Journal of Functional Biomaterials | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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value="biosphere" > Biosphere </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C (Journal of Carbon Research) </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> 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Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="eesp" > Environmental and Earth Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes 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Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="greenhealth" > Green Health </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijom" > International Journal of Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy (IJOM) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jemr" > Journal of Eye Movement Research (JEMR) </option> <option value="jfb" selected='selected'> Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmms" > Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences (JMMS) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option 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value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> 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class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 10575 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/66/pdf?version=1739693977" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="In Vitro Bacterial Growth on Titanium Surfaces Treated with Nanosized Hydroxyapatite" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/66">In Vitro Bacterial Growth on Titanium Surfaces Treated with Nanosized Hydroxyapatite</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Holmström</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sonia Esko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karin Danielsson</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Per Kjellin</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020066 (registering DOI) - 16 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Bacterial growth on implant surfaces poses a significant obstacle to the long-term success of dental and orthopedic implants. There is a need for implants that promote osseointegration while at the same time decreasing or preventing bacterial growth. In this study, the existing methods <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/66/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Bacterial growth on implant surfaces poses a significant obstacle to the long-term success of dental and orthopedic implants. There is a need for implants that promote osseointegration while at the same time decreasing or preventing bacterial growth. In this study, the existing methods for the measurement of bacterial biofilms were adapted so that they were suitable for measuring the bacterial growth on implant surfaces. Two different strains of bacteria, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis,</i> were used, and the in vitro effect of bacterial growth on titanium surfaces coated with an ultrathin (20–40 nm thick) layer of nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHA) was investigated. After 2 h of biofilm growth, there was a 33% reduction in both <i>S. epidermidis</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> bacteria on nHA compared to Ti. For a more mature 24 h biofilm, there was a 46% reduction in <i>S. epidermidis</i> and a 43% reduction in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> on nHA compared to Ti. This shows that coating nHA onto implants could be of benefit in reducing implant-related infections. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/66">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/59IN49NX52 ">Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/66/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1592337"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1592337"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1592337" data-cycle-prev="#prev1592337" data-cycle-progressive="#images1592337" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-ag-550.jpg?1739694099" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1592337" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g001-550.jpg?1739694057'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g002-550.jpg?1739694064'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g003-550.jpg?1739694070'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g004-550.jpg?1739694072'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g005-550.jpg?1739694073'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g006-550.jpg?1739694076'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g007-550.jpg?1739694078'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g008-550.jpg?1739694082'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g009-550.jpg?1739694085'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g010-550.jpg?1739694087'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g011-550.jpg?1739694088'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g012-550.jpg?1739694090'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g013-550.jpg?1739694094'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1592337-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g014-550.jpg?1739694098'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1592337-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-ag-550.jpg?1739694099" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g001-550.jpg?1739694057" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Assembled 9-well plate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g002-550.jpg?1739694064" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of 1 cm Ti discs at 500× (<b>left</b>) and 40,000× (<b>right</b>) magnification. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Ti and (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) nHA-coated Ti.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g003-550.jpg?1739694070" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of 2 cm Ti discs at 500× (<b>left</b>) and 40,000× (<b>right</b>) magnification. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Ti and (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) nHA-coated Ti.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g004-550.jpg?1739694072" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of the nHA coating on discs used for the Ca assay, at 500× (<b>A</b>) and 40,000× (<b>B</b>) magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g005-550.jpg?1739694073" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD diffractogram confirming HA in the nHA coating. Red represents the tested nHA, and black represents the reference peaks for HA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g006-550.jpg?1739694076" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>TEM cross-sectional image of nHA coating at 800,000× magnification showing a 10–20 nm thick nHA layer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g007-550.jpg?1739694078" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Water contact angle of 1 cm Ø (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>) and 2 cm Ø (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>) discs, control Ti (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and nHA-coated Ti (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) showing the superhydrophilicity of the nHA coating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g008-550.jpg?1739694082" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>CLSM images of 24 h biofilms of <span class="html-italic">S. epidermidis</span>. (<b>A</b>) shows Ti and no ultrasound treatment, (<b>B</b>) shows Ti and 5 min ultrasound treatment, (<b>C</b>) shows nHA and no ultrasound treatment and (<b>D</b>) shows nHA with 5 min ultrasound treatment. Green bacteria are alive, and red bacteria are dead.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g009-550.jpg?1739694085" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>CLSM images of 24 h biofilms of <span class="html-italic">P. aeruginosa</span>. (<b>A</b>) shows Ti and no ultrasound treatment, (<b>B</b>) shows Ti and 5 min ultrasound treatment, (<b>C</b>) shows nHA and no ultrasound treatment and (<b>D</b>) shows nHA with 5 min ultrasound treatment. Green bacteria are alive, and red bacteria are dead.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g010-550.jpg?1739694087" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>For 2 h <span class="html-italic">S. epidermidis</span> biofilms, there was a statistically significant 33.1% reduction (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.007) in bacterial growth on nHA compared to Ti, whereas there was a 33.0% reduction (** <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.033) for <span class="html-italic">P. aeruginosa</span>. Bars show the mean ± the standard error of the mean.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g011-550.jpg?1739694088" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>For 24 h <span class="html-italic">S. epidermidis</span> biofilms, there was a statistically significant 44.5% reduction (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.025) of bacterial growth on nHA compared to Ti. Bars show the mean ± the standard error of the mean.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g012-550.jpg?1739694090" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>For 24 h <span class="html-italic">P. aeruginosa</span> biofilms, there was a statistically significant 43.0% reduction (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.013) in bacterial growth on nHA compared to Ti. Bars show the mean ± the standard error of the mean.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g013-550.jpg?1739694094" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">S. epidermidis</span> growth on Ti (<b>A</b>) and nHA-treated Ti (<b>B</b>) for 24 h, at 40,000× magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00066/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00066-g014-550.jpg?1739694098" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p><span class="html-italic">P. aeruginosa</span> growth on Ti (<b>A</b>) and nHA-treated Ti (<b>B</b>) for 24 h, at 40,000× magnification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/66'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 1644 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/65/pdf?version=1739456400" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Dental Implant Rehabilitation of Posterior Maxillary Edentulism via Sinus Augmentation Using the Lateral Window Technique: A Retrospective Analysis of 289 Implants Followed Up for 15 Years" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/65">Dental Implant Rehabilitation of Posterior Maxillary Edentulism via Sinus Augmentation Using the Lateral Window Technique: A Retrospective Analysis of 289 Implants Followed Up for 15 Years</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alper Sağlanmak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Volkan Arısan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cüneyt Karabuda</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hakan Özyuvacı</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 65; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020065">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020065</a> - 13 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The aim of this study was to analyze the marginal bone loss and survival of implants in the augmented sinus area via the lateral window approach. The effect of sinus membrane perforation as well as splinting of the upper structure was analyzed. Two <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/65/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The aim of this study was to analyze the marginal bone loss and survival of implants in the augmented sinus area via the lateral window approach. The effect of sinus membrane perforation as well as splinting of the upper structure was analyzed. Two hundred and eighty-nine implants were placed in the sinus areas augmented with xenografts and collagen membranes in 101 patients. Clinical and radiographic data were obtained during recall visits. The Marginal Bone Loss (MBL) and Cumulative Survival Rate (CSR) were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 12.4 years (range: 12 to 182 months). During the follow-up period, 19 implants were lost, yielding a 92.93% survival rate. No significant models for any of the covariates were found in terms of implant survival (<i>p</i> = 0.08). Similarly, no significant differences were observed between intact and perforated sinuses (<i>p</i> = 0.41) or between splinted or single standing implants (<i>p</i> = 0.11). The overall MBL reached 1.80 ± 0.56 mm at 15 years, and no significant differences were detected between any particular years (<i>p</i> = 0.12). Dental implant rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla via sinus augmentation using the lateral window technique is safe, effective and provides a high long-term implant survival with minimal prosthetic complications. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/65">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/S9AU6P0B4X ">Recent Advances in Bone Graft Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/65/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1590626"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1590626"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1590626" data-cycle-prev="#prev1590626" data-cycle-progressive="#images1590626" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1590626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00065/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00065-g001-550.jpg?1739456545" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1590626" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1590626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00065/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00065-g002-550.jpg?1739456546'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1590626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00065/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00065-g003-550.jpg?1739456547'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1590626-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00065/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00065-g004-550.jpg?1739456548'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1590626-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00065/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00065-g001-550.jpg?1739456545" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>f</b>) Surgical steps of sinus augmentation via lateral window approach. (<b>b</b>) Demarcation of the lateral wall using the trap door technique. (<b>c</b>) Dissection and elevation of the Schneiderian membrane using the specially designed instruments. (<b>d</b>) Application of the graft material beneath the elevated sinus membrane (<b>e</b>) Positioning of the collagen membrane over the lateral window. (<b>f</b>) Primary flap closure with 3.0 silk sutures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/65'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00065/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00065-g002-550.jpg?1739456546" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>MBL around implants placed into perforated and intact sinus membrane areas. Vertical bars represent the standard deviation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/65'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00065/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00065-g003-550.jpg?1739456547" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Survival curves of implant failures in the perforated and intact sinuses. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Log-rank test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.41. Symbols represent failed implants and implants lost during follow-up. Vertical bars represent the cumulative survival probability.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/65'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00065/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00065-g004-550.jpg?1739456548" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Survival curves of implant failures in the splinted and single standing implants. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Log-rank test <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.11. Symbols represent failed implants and implants lost during follow-up. Vertical bars represent the cumulative survival probability.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/65'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 7634 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/64/pdf?version=1739434644" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Customized Titanium Plates for Preventing Mandibular Fractures in Lower Third Molar Extractions" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/64">Customized Titanium Plates for Preventing Mandibular Fractures in Lower Third Molar Extractions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cezara Andreea Onică</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Costin Iulian Lupu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elena-Raluca Baciu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriela Luminița Gelețu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alice Murariu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dana Gabriela Budală</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ionuț Luchian</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Neculai Onică</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 64; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020064">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020064</a> - 13 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The extraction of deeply impacted lower third molars is a common yet challenging surgical procedure associated with complications such as mandibular fractures, pain, and swelling. This study evaluated the effectiveness of customized 3D-printed titanium plates in reducing the risk of intraoperative iatrogenic mandibular <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/64/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The extraction of deeply impacted lower third molars is a common yet challenging surgical procedure associated with complications such as mandibular fractures, pain, and swelling. This study evaluated the effectiveness of customized 3D-printed titanium plates in reducing the risk of intraoperative iatrogenic mandibular fractures. This innovative approach aims to improve surgical outcomes, enhance patient safety, and boost confidence for both surgeons and patients. Eighteen patients with Pell and Gregory class II/IIIC impacted lower third molars underwent preoperative CBCT scans, which facilitated the design and fabrication of customized plates and drilling guides. The surgical procedure involved incision, flap elevation, precise plate placement, osteotomy, odontotomy, extraction, and the postoperative assessment of pain, swelling, trismus, and anxiety using validated scales and facial scanning. The results show that customized titanium plates successfully prevented mandibular fractures in all cases. Although initial postoperative discomfort, including swelling, trismus, and pain, was observed, significant improvements occurred within one week. This technique provided structural reinforcement during surgery and healing without adverse events or fractures. Customized 3D-printed titanium plates represent a safe and effective solution for minimizing mandibular fractures, offering promising improvements in surgical outcomes. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/64">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/G4CRTKUN56 ">Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Implants</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/64/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1589993"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1589993"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1589993" data-cycle-prev="#prev1589993" data-cycle-progressive="#images1589993" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g001-550.jpg?1739434805" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1589993" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g002-550.jpg?1739434807'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g003-550.jpg?1739434808'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g004-550.jpg?1739434810'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g005-550.jpg?1739434812'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g006-550.jpg?1739434815'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g007-550.jpg?1739434818'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g008-550.jpg?1739434819'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1589993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g009-550.jpg?1739434822'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1589993-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g001-550.jpg?1739434805" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Preoperative CBCT images: (<b>a</b>) panoramic; (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) cross-sectional; and (<b>d</b>) axial views.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g002-550.jpg?1739434807" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional views of deeply impacted mandibular third molars.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g003-550.jpg?1739434808" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Virtual images of the designed customized plates.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g004-550.jpg?1739434810" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional printed drilling guides and customized titanium plates.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g005-550.jpg?1739434812" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Intraoperative oral images: trapezoidal flap.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g006-550.jpg?1739434815" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Intraoperative oral images: placing the CTPs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g007-550.jpg?1739434818" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Intraoperative oral images: final step—suturing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g008-550.jpg?1739434819" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Post-surgical orthopantomography image.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00064/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00064-g009-550.jpg?1739434822" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional facial scanning and superimposition for postoperative swelling analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/64'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 3657 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/63/pdf?version=1739435467" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Laser-Induced Photothermal Hydrogels Promote the Proliferation of MC3T3-E1 Preosteoblasts for Enhanced Bone Healing" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/63">Laser-Induced Photothermal Hydrogels Promote the Proliferation of MC3T3-E1 Preosteoblasts for Enhanced Bone Healing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Audrey L. Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Abigail F. Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chieh-Ying Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ruaina Lily Hope Moreno</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jia-Lin Wu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pei-Chun Wong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 63; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020063">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020063</a> - 12 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The nonunion and delayed union of bones are common challenges in orthopedic surgery, even when bone alignment is correct and sufficient mechanical stability is provided. To address this, artificial bone grafts are often applied to fracture gaps or defect sites to promote osteogenesis <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/63/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The nonunion and delayed union of bones are common challenges in orthopedic surgery, even when bone alignment is correct and sufficient mechanical stability is provided. To address this, artificial bone grafts are often applied to fracture gaps or defect sites to promote osteogenesis and enhance bone healing. In this study, we developed an alginate-based hydrogel incorporating gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to enhance cell proliferation and facilitate bone healing through a photothermal effect induced by near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation. The temperature was controlled by adjusting the AuNP content. The hydrogel’s properties were characterized and cell viability was assessed. Our results indicate that while the incorporation of AuNPs slightly disrupted the hydrogel’s cross-linking network at low concentrations, cell viability remained unaffected across both low and high AuNP contents. These findings suggest that this photothermal hydrogel holds great promise for orthopedic applications to improve bone healing. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/63">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/GAU02PKVO4 "><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Natural Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications</span></a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/63/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1589842"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1589842"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1589842" data-cycle-prev="#prev1589842" data-cycle-progressive="#images1589842" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1589842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g001-550.jpg?1739435551" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1589842" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1589842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g002-550.jpg?1739435552'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1589842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g003-550.jpg?1739435553'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1589842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g004-550.jpg?1739435555'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1589842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g005-550.jpg?1739435556'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1589842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g006-550.jpg?1739435558'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1589842-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g007-550.jpg?1739435559'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1589842-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g001-550.jpg?1739435551" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Particle size distribution of AuNPs (The three curves (blue, red, and green) represent data from three independent experimental replicates).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/63'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g002-550.jpg?1739435552" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>UV-visible-NIR absorption spectrum of different groups of alginate-CaCl<sub>2</sub>-AuNPs hydrogel (The arrows indicate specific peaks).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/63'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g003-550.jpg?1739435553" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Temperature change in alginate-CaCl<sub>2</sub>-AuNPs hydrogel (<b>a</b>) with and (<b>b</b>) without culture medium during laser induction. (N = 5 per group; **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001. N.S., not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/63'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g004-550.jpg?1739435555" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Rheological properties of different groups of alginate-CaCl<sub>2</sub>-AuNPs hydrogels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/63'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g005-550.jpg?1739435556" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Swelling ratio and (<b>b</b>) degradation behavior of different groups of alginate-CaCl<sub>2</sub>-AuNPs hydrogels immersed in simulated body solution (Hank’s solution) at 37 °C for different time periods.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/63'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g006-550.jpg?1739435558" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Compressive strength of different groups of alginate-CaCl<sub>2</sub>-AuNPs hydrogel. (N = 5 per group; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, N.S., not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/63'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00063/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00063-g007-550.jpg?1739435559" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Cell viability of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts by live/dead assay with (<b>a</b>) indirect contact method and (<b>b</b>) direct contact method. (N = 5 per group; N.S., not significant; * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/63'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 5726 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/62/pdf?version=1739425787" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Personalized 3D-Printed Prostheses for Bone Defect Reconstruction After Tumor Resection in the Foot and Ankle" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/62">Personalized 3D-Printed Prostheses for Bone Defect Reconstruction After Tumor Resection in the Foot and Ankle</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chang-Jin Yon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Byung-Chan Choi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jung-Min Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Si-Wook Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 62; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020062">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020062</a> - 11 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Three-dimensional (3D)-printing technology is revolutionizing orthopedic oncology by providing precise, customized solutions for complex bone defects following tumor resection. Traditional modular endoprostheses are prone to complications such as fretting corrosion and implant failure, underscoring the need for innovative approaches. This case series reports <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/62/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Three-dimensional (3D)-printing technology is revolutionizing orthopedic oncology by providing precise, customized solutions for complex bone defects following tumor resection. Traditional modular endoprostheses are prone to complications such as fretting corrosion and implant failure, underscoring the need for innovative approaches. This case series reports on three patients treated with 3D-printed, patient-specific prostheses and cutting guides. Preoperative CT and MRI data were used to design implants tailored to each patient’s anatomy, manufactured using electron beam melting technology with a titanium–aluminum–vanadium alloy. Functional outcomes showed significant improvements: in Case I, AOFAS improved from 71 to 96, and VAS decreased from 6 to 1; in Case II, AOFAS increased from 65 to 79, and VAS decreased from 5 to 3. Radiographic evaluations demonstrated stable prosthesis placement and early evidence of bone integration in Cases I and II, while in Case III, localized disease control was achieved before systemic progression. This case series highlights the transformative potential of 3D-printed prostheses in addressing the challenges of reconstructing anatomically complex defects. By enabling precise tumor resection and improving functional outcomes, this approach can advance current practices in orthopedic oncology. Further research should explore larger cohorts and use cost-effectiveness analyses to validate these findings and facilitate broader clinical adoption. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/62">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/0RWKIR68VL ">Advanced 3D Printing Biomaterials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/62/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1588961"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1588961"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1588961" data-cycle-prev="#prev1588961" data-cycle-progressive="#images1588961" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g001-550.jpg?1739425947" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1588961" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g002-550.jpg?1739425948'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g003-550.jpg?1739425949'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g004-550.jpg?1739425951'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g005-550.jpg?1739425952'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g006-550.jpg?1739425953'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g007-550.jpg?1739425955'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g008-550.jpg?1739425957'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g009-550.jpg?1739425959'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g010-550.jpg?1739425961'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1588961-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g011-550.jpg?1739425962'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1588961-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g001-550.jpg?1739425947" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Preoperative imaging. (<b>A</b>) Preoperative X-ray showing a well-demarcated lesion within the calcaneus with cortical thinning and intact surrounding bone structures. (<b>B</b>) Preoperative CT scan demonstrating a 25 × 12 × 15 mm hypodense lesion in the calcaneal body, with thinning of the cortical bone and no evidence of periosteal reaction. (<b>C</b>) Preoperative MRI. (<b>a</b>) T1-weighted image showing homogenous low signal intensity. (<b>b</b>) T2-weighted image showing heterogeneous high signal intensity with central low-signal areas.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g002-550.jpg?1739425948" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>3D Surgical planning. (<b>A</b>) 3D image rendering from CT data used to simulate the calcaneal defect and design a personalized prosthesis for surgical reconstruction. (<b>B</b>) Clinical photograph of the 3D-printed prosthesis used for simulation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g003-550.jpg?1739425949" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Intraoperative findings. (<b>A</b>) Clinical photograph showing the calcaneal defect after excising the tumor via an oblique incision on the medial heel. (<b>B</b>) Intraoperative view of the implantation of the pre-designed personalized prosthesis into the calcaneal defect.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g004-550.jpg?1739425951" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Postoperative imaging. Postoperative radiographs of the calcaneus of right foot in axial and lateral views showing stable fixation and prosthesis placement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g005-550.jpg?1739425952" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Preoperative imaging. (<b>A</b>) Preoperative X-ray demonstrating a lytic lesion with well-defined margins in the tibia. (<b>B</b>) Preoperative CT scan showing the lesion’s cortical involvement and surrounding bone structure integrity. (<b>C</b>) Preoperative MRI. (<b>a</b>) T1-weighted image displaying a hypointense lesion within the tibia. (<b>b</b>) T2-weighted image showing heterogeneous hyperintensity with internal low-signal regions. (<b>c</b>) Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image highlighting the lesion’s vascular characteristics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g006-550.jpg?1739425953" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>3D Surgical planning. Three-dimensional image rendering from CT data used for preoperative planning and simulation of prosthesis design.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g007-550.jpg?1739425955" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Intraoperative findings. (<b>A</b>) Intraoperative image showing the 3D-printed cutting guide being tested for proper size and fit after bone exposure. (<b>B</b>) Cutting guide secured to the tibia using K-wires for precise positioning. (<b>C</b>) Cortical bone resection performed using the cutting guide to create a well-defined cortical window. (<b>D</b>) Verification of the alignment of the cortical window with the cutting guide. (<b>E</b>) Patient-specific prosthesis tested for fit within the bone defect, with cortical bone temporarily fixed using K-wires. (<b>F</b>) Post-curettage view showing complete removal of the tumor within the tibia cavity. (<b>G</b>) Intraoperative insertion of the patient-specific prosthesis into the tibial bone defect. (<b>H</b>) Cortical window replaced over the prosthesis for anatomical reconstruction. (<b>I</b>) Final fixation using a medial malleolar plate to secure the cortical window and prosthesis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g008-550.jpg?1739425957" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Postoperative imaging. Postoperative radiographs of the ankle in anteroposterior and lateral views showing stable fixation with a locking plate with proper prosthesis placement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g009-550.jpg?1739425959" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Preoperative imaging. (<b>A</b>) Preoperative X-ray showing a lytic lesion in the distal third of the fibula with cortical thinning and a visible fracture line. (<b>B</b>) Preoperative CT scan illustrating the lesion’s cortical destruction, dimensions, and evidence of a pathological fracture. (<b>C</b>) Preoperative MRI. (<b>a</b>) T2-weighted image demonstrating a hypointense lobulated mass with irregular margins. (<b>b</b>) Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image showing heterogeneous intermediate-to-low signal intensity with central necrotic areas and prominent extraosseous extension.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g010-550.jpg?1739425961" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Intraoperative findings. (<b>A</b>) Personalized cutting guide fixed to the fibula, facilitating en bloc resection using a microsaw. (<b>B</b>) Clinical photograph of the tumor removed via en bloc resection. (<b>C</b>) Insertion of the 3D-printed patient-specific prosthesis into the bone defect following en bloc resection.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00062/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00062-g011-550.jpg?1739425962" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Postoperative imaging. Postoperative radiographs of the ankle in anteroposterior and lateral views showing stable intramedullary prosthesis fixation and proper alignment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/62'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 959 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/61/pdf?version=1739292451" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Evaluating Bioassays for the Determination of Simvastatin’s Osteogenic Activity: A Systematic Review" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Systematic Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/61">Evaluating Bioassays for the Determination of Simvastatin’s Osteogenic Activity: A Systematic Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lara Steiner Back</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Isabella Schönhofen Manso</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mariane Beatriz Sordi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriel Leonardo Magrin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Águedo Aragonês</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ricardo de Souza Magini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Reinhard Gruber</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ariadne Cristiane Cabral Cruz</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 61; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020061">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020061</a> - 11 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Objective: Osteogenic differentiation is a complex process, and its analysis requires several biomarkers. Allied with this, there are no standardized bioassays to monitor the activity of simvastatin in osteogenesis in vitro. Therefore, identifying the most efficient and sensitive bioassays may enhance the quality <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/61/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Objective: Osteogenic differentiation is a complex process, and its analysis requires several biomarkers. Allied with this, there are no standardized bioassays to monitor the activity of simvastatin in osteogenesis in vitro. Therefore, identifying the most efficient and sensitive bioassays may enhance the quality of in vitro studies, bridging the gap with in vivo findings, saving time and resources, and benefiting the community. This systematic review aimed to determine the most efficient bioassay for simvastatin’s osteogenic activity in vitro, in terms of sensitivity. Materials and Methods: In vitro studies evaluating undifferentiated mesenchymal cells treated with simvastatin were considered eligible. References were selected in a two-phase process. Electronic databases and the grey literature were screened up to September 2023. The Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Certainty in cumulative evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Data were analyzed considering extracellular matrix mineralization, alkaline phosphatase, and the expression of potential target genes, such as bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), collagen type I, Runt-related transcription factor 2, osterix, osteocalcin, and osteopontin. Results: Fourteen studies were included. A “probably low” or a “definitely low” risk of bias was assigned to the included studies. The simvastatin concentration ranged from 0.1 nM to 10 µM. Considering a minimum 4-fold increase, simvastatin caused robust mineralization of the extracellular matrix in four studies (4.0-, 4.4-, 5.0-, and 39.5-fold). Moreover, simvastatin substantially increased BMP-2 expression in mesenchymal cells in three studies (4-, 11-, and 19-fold). Conclusion: Therefore, mineralization of the extracellular matrix and BMP-2 expression in mesenchymal cells are the most efficient bioassays for determining the osteogenic activity of simvastatin in vitro (high certainty level). These findings provide a standardized approach that can enhance the reliability and comparability of in vitro studies, bridging the gap with in vivo research and optimizing resources in the field of bone regeneration. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/61">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/22LJI7A58B ">Functional Biomaterial for Bone Regeneration</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/61/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1588996"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1588996"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1588996" data-cycle-prev="#prev1588996" data-cycle-progressive="#images1588996" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1588996-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00061/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00061-g001-550.jpg?1739292555" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1588996" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1588996-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00061/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00061-g002-550.jpg?1739292557'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1588996-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00061/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00061-g001-550.jpg?1739292555" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow diagram of literature search and selection criteria adapted from PRISMA. References were selected in a two-phase process. Electronic databases (Embase, LILACS, LIVIVO, PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) and grey literature databases (Google Scholar, Open Grey, and ProQuest) were searched up to September 2023.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/61'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00061/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00061-g002-550.jpg?1739292557" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Summary of data showing the x-fold increase determined by each bioassay. The data of the simvastatin-treated group are normalized using the same treatment with no simvastatin (osteogenic medium or non-osteogenic medium). Studies are in alphabetic order. Ahmadi et al. (2022) [<a href="#B27-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">27</a>], Chuang et al. (2015) [<a href="#B23-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">23</a>], Huang et al. (2019) [<a href="#B24-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">24</a>], Kupcsik et al. (2009) [<a href="#B25-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">25</a>], Lee et al. (2019) [<a href="#B31-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">31</a>], Ni et al. (2023) [<a href="#B16-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">16</a>], Pagkalos et al. (2010) [<a href="#B29-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">29</a>], Qiao et al. (2011) [<a href="#B28-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">28</a>], Sabandal et al. (2022) [<a href="#B30-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">30</a>], Shao et al. (2019) [<a href="#B22-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">22</a>], Sun et al. (2009) [<a href="#B26-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">26</a>], Tai et al. (2015) [<a href="#B15-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">15</a>], Zhang et al. (2018) [<a href="#B21-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">21</a>], and Zhou et al. (2010) [<a href="#B14-jfb-16-00061" class="html-bibr">14</a>]. Each geometric shape represents one bioassay. ■: BMP-2 transcript; ☐: COL1 transcript; ●: ALP transcript; ○: ALP; ▲: BGLAP transcript; △: RUNX2 transcript; ▼: Mineralization; +: BMP-9 transcript; ◆: OSX transcript; ◇: BGLAP; ⊠: IBSP transcript; ✸: RUNX2.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/61'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 1217 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/60/pdf?version=1739529673" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Dental Implant Survival Rates: Comprehensive Insights from a Large-Scale Electronic Dental Registry" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/60">Dental Implant Survival Rates: Comprehensive Insights from a Large-Scale Electronic Dental Registry</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guy Tobias</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tali Chackartchi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Doron Haim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jonathan Mann</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mordechai Findler</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 60; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020060">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020060</a> - 11 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: This descriptive study aimed to assess the survival rates and outcomes of dental implants in one of the four national HMOs in Israel. Data are provided for the period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2022. Materials and Methods: This retrospective <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/60/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: This descriptive study aimed to assess the survival rates and outcomes of dental implants in one of the four national HMOs in Israel. Data are provided for the period from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2022. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis utilized electronic medical records of patients who underwent dental implant placement during the specified period. Statistical analyses included chi-squared tests, Student’s <i>t</i>-tests, and generalized estimating equation (GEE) analyses to identify potential risk factors associated with early and late implant failures. Results: A total of 158,824 dental implants were placed in 53,874 patients. The overall implant failure rate was 2.21%, while the early failure rate during the osseointegration phase—before prosthetic reconstruction—was 1.56%. Significant associations with implant failure were observed for male patients (2.53% failure rate), implants in the maxillary molar region (3%), and the central incisor region (3.37%), approximately double the failure rates seen in other implant sites (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Conclusions: This extensive data analysis demonstrates a low overall failure rate for dental implants. The highest failure incidence occurred within the first year post-implantation, declining in subsequent years irrespective of rehabilitation status. Early failure risk factors differ based on various factors and should be carefully integrated into presurgical planning. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/60">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/5N2Q30Q07T ">Biomechanical Studies and Biomaterials in Dentistry</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/60/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1588465"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1588465"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1588465" data-cycle-prev="#prev1588465" data-cycle-progressive="#images1588465" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1588465-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00060/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00060-g001-550.jpg?1739529738" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1588465" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1588465-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00060/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00060-g002-550.jpg?1739529739'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1588465-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00060/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00060-g003-550.jpg?1739529741'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1588465-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00060/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00060-g001-550.jpg?1739529738" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A. Survival and failure of dental implants.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/60'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00060/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00060-g002-550.jpg?1739529739" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Gender differences in number of dental implants and failure rate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/60'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00060/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00060-g003-550.jpg?1739529741" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Number and rate (%) of failure in different locations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/60'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 28277 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/59/pdf?version=1739263906" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Enhancing Bone Repair: Impact of Raloxifene-Functionalized Cerabone® on Rat Calvarial Defects" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/59">Enhancing Bone Repair: Impact of Raloxifene-Functionalized Cerabone<sup>®</sup> on Rat Calvarial Defects</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Laura Gabriela Macedo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriel Mulinari-Santos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Natália Barbosa de Siqueira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Letícia Pitol-Palin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana Cláudia Ervolino da Silva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paula Buzo Frigério</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Roberto Botacin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Noronha Lisboa-Filho</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roberta Okamoto</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 59; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020059">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020059</a> - 11 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Bone substitutes are commonly used in bone regeneration, and their functionalization with bioactive molecules can significantly enhance bone regeneration by directly influencing bone cells. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of raloxifene-functionalized Cerabone<sup>®</sup> (CB) for promoting bone repair and to highlight <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/59/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Bone substitutes are commonly used in bone regeneration, and their functionalization with bioactive molecules can significantly enhance bone regeneration by directly influencing bone cells. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of raloxifene-functionalized Cerabone<sup>®</sup> (CB) for promoting bone repair and to highlight the implications in bone regeneration. The effectiveness of Cerabone<sup>®</sup> functionalized with raloxifene via sonication or gel delivery in promoting bone repair in rat calvaria defects was assessed. Ninety-six male rats with critical-sized calvarial defects were divided into six treatment groups (n = 16): COAG (spontaneous blood clot), CB (Cerabone<sup>®</sup>), CBS (Cerabone<sup>®</sup> sonicated alone), CBRS (Cerabone<sup>®</sup> with raloxifene sonicated), CBG (Cerabone<sup>®</sup> with gel vehicle), and CBRG (Cerabone<sup>®</sup> with 20% raloxifene gel). After 14 and 28 days, samples were analyzed using microtomography, histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry, and fluorescence techniques. Quantitative data were statistically analyzed, comparing each group to the control CB group with significance set at <i>p</i> < 0.05. Micro-CT analysis demonstrated a significant increase in bone volume in the CBRS, CBRG, and CBS groups at 28 days compared to the CB group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Specifically, the mean bone volume percentages for the CBRS, CBRG, CBS, and CB groups were 21.18%, 17.51%, 13.18%, and 7.8%, respectively. Histomorphometry showed increased new bone formation in the CBRS and CBRG groups at both 14 and 28 days. Fluorescence analysis revealed a significantly higher daily mineral apposition rate in the CBRS and CBRG groups at 28 days. These findings suggest that raloxifene-functionalized CB, delivered via sonication or gel, significantly enhances bone repair by improving bone volume and mineralization, highlighting its potential as an effective strategy for bone regeneration. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/59">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/VZB7Z0B099 ">Biomaterials in Bone Reconstruction</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/59/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1588350"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1588350"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1588350" data-cycle-prev="#prev1588350" data-cycle-progressive="#images1588350" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g001-550.jpg?1739264110" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1588350" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g002-550.jpg?1739264112'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g003-550.jpg?1739264114'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g004-550.jpg?1739264117'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g005-550.jpg?1739264119'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g006-550.jpg?1739264122'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g007-550.jpg?1739264125'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g008-550.jpg?1739264127'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g009-550.jpg?1739264131'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1588350-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g010-550.jpg?1739264133'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1588350-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g001-550.jpg?1739264110" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Microcomputerized tomography analysis at the bone calvarial defect. Morphologic parameters with mean results and standard deviation were calculated and reported as follows: (<b>A</b>) bone volume per tissue volume (BV/TV); (<b>B</b>) trabecular thickness (Tb.Tb); (<b>C</b>) trabecular number (Tb.N.); (<b>D</b>) trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). The * indicate a significant statistical difference (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05) in comparison to the CB group. Statistical tests: two-way ANOVA; Tukey post-test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g002-550.jpg?1739264112" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The microtomographic reconstruction of bone repair for each group at 28 days is presented. The microtomography images are representative of all six groups: COAG, CB, CBG, CBRG, CBS, and CBRS, respectively. The microtomography was performed using CTvox software (SkyScan, Version 2.7).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g003-550.jpg?1739264114" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Histological images of bone repair at 14 days. The lower images of each group provide an overview in the sagittal plane, while the upper images present a detailed close-up of the tissue in the defect area for each group: COAG, CB, CBG, CBRG, CBS, and CBRS. Decalcified sections were prepared and stained with HE. NB indicates new bone formation, CT represents connective tissue, and CB denotes CB particles. The red dotted square in the lower images denotes the descriptive area from which the high-magnification areas in the upper images were derived. Scale bars represent 30 µm (upper images) and 1 mm (lower images). Original magnifications: 40× (upper images) and 4× (lower images).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g004-550.jpg?1739264117" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Histological images of bone repair at 28 days. The lower images of each group provide an overview in the sagittal plane, while the upper images present a detailed close-up of the tissue in the defect area for each group: COAG, CB, CBG, CBRG, CBS, and CBRS. Decalcified sections were prepared and stained with HE. NB indicates new bone formation, CT represents connective tissue, and CB denotes CB particles. The red dotted square in the lower images denotes the descriptive area from which the high-magnification areas in the upper images were derived. Scale bars represent 30 µm (upper images) and 1 mm (lower images). Original magnifications: 40× (upper images) and 4× (lower images).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g005-550.jpg?1739264119" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Column graphs of the histomorphometric parameters in the calvaria bone repair. Histomorphometric mean results and standard deviation of the new bone formed at 14 days (<b>A</b>) and at 28 days (<b>B</b>), following the percentage of biomaterial at 14 days (<b>C</b>) and at 28 days (<b>D</b>). The * indicates significant statistical difference in comparison to the CB group (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). Statistical tests: two-way ANOVA; Tukey post-test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g006-550.jpg?1739264122" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Immunohistochemical staining of PECAM at 14 and 28 days for CB, CBG, CBRG, CBS, and CBRS. The red arrows indicate the positive imunostaining for PECAM. Scale bar = 100 µm. Original magnification: 20×.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g007-550.jpg?1739264125" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Immunohistochemical staining of RUNX-2 at 14 and 28 days for CB, CBG, CBRG, CBS, and CBRS. The red arrows indicate the positive imunostaining for RUNX-2. Scale bar = 100 µm. Original magnification: 20×.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g008-550.jpg?1739264127" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Immunohistochemical staining of osteopontin (OPN) at 14 and 28 days for CB, CBG, CBRG, CBS, and CBRS. The red arrows indicate the positive imunostaining for OPN. Scale bar = 100 µm. Original magnification: 20×.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g009-550.jpg?1739264131" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Fluorescent images showing bone mineralization at the edge (superior part) and the center of the bone defect (inferior part). Calcein (green) labels mature bone mineralization at 14 postoperative days, while alizarin (red) marks new bone mineralization at 42 postoperative days for COAG, CB, CBG, CBRG, CBS, and CBRS. The letter (S) indicates the superior part of the defect, while the letter (I) represents the inferior part of the defect. Original magnification: 20×.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00059/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00059-g010-550.jpg?1739264133" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Column graphs showing bone mineralization marked by fluorochromes, with the mean and error bars. The calcein area is represented as green columns at 14 post-operative days, and the alizarin area as denoted as red columns at 42 post-operative days in μm<sup>2</sup> (<b>A</b>). Daily mineral apposition rate (MAR, μm/day) during calvarial bone repair (<b>B</b>). The asterisk (*) indicates a significant statistical difference compared to the CB group (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/59'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 1128 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/58/pdf?version=1739269931" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Factors Affecting the Color Change of Monolithic Zirconia Ceramics: A Narrative Review" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/58">Factors Affecting the Color Change of Monolithic Zirconia Ceramics: A Narrative Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ebru Binici Aygün</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Esra Kaynak Öztürk</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ayşe Bilge Tülü</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bilge Turhan Bal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seçil Karakoca Nemli</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Merve Bankoğlu Güngör</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 58; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020058">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020058</a> - 11 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Zirconia restorations are widely used in dentistry due to their high esthetic expectations and physical durability. However, zirconia’s opaque white color can compromise esthetics. Therefore, zirconia is often veneered with porcelain, but fractures may occur in the veneer layer. Monolithic zirconia restorations, which <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/58/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Zirconia restorations are widely used in dentistry due to their high esthetic expectations and physical durability. However, zirconia’s opaque white color can compromise esthetics. Therefore, zirconia is often veneered with porcelain, but fractures may occur in the veneer layer. Monolithic zirconia restorations, which do not require porcelain veneering and offer higher translucency, have been developed to address this issue. Zirconia exists in three main crystal phases: monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic. Metal oxides such as yttrium are added to stabilize the tetragonal phase at room temperature. 3Y-TZP contains 3 mol% yttrium and provides high mechanical strength but has poor optical properties. Recently, 4Y-PSZ and 5Y-PSZ ceramics, which offer better optical properties but lower mechanical strength, have been introduced. This review examines the factors affecting the color change in monolithic zirconia ceramics. These factors are categorized into six main groups: cement type and color, restoration thickness, substrate color, sintering, aging, and zirconia type. Cement type and color are crucial in determining the final shade, especially in thin restorations. Increased restoration thickness reduces the influence of the substrate color while the sintering temperature and process improve optical properties. These findings emphasize the importance of material selection and application processes in ensuring esthetic harmony in zirconia restorations. This review aims to bridge gaps in the literature by providing valuable insights that guide clinicians in selecting and applying zirconia materials to meet both esthetic and functional requirements in restorative dentistry. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/58">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/U397CJ17JI ">Ceramic, Zirconia, and Resin-Based Composite for Restorative Dentistry</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/58/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1588568"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1588568"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1588568" data-cycle-prev="#prev1588568" data-cycle-progressive="#images1588568" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1588568-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00058/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00058-g001-550.jpg?1739270205" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1588568" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1588568-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00058/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00058-g002-550.jpg?1739270208'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1588568-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00058/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00058-g001-550.jpg?1739270205" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The contents and translucency levels of the generations of the zirconia ceramics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/58'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00058/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00058-g002-550.jpg?1739270208" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A brief summary of the factors affecting the color change in monolithic zirconia ceramics.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/58'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1587881" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1587881" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1587881" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/57/s1?version=1739500204"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 3421 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 3615 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/57/pdf?version=1739426879" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Fabrication of PVA Coatings Applied to Electrospun PLGA Scaffolds to Prevent Postoperative Adhesions" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/57">Fabrication of PVA Coatings Applied to Electrospun PLGA Scaffolds to Prevent Postoperative Adhesions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Arsalan D. Badaraev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Evgenii V. Plotnikov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vladislav R. Bukal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gleb E. Dubinenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Johannes Frueh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sven Rutkowski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sergei I. Tverdokhlebov</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 57; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020057">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020057</a> - 10 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> There is currently a demand for anti-adhesive materials that are capable of preventing the formation of intra-abdominal adhesions. In this study, electrospun poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds were dip-coated in aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol with concentrations of 3 wt.%, 6 wt.% and 9 wt.% to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/57/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> There is currently a demand for anti-adhesive materials that are capable of preventing the formation of intra-abdominal adhesions. In this study, electrospun poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds were dip-coated in aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol with concentrations of 3 wt.%, 6 wt.% and 9 wt.% to obtain a nontoxic and anti-adhesive biomedical material. The viscosities of the applied 3 wt.%, 6 wt.% and 9 wt.% polyvinyl alcohol solutions were 7.7 mPa∙s, 38.2 mPa∙s and 180.8 mPa∙s, respectively, and increased exponentially. It is shown that increasing the viscosity of the polyvinyl alcohol solution from 6 wt.% to 9 wt.% increases the thickness of the polyvinyl alcohol layer from (3.32 ± 0.97) µm to (8.09 ± 1.43) µm. No pronounced polyvinyl alcohol layer can be observed on samples dip-coated in 3 wt.% PVA solution. Increasing the viscosity of the polyvinyl alcohol solution from 3 wt.% to 9 wt.% increases the mechanical properties of the poly(lactide-co-glycolide) samples by a factor of 1.16–1.45. Cytotoxicity analysis of all samples reveals that none is toxic to 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. A cell adhesion assay indicates that the anti-adhesion properties increase with increasing viscosity of the polyvinyl alcohol solution and the thickness of the polyvinyl alcohol layer on the poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffolds. Fluorescence images of the cells show that as the thickness of the polyvinyl alcohol coating increases, the number of cells decreases, and they do not cover the surface of the samples and form spherical three-dimensional agglomerates. The highest mechanical and anti-adhesion properties are obtained with the poly(lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold sample dip-coated in the 9 wt.% polyvinyl alcohol solution. This is because this sample has the thickest polyvinyl alcohol coating. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/57">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/XY9X2E6591 ">Scaffold for Tissue Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/57/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1587881"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1587881"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1587881" data-cycle-prev="#prev1587881" data-cycle-progressive="#images1587881" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1587881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g001-550.jpg?1739500397" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1587881" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1587881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g002-550.jpg?1739500405'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1587881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g003-550.jpg?1739500407'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1587881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g004-550.jpg?1739500409'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1587881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g005-550.jpg?1739500412'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1587881-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g006-550.jpg?1739500414'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1587881-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g001-550.jpg?1739500397" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the preparation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds, their dip-coating in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and the investigation methods employed in this study. In the first stage, PLGA scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning. At the second stage, the prepared PLGA scaffolds were dip-coated in aqueous solutions with PVA concentrations of 3 wt.%, 6 wt.% and 9 wt.%. Finally, the physico-chemical, morphological, cytotoxic and anti-adhesion properties of the samples prepared in this study were determined using the methods illustrated. The abbreviations used refer to the following: BFM—bright-field microscopy, SEM—scanning electron microscopy, OP—optical profilometry, EDX—energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, FTIR—Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, XRD—X-ray diffraction and TGA—thermal gravimetric analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/57'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g002-550.jpg?1739500405" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Morphology of PLGA scaffolds before (PLGA) and after dip-coating in three PVA solutions (PVA3%, PVA6%, PVA9%). On the left are bright-field (BF) micrographs, in the middle are scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs at 5000× magnification and on the right are interferometric surface topography micrographs obtained by optical profilometry (OP). n = 5 for each microscopic method, whereby the micrographs displayed here are representative of the respective sample group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/57'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g003-550.jpg?1739500407" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Values of the mean fiber diameter, porosity and average roughness depth (R<sub>z</sub>) of PLGA scaffolds before (PLGA) and after dip-coating (PVA3%, PVA6%, PVA9%): (<b>a</b>) mean fiber diameter values based on bright-field (BF) micrographs (mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD), n = 200); (<b>b</b>) mean fiber diameter values based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs (M ± SD, n = 200); (<b>c</b>) porosity of the scaffolds, calculated using the gravimetric method (M ± SD, n = 3); (<b>d</b>) average roughness depth (R<sub>z</sub>), calculated from interferometric surface topography measurements (M ± SD, n = 6–10). Abbreviation “n.s.”—not statistically significant.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/57'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g004-550.jpg?1739500409" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Cross-sectional bright-field micrographs, thicknesses of the PVA coating and the PLGA scaffolds of the samples before (PLGA) and after dip-coating (PVA3%, PVA6%, PVA9%): (<b>a</b>) cross-sectional micrographs taken with 10× and 20× objectives; (<b>b</b>) thickness of PVA layers on PLGA scaffolds (mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD), n = 50); (<b>c</b>) overall thickness of the samples (M ± SD, n = 50).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/57'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g005-550.jpg?1739500412" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Cell adhesion of mouse fibroblast of the cell line 3T3-L1 on the surface of unmodified (PLGA) and dip-coated (PVA3%, PVA6%, PVA9%) scaffolds and cytotoxicity of sample extracts: (<b>a</b>) fluorescent micrographs of mouse fibroblast of the cell line 3T3-L1 visualizing their adhesion to the sample surfaces; (<b>b</b>) viability of mouse fibroblast of the cell line 3T3-L1 in the sample extracts indicating the cytotoxic properties of the samples (mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD), n = 12); (<b>c</b>) number of cells counted from the fluorescent micrographs (M ± SD, n = 12).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/57'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00057/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00057-g006-550.jpg?1739500414" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Schematic overview of the investigation results obtained for the unmodified PLGA scaffolds and PVA-coated scaffold samples. The samples are as follows: PLGA—unmodified electrospun PLGA scaffold; PVA3% to PVA9%—PLGA scaffolds dip-coated in aqueous PVA solutions with PVA concentrations of 3 wt.%, 6 wt.% and 9 wt.%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/57'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1587816" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1587816" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1587816" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/56/s1?version=1739196041"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1394 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 8322 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/56/pdf?version=1739197387" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Electrospun Silk Fibroin–Silk Sericin Scaffolds Induced Macrophage Polarization and Vascularization for Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/56">Electrospun Silk Fibroin–Silk Sericin Scaffolds Induced Macrophage Polarization and Vascularization for Volumetric Muscle Loss Injury</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuqing Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fangyu Ye</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinbo Wei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Manman Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zheng Xing</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haifeng Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 56; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020056">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020056</a> - 10 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Volumetric muscle loss (VML) results in the impediment of skeletal muscle function. Tissue engineering scaffolds have been widely developed and used in skeletal muscle regeneration. However, scaffold implantation causes an immune response that endogenously regulates implant integration and tissue regeneration. Moreover, vascularization is <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/56/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Volumetric muscle loss (VML) results in the impediment of skeletal muscle function. Tissue engineering scaffolds have been widely developed and used in skeletal muscle regeneration. However, scaffold implantation causes an immune response that endogenously regulates implant integration and tissue regeneration. Moreover, vascularization is thought to be a principal obstacle in the reconstruction of skeletal muscle defects. Thus, creating a pro-regenerative microenvironment that facilitates muscle regeneration and supports angiogenesis represents a promising strategy for tissue repair following volumetric muscle loss (VML) injury. Previously, the electrospun silk fibroin–silk sericin (SF-SS) film could regulate macrophage polarization and promote neovessel formation. This study aimed to investigate if the electrospun SF-SS scaffold was capable of supporting functional muscle regeneration. The results indicate that the conditioned medium collected from macrophages co-cultured with the 7:3 SF-SS scaffold significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of myoblast C2C12 cells and improved the tube formation of HUVECs. Data from animal studies showed that the 7:3 SF-SS scaffold significantly enhanced M2 macrophage polarization, vascularization, and muscle fiber regeneration, reduced fibrosis, and improved muscle function after VML injury, thereby promoting the repair of muscle tissue. Therefore, the 7:3 SF-SS scaffold might represent a potential candidate for skeletal muscle regeneration following VML injury. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/56">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/46Z5X800FX ">Functional Composite Biomaterials for Tissue Repair</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/56/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1587816"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1587816"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1587816" data-cycle-prev="#prev1587816" data-cycle-progressive="#images1587816" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-ag-550.jpg?1739197496" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1587816" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g001-550.jpg?1739197481'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g002-550.jpg?1739197482'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g003-550.jpg?1739197484'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g004-550.jpg?1739197486'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g005-550.jpg?1739197488'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g006-550.jpg?1739197491'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g007-550.jpg?1739197494'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1587816-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g008-550.jpg?1739197495'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1587816-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-ag-550.jpg?1739197496" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g001-550.jpg?1739197481" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of scaffolds. (<b>A</b>) 10:0, (<b>B</b>) 7:3, (<b>C</b>) the average diameter, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> ± s, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 6). Statistical analysis was estimated using Tukey–Kramer’s test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g002-550.jpg?1739197482" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>CCK-8 assays for C2C12 cell viability with the conditioned media, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> ± s, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). The non-scaffold group indicates the conditioned media collected from macrophages which were directly seeded onto six-well plates without scaffolds. The control group means the mixture of 1640 complete medium and the complete medium.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g003-550.jpg?1739197484" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Scratch assay for C2C12 cell migration with the conditioned media. (<b>A</b>): represented images, (<b>B</b>): the percentage of wound closure. The statistical evaluation was performed with GraphPad Prism 9.0, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> ± s, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g004-550.jpg?1739197486" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>In vitro tube formation assay and quantification of HUVEC organization in different conditioned culture media. (<b>A</b>): photos of HUVEC cells cultured in different conditioned media for 4 h, (<b>B</b>): images processed with IPP 6.0 software, (<b>C</b>): total length, (<b>D</b>): number of meshes, (<b>E</b>): number of junctions. The statistical evaluation was performed with GraphPad Prism 9.0, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> ± s, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g005-550.jpg?1739197488" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Morphology evaluation and quantified analysis of TA muscle at 8 weeks postinjury. (<b>A</b>): H&amp;E staining and Masson’s trichrome staining of remodeled TA muscle in different groups at 8 weeks postinjury, (<b>B</b>): quantified analysis of average regenerating fiber size, (<b>C</b>): quantified analysis of surface ratio of collagen fiber deposition. Images were captured at 20× and 200× magnification. Scale bar, 100 μm. Black dotted lines in the images represent the boundary between the remaining muscle mass and the regenerated region. Statistical evaluation was performed with GraphPad Prism 9.0, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> ± s, <span class="html-italic">n</span>= 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g006-550.jpg?1739197491" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Macrophage polarization on days 7 and 14 postinjury. (<b>A</b>) Representative immunofluorescence images showing CCR7 (M1 marker, green) and CD206 (M2 marker, red). (<b>B</b>) Quantitative analysis of M2/M1 ratio performed using ImageJ. Statistical evaluation was conducted with GraphPad Prism 9.0, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> ± s, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g007-550.jpg?1739197494" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Muscle fiber regeneration. (<b>A</b>) Immunofluorescence staining of TA muscle remodeling in different groups 8 weeks postinjury, including COL I, MHC, CD31. Scale bar, 100 μm. (<b>B</b>) The ratio of MHC/COL I. (<b>C</b>) Myofiber diameter at 8 weeks postinjury. (<b>D</b>) CD31 expression. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 9, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 and ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </semantics></math> ± s, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Significance was estimated using ANOVA for multiple comparisons.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00056/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00056-g008-550.jpg?1739197495" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Functional evaluation of TA muscle exposed to VML injury (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics></math> ± s, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3), ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 vs. control.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/56'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 2817 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/55/pdf?version=1739164191" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG)-Loaded Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Seems to Be Effective in a Rat Model of Collagenase-Induced Achilles Tendinopathy" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/55">Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG)-Loaded Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Seems to Be Effective in a Rat Model of Collagenase-Induced Achilles Tendinopathy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hwa Jun Kang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sivakumar Allur Subramanian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Si Young Song</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jihyun Hwang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Collin Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sung Jae Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 55; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020055">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020055</a> - 10 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Tendon injuries account for 45% of musculoskeletal injuries. However, research on the occurrence and pathogenesis of tendinopathy is insufficient, and there is still much debate regarding treatment methods. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses because <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/55/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Tendon injuries account for 45% of musculoskeletal injuries. However, research on the occurrence and pathogenesis of tendinopathy is insufficient, and there is still much debate regarding treatment methods. It is important to understand the molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses because oxidative stress in tendon tissue is induced by various factors, including inflammatory cytokines, drug exposure, and metabolic abnormalities. In this study, 28 rats were divided into four groups (7 rats assigned to each group): control group (CON), collagenase injection group (CL), collagenase injection and hyaluronic acid injection group (CL + HA), and collagenase injection and EGCG-loaded hyaluronic acid injection group (CL + HA + EGCG). Seven weeks after the start of the study, all rats underwent histochemical analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot. The results showed increased inflammatory cells, disarray of collagen matrix, and degradation of the collagen matrix in the CL group. However, in the EGCG-treated group, there was a significant increase in type I collagen expression and a significant decrease in type III collagen expression, compared to the CL group. Additionally, there was an increase in the expression of antioxidant markers SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) and CAT (Catalase), tenogenic markers COLL-1 (collagen type I), and SCX (Scleraxis), and a downregulated expression of apoptosis markers cas-3 and cas-7. Our findings suggest that EGCG-loaded hyaluronic acid hydrogel exhibits potential in preventing tendon damage and promoting the regeneration process in a rat model of Achilles tendinopathy. The insights gained from our histological and molecular investigations highlight the future potential for testing novel tendinopathy treatments in human subjects. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/55">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/P0D11W26T8 ">Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/55/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1587313"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1587313"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1587313" data-cycle-prev="#prev1587313" data-cycle-progressive="#images1587313" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1587313-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g001-550.jpg?1739164384" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1587313" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1587313-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g002-550.jpg?1739164385'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1587313-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g003-550.jpg?1739164388'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1587313-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g004-550.jpg?1739164389'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1587313-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g005-550.jpg?1739164392'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1587313-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g006-550.jpg?1739164394'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1587313-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g007-550.jpg?1739164396'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1587313-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g001-550.jpg?1739164384" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Procedure for exposing the central region of the Achilles tendon in experimental rats and injecting type I collagenase into the central tendon region.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/55'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g002-550.jpg?1739164385" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic abstract of study design.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/55'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g003-550.jpg?1739164388" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Preliminary experiments of histological evaluation of collagenase-induced chronic tendinopathy in rat Achilles tendons for establishing a chronic tendinopathy model (H&amp;E staining). (<b>A</b>) Control tendon showing normal alignment of collagen matrix and minimal cellularity, with no evidence of inflammation or extracellular matrix disruption. (<b>B</b>) Tendon treated with collagenase 30 μL (10 mg/mL) at 14 days, displaying disorganized collagen matrix, cellular infiltration (yellow arrows), and regions of extracellular matrix degradation. (<b>C</b>) Magnified view of a region from (<b>B</b>), highlighting prominent cellular infiltration (yellow arrows) and localized collagen fiber disruption, reflecting acute tendon injury pattern. (<b>D</b>) Tendon treated with collagenase 50 μL (10 mg/mL) at 14 days, showing further fiber disorganization, increased cellular infiltration (yellow arrows), and visible neovascularization (green arrows). (<b>E</b>) Magnified region from (<b>D</b>), emphasizing areas of inflammatory cell aggregation (yellow arrows) and vascular proliferation (green arrows). (<b>F</b>) Tendon treated with collagenase 30 μL (10 mg/mL) at 18 days, demonstrating severe collagen matrix disruption, extensive extracellular matrix degradation, and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration (yellow arrows). (<b>G</b>) Magnified region from (<b>F</b>), illustrating advanced tissue damage, including severe fiber disorganization and dense inflammatory infiltration, reflecting chronic lesion (yellow arrows). *, collagen fiber.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/55'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g004-550.jpg?1739164389" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The gross observations at the final tissue collection time point for rats in each group: CON (<b>A</b>), CL (<b>B</b>), CL + HA (<b>C</b>), and CL + HA + EGCG (<b>D</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/55'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g005-550.jpg?1739164392" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>H&amp;E staining showed that the HA +EGCG group exhibited tendon cell (spindle cell) morphology and proliferation, collagen matrix characteristics, collagen matrix alignment maintenance, and vascularity most resembling that of the control group. (<b>A</b>) Control group, normal tendon architecture without degradation. (<b>B</b>) Collagenase-treated group, severe tissue degradation and disrupted collagen structure. (<b>C</b>) Collagenase + HA group, partial restoration of collagen structure, with improved tissue alignment. (<b>D</b>) Collagenase + HA + EGCG group, enhanced recovery of collagen structure and alignment compared to the Collagenase + HA group, indicating a synergistic effect of HA and EGCG on tissue repair. Bonar score ranges from 0 to 12, indicating the severity of pathological changes in the tendon. The CL group showed a significant increase in the total Bonar score compared to the control group. Both the HA and HA + EGCG groups exhibited significantly reduced Bonar scores compared to the CL group. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/55'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g006-550.jpg?1739164394" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Masson’s trichrome staining at 4 weeks post-treatment; the HA + EGCG-treated group showed the best collagen matrix realignment compared to the other groups. (<b>A</b>) Control group, well-organized and intact collagen fibers with minimal disruption. (<b>B</b>) Collagenase-treated group, Significant degradation and disorganization of collagen fibers, with marked loss of structural integrity. (<b>C</b>) Collagenase + HA group, partial restoration of collagen structure and improved fiber alignment, suggesting the protective effect of HA. (<b>D</b>) Collagenase + HA + EGCG group, substantial recovery of collagen fiber organization and enhanced structural integrity compared to the Collagenase + HA group, indicating a synergistic effect of HA and EGCG.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/55'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00055/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00055-g007-550.jpg?1739164396" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Western blot analysis was used to investigate the protein expression of SOD, CAT, COLL-1, COLL-III, SCX, Cas-3, and Cas-7 in the experiment groups. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/55'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 28 pages, 18458 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/54/pdf?version=1739091236" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Hybrid Biomechanical Design of Dental Implants: Integrating Solid and Gyroid Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Architectures for Optimized Stress Distribution" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/54">Hybrid Biomechanical Design of Dental Implants: Integrating Solid and Gyroid Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Lattice Architectures for Optimized Stress Distribution</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dawit Bogale Alemayehu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Masahiro Todoh</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Song-Jeng Huang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 54; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020054">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020054</a> - 9 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Dental implantology has evolved significantly since the introduction of additive manufacturing, which allows for the reproduction of natural bone’s porous architecture to improve bone tissue compatibility and address stress distribution issues important to long-term implant success. Conventional solid dental implants frequently cause <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/54/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Dental implantology has evolved significantly since the introduction of additive manufacturing, which allows for the reproduction of natural bone’s porous architecture to improve bone tissue compatibility and address stress distribution issues important to long-term implant success. Conventional solid dental implants frequently cause stress shielding, which compromises osseointegration and reduces durability. Aim: The current research proposes to examine the biomechanical efficacy of fully and hybrid gyroid triply periodic minimum surface (TPMS) latticed implants across different cell sizes to optimize stress distribution and improve implant durability. Methods: This study evaluates six fully and hybrid gyroid (TPMS) latticed implants, including fully latticed designs with three cell sizes—FLI_111 (1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm), FLI_222 (2 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm), and FLI_333 (3 mm × 3 mm × 3 mm)—and hybrid gyroid TPMS latticed implants with solid necks in corresponding sizes—HI_111, HI_222, and HI_333. To enhance initial stability, a square-threaded design was added into the bottom part of both fully and hybrid lattice implants. The designs also incorporate anti-rotational connections to enhance fixation, and they undergo a clinical viability comparison with contemporary implants. To improve lattice designs, finite element analysis (FEA) was utilized through nTopology (nTOP 4.17.3) to balance stiffness and flexibility. To examine mechanical performance under realistic conditions, a dynamic mastication loading simulation was conducted for 1.5 s across three cycles. Results: The findings reveal that hybrid implants, particularly HI_222, exhibited improved mechanical characteristics by reducing micromotions at the bone–implant interface, improving osteointegration, and attaining better stress distribution. Conclusions: By addressing stress shielding and boosting implant performance, this work paves the way for personalized implant designs, developing dental technology, and improving clinical results. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/54">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/353DEYH32J ">Biomaterials and Biomechanics Modelling in Dental Implantology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/54/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1587070"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1587070"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1587070" data-cycle-prev="#prev1587070" data-cycle-progressive="#images1587070" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g001-550.jpg?1739091365" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1587070" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g002-550.jpg?1739091368'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g003-550.jpg?1739091371'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g004-550.jpg?1739091374'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g005-550.jpg?1739091377'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g006-550.jpg?1739091379'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g007-550.jpg?1739091380'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g008-550.jpg?1739091383'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g009-550.jpg?1739091385'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g010-550.jpg?1739091387'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g011-550.jpg?1739091389'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g012-550.jpg?1739091392'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g013-550.jpg?1739091394'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g014-550.jpg?1739091396'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g015-550.jpg?1739091398'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g016-550.jpg?1739091400'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1587070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g017-550.jpg?1739091401'><p>Figure 17</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1587070-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g001-550.jpg?1739091365" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Assembled implant system 3D and 2D drawings.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g002-550.jpg?1739091368" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Dental implant models with (<b>a</b>) fully and (<b>b</b>) hybrid gyroid lattice configurations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g003-550.jpg?1739091371" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FE mesh for (<b>a</b>) fully latticed implant, (<b>b</b>) assembled dental implant, (<b>c</b>) hybrid latticed implant, and (<b>d</b>) zoomed-in FE mesh details indicated by rectangle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g004-550.jpg?1739091374" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Dental implant system, (<b>a</b>) dynamic mastication loading for 0.5 s with 2 Hz in a single cycle, and (<b>b</b>) its components.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g005-550.jpg?1739091377" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Workflow for the design and manufacturing steps.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g006-550.jpg?1739091379" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Oblique dynamic loading distribution at 118.2 N in buccal–lingual, axial, and mesiodistal directions over a 0.5 s mastication cycle.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g007-550.jpg?1739091380" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Fully latticed implant with a cell size of 333 mesh sensitivity analysis, showing maximum stress against time with different element sizes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g008-550.jpg?1739091383" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>FEA Stress Contour Plots for von Mises stress distributions in assembled and cross-sectioned views of three fully gyroid latticed dental implants with varying cell sizes: (<b>a</b>) FLI_111, (<b>b</b>) FLI_222, and (<b>c</b>) FLI_333.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g009-550.jpg?1739091385" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>FEA stress contour plots showing maximum von Mises stress distributions in the assembled and detailed rectangular sections of the hybrid latticed dental implant system with three varied cell sizes: (<b>a</b>) HI_111, (<b>b</b>) HI_222, and (<b>c</b>) HI_333.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g010-550.jpg?1739091387" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Maximum von Mises stress distribution for fully latticed implants—(<b>a</b>) FLI_111, (<b>b</b>) FLI_222, (<b>c</b>) FLI_333; and for hybrid latticed implants—(<b>d</b>) HI_111, (<b>e</b>) HI_222, (<b>f</b>) HI_333.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g011-550.jpg?1739091389" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Maximum von Mises stress distribution in retaining screw for various cell sizes—(<b>a</b>) FLI_111, (<b>b</b>) FLI_222, (<b>c</b>) FLI_333 for fully latticed implants, and (<b>d</b>) HI_111, (<b>e</b>) HI_222, (<b>f</b>) HI_333 for hybrid latticed implants.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g012-550.jpg?1739091392" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Maximum von Mises stress distributions for fully gyroid latticed dental implants across various cell sizes in cortical bone—(<b>a</b>) FLI_111, (<b>b</b>) FLI_222, (<b>c</b>) FLI_333—and cancellous bone—(<b>d</b>) FLI_111, (<b>e</b>) FLI_222, (<b>f</b>) FLI_333.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g013-550.jpg?1739091394" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Maximum von Mises stress distributions for hybrid gyroid latticed dental implants across various cell sizes in cortical bone—(<b>a</b>) HI_111, (<b>b</b>) HI_222, (<b>c</b>) HI_333—and cancellous bone—(<b>d</b>) HI_111, (<b>e</b>) HI_222, (<b>f</b>) HI_333.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g014-550.jpg?1739091396" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Maximum von Mises stress distributions for fully gyroid latticed dental implants across various cell sizes in crown—(<b>a</b>) FLI_111, (<b>b</b>) FLI_222, (<b>c</b>) FLI_333—and abutment—(<b>d</b>) FLI_111, (<b>e</b>) FLI_222, (<b>f</b>) FLI_333.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g015-550.jpg?1739091398" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Maximum von Mises stress distributions for hybrid gyroid latticed dental implants across various cell sizes in crown—(<b>a</b>) HI_111, (<b>b</b>) HI_222, (<b>c</b>) HI_333—and abutment—(<b>d</b>) HI_111, (<b>e</b>) HI_222, (<b>f</b>) HI_333.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g016-550.jpg?1739091400" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Micro-strain in three cycles of mastication for fully latticed configurations at various cell size (FLI_111, FLI_222, and FLI_333).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00054/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00054-g017-550.jpg?1739091401" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Micro-strain under three cycles of mastication for the hybrid latticed configuration at various cell sizes (HI_111, HI_222, and HI_333).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/54'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 29 pages, 13680 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/53/pdf?version=1739522490" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Influence of Processing Parameters on Additively Manufactured Architected Cellular Metals: Emphasis on Biomedical Applications" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/53">Influence of Processing Parameters on Additively Manufactured Architected Cellular Metals: Emphasis on Biomedical Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yixuan Shi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuzhe Zheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chengcong Huang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shangyan Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuan Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuchen Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuzhi Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peipei Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luning Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yageng Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 53; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020053">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020053</a> - 8 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has emerged as a transformative additive manufacturing technique for fabricating architected cellular metallic structures, offering tailored properties for diverse biomedical applications. These structures are particularly well-suited for bone implants, scaffolds, and other load-bearing medical devices due to their <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/53/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has emerged as a transformative additive manufacturing technique for fabricating architected cellular metallic structures, offering tailored properties for diverse biomedical applications. These structures are particularly well-suited for bone implants, scaffolds, and other load-bearing medical devices due to their ability to achieve lightweight designs, enhanced mechanical properties, and customized geometries. However, the complex interactions between LPBF process parameters and the resulting structural and mechanical properties pose significant challenges in achieving the precision and reliability required for clinical applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of LPBF process parameters, including laser power, scanning speed, and layer thickness, on key attributes such as dimensional accuracy, density, surface roughness, and microstructure. Their influence on the mechanical performance, including strength, fatigue resistance, and functional properties, is critically examined, with specific attention to biomedical relevance. The impact of lattice design factors, such as topology, unit cell size, and orientation, is also discussed, underscoring their role in optimizing biocompatibility and structural integrity for medical applications. Challenges such as surface defects, geometric inaccuracies, and microstructural inconsistencies are highlighted as key barriers to the broader adoption of LPBF in biomedical fields. Future perspectives focus on advancing LPBF technologies through process optimization and integration with advanced computational tools, such as machine learning, to enable efficient manufacturing of complex, patient-specific architectures. By addressing these challenges, LPBF has the potential to revolutionize the development of next-generation biomaterials, tailored to meet evolving clinical needs and improve patient outcomes. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/53">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/1DIPINI2LY ">Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside—2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/53/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1586566"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1586566"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1586566" data-cycle-prev="#prev1586566" data-cycle-progressive="#images1586566" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g001-550.jpg?1739522752" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1586566" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g002-550.jpg?1739522754'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g003-550.jpg?1739522757'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g004-550.jpg?1739522759'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g005-550.jpg?1739522761'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g006-550.jpg?1739522765'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g007-550.jpg?1739522766'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g008-550.jpg?1739522768'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g009-550.jpg?1739522771'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g010-550.jpg?1739522772'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g011-550.jpg?1739522776'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g012-550.jpg?1739522778'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g013-550.jpg?1739522779'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g014-550.jpg?1739522781'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g015-550.jpg?1739522784'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1586566-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g016-550.jpg?1739522786'><p>Figure 16</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1586566-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g001-550.jpg?1739522752" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the LPBF process. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B4-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">4</a>]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g002-550.jpg?1739522754" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Main process parameters in the LPBF process.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g003-550.jpg?1739522757" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Laser-related parameters: (<b>a</b>) pulsed wave (PW) and continuous wave (CW) laser types [<a href="#B30-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">30</a>] (<span class="html-italic">P</span>: power, <span class="html-italic">t</span>: time); (<b>b</b>) single track deposition melt pool with different laser types (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B30-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">30</a>]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier); (<b>c</b>) laser beam profile with Gaussian beam and flat-top beams (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B35-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">35</a>]); (<b>d</b>) melt pool characteristics and dendritic growth pattern with different laser beam profiles (δ: crystalline angle; Arrows: crystalline orientation; Colors: heat concentration; Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B37-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">37</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g004-550.jpg?1739522759" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of different types of scanning strategies [<a href="#B41-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">41</a>]: (<b>a</b>) unidirectional scan, (<b>b</b>) bi-directional/zigzag scan; (<b>c</b>) island scan; (<b>d</b>) variation of scanning sequences based on unidirectional scan; (<b>e</b>) variation of scanning sequences based on bi-directional scan; (<b>f</b>) helix scan; (<b>g</b>) contour scan; (<b>h</b>) bi-directional, double pass of laser beam; (<b>i</b>) bi-directional, double pass of laser beam, 90° rotation scan vector between layers; (<b>j</b>) cross scan; (<b>k</b>) bidirectional, single pass of laser beam, 90° rotation of scan vector between layers; (<b>l</b>) 90° rotation of unidirectional scan between successive layers; (<b>m</b>) 45° rotation of scan vector; (<b>n</b>) point melting scan. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B41-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. Copyright 2021 Springer Nature) (Arrows: different direction; Numbers: Scan in sequence).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g005-550.jpg?1739522761" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Temperature-related parameters: (<b>a</b>) vectorial temperature gradient of LPBF Inconel 738 with different preheating temperatures (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B50-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">50</a>]); (<b>b</b>) defect analysis micrograph of LPBF H10 tool steel with different preheating temperatures (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B52-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">52</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g006-550.jpg?1739522765" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Powder-related parameters: (<b>a</b>) cross-sectional optical micrographs of LPBF AlSi10Mg with coarse and fine powders (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B57-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">57</a>]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier); (<b>b</b>) microstructure of LPBF AlSi10Mg with coarse and fine powders [<a href="#B57-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">57</a>]; (<b>c</b>) surface roughness of LPBF Ti6Al4V fabricated at different layer thicknesses; and (<b>d</b>) density of LPBF Ti6Al4V fabricated at different layer thicknesses (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B60-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">60</a>]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g007-550.jpg?1739522766" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Interactions between laser power, scanning speed, scan spacing, and layer thickness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g008-550.jpg?1739522768" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Different types of architected cellular structures.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g009-550.jpg?1739522771" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The effects of process parameters on dimensional accuracy: (<b>a</b>) forming mechanism of powder adhesions on struts (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B77-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">77</a>]. Copyright 2018 Elsevier); (<b>b</b>) laser filling patterns with and without LBC; (<b>c</b>) optical microscope images of NiTi stents at the strut region obtained by using varied LBC values (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B78-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. Copyright 2023 Springer Nature); and (<b>d</b>) actual thickness and design thickness of LPBF Ti6Al4V horizontal strut.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g010-550.jpg?1739522772" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The effects of process parameters on density: (<b>a</b>) variation of porosity within the struts as a function of laser power at certain scanning speed for LPBF AlSi10Mg (Apated with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B81-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">81</a>]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier); (<b>b</b>) comparison of the inclined AlSi10Mg struts produced by the default LPBF process parameters and the contour strategy (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B82-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">82</a>]. Copyright 2022 Elsevier); (<b>c</b>) internal porosity distribution in three Ti6Al4V gyroid lattice structures [<a href="#B83-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">83</a>]; and (<b>d</b>) S-N curves of the gyroid lattice structures with different internal porosities in (<b>c</b>) (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B83-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">83</a>]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g011-550.jpg?1739522776" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The effects of process parameters on surface roughness: (<b>a</b>) arithmetic average roughness (<span class="html-italic">R<sub>a</sub></span>) of lower surface of LPBF AlSi10Mg struts with different processing parameters [<a href="#B85-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">85</a>]; (<b>b</b>) schematic diagram of lower surface roughness caused by laser penetration and infiltration effect (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B85-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">85</a>]); (<b>c</b>) details of the maximum principal stress distribution for micro-CT model of normal gyroid and CAD model of normal gyroid (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B87-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">87</a>]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier); (<b>d</b>) surface morphology of the LPBF Ti6Al4V samples before and after post treatment [<a href="#B88-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">88</a>]; and (<b>e</b>) normalized S-N curves of lattice Ti6Al4V structures with different post-treatments (AP: as printed, SB: sand blasted) (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B88-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">88</a>]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g012-550.jpg?1739522778" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The effect of surface roughness on cell behavior: (<b>a</b>) graphic showing the basic cell to material interactions on smooth or textured rough surfaces (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B89-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">89</a>]); (<b>b</b>) immunofluorescent staining of OCN and OPN of MC3T3s after 21 d with different surface treatments on LPBF titanium (P: control, AM: as-built, AE: acid etching, AN: anodization) (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B90-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">90</a>]); (<b>c</b>) MSCs cell morphology is influenced by local topological features (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B91-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">91</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g013-550.jpg?1739522779" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Engineering manufacturing of LPBF scaffolds and their biological relevance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g014-550.jpg?1739522781" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>The effects of process parameters on microstructures: (<b>a</b>) schematic illustration showing the different laser scanning methods including continuous laser (CL) scan and pulsed laser (PL) scan [<a href="#B93-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">93</a>]; (<b>b</b>) EBSD inverse pole figure (IPF) maps of LPBF Ti6Al4V specimens with CL and PL scan (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B93-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">93</a>]); (<b>c</b>) MTT proliferation assay of L929 cells grown for 24 h in the extracts of LPBF 316L specimens at three different scanning speeds (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B97-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">97</a>]. Copyright 2017 Springer nature), (*: Statistically Significant Differences); and (<b>d</b>) fluorescence micrographs representing immunocytochemistry of fibronectin (left-hand side) expressed by pre-osteoblasts after incubation for orientations (Adapted with permission 48 h and stained with DAPI (right-hand side) on austenitic stainless steel of different grain sizes (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B98-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">98</a>] Copyright 2013 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g015-550.jpg?1739522784" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>The interplay between structure design and process parameters: (<b>a</b>) schematic of inclination angle of the struts (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B13-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">13</a>]); (<b>b</b>) compressive stress–strain curves obtained from the LPBF 316L stainless steel gyroid cellular lattice structures at the normal or worst orientations (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B99-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">99</a>]. Copyright 2014 Elsevier); (<b>c</b>) probability density distributions of LPBF AlSi10Mg normalized deviation for struts with different build orientations (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B100-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">100</a>]. Copyright 2019 Elsevier); and (<b>d</b>) typical optical and SEM (upper zone A and lower zone B of inset) images of the microstructure of the tilted struts and EDX point analyses of the cellular–dendritic network [<a href="#B100-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">100</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00053/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00053-g016-550.jpg?1739522786" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>The integration of ML on LPBF cellular metallic biomaterials: (<b>A</b>) BN-based and MLP-based model for relative density prediction of LPBF Ti6Al4V alloys (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B103-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">103</a>]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier); (<b>B</b>) schematic of the ML based design framework by coupling with AM to develop subject-specific bone scaffolds: (<b>a</b>) An initial bulk scaffold, (<b>b</b>) A homogenised bulk scaffold to output macro strain, (<b>c</b>) Micro unit cells for optimization, (<b>d</b>) Wolff’s law model to evaluate the long-term bone growth results inside the bulk scaffold, (<b>e</b>) The U-Net neural network to output micro strain components, (<b>f</b>) 3D printing of optimised subject-specific scaffolds using the lithography-based ceramic manufacturing technique, (<b>g</b>) Bayesian optimisation (BO) to optimise the structure of micro unit cells. (Adapted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B105-jfb-16-00053" class="html-bibr">105</a>]).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/53'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 13597 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/52/pdf?version=1738923081" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Suture-Mediated Delivery System Reduces the Incidence of Uterine Scarring Through the TGF-β Pathway" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/52">Suture-Mediated Delivery System Reduces the Incidence of Uterine Scarring Through the TGF-β Pathway</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>He Bai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wei Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuanxuan Yan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lin Qiu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pengfei Cui</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weiyang Chen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 52; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020052">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020052</a> - 7 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In recent years, factors such as the postponement of childbearing and the relaxation of the childbearing policy have led to an increase in the proportion of cesarean sections and other intrauterine surgeries among pregnant women, further increasing the incidence of uterine scars. Currently, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/52/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In recent years, factors such as the postponement of childbearing and the relaxation of the childbearing policy have led to an increase in the proportion of cesarean sections and other intrauterine surgeries among pregnant women, further increasing the incidence of uterine scars. Currently, there is a lack of effective clinical treatment methods for uterine scars. In this study, a suture loaded with gene medicine was designed for the repair of uterine scars. Specifically, the non-viral vector Lipo8000 was first used to form a complex solution with the plasmid TGF-β3. Then, it was mixed and adsorbed with the surgical sutures pretreated with recombinant human type III collagen (RhCol III). In vitro experiments confirmed that RhCol III and the plasmid were successfully loaded onto the sutures and could be released and expressed. In vivo experiments were carried out using a rat model simulating uterine scars. The section results showed that compared with the scar model group, the expression level of TGF-β3 in the RhCol III+TGF-β3 group increased by 39%, the expression level of TGF-β1 decreased by 62.8%, and the fibrosis rate decreased by 16.8%, which has a positive effect on the prevention of uterine scars. This study integrates the therapeutic medicine into the sutures, ensuring that the medicine can come into contact with the wound site after suturing. Moreover, RhCol III and the gene medicine work synergistically to promote the repair of uterine wounds. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/52">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jfb/sections/biomaterials_tissue_engineering">Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/52/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1585762"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1585762"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1585762" data-cycle-prev="#prev1585762" data-cycle-progressive="#images1585762" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1585762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g001-550.jpg?1738923154" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1585762" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1585762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g002-550.jpg?1738923158'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1585762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g003-550.jpg?1738923162'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1585762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g004-550.jpg?1738923165'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1585762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g005-550.jpg?1738923168'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1585762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g006-550.jpg?1738923171'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1585762-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g007-550.jpg?1738923173'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1585762-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g001-550.jpg?1738923154" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the preparation method for sutures loaded with RhCol III and gene-based therapeutic TGF-β3, and the application in preventive treatment of uterine scarring.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/52'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g002-550.jpg?1738923158" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Feasibility and related characterization of medicine loading on sutures. (<b>A</b>) Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of sutures before and after DNA adsorption. Scale bar: 50 μm; 10 μm. (<b>B</b>) Inverted fluorescence microscope images of EB-DNA adsorbed onto sutures. Scale bar: 50 μm; 100 μm. (<b>C</b>) Changes in DNA adsorption capacity of sutures before and after the adsorption of RhCol III. (<b>D</b>) Cumulative release rate of DNA within 12 h from sutures before (<b>a</b>) and after (<b>b</b>) collagen adsorption. (<b>E</b>) Particle size distribution of DNA loaded onto different carriers, PEI<sub>25K</sub> (<b>a</b>) and Lipo8000 (<b>b</b>). (<b>F</b>) (<b>a</b>) Particle size and (<b>b</b>) zeta potential. Each value represents the mean ± SD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/52'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g003-550.jpg?1738923162" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>In vitro expression of medicine-loaded sutures. (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>) Expression results of TGF-β3 in 293T cells (scale bar: 100 μm) and human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) (scale bar: 200 μm) for sutures coated with different concentrations of RhCol III. (<b>B</b>) (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Flow cytometry-based quantitative analysis of transfection efficiency in 293T cells. (<b>D</b>) (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Flow cytometry-based quantitative analysis of transfection efficiency in hESCs. (<b>E</b>) (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Western blot analysis of hESCs after transfection for 48 h. Each value represents the mean ± SD. (the more asterisks (*) there are, the stronger the significant difference indicates, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001). Due to the inherent characteristics of the cells, the transfection efficiency of hESCs (human endometrial stromal cells) was significantly weaker than that of 293T cells (<b>C</b>). Quantitative analysis using flow cytometry showed that sutures treated with RhCol III at a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL demonstrated better transfection efficiency, which was consistent with the previous fluorescence quantitation results obtained with 293T cells (<b>D</b>) (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/52'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g004-550.jpg?1738923165" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The ability of RhCol III to promote cell proliferation and migration. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) The proliferative effects of various concentrations of RhCol III on 3T3 cells and hESCs. (<b>C</b>) (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) The migration-promoting effect of different concentrations of RhCol III on 3T3 cells at various time points (scale bar: 500 μm) and statistical analysis of cell migration rates. (<b>D</b>) (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) The migration-promoting effect of different concentrations of RhCol III on hESCs (scale bar: 500 μm) and statistical analysis of cell migration rates. (the more asterisks (*) there are, the stronger the significant difference indicates, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/52'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g005-550.jpg?1738923168" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Therapeutic effects of medicine-loaded sutures on uterine scars in rats. (<b>A</b>) Schematic illustration and timeline of the surgical procedure, with different grouping arrangements. (<b>B</b>) Photographic images of uterine tissue morphology after treatment. (<b>C</b>) Corresponding hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained sections for different groups. Scale bars: 500 μm, 100 μm. (<b>D</b>) (<b>a</b>) Corresponding immunohistochemical staining for CD31. Scale bars: 500 μm, 50 μm. (<b>D</b>) (<b>b</b>) Quantitative analysis of CD31 protein expression levels. (the more asterisks (*) there are, the stronger the significant difference indicates, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/52'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g006-550.jpg?1738923171" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Immunohistochemical staining and expression analysis of transforming growth factor-β3 and -β1. (<b>A</b>) Corresponding immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β3. Scale bars: 500 μm, 50 μm. (<b>B</b>) Corresponding immunohistochemical staining for TGF-β1. Scale bars: 500 μm, 50 μm. (<b>C</b>) Quantitative analysis of TGF-β3 protein expression levels. (<b>D</b>) Quantitative analysis of TGF-β1 protein expression levels. (the more asterisks (*) there are, the stronger the significant difference indicates, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/52'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00052/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00052-g007-550.jpg?1738923173" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Antifibrotic effects of medicine-eluting sutures on uterine scars in rats. (<b>A</b>) (<b>a</b>) Corresponding Masson’s trichrome staining. Scale bars: 500 μm, 50 μm. (<b>A</b>) (<b>b</b>) Quantitative analysis of fibrosis. (<b>B</b>) Corresponding Sirius red staining. Scale bars: 500 μm, 50 μm. (<b>C</b>) Corresponding histological sections under polarized light. These sections indicate a reduction in the expression of Collagen I at the uterine suture site following treatment with medicine-eluting sutures. Scale bars: 1000 μm, 200 μm. (the more asterisks (*) there are, the stronger the significant difference indicates, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/52'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1585491" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1585491" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1585491" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/51/s1?version=1738912128"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 329 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 2192 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/51/pdf?version=1738912128" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Next-Generation Biomaterials for Wound Healing: Development and Evaluation of Collagen Scaffolds Functionalized with a Heparan Sulfate Mimic and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/51">Next-Generation Biomaterials for Wound Healing: Development and Evaluation of Collagen Scaffolds Functionalized with a Heparan Sulfate Mimic and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Merel Gansevoort</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sabine Wentholt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gaia Li Vecchi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marjolein de Vries</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elly M. M. Versteeg</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bouke K. H. L. Boekema</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agnes Choppin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Denis Barritault</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Franck Chiappini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Toin H. van Kuppevelt</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Willeke F. Daamen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 51; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020051">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020051</a> - 7 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Fibrosis after full-thickness wound healing—especially after severe burn wounds—remains a clinically relevant problem. Biomaterials that mimic the lost dermal extracellular matrix have shown promise but cannot completely prevent scar formation. We present a novel approach where porous type I collagen scaffolds were covalently <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/51/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Fibrosis after full-thickness wound healing—especially after severe burn wounds—remains a clinically relevant problem. Biomaterials that mimic the lost dermal extracellular matrix have shown promise but cannot completely prevent scar formation. We present a novel approach where porous type I collagen scaffolds were covalently functionalized with ReGeneRating Agent (RGTA<sup>®</sup>) OTR4120. RGTA<sup>®</sup> is a glycanase-resistant heparan sulfate mimetic that promotes regeneration when applied topically to chronic wounds. OTR4120 is able to capture fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), a heparan/heparin-binding growth factor that inhibits the activity of fibrosis-driving myofibroblasts. Scaffolds with various concentrations and distributions of OTR4120 were produced. When loaded with FGF-2, collagen–OTR4120 scaffolds demonstrated sustained release of FGF-2 compared to collagen–heparin scaffolds. Their anti-fibrotic potential was investigated in vitro by seeding primary human dermal fibroblasts on the scaffolds followed by stimulation with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) to induce myofibroblast differentiation. Collagen–OTR4120(-FGF-2) scaffolds diminished the gene expression levels of several myofibroblast markers. In absence of FGF-2 the collagen–OTR4120 scaffolds displayed an inherent anti-fibrotic effect, as the expression of two fibrotic markers (TGF-β1 and type I collagen) was diminished. This work highlights the potential of collagen–OTR4120 scaffolds as biomaterials to improve skin wound healing. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/51">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/WP0V7B99W0 ">Biomaterials for Wound Healing and Tissue Repair</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/51/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1585491"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1585491"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1585491" data-cycle-prev="#prev1585491" data-cycle-progressive="#images1585491" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1585491-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00051/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00051-g001-550.jpg?1738912373" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1585491" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1585491-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00051/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00051-g002-550.jpg?1738912376'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1585491-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00051/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00051-g003-550.jpg?1738912378'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1585491-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00051/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00051-g004-550.jpg?1738912380'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1585491-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00051/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00051-g001-550.jpg?1738912373" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Effect of production method (“soak” versus “mix”) on the content and distribution of heparin or OTR4120 in collagen scaffolds after crosslinking. The final heparin (<b>A</b>) or OTR4120 (<b>B</b>) content of the scaffolds can be controlled by adjusting the % heparin or OTR4120 used during crosslinking. The heparin or OTR4120 content was not affected by the production method. Data are represented as mean ± SD (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Differences were tested with a paired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test including a two-stage step-up approach with significance threshold of q &lt; 0.01, * <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0015. (<b>C</b>) Representative images for the localization of heparin or OTR4120 in cross-sections of collagen scaffolds with 0.025% heparin or OTR4120 using a single-chain antibody (HS4C3). Mixing in heparin or OTR4120 results in an even distribution throughout the scaffolds. Dashed line indicates outer edge of the scaffold. Scale bar is 100 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/51'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00051/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00051-g002-550.jpg?1738912376" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>FGF-2 captured by γ-sterilized collagen scaffolds with mixed in 0.025% heparin (COL-HEP), 0.025% OTR4120 (COL-OTR), and no additives (0%: COL). (<b>A</b>) Image displays Western blot with the ~15 kDa protein marker in red and FGF-2 protein bands in green, with an FGF-2 standard series and the FGF-2 captured by COL, COL-HEP, and COL-OTR. Graph presents the quantified amount of FGF-2 captured, normalized to sample weight (mean ± SD, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). All scaffold types captured similar amounts of FGF-2 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &gt; 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test and α = 0.05). (<b>B</b>) Representative images of indirect immune fluorescent assay on scaffold cross-sections, where brightfield shows the whole scaffold, HS4C3 (red) labels heparin or OTR4120, and FGF-2 is labeled in green. Merged images show co-localization of heparin/OTR4120 and FGF-2 in orange. COL-HEP and COL-OTR are evenly covered with heparin and OTR4120, respectively. The distribution of FGF-2 is similar across all three scaffolds, with co-localization with heparin (COL-HEP) and OTR4120 (COL-OTR) in various areas. Dashed line indicates the outer edge of the scaffold and scale bar is 100 μm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/51'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00051/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00051-g003-550.jpg?1738912378" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FGF-2 release profiles from γ-sterilized scaffolds with 0.025% heparin (COL-HEP) or 0.025% OTR4120 (COL-OTR) and without additives (0%: COL). (<b>A</b>) Cumulative release profiles of FGF-2 in PBS at 37 °C, where data points of three scaffold batches are presented along with a line representing the mean cumulative release (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). COL released 10× less FGF-2 compared to the other scaffold type. COL-HEP burst-released FGF-2 within 1 day, whereas COL-OTR more gradually released FGF-2. (<b>B</b>) Quantification of FGF-2 remaining in the collagen scaffolds after 30 days of incubation in PBS. Western blot (left) shows the ~15 kDa protein marker (in red) and protein bands of FGF-2 (in green) for the standard curve and each batch of scaffolds (n1, n2, n3). The FGF-2 signal was quantified using the calibration curve and normalized to sample weight; the results are presented in the graph (mean ± SD, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3) and indicate that most of FGF-2 remains unreleased, with large differences between the scaffold batches (no statistical analysis was performed).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/51'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00051/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00051-g004-550.jpg?1738912380" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Effect of collagen–heparin (COL-HEP), collagen–OTR4120 (COL-OTR), and collagen-only (COL) scaffolds with/without FGF-2 on the expression of myofibroblast markers by primary human dermal fibroblasts. (<b>A</b>) α-smooth muscle actin gene expression levels (ACTA2). (<b>B</b>) α-smooth muscle actin protein abundance (α-SMA). (<b>C</b>–<b>E</b>) Gene expression levels of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1) (<b>C</b>); type I collagen A1 (COL1A1) (<b>D</b>); and fibronectin extra domain A (EDA-FN) (<b>E</b>). Overall, the presence of FGF-2 limited the upregulation of myofibroblast markers. OTR4120 had an inherent anti-fibrotic effect as HDFs on COL-OTR scaffolds expressed significantly less TGFB1 and COL1A1 in reaction to TGF-β1 treatment. Data are represented as mean ± SD and N = 3 (three separate donors). C = control scaffold without FGF-2 and no treatment with TGF-β1; T = scaffold without FGF-2 but cells were treated with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1; F = scaffold loaded with FGF-2 but no addition of TGF-β1; T + F = scaffold with FGF-2 and with addition of 10 ng/mL TGF-β1. Differences between COL, COL-HEP, and COL-OTR were tested with two-way ANOVA including Tukey’s multiple comparison test (α = 0.05); *: <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.036; **: <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0019; ***: <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0003; ****: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/51'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 4715 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/50/pdf?version=1738890638" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Comparison of Photochemically Sealed Commercial Biomembranes for Nerve Regeneration" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/50">Comparison of Photochemically Sealed Commercial Biomembranes for Nerve Regeneration</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Bejar-Chapa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicolò Rossi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicholas C. King</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David M. Kostyra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Madison R. Hussey</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kalyn R. McGuire</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mark A. Randolph</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Robert W. Redmond</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jonathan M. Winograd</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 50; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020050">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020050</a> - 6 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Peripheral nerve injuries affect 13–23 per 100,000 people annually in the U.S. and often result in motor and sensory deficits. Microsurgical suture repair (SR) is the standard treatment but is technically challenging and associated with complications. Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB), which uses light <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/50/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Peripheral nerve injuries affect 13–23 per 100,000 people annually in the U.S. and often result in motor and sensory deficits. Microsurgical suture repair (SR) is the standard treatment but is technically challenging and associated with complications. Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB), which uses light and a photoactivated dye to bond collagenous tissues, offers a promising alternative. We compared PTB with commercially available collagen membranes for SR and PTB using cryopreserved human amnion (HAM) in a rat sciatic nerve transection model. In total, 75 Lewis rats underwent nerve repair with one of five methods: SR, PTB-HAM, PTB with commercial collagenous membranes (human amnion monolayer (AML), human amnion–chorion–amnion trilayer (ATL), or swine intestinal submucosa (SIS)). Functional recovery was assessed with walking tracks and the Static Sciatic Index (SSI) at days 30, 60, 90, and 120; histological evaluations at days 30 and 120 examined inflammation, axon density, and fascicle structure. No significant differences in SSI scores were found between groups, though PTB-AML and PTB-SIS improved over time. Histology showed inflammation at day 30 that decreased by day 120. Histomorphometry revealed similar axon regeneration across groups. These results suggest that PTB with commercial membranes is a viable alternative to SR. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/50">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/14IG1CRI9I ">Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/50/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1584884"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1584884"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1584884" data-cycle-prev="#prev1584884" data-cycle-progressive="#images1584884" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1584884-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g001-550.jpg?1738890777" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1584884" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1584884-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g002-550.jpg?1738890779'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1584884-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g003-550.jpg?1738890783'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1584884-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g004-550.jpg?1738890788'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1584884-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g005-550.jpg?1738890789'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1584884-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g006-550.jpg?1738890793'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1584884-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g001-550.jpg?1738890777" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Nerve Semiquantitative Scoring System (NSQSS) measures the axon density within each nerve sample: (<b>a</b>) unoperated (control) nerve; (<b>b</b>) score 5: high density of axons similar to unoperated nerve; (<b>c</b>) score 4: approximately 75% axon density of a control nerve; (<b>d</b>) score 3: axon density approximately 50% of an unoperated nerve; (<b>e</b>) score 2: axon density is 25% of a control nerve; (<b>f</b>) score 1: very few or no axons present. Majority of tissue is connective tissue; 5x and 20x magnification are shown in each panel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/50'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g002-550.jpg?1738890779" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Average Static Sciatic Index (SSI), by repair group, recorded monthly from pre-op baseline to POD120. The error bars show standard deviations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/50'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g003-550.jpg?1738890783" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>H&amp;E-stained longitudinal sections of sciatic nerve and muscle (left 0.5x with scale bar to 5 mm, right 2x with scale bar to 1 mm) harvested at POD30. (<b>a</b>) UN: unoperated nerve, (<b>b</b>) AML: amnion monolayer, (<b>c</b>) ATL: amnion trilayer, (<b>d</b>) SIS: swine intestinal submucosa, (<b>e</b>) HAM: human amniotic membrane, (<b>f</b>) SR: suture repair. Note: the scale bar at the bottom shows 5 mm on the left, and 1 mm on the right column. The black boxes represent the enlarged image areas that are shown on the right.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/50'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g004-550.jpg?1738890788" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>H&amp;E-stained longitudinal sections of sciatic nerve and muscle (left 0.9x with a scale bar to 2.5 mm, right 2.5x with a scale bar to 1 mm) harvested at POD120. (<b>a</b>) UN: unoperated nerve, (<b>b</b>) AML: amnion monolayer, (<b>c</b>) ATL: amnion trilayer, (<b>d</b>) SIS: swine intestinal submucosa, (<b>e</b>) HAM: human amniotic membrane, (<b>f</b>) SR: suture repair. The black boxes represent the enlarged image areas that are shown on the right.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/50'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g005-550.jpg?1738890789" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Dot plot showing the median axon density scores for each sample, by repair group, at proximal and distal locations at POD120. Note that samples were excluded from the groups due to poor quality of the sections.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/50'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00050/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00050-g006-550.jpg?1738890793" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Toluidine blue-stained cross-sections of nerves from different groups. (<b>A</b>) UN: unoperated nerve, (<b>B</b>) AML: amnion monolayer, (<b>C</b>) ATL: amnion–chorion–amnion trilayer, (<b>D</b>) SIS: swine intestinal submucosa, (<b>E</b>) HAM: human amniotic membrane, (<b>F</b>) SR: suture repair. Magnification: 5x with a scale bar to 500 μm, and 80x with a scale bar to 25 μm. The red boxes represent the enlarged image areas that are shown below.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/50'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 26 pages, 12541 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/49/pdf?version=1738808456" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Towards the Standardization of Artificial Aging Protocols for Dental Composites: Evaluation of Proposed Methods" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/49">Towards the Standardization of Artificial Aging Protocols for Dental Composites: Evaluation of Proposed Methods</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agata Szczesio-Wlodarczyk</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karolina Kopacz</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Katarzyna Ranoszek-Soliwoda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jerzy Sokolowski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kinga Bociong</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 49; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020049">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020049</a> - 4 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In restorative dentistry, there are no standardized in vitro accelerated aging methods to evaluate the long-term stability of dental composites. Current research aimed at extending the clinical success of restorations emphasizes the need for post-aging evaluation. This study represents the final stage of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/49/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In restorative dentistry, there are no standardized in vitro accelerated aging methods to evaluate the long-term stability of dental composites. Current research aimed at extending the clinical success of restorations emphasizes the need for post-aging evaluation. This study represents the final stage of assessing three selected aging protocols that utilize a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution as the primary agent to accelerate degradation processes. Twelve resin-based composites, categorized into five types, were evaluated for flexural strength (FS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), hardness (HV), and fracture toughness (FT) both before and after aging. The proposed aging methods significantly degraded the mechanical properties of most materials, highlighting the effectiveness of 0.1 M NaOH as a medium for hydrolytic stability testing. Materials with a high filler content (approximately 80 wt.%) were notably prone to degradation, underscoring the importance of optimizing the filler and coupling agent. The findings suggest that incorporating thermocycling into aging protocols may enhance the development and evaluation of innovative dental composites. This work contributes to establishing a foundation for standardized aging protocols, supporting the accurate assessment of composites in vitro. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/49">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/RBR306D4S9 ">Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine—2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/49/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1583130"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1583130"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1583130" data-cycle-prev="#prev1583130" data-cycle-progressive="#images1583130" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g001-550.jpg?1738808598" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1583130" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g002-550.jpg?1738808600'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g003-550.jpg?1738808603'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g004-550.jpg?1738808608'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A1-550.jpg?1738808614'><p>Figure A1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A2-550.jpg?1738808620'><p>Figure A2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A3-550.jpg?1738808624'><p>Figure A3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A4-550.jpg?1738808628'><p>Figure A4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A5-550.jpg?1738808633'><p>Figure A5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A6-550.jpg?1738808637'><p>Figure A6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A7-550.jpg?1738808642'><p>Figure A7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1583130-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A8-550.jpg?1738808644'><p>Figure A8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1583130-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g001-550.jpg?1738808598" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Water absorption curves as a function of time of tested materials.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g002-550.jpg?1738808600" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph of Filtek Ultimate at ×5000 (<b>A</b>) and ×15,000 magnification (<b>B</b>) after aging (water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH 7 days, 60 °C. Filler particles (F), polymer matrix (M), cracks in the filler particles (crack), rinsed-out filler particles (plucking), and degraded bonding areas between the filler particles and the resin matrix (debonding) are marked.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g003-550.jpg?1738808603" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrograph of Heliomolar Flow at ×5000 (<b>A</b>) and ×15,000 magnification (<b>B</b>) after aging (water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C. Filler particles (F), polymer matrix (M), cracks in the filler particles (crack), rinsed-out filler particles (plucking), and degraded bonding areas between the filler particles and the resin matrix (debonding) are marked.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g004-550.jpg?1738808608" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The average percentage changes in the flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), diametral tensile strength (DTS), Vickers hardness (HV), and fracture toughness (FT) values of the tested materials after the selected aging protocols. Key: 0—no change; positive value—the selected property was higher than the control value after applying aging protocol.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A1-550.jpg?1738808614" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of Filtek Ultimate at ×3500 magnification after three aging protocols: control—water, 24 h, 37 °C; 7 d NaOH—0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; thermocycling + NaOH—water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; and 5 d water + NaOH—water, 5 days, 55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A2-550.jpg?1738808620" title=" <strong>Figure A2</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of Heliomolar Flow at ×3500 magnification after three aging protocols: control—water, 24 h, 37 °C; 7 d NaOH—0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; thermocycling + NaOH—water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; and 5 d water + NaOH—water, 5 days, 55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A3-550.jpg?1738808624" title=" <strong>Figure A3</strong><br/> <p>Percentage changes in the flexural strength (FS) values of the tested materials after the selected aging protocols. Key: 0—no change; positive value—the selected property was higher than the control value after applying the protocol. The aging conditions used were as follows: 7 d NaOH—0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; thermocycling + NaOH—water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; 5 d water + NaOH—water, 5 days, 55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A4-550.jpg?1738808628" title=" <strong>Figure A4</strong><br/> <p>Percentage changes in the flexural modulus (FM) values of the tested materials after the selected aging protocols. Key: 0—no change; positive value—the selected property was higher than the control value after applying the protocol. The aging conditions used were as follows: 7 d NaOH—0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; thermocycling + NaOH—water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; 5 d water + NaOH—water, 5 days, 55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A5-550.jpg?1738808633" title=" <strong>Figure A5</strong><br/> <p>Percentage changes in diametral tensile strength (DTS) values of the tested materials after the selected aging protocols. Key: 0—no change; positive value—the selected property was higher than the control value after applying the protocol. The aging conditions used were as follows: 7 d NaOH—0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; thermocycling + NaOH—water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; 5 d water + NaOH—water, 5 days, 55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A6-550.jpg?1738808637" title=" <strong>Figure A6</strong><br/> <p>Percentage changes in Vickers hardness (HV) values of the tested materials after the selected aging protocols. Key: 0—no change; positive value—the selected property was higher than the control value after applying the protocol. The aging conditions used were as follows: 7 d NaOH—0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; thermocycling + NaOH—water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; 5 d water + NaOH—water, 5 days, 55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A7-550.jpg?1738808642" title=" <strong>Figure A7</strong><br/> <p>Percentage changes in the fracture toughness (FT) values of the tested materials after the selected aging protocols. Key: 0—no change; positive value—the selected property was higher than the control value after applying the protocol. The aging conditions used were as follows: 7 d NaOH—0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; thermocycling + NaOH—water, 7500 thermocycles, 5/55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C; 5 d water + NaOH—water, 5 days, 55 °C and 0.1 M NaOH, 7 days, 60 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00049/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00049-g0A8-550.jpg?1738808644" title=" <strong>Figure A8</strong><br/> <p>Selected stress–strain curves observed during diametral tensile strength tests.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/49'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 256 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/48/pdf?version=1738572303" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Graft Infections with Xenogeneic Grafts—A Single-Center Experience" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/48">Treatment of Peripheral Vascular Graft Infections with Xenogeneic Grafts—A Single-Center Experience</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Agnieszka Święszek</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wiktor Kruczek</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michał Serafin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dorota Łyko-Morawska</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tomasz Urbanek</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wacław Kuczmik</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 48; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020048">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020048</a> - 1 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Introduction:</b> Vascular graft infections (VGEIs) are rare but severe complications in vascular surgery. The choice of reconstruction material following graft removal is critical, particularly for infection prevention. This study evaluates the use of No-React<sup>®</sup> BioIntegral Surgical Grafts, made from bovine pericardium, in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/48/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Introduction:</b> Vascular graft infections (VGEIs) are rare but severe complications in vascular surgery. The choice of reconstruction material following graft removal is critical, particularly for infection prevention. This study evaluates the use of No-React<sup>®</sup> BioIntegral Surgical Grafts, made from bovine pericardium, in the treatment of VGEIs. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A retrospective study of 12 patients (mean age 66.5 years; 67% male) treated between 2020 and 2022 was conducted. The follow-up period included in the study extended from the date of the procedure to 30 June 2024. <b>Results:</b> The study observed a 0% reinfection rate, underscoring the anti-infective potential of No-React<sup>®</sup> grafts. However, in-hospital complications were frequent, affecting six (50%) patients, with sepsis (3; 25%) related to preoperative VGEIs being the most common. Most importantly, in-hospital mortality was notably high (42%), primarily driven by infection-related sepsis. The overall complication rate after discharge was 14%, with only one case of graft occlusion (1/7) observed. Among discharged patients (7; 58%), the three-month survival rate was 71%. In-hospital complications were a predictive factor for overall survival (OS) (HR = 15.88, 95% CI = 1.81–139.47). <b>Conclusions:</b> Xenogeneic No-React<sup>®</sup> grafts show promise for managing VGEIs, offering low reinfection rates. However, high morbidity and mortality underline the challenges of treating patients with severe VGEIs. Early postoperative complications were a key predictor of OS. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and optimize treatment protocols for VGEIs. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/48">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/4FLCMXPQD0 ">Antimicrobial Biomaterials for Medical Applications</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1581781" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1581781" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1581781" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/47/s1?version=1738401343"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 70 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 27979 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/47/pdf?version=1739522673" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Recombinant Humanized Collagen Enhances Secreted Protein Levels of Fibroblasts and Facilitates Rats’ Skin Basement Membrane Reinforcement" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/16/2/47">Recombinant Humanized Collagen Enhances Secreted Protein Levels of Fibroblasts and Facilitates Rats’ Skin Basement Membrane Reinforcement</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shijia Ye</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Boyu Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lakshmi Jeevithan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haoze Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yaqi Kong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaozhen Diao</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenhui Wu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>16</em>(2), 47; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020047">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16020047</a> - 1 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Collagen and its peptides exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity, superior biocompatibility, and water solubility, making them a significant research focus in skin care. Hence, the recombinant humanized collagen types I, III, and XVII complexed with niacinamide were developed to address damage in human foreskin <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/47/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Collagen and its peptides exhibit remarkable antioxidant activity, superior biocompatibility, and water solubility, making them a significant research focus in skin care. Hence, the recombinant humanized collagen types I, III, and XVII complexed with niacinamide were developed to address damage in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF-1) caused by ultraviolet radiation and to evaluate basement membrane proteins in a rat skin model. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay showed that higher concentrations of the complex increased the survival of damaged cells by approximately 10% and 22%, respectively, compared to the normal group after 16 and 48 h of treatment. Further biochemical analyses using ELISA and immunofluorescence (IF) confirmed that the complex enhanced the expression of collagen type IV, laminin, P63, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the damaged cells. Additionally, the complex boosted the activity of the basement membrane in rat skin and stimulated the secretion of integrin, laminin, and perlecan. Overall, the recombinant humanized collagen complex effectively reinforced the skin’s basement membrane. <a href="/2079-4983/16/2/47">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/jfb/sections/biomaterials_tissue_engineering">Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/16/2/47/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1581781"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1581781"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1581781" data-cycle-prev="#prev1581781" data-cycle-progressive="#images1581781" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1581781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g001-550.jpg?1739522845" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1581781" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1581781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g002-550.jpg?1739522848'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1581781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g003-550.jpg?1739522850'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1581781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g004-550.jpg?1739522850'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1581781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g005-550.jpg?1739522852'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1581781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g006-550.jpg?1739522853'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1581781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g007-550.jpg?1739522858'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1581781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g008-550.jpg?1739522859'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1581781-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g001-550.jpg?1739522845" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Cell viability alterations in HFF-1 cells under diverse experimental conditions. (<b>a</b>) Cell viability (HFF-1) as a function of RHC complex concentration. Data are the mean values from <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4 replicates, expressed as a percentage of cell viability, normalized to the normal (no sample treated)= 100% cell viability, ±standard deviation. Statistical analysis of the variance of the mean values was assessed by <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). (<b>b</b>) Cell viability (HFF-1) as a function of RHC complex concentration after irradiation (UVC = 0.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>). Data are the mean values from <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4 replicates, expressed as a percentage of cell viability, normalized to the normal (no UVC-treated) = 100% cell viability, ±standard deviation. Statistical analysis of the variance of the mean values was assessed by <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001; **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001). Cell morphology of HFF-1 treated with (<b>c</b>) 0 mg/mL RHC complex; (<b>d</b>) 2 mg/mL RHC complex for 48 h; (<b>e</b>) 0 mg/mL RHC complex plus irradiation (UVC = 0.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>); and (<b>f</b>) 2 mg/mL RHC complex plus irradiation (UVC = 0.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) for 16 h. (Scale bar: 200 μm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g002-550.jpg?1739522848" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Expression of COLI and COLIV in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cells. (<b>a</b>) COLI level in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cell cultures treated with different concentrations of the RHC complex. (<b>b</b>) COLIV level in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cell cultures treated with different concentrations of the RHC complex. (<b>c</b>) IF micrographs of HFF-1 stained with COLI (green), COLIV (green), and DAPI (blue) after treatment with 2 mg/mL RHC complex plus irradiation (UVC = 0.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>). (<b>d</b>) COL I and COLIV quantitative analysis from IF imaging after RHC complex treatment at different concentrations plus UVC irradiation (UVC = 0.3 J/cm2). Data represent mean of <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3 replicates ± SD. (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 and *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 compared with the blank group. # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, and ### <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 compared with the rhCOLXVII group. ns indicates no significant difference).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g003-550.jpg?1739522850" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Expression of FN and LN in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cells. (<b>a</b>) FN level in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cell cultures treated with different concentrations of RHC complex. (<b>b</b>) LN level in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cell cultures treated with different concentrations of RHC complex. (<b>c</b>) IF micrographs of HFF-1 with FN (green), LN (green), and DAPI (blue) after treatment with 2 mg/mL RHC complex plus irradiation (UVC = 0.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) (Scale bar: 100 μm). (<b>d</b>) FN and LN quantitative analysis from IF imaging after RHC complex treatment at different concentrations plus UVC irradiation. All groups were irradiated (UVC = 0.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>), the rhCOLXVII group used culture media containing 0.5 mg/mL rhCOLXVII, and the blank group was the group that used 0 mg/mL of culture medium. Data represent the mean of <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3 replicates ± SD. (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 and *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 compared with blank group; # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, ### <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 compared with rhCOLXVII group. ns indicates no significant difference).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g004-550.jpg?1739522850" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Expression of cell growth regulators in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cells. (<b>a</b>) P63 expression level in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cell cultures treated with different concentrations of the RHC complex. (<b>b</b>) TGF-β expression level in UVC-damaged HFF-1 cell cultures treated with different concentrations of the RHC complex. All groups were irradiated (UVC = 0.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>), the rhCOLXVII group used culture media containing 0.5 mg/mL rhCOLXVII, and the blank group used culture medium containing 0.5 mg/mL RHC complex. Data represent the mean of <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3 replicates ± SD. (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 and *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 compared with blank group; # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, ### <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 compared with rhCOLXVII group).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g005-550.jpg?1739522852" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of different concentrations of the RHC complex with rhColXVII (0.5 mg/mL) and blank (0 mg/mL) groups on BM. Representative images of the H&amp;E-stained transverse sections of skin tissues on day 7. (scale bar = 0.2 mm). The red arrows in the images are labeled as the BM located at the junction of the epidermis and connective tissue. Observation of the folds of the BM can reflect the bioactivity of the BM.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g006-550.jpg?1739522853" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Expression of (<b>a</b>) integrin, (<b>b</b>) laminin, and (<b>c</b>) perlecan proteins in rats’ skin by ELISA with different concentrations of the RHC complex. The rhCOLXVII (0.5 mg/mL) group was used as a control group, and the blank group used 0 mg/mL of RHC complex. Data represent the mean of <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3 replicates ± SD. (** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, and *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 compared with blank group; # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ## <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, ### <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01 compared with rhCOLXVII group).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g007-550.jpg?1739522858" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Images of IF labeling of isolated skin tissues with integrin (green), laminin (green), perlecan protein (green), and DAPI (blue), which are treated with different concentrations of the RHC complex for 7 days compared to rhCol XVII (0.5 mg/mL) and blank (0 mg/mL) groups. (Scale bar: 0.5 mm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/16/2/47'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-16-00047/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-16-00047-g008-550.jpg?1739522859" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Effect of RHC complex concentrations and single RHC on HFF-1 cell viability. (<b>b</b>) Effect of RHC complex concentrations and single RHC on HFF-1 UVC-damaged (UVC = 0.3 J/cm<sup>2</sup>) cells viability. The concentration of rhCOLI, rhCOLIII, and COLXVII is 0.5 mg/mL, and the concentration of the blank group is 0 mg/mL. Data represent mean of <span class="html-italic">n</span>= 4 replicates ± SD. 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Journal of Functional Biomaterials | An Open Access Journal from MDPI