0-7657-6082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ein+Yaakov%3A+The+Ethical+and+Inspirational+Teachings+of+the+Talmud&rft.pages=xxix&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7657-6082-7&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Avraham+Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-20wAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dchavruta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Hebrew Wikipedia's <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:ישיבה תיכונית"> ישיבה תיכונית</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science.co.il-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science.co.il_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.co.il/jewish-studies/Midrashot.php"><i>Midrashot</i></a>, science.co.il</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402100219/http://www.yeshivadegree.com/">"Guide To Degree Completion Programs for Yeshiva Students"</a>. YeshivaDegree.com. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.YeshivaDegree.com">the original</a> on 2012-04-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+To+Degree+Completion+Programs+for+Yeshiva+Students&rft.pub=YeshivaDegree.com&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.YeshivaDegree.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYeshiva" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yu.edu/israel-program">S. Daniel Abraham Israel Program</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ordination-semihah/2/">Ordination (Semicha)</a>, myjewishlearning.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blane-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blane_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blane_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Steven_Blane" title="Steven Blane">Steven Blane</a> (N.D.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jsli.net/apply-online/ordination-smicha/">"Ordination and Semicha"</a>, jsli.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinsaltz-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinsaltz_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinsaltz_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinsaltz_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinsaltz_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See chapter "Talmudic Exegesis" in: <a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a> (2006). <i>The Essential Talmud</i>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465082735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465082735">978-0465082735</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashab_2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashab_2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashab_2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144840/jewish/Chapter-XXVIII.htm"><i>Kuntres Eitz HaChayim</i> ch 28</a> for discussion of the interrelation between Rashi and Tosfot, and between Mishna and Gemara more generally.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bobov-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bobov_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bobov_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rabbinicalcollegeboboveryeshiva.edu/Catalog/catalog.pdf"><i>Catalog</i></a>, Rabbinical College <a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobover</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-talmudic.edu-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talmudic.edu_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talmudic.edu_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-talmudic.edu_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talmudicu.edu/educational-programs/">Programs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_University_of_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic University of Florida">Talmudic University of Florida</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyttl-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyttl_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyttl_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyttl_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyttl.edu/wp-content/uploads/CYTTL%20catalog%2021-22.pdf">Catalog</a> Central Yeshiva Tomchei Tmimim Lubavitz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashab-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashab_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashab_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashab_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example the guidelines for Talmud study authored by <a href="/wiki/Sholom_Dovber_Schneersohn" title="Sholom Dovber Schneersohn">Sholom Dovber Schneersohn</a> in 1897 on the founding of <i><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144840/jewish/Chapter-XXVIII.htm"><i>Kuntres Eitz HaChayim</i> ch 28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144841/jewish/Chapter-XXIX.htm">29</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144842/jewish/Chapter-XXX.htm">30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etzion.org.il/en/talmud/seder-nezikin/massekhet-bava-kamma/reshut-ha-rabim-ii">this discussion</a> on <i> <a href="/wiki/Bava_Kamma" title="Bava Kamma">Bava Kamma</a></i> 19-22, by R. Moshe Taragin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashab_3-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rashab_3_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144841/jewish/Chapter-XXIX.htm"><i>Kuntres Eitz HaChayim</i> ch 29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marbitz.com/getting-pshat/">this discussion</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=46852&st=&pgnum=32"><i>Kovetz Igros Chazon Ish</i> II 16</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Chazon_Ish" class="mw-redirect" title="Chazon Ish">Chazon Ish</a>, cautioning against "loading" the Talmud's words.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aliba-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aliba_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aliba_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Hebrew article <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%AA%D7%90_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%93%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%90" class="extiw" title="he:אסוקי שמעתתא אליבא דהלכתא">he: אסוקי שמעתתא אליבא דהלכתא</a> for detail and discussion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collive.com/drawbacks-of-smicha-programs/">Interview with Rabbi Yosef Barber</a>, Head of the semikha program at Yeshivas <a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Temimim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomchei Temimim">Tomchei Temimim</a> Chovevei Torah</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabbinical_College_of_America-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rabbinical_College_of_America_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rabbinical_College_of_America_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rca.edu/media/pdf/1120/NbJg11207139.pdf"><i>CATALOG</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_America" title="Rabbinical College of America">Rabbinical College of America</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144842/jewish/Chapter-XXX.htm"><i>Kuntres Eitz HaChayim</i> ch 30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RCA-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RCA_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RCA_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbis.org/pdfs/SemichaGuidelines22Dec2015.pdf"><i>Semicha Standards</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a> Executive Committee, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smicha.co.il/">smicha.co.il</a> – resource for the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel#Semikhah" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Semikha of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a>, maintained by Rabbi <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srugim.co.il/tag/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91-%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90">Harel Shapira</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIETS-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RIETS_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIETS_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yu.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/semikhah_requirements_final.pdf"><i>Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary - Semikhah Requirements</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7333-hattarat-hora-ah">Hattarat hora'ah</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etzion.org.il/en/topics/topics-hashkafa">Topics in Hashkafa</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Har_Etzion" class="mw-redirect" title="Har Etzion">Har Etzion</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yutorah.org/search/?category=0,234838">Shiurim in Machsahava</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> (yutorah.org); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webyeshiva.org/course/?topic=19">Hashkafa courses</a> at <a href="/wiki/WebYeshiva" title="WebYeshiva">WebYeshiva</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rabbimanning.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Emunah-and-Belief-Part-1.pdf">Example <i>marei mekomot</i> - Hashkafa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.yutorah.net/_materials/Marei_Mekomot-513431.pdf">Example <i>marei mekomot</i> - Tanach</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Jews" title="Category:Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_rabbis" title="Category:Orthodox rabbis">Rabbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuch_Atzmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch Atzmai">Chinuch Atzmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox Jewish outreach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism (UTJ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union (NU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam (political party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Faction" title="Jerusalem Faction">Jerusalem Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikrikim" title="Sikrikim">Sikrikim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Rabbinates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Rabbanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggud_HaRabbonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggud HaRabbonim">Iggud HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzet_Chachmei_HaTorah" title="Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah">Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Rabbis" title="Union of Orthodox Rabbis">Agudas HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Hebrew_Congregations" title="Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations">Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rabbinic_Fellowship" title="International Rabbinic Fellowship">International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirshu" title="Dirshu">Dirshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">Responsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Judaism" title="Torah Judaism">Torah Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Category:Orthodox Judaism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_education" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_education" title="Template:Jewish education"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_education" title="Template talk:Jewish education"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_education" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish education"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Jewish education</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud_Torah" title="Talmud Torah">Talmud Torah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yeshiva</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_yeshivas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of yeshivas">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mesivtas" title="List of mesivtas">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_seminary" title="Jewish seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrasha" title="Midrasha">Midrasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Midrashot" title="List of Midrashot">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechina" title="Mechina">Mechina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_gedolah" title="Yeshiva gedolah">Yeshiva gedolah (beth midrash)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Officials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_mesivta" title="Rosh mesivta">Rosh mesivta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamed" title="Melamed">Melamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashpia" title="Mashpia">Mashpia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashgiach_Ruchani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashgiach Ruchani">Mashgiach Ruchani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Kollel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosh Kollel">Rosh Kollel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva" title="Baal teshuva">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illui" title="Illui">Illui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_of_Peace_and_Truth" title="Words of Peace and Truth">Words of Peace and Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organized_Jewish_Life_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Organized Jewish Life in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organized_Jewish_Life_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Organized Jewish Life in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organized_Jewish_Life_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organized Jewish Life in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews and Judaism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith" title="B'nai B'rith">B'nai B'rith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Center" title="Jewish Community Center">Jewish Community Centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federations_of_North_America" title="Jewish Federations of North America">Jewish Federations of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Federation" title="Jewish Federation">Local Jewish Federations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major advocacy organizations<br />(not exclusively Israel-focused)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_of_Major_American_Jewish_Organizations" title="Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations">Conference of Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis_Center_for_Human_Rights_Under_Law" title="Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law">Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law (LDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Action_Center_of_Reform_Judaism" title="Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism">Religious Action Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_Relations_Council" title="Jewish Community Relations Council">Jewish Community Relations Councils (JCRCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Council_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jewish Council for Public Affairs">Jewish Council for Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Jewish_environmental_organizations" title="Template:American Jewish environmental organizations">Jewish environmental groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Future_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Future Pledge">Jewish Future Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_of_America" title="Jewish Institute for National Security of America">Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Women%27s_Archive" title="Jewish Women's Archive">Jewish Women's Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Democratic_Council" title="National Jewish Democratic Council">National Jewish Democratic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Envoy_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Antisemitism" title="Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism">Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Jewish_Liaison" title="White House Jewish Liaison">White House Jewish Liaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Democratic_Council_of_America" title="Jewish Democratic Council of America">Jewish Democratic Council of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major humanitarian<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_World_Service" title="American Jewish World Service">American Jewish World Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Joint_Distribution_Committee" title="American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee">Joint Distribution Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIAS" title="HIAS"> Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Israel_Appeal" title="United Israel Appeal">United Israel Appeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Israel-focused<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ameinu" title="Ameinu">Ameinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="American Israel Public Affairs Committee">American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Peace_Now" title="Americans for Peace Now">Americans for Peace Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli-American_Council" title="Israeli-American Council">Israeli-American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Street" title="J Street">J Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice_for_Peace" title="Jewish Voice for Peace">Jewish Voice for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa_Israel_Journey" title="Masa Israel Journey">Masa Israel Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Israel_Fund" title="New Israel Fund">New Israel Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzofim_Friendship_Caravan" title="Tzofim Friendship Caravan">Tzofim Friendship Caravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major domestic and neighborhood<br /> assistance organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaverim" title="Chaverim">Chaverim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatzalah" title="Hatzalah">Hatzalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Community_Network" title="Secure Community Network">Secure Community Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomrim_(neighborhood_watch_group)" title="Shomrim (neighborhood watch group)">Shomrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Shabbos" title="Tomchei Shabbos">Tomchei Shabbos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;padding:0.2em 1.0em;">Major religious movement<br />organizations<br /><small>(and associated rabbinical membership<br /> and policy body; seminary)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah#United_States" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a>; etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agudas_Chasidei_Chabad" title="Agudas Chasidei Chabad">Agudas Chasidei Chabad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaad_Rabonei_Lubavitch" title="Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch">Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim#In_North_America" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim-U.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_College_of_America" title="Rabbinical College of America">RCA</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Reconstructionist_Federation" title="Jewish Reconstructionist Federation">Jewish Reconstructionist Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_Association" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association">Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association</a>; <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Rabbinical_College" title="Reconstructionist Rabbinical College">RRC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Isaac_Elchanan_Theological_Seminary" title="Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary">RIETS-YU</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Humanistic_Judaism" title="Society for Humanistic Judaism">Society for Humanistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_of_Conservative_Judaism" title="United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism">United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Assembly" title="Rabbinical Assembly">Rabbinical Assembly</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">JTSA</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ziegler_School_of_Rabbinic_Studies" title="Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies">AJU-Ziegler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Union_College_%E2%80%93_Jewish_Institute_of_Religion" title="Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion">HUC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of synagogues<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by movements)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="List of synagogues in the United States">by US states</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Former synagogues in the United States">Former</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservative synagogues in the United States">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Humanistic_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Humanistic synagogues in the United States">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Orthodox synagogues in the United States">Orthodox and Modern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reconstructionist_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Reconstructionist synagogues in the United States">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reform_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Reform synagogues in the United States">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unaffiliated_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Unaffiliated synagogues in the United States">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_summer_camp" title="Jewish summer camp">Jewish summer camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBYO" title="BBYO">B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aleph_Zadik_Aleph" title="Aleph Zadik Aleph">AZA</a> / <a href="/wiki/BBYO" title="BBYO">BBG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCSY" title="NCSY">NCSY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFTY" title="NFTY">North American Federation of Temple Youth (NFTY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzivos_Hashem" title="Tzivos Hashem">Tzivos Hashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue_Youth" title="United Synagogue Youth">United Synagogue Youth (USY)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kadima_(youth_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadima (youth group)">Kadima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Judaea" title="Young Judaea">Young Judaea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">College Jewish studies programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Jewish schools in the United States">See template for schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schechter_Day_School_Network" title="Schechter Day School Network">Schechter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yeshiva</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major university groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad_on_Campus_International_Foundation" title="Chabad on Campus International Foundation">Chabad on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_International" title="Hillel International">Hillel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masorti_on_Campus" title="Masorti on Campus">Masorti on Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_student_groups_at_secular_universities" title="Orthodox Jewish student groups at secular universities">Orthodox student groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_Jewish_Students" title="World Union of Jewish Students">World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_fraternities_and_sororities" title="List of Jewish fraternities and sororities">Fraternities<br />and sororities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Alpha Epsilon Pi">Alpha Epsilon Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Epsilon_Phi" title="Alpha Epsilon Phi">Alpha Epsilon Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Epsilon_Pi" title="Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi">Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Alpha_Mu" title="Sigma Alpha Mu">Sigma Alpha Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Tau" title="Sigma Delta Tau">Sigma Delta Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Delta_Phi" title="Tau Delta Phi">Tau Delta Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Epsilon_Phi" title="Tau Epsilon Phi">Tau Epsilon Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeta_Beta_Tau" title="Zeta Beta Tau">Zeta Beta Tau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News wires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_Syndicate" title="Jewish News Syndicate">Jewish News Syndicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News outlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Algemeiner_Journal" title="Algemeiner Journal">Algemeiner Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Jewish_Times" title="Baltimore Jewish Times">Baltimore Jewish Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Jewish_News" title="Charlotte Jewish News">Charlotte Jewish News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Jewish_News" title="Cleveland Jewish News">Cleveland Jewish News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Blatt" title="Der Blatt">Der Blatt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Yid" title="Der Yid">Der Yid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Di_Tzeitung" title="Di Tzeitung">Di Tzeitung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamodia" title="Hamodia">Hamodia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Advocate" title="The Jewish Advocate"><i>The Jewish Advocate</i> (Bost.)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Exponent" title="The Jewish Exponent"><i>The Jewish Exponent</i> (Phila.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles"><i>The Jewish Journal</i> (L.A.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ledger" title="Jewish Ledger"><i>The Jewish Ledger</i> (Conn.)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_of_Greater_Phoenix" title="Jewish News of Greater Phoenix">Jewish News of Greater Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Press" title="The Jewish Press">The Jewish Press</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Standard" title="Jewish Standard"><i>Jewish Standard</i> (N.J.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Star_(New_York)" title="The Jewish Star (New York)"><i>The Jewish Star</i> (N.Y.)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Voice">Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._The_Jewish_News_of_Northern_California" title="J. The Jewish News of Northern California"><i>JWeekly</i> (S.F.)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Jewish_Week" title="New York Jewish Week">New York Jewish Week</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Jewish_News" title="New Jersey Jewish News">New Jersey Jewish News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Jewish_Chronicle" title="Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle">Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Jewish_Light" title="St. Louis Jewish Light">St. Louis Jewish Light</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Jewish_Week" title="Washington Jewish Week">Washington Jewish Week</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yated_Ne%27eman_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yated Ne'eman (United States)">Yated Ne'eman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vos_Iz_Neias%3F" title="Vos Iz Neias?">Vos Iz Neias?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_World_News" title="Yeshiva World News">Yeshiva World News</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_magazines_published_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Jewish magazines published in the United States">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ami_Magazine" title="Ami Magazine">Ami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Binah_(magazine)" title="Binah (magazine)">Binah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emunah" title="Emunah">Emunah Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Currents" title="Jewish Currents">Jewish Currents</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Sports_Review" title="Jewish Sports Review">Jewish Sports Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindline" title="Kindline">Kindline</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilith_(magazine)" title="Lilith (magazine)">Lilith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mishpacha" title="Mishpacha">Mishpacha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moment_(magazine)" title="Moment (magazine)">Moment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Jewish_Journal" title="San Diego Jewish Journal">San Diego Jewish Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Jewish_World" title="San Diego Jewish World">San Diego Jewish World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SAPIR:_A_Journal_of_Jewish_Conversations" title="SAPIR: A Journal of Jewish Conversations">SAPIR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(magazine)" title="Tikkun (magazine)">Tikkun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_in_America" title="We Are in America">We Are in America</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Broadcasting_Service" title="Jewish Broadcasting Service">Jewish Broadcasting Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Life_Television" title="Jewish Life Television">Jewish Life Television (JLTV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Jewish_Television" title="National Jewish Television">National Jewish Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Channel" title="The Jewish Channel">The Jewish Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AskMoses.com" title="AskMoses.com">AskMoses.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heeb" title="Heeb">Heeb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewcy" title="Jewcy">Jewcy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher.com" title="Kosher.com">Kosher.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(magazine)" title="Mosaic (magazine)">Mosaic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva.co" title="Yeshiva.co">Yeshiva.co</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JDate" title="JDate">JDate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSwipe" title="JSwipe">JSwipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox_Club" title="Lox Club">Lox Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matzo_Ball" title="Matzo Ball">Matzo Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SawYouAtSinai" title="SawYouAtSinai">SawYouAtSinai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siyum_HaShas" title="Siyum HaShas">Siyum HaShas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Sunday_(phone-a-thon)" title="Super Sunday (phone-a-thon)">Super Sunday phone-a-thon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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