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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background:_the_historical_and_religious_origins_of_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background:_the_historical_and_religious_origins_of_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background: the historical and religious origins of Zionism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background:_the_historical_and_religious_origins_of_Zionism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aliyah_and_the_"Ingathering_of_the_Exiles""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Aliyah and the "Ingathering of the Exiles"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aliyah_and_the_"Ingathering_of_the_Exiles"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_the_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_the_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Persecution of the Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_the_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Christian Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Zionist_initiatives_(1799–1897)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Zionist_initiatives_(1799–1897)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pre-Zionist initiatives (1799–1897)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-Zionist_initiatives_(1799–1897)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pre-Zionist initiatives (1799–1897) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-Zionist_initiatives_(1799–1897)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe's_Age_of_Enlightenment_and_the_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe's_Age_of_Enlightenment_and_the_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe's Age of Enlightenment and the Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe's_Age_of_Enlightenment_and_the_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_the_Jews_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_the_Jews_in_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Persecution of the Jews in the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_the_Jews_in_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Proto-Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_British_and_American_support_for_a_Jewish_state_in_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_British_and_American_support_for_a_Jewish_state_in_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early British and American support for a Jewish state in Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_British_and_American_support_for_a_Jewish_state_in_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Aliyah_(1881–1903)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Aliyah_(1881–1903)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>First Aliyah (1881–1903)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Aliyah_(1881–1903)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_the_modern_Zionist_movement_(1897–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_the_modern_Zionist_movement_(1897–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Founding of the modern Zionist movement (1897–1917)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Founding_of_the_modern_Zionist_movement_(1897–1917)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Founding of the modern Zionist movement (1897–1917) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_the_modern_Zionist_movement_(1897–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Organizational structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_Zionism_and_opposition_to_Theodor_Herzl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_Zionism_and_opposition_to_Theodor_Herzl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cultural Zionism and opposition to Theodor Herzl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_Zionism_and_opposition_to_Theodor_Herzl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kishinev_pogrom_of_1903" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kishinev_pogrom_of_1903"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kishinev pogrom of 1903</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kishinev_pogrom_of_1903-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_post-Kishinev_"Uganda_Scheme"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_post-Kishinev_"Uganda_Scheme""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>British post-Kishinev "Uganda Scheme"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_post-Kishinev_"Uganda_Scheme"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_publication_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_publication_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Russian publication of <i>The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_publication_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herzl's_death_and_new_Zionist_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herzl's_death_and_new_Zionist_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Herzl's death and new Zionist leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herzl's_death_and_new_Zionist_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_from_Orthodox_Jews_and_Reformist_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_from_Orthodox_Jews_and_Reformist_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Opposition from Orthodox Jews and Reformist Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_from_Orthodox_Jews_and_Reformist_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_pogroms_and_Second_Aliyah_(1904–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_pogroms_and_Second_Aliyah_(1904–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Russian pogroms and Second Aliyah (1904–1914)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_pogroms_and_Second_Aliyah_(1904–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionist_adoption_of_left-wing_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_adoption_of_left-wing_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Zionist adoption of left-wing values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionist_adoption_of_left-wing_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Jewish_Labour_Bund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jewish_Labour_Bund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>The Jewish Labour Bund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Jewish_Labour_Bund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Socialist Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionism_and_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism_and_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Zionism and feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism_and_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionism_in_the_Arab_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism_in_the_Arab_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Zionism in the Arab world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism_in_the_Arab_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Zionists_and_the_non-Jewish_population_of_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Zionists_and_the_non-Jewish_population_of_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Early Zionists and the non-Jewish population of Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Zionists_and_the_non-Jewish_population_of_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Balfour_Declaration_of_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_the_Balfour_Declaration_of_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>World War I and the Balfour Declaration of 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Balfour_Declaration_of_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1917_Russian_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917_Russian_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7.1</span> <span>1917 Russian Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917_Russian_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionist_paramilitaries_in_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_paramilitaries_in_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zionist paramilitaries in Palestine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zionist_paramilitaries_in_Palestine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zionist paramilitaries in Palestine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zionist_paramilitaries_in_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haganah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haganah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Haganah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haganah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irgun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irgun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Irgun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irgun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beitar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beitar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Beitar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beitar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_British_Mandate_and_the_Arab–Jewish_struggle_for_Palestine_(1918–1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_Mandate_and_the_Arab–Jewish_struggle_for_Palestine_(1918–1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The British Mandate and the Arab–Jewish struggle for Palestine (1918–1939)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_British_Mandate_and_the_Arab–Jewish_struggle_for_Palestine_(1918–1939)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The British Mandate and the Arab–Jewish struggle for Palestine (1918–1939) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_British_Mandate_and_the_Arab–Jewish_struggle_for_Palestine_(1918–1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chaim_Weizmann_leads_the_World_Zionist_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaim_Weizmann_leads_the_World_Zionist_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Chaim Weizmann leads the World Zionist Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaim_Weizmann_leads_the_World_Zionist_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_League_of_Nations_endorses_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_League_of_Nations_endorses_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The League of Nations endorses Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_League_of_Nations_endorses_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_Zionism:_the_Third_Aliyah_(1919–1923)_and_the_Fourth_Aliyah_(1924–1928)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_Zionism:_the_Third_Aliyah_(1919–1923)_and_the_Fourth_Aliyah_(1924–1928)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Expansion of Zionism: the Third Aliyah (1919–1923) and the Fourth Aliyah (1924–1928)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_Zionism:_the_Third_Aliyah_(1919–1923)_and_the_Fourth_Aliyah_(1924–1928)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Religious Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisionist_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisionist_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Revisionist Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisionist_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionism_and_the_Arabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism_and_the_Arabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Zionism and the Arabs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism_and_the_Arabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem's_Grand_Mufti_and_the_emergence_of_Palestinian_Arab_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem's_Grand_Mufti_and_the_emergence_of_Palestinian_Arab_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Jerusalem's Grand Mufti and the emergence of Palestinian Arab nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem's_Grand_Mufti_and_the_emergence_of_Palestinian_Arab_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi–U.S._correspondence_on_Arab–Jewish_relations_in_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi–U.S._correspondence_on_Arab–Jewish_relations_in_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Saudi–U.S. correspondence on Arab–Jewish relations in Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi–U.S._correspondence_on_Arab–Jewish_relations_in_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_conflict_between_Palestinian_Jews_and_Palestinian_Arabs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_conflict_between_Palestinian_Jews_and_Palestinian_Arabs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Growing conflict between Palestinian Jews and Palestinian Arabs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_conflict_between_Palestinian_Jews_and_Palestinian_Arabs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_immigration_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_immigration_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>British immigration restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_immigration_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_Nazi_Germany:_the_Fifth_Aliyah_(1929–1939)_and_illegal_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_Nazi_Germany:_the_Fifth_Aliyah_(1929–1939)_and_illegal_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany: the Fifth Aliyah (1929–1939) and illegal immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_Nazi_Germany:_the_Fifth_Aliyah_(1929–1939)_and_illegal_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Zionist–British_struggle_and_Nazi_Germany_(1939–1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Zionist–British_struggle_and_Nazi_Germany_(1939–1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The Zionist–British struggle and Nazi Germany (1939–1948)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Zionist–British_struggle_and_Nazi_Germany_(1939–1948)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Zionist–British struggle and Nazi Germany (1939–1948) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Zionist–British_struggle_and_Nazi_Germany_(1939–1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1939_White_Paper_and_the_British_rift_with_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939_White_Paper_and_the_British_rift_with_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1939 White Paper and the British rift with Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939_White_Paper_and_the_British_rift_with_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionist_movement_on_the_eve_of_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_movement_on_the_eve_of_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Zionist movement on the eve of World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionist_movement_on_the_eve_of_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionism_during_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionism_during_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Zionism during the Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionism_during_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zionist_role_in_the_Jewish_anti-Nazi_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_role_in_the_Jewish_anti-Nazi_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Zionist role in the Jewish anti-Nazi resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionist_role_in_the_Jewish_anti-Nazi_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Impact of the Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_growth_of_illegal_immigration_to_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_growth_of_illegal_immigration_to_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Rapid growth of illegal immigration to Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_growth_of_illegal_immigration_to_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_withdrawal:_the_United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_withdrawal:_the_United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>British withdrawal: the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_withdrawal:_the_United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionist_activity_after_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel_(1948–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_activity_after_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel_(1948–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Zionist activity after the founding of the State of Israel (1948–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zionist_activity_after_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel_(1948–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zionist activity after the founding of the State of Israel (1948–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zionist_activity_after_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel_(1948–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration_from_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_from_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Immigration from Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_from_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance_to_Soviet_anti-Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance_to_Soviet_anti-Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Resistance to Soviet anti-Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance_to_Soviet_anti-Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_involvement_in_Israeli_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_involvement_in_Israeli_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>American involvement in Israeli politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_involvement_in_Israeli_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Types of Zionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zionist_institutions_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zionist_institutions_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Zionist institutions and organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zionist_institutions_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Zionism_and_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Zionism_and_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>History of Zionism and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_Zionism_and_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Related concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_del_sionisme" title="Història del sionisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història del sionisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_sionismo" title="Historia del sionismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del sionismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_sionisme" title="Histoire du sionisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du sionisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_(%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A/%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA)_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="د صهيونيزم (صهيونيستي/صهيونيت) تاريخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د صهيونيزم (صهيونيستي/صهيونيت) تاريخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Історія сіонізму – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія сіонізму" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="صیہونیت کی تاریخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صیہونیت کی تاریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3137945#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Israel" title="Category:History of Israel">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of <span class="fn org label">Israel</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Western Wall, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/245px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/368px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg/490px-Kotel_East_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistoric Levant</a></b> <small></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kebaran_culture" title="Kebaran culture">Kebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushabian_culture" title="Mushabian culture">Mushabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harifian_culture" title="Harifian culture">Harifian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></b> <small></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habiru" class="mw-redirect" title="Habiru">Habiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu">Shasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Iron Age I <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12th–10th centuries BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Monarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–720 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 10th century BCE–587 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 587–538 BCE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Persian Yehud</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538–333 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 333–164 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 164–37 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_tetrarchy" title="Herodian tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BCE–6 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman Judaea</a> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 6 CE–136 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 70–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 136–395</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Byzantine Palaestina</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a></li></ul></li></ul></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 395–638</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bilad_a-Sham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilad a-Sham">Early Islamic period</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Filastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Urdunn</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1291</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1174–1260</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1260–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Modern history</b> <small>(1517–1948)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">OETA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Israel (1948–present)">State of Israel</a></b> <small>(1948–present)</small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">Years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">Silicon Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Historical population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">Jewish leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish warfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:LightSteelBlue; white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/48px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/64px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Israel" title="Template talk:History of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As an organized nationalist movement, <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> is generally considered to have been founded by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> in 1897. However, the <b>history of Zionism</b> began earlier and is intertwined with <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. The organizations of <a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Lovers of <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), held as the forerunners of modern Zionist ideals, were responsible for the creation of 20 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jewish towns in Palestine</a> between 1870 and 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Snitkoff_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snitkoff-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the core of the Zionist ideology was the traditional aspiration for a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish national home</a> through the re-establishment of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish sovereignty in Palestine</a>, to be facilitated by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a></i>). Herzl sought an independent <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> (usually defined as a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> with a Jewish-majority population, in contrast to a theocratic <a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halakhic state</a>), as expressed in his 1896 pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a></i>. Though he did not live to witness it, his vision was fulfilled with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948. </p><p>While Zionist values serve as the ideological foundation of Israel, the importance of Zionism as an organized movement has declined since <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zionist movement continues to exist in the form of various organizations working to support Israel, combat <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, assist <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecuted Jews</a>, and encourage diaspora Jews to move to Israel. Most <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Israel" title="List of political parties in Israel">Israeli political parties</a> continue to define themselves as Zionist. </p><p>Due to the success of Zionism, <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">the global Jewish population has experienced a shift</a>, with statistics showing a steady pattern of growth in the percentage of diaspora Jews relocating to Israel. Today, Israel is home to around 40% of the world's Jews, and it is also the only country in which Jews account for the majority of the population. To date, there is no other example in human history of a nation being re-established after such a long period of existence as a <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background:_the_historical_and_religious_origins_of_Zionism">Background: the historical and religious origins of Zionism</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_precedents">Biblical precedents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Return_to_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Return to Zion">The Return to Zion</a></div> <p>The precedence for Jews to return to their ancestral homeland, motivated by strong divine intervention, first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, and thus later adopted in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> and his sons had gone down to Egypt to escape a drought, they were enslaved and became a nation. Later, as commanded by God, <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> went before Pharaoh, demanded, "Let my people go!" and foretold <a href="/wiki/Plagues_of_Egypt" title="Plagues of Egypt">severe consequences</a>, if this was not done. Torah describes the story of the plagues and the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a> from Egypt, which is estimated at about 1400 BCE, and the beginning of the journey of the Jewish People toward the Land of Israel. These are celebrated annually during <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, and the Passover meal traditionally ends with the words "<a href="/wiki/Next_Year_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Next Year in Jerusalem">Next Year in Jerusalem</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme of return to their traditional homeland came up again after the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonians</a> conquered Judea in 587 BCE and the Judeans were exiled to Babylon. In the book of <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Psalm_137" title="Psalm 137">Psalm 137</a>), Jews lamented their exile while Prophets like <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> foresaw their return. The Bible recounts how, in 538 BCE <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus (Bible)">Cyrus the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> conquered Babylon and issued a proclamation granting the people of Judah their freedom. 50,000 Judeans, led by <a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a> returned. A second group of 5000, led by <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>, returned to <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> in 456 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Jewish military history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Modern_Aliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Modern Aliyah">Pre-Modern Aliyah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></div> <p>The 613 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a> is considered the last serious Jewish attempt to gain autonomy in Palestine in antiquity. In 1160 <a href="/wiki/David_Alroy" title="David Alroy">David Alroy</a> led a Jewish uprising in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a> that aimed to reconquer the promised land. In 1648 <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> from modern Turkey claimed he would lead the Jews back to Palestine. At the beginning of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a>, disciples of the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to settle in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Palestine">Ottoman Palestine</a> in anticipation of the return of the Messiah in 1840. A dispatch from the British Consulate in Jerusalem in 1839 reported that "the Jews of Algiers and its dependencies, are numerous in Palestine..." There was also significant migration from Central Asia (<a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a>). In 1868 <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Shalom" title="Judah ben Shalom">Judah ben Shalom</a> led a large movement of <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> to Palestine. </p><p>In addition to Messianic movements, the population of the Holy Land was slowly bolstered by Jews fleeing <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Christian persecution</a>, especially after the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></i> (the Arabic name for the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Zionism#Dubious" title="Talk:History of Zionism">discuss</a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> became an important center of <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> also had significant Jewish populations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aliyah_and_the_"Ingathering_of_the_Exiles""><span id="Aliyah_and_the_.22Ingathering_of_the_Exiles.22"></span>Aliyah and the "Ingathering of the Exiles"</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></div> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jews in the Diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eretz_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretz Israel">Eretz Israel</a> was revered in a cultural, national, ethnic, historical, and religious sense. They thought of a return to it in a future messianic age.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Return remained a recurring theme among generations, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a> prayers, which traditionally concluded with "<a href="/wiki/Next_year_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Next year in Jerusalem">Next year in Jerusalem</a>", and in the thrice-daily <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> (Standing prayer).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish daily prayers include many references to "your people Israel", "your return to Jerusalem" and associate salvation with a restored presence in the Land of Israel, the Land of Zion and Jerusalem (usually accompanied by a Messiah); for example the prayer <a href="/wiki/Uva_Letzion" class="mw-redirect" title="Uva Letzion">Uva Letzion</a> (Isaiah 59:20): "And a redeemer shall come to Zion..."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Aliyah</i> (return to Israel) has always been considered a praiseworthy act for Jews according to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> and some Rabbis consider it one of the core <a href="/wiki/613_Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Mitzvot">613 commandments</a> in Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and onwards, some famous rabbis (and often their followers) made aliyah to the Land of Israel. These included <a href="/wiki/Nahmanides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahmanides">Nahmanides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yechiel_of_Paris" title="Yechiel of Paris">Yechiel of Paris</a> with several hundred of his students, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_ben_Ephraim_Karo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph ben Ephraim Karo">Joseph ben Ephraim Karo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Vitebsk" title="Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk">Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk</a> and 300 of his followers, and over 500 disciples (and their families) of the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_the_Jews">Persecution of the Jews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Jewish ghettos in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christianity and antisemitism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></div> <p>Persecution of Jews played a key role in preserving Jewish identity and keeping Jewish communities transient, it would later provide a key role in inspiring Zionists to reject European forms of identity. </p><p>Jews in Catholic states were banned from owning land and from pursuing a variety of professions. From the 13th century Jews were required to wear identifying clothes such as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">special hats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">stars on their clothing</a>. This form of persecution originated in tenth century Baghdad and was copied by Christian rulers. Constant expulsions and insecurity led Jews to adopt artisan professions that were easily transferable between locations (such as furniture making or tailoring). </p><p>Persecution in Spain and Portugal led a large number of Jews there to convert to Christianity, however many continued to <a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">secretly practice Jewish</a> rituals. The Church responded by creating the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> in 1478 and by expelling all remaining <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Jews in 1492</a>. In 1542 the inquisition expanded to include the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. Inquisitors could arbitrarily torture suspects and many victims were burnt alive. </p><p>In 1516 the Republic of Venice decreed that Jews would only be allowed to reside in a walled-in area of town called the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">ghetto</a>. Ghetto residents had to pay a daily <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">poll tax</a> and could only stay a limited amount of time. In 1555 the Pope decreed that Jews in Rome were to face similar restrictions. The requirement for Jews to live in Ghettos spread across Europe and Ghettos were frequently highly overcrowded and heavily taxed. They also provided a convenient target for mobs (<a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>). Jews were <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">expelled from England</a> in 1290. A ban remained in force that was only lifted when <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">overthrew</a> the monarchy in 1649 (see <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Resettlement of the Jews in England">Resettlement of the Jews in England</a>). </p><p>Persecution of Jews began to decline following <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">Napoleon</a>'s conquest of Europe after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> although the short lived Nazi Empire resurrected most practices. In 1965 the Catholic Church <a href="/wiki/Nostra_aetate" title="Nostra aetate">formally excluded</a> the idea of holding Jews collectively responsible for the death of Jesus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_Zionism">Christian Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></div> <blockquote><p>We welcome the friendship of Christian Zionists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> —Theodore Herzl, 1897</p></blockquote><p>The Reformation led to the emergence of the belief of a return of the Jews to Palestine due to a specific theological biblical interpretation, among some Protestant Christian thinkers, and originally as an anti-Catholic and anti-Muslim movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued that the first modern Zionist were Christian,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the contribution of Christian Zionism had been ignored by traditional Zionist historiography.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-Zionist_initiatives_(1799–1897)"><span id="Pre-Zionist_initiatives_.281799.E2.80.931897.29"></span>Pre-Zionist initiatives (1799–1897)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Emancipation">Jewish Emancipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History of antisemitism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe's_Age_of_Enlightenment_and_the_Jews"><span id="Europe.27s_Age_of_Enlightenment_and_the_Jews"></span>Europe's Age of Enlightenment and the Jews</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_in_Jerusalem_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sepia photograph shows three elderly Jewish men sporting beards and holding open books, posing for the camera. Against a backdrop of leafy vegetation, the man in the centre sits, wearing a black hat and caftan, while the two others stand, wearing lighter clothes and turbans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jews_in_Jerusalem_1895.jpg/200px-Jews_in_Jerusalem_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jews_in_Jerusalem_1895.jpg/300px-Jews_in_Jerusalem_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jews_in_Jerusalem_1895.jpg/400px-Jews_in_Jerusalem_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="2721" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> community in the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DCDDE0"> Key events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nachmanides" title="Nachmanides">Nachmanides Aliya</a> (1263)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhambra decree">Alhambra decree (1492)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_and_Muslims_from_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Portugal">Manuel I decree (1496)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1517_Hebron_attacks" title="1517 Hebron attacks">Hebron</a> and <a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">Safed</a> massacres (1517)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_Tiberias_(1563)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revival of Tiberias (1563)">Revival of Tiberias (1563)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Tiberias" title="1660 destruction of Tiberias">Sack of Tiberias (1660)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">Plunder of Safed (June 1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_Hebron_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1834 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre (August 1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Safed attack (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Jerusalem_in_the_19th_century" title="Expansion of Jerusalem in the 19th century">Jerusalem expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshava" title="Moshava">Moshavot establishment</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DCDDE0"> Key figures</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Nachmanides <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Ramban" title="Cave of the Ramban">(d.1270)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Saragossi" title="Joseph Saragossi">Joseph Saragossi</a> (d. 1507)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_of_Bertinoro" title="Obadiah of Bertinoro">Obadiah MiBartenura</a> (d. 1515)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi">Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi</a> (d. 1528)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_ibn_Habib" title="Levi ibn Habib">Levi ibn Habib</a> (d. 1545)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Berab" title="Jacob Berab">Jacob Berab</a> (d. 1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nasi" title="Joseph Nasi">Joseph Nasi</a> (d. 1579)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jonathan_Galante" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses ben Jonathan Galante">Moses Galante</a> (d. 1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_ibn_Habib" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses ibn Habib">Moses ibn Habib</a> (d. 1696)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_he-Hasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehuda he-Hasid">Yehuda he-Hasid</a> (d. 1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyim_ben_Jacob_Abulafia" title="Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia">Haim Abulafia</a> (d. 1744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Vitebsk" title="Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk">Menachem Mendel</a> (d. 1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Farhi" title="Haim Farhi">Haim Farhi</a> (d. 1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hershler" title="Aaron Hershler">Aaron Hershler</a> (d. 1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Saphir" title="Jacob Saphir">Jacob Saphir</a> (d. 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Aharon_Valero" title="Haim Aharon Valero">Haim Aharon Valero</a> (d. 1923)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DCDDE0"> Economy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balady_citron" title="Balady citron">Etrog cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teperberg_1870" title="Teperberg 1870">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Valero" title="Jacob Valero">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Beck" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Beck">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerem_Avraham" title="Kerem Avraham">Soap production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_textile_industry_in_16th-century_Safed" title="Jewish textile industry in 16th-century Safed">Textiles</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DCDDE0"> Philanthropy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halukka" title="Halukka">Halukka</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Montefiore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Judah_Touro" title="Judah Touro">Judah Touro</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DCDDE0"> Communities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Musta'arabim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mea_Shearim" title="Mea Shearim">Mea Shearim</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mishkenot_Sha%27ananim" title="Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Biriya">Biriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peki%27in" title="Peki'in">Peki'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Yasif" title="Kafr Yasif">Kafr Yasif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shefa-%27Amr" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefa-'Amr">Shefa-'Amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DCDDE0"> Synagogues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Academy_of_Paris" title="Great Academy of Paris">Great Academy of Paris <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_Synagogue" title="Ramban Synagogue">Ramban <span style="font-size:85%;">(1267)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuhav_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuhav synagogue">Abuhav <span style="font-size:85%;">(1490s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Avinu_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Avinu Synagogue">Abraham Avinu <span style="font-size:85%;">(1540)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue" title="Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue">Ari <span style="font-size:85%;">(1570s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Sephardic_Synagogues" title="Four Sephardic Synagogues">Johanan ben Zakai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1600s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva <span style="font-size:85%;">(1700)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue" title="Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue">Tifereth Israel <span style="font-size:85%;">(1872)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#DCDDE0"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestine (region)">History of Palestine (region)</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Four Holy Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Applicability of religious laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Modern_Aliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Modern Aliyah">Pre-Modern Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Oaths" title="Three Oaths">Three Oaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim and Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshulach" title="Meshulach">ShaDaR</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yishuv_haYashan" title="Template:Yishuv haYashan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yishuv_haYashan" title="Template talk:Yishuv haYashan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yishuv_haYashan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yishuv haYashan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> in Europe led to an 18th- and 19th-century Jewish enlightenment movement in Europe, called the <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a>. In 1791, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> led France to become the first country in Europe to grant Jews legal equality. Britain gave Jews equal rights in 1856, Germany in 1871. The spread of western liberal ideas among newly emancipated Jews created for the first time a class of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">secular Jews</a> who absorbed the prevailing ideas of enlightenment, including <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. </p><p>However, the formation of modern nations in Europe accompanied changes in the prejudices against Jews. What had previously been <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">religious persecution</a> now became a new phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">racial antisemitism</a> and acquired a new name: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. Antisemites saw Jews as an alien religious, national and racial group and actively tried to prevent Jews from acquiring equal rights and citizenship. The Catholic press was at the forefront of these efforts and was quietly encouraged by the Vatican, which saw its own decline in status as linked to the equality granted to Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 19th century, the more extreme nationalist movements in Europe often promoted physical violence against Jews who they regarded as interlopers and exploiters threatening the well-being of their nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_the_Jews_in_the_Russian_Empire">Persecution of the Jews in the Russian Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union">History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_boycotts" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic boycotts">Antisemitic boycotts</a></div> <p>Jews in Eastern Europe faced constant <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union#Tsarist_Russia_(1480s-1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union">persecution</a> in Tsarist Russia. From 1791 they were only allowed to live in the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>. In response to the Jewish drive for integration and modern education (<a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a>) and the movement for emancipation, the Tsars imposed <a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">tight quotas</a> on schools, universities and cities to prevent entry by Jews. From 1827 to 1917 Russian Jewish boys were required to serve 25 years in the Russian army, starting at the age of 12. The intention was to forcibly destroy their ethnic identity, however the move severely radicalized Russia's Jews and familiarized them with nationalism and socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tsar's chief adviser <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Konstantin Pobedonostsev</a>, was reported as saying that one-third of Russia's Jews was expected to emigrate, one-third to accept baptism, and one-third to starve.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Famous incidents includes the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Menahem Mendel Beilis</a> trial (<a href="/wiki/Blood_libel_against_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood libel against Jews">Blood libel against Jews</a>) and the 1903 <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev pogrom</a>. </p><p>Between 1880 and 1928, two million Jews left Russia; most emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a minority chose Palestine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinsker_Autoemanicipation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pinsker_Autoemanicipation.jpg/220px-Pinsker_Autoemanicipation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pinsker_Autoemanicipation.jpg/330px-Pinsker_Autoemanicipation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pinsker_Autoemanicipation.jpg/440px-Pinsker_Autoemanicipation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Auto-Emancipation" title="Auto-Emancipation">Auto-Emancipation</a></i> by J. L. Pinsker, 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>Proto-Zionists include the (Lithuanian) <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a>, (Russian) Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Vitebsk" title="Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk">Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk</a>, (Bosnian) Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Judah_Alkalai" title="Judah Alkalai">Judah Alkalai</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (German) Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Kalischer" title="Zvi Hirsch Kalischer">Zvi Hirsch Kalischer</a>, and (British) <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other advocates of Jewish independence include (American) <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Manuel_Noah" title="Mordecai Manuel Noah">Mordecai Manuel Noah</a>, (Russian) <a href="/wiki/Leon_Pinsker" title="Leon Pinsker">Leon Pinsker</a> and (German) <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> of Lithuania (1720-1797) promoted a teaching from the Zohar (book of Jewish mysticism) that “the gates of wisdom above and the founts of wisdom below will open” would happen after the start of the 6th century of the 6th millennium i.e. after the year 5600 of the Jewish calendar (1839-1840 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many understood this to imply the coming of the Messiah at that time, and thus an early wave of Jewish migration to the Holy Land began in 1808 and grew until the 1840s. </p><p>In 1862 <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a>, a former associate of Karl Marx and Frederich Engels, wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Rome_and_Jerusalem._The_Last_National_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome and Jerusalem. The Last National Question">Rome and Jerusalem. The Last National Question</a></i> calling for the Jews to create a socialist state in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> as a means of settling the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a>. Also in 1862, German Orthodox Rabbi Kalischer published his tractate <i>Derishat Zion</i>, arguing that the salvation of the Jews, promised by the Prophets, can come about only by self-help.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1882, after the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa pogrom">Odessa pogrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judah_Leib_Pinsker" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah Leib Pinsker">Judah Leib Pinsker</a> published the pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/Auto-Emancipation" title="Auto-Emancipation">Auto-Emancipation</a></i> (self-emancipation), arguing that Jews could only be truly free in their own country and analyzing the persistent tendency of Europeans to regard Jews as aliens: </p> <blockquote> <p>"Since the Jew is nowhere at home, nowhere regarded as a native, he remains an alien everywhere. That he himself and his ancestors as well are born in the country does not alter this fact in the least... to the living the Jew is a corpse, to the native a foreigner, to the homesteader a vagrant, to the proprietary a beggar, to the poor an exploiter and a millionaire, to the patriot a man without a country, for all a hated rival."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Pinsker established the <a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hibbat Zion</a> movement to actively promote Jewish settlement in Palestine. In 1890, the "Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Eretz Israel" (better known as the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Committee" title="Odessa Committee">Odessa Committee</a>) was officially registered as a <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charitable organization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and by 1897, it counted over 4,000 members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_British_and_American_support_for_a_Jewish_state_in_Palestine">Early British and American support for a Jewish state in Palestine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine,_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/220px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/330px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/440px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>"Memorandum to the Protestant Powers of the North of Europe and America", published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Times" title="Colonial Times">Colonial Times</a></i> (Hobart, Tasmania, Australia), in 1841</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideas of the restoration of the Jews in the Land of Israel entered <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> public discourse in the early 19th century, at about the same time as the British Protestant Revival.<sup id="cite_ref-BritZion_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritZion-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all such attitudes were favorable towards the Jews; they were shaped in part by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-Cowen2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowen2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by a streak of <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitism">philo-Semitism</a> among the classically educated British elite,<sup id="cite_ref-Green2005_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by hopes to extend the Empire. <i>(See <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">The Great Game</a>)</i> </p><p>At the urging of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Shaftesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Shaftesbury">Lord Shaftesbury</a>, Britain established a consulate in Jerusalem in 1838, the first diplomatic appointment in the city. In 1839, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bonar" title="Andrew Bonar">Andrew Bonar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Murray_M%27Cheyne" title="Robert Murray M'Cheyne">Robert Murray M'Cheyne</a> to report on the condition of the Jews there. The report was widely published<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was followed by <i>Memorandum to Protestant Monarchs of Europe for the restoration of the Jews to Palestine</i>. In August 1840, <i>The Times</i> reported that the British government was considering Jewish restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-BritZion_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritZion-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Correspondence in 1841–42 between <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a>, the President of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Deputies_of_British_Jews" title="Board of Deputies of British Jews">Board of Deputies of British Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Churchill" title="Charles Henry Churchill">Charles Henry Churchill</a>, the British consul in Damascus, is seen as the first recorded plan proposed for political Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lord Lindsay wrote in 1847: "The soil of Palestine still enjoys her sabbaths, and only waits for the return of her banished children, and the application of industry, commensurate with her agricultural capabilities, to burst once more into universal luxuriance, and be all that she ever was in the days of Solomon."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1851, correspondence between <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a>, whose father became <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> the following year, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> alongside him, records Disraeli's proto-Zionist views: "He then unfolded a plan of restoring the nation to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>—said the country was admirably suited for them—the financiers all over Europe might help—the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Porte</a> is weak—the Turks/holders of property could be bought out—this, he said, was the object of his life..." <i><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a></i> was merely a feeler, my views were not fully developed at that time—since then all I have written has been for one purpose. The man who should restore the Hebrew race to their country would be the Messiah—the real saviour of prophecy!" He did not add formally that he aspired to play this part, but it was evidently implied. He thought very highly of the capabilities of the country, and hinted that his chief object in acquiring power here would be to promote the return".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26 years later, Disraeli wrote in his article entitled "The Jewish Question is the Oriental Quest" (1877) that within fifty years, a nation of one million Jews would reside in Palestine under the guidance of the British. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a> visited the Land of Israel seven times and fostered its development.<sup id="cite_ref-Green2005_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green2005-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saints movement">Latter Day Saints movement</a>, sent a representative, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde" title="Orson Hyde">Orson Hyde</a>, to dedicate the land of Israel for the return of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant theologian <a href="/wiki/William_Eugene_Blackstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Eugene Blackstone">William Eugene Blackstone</a> submitted a petition to the US president in 1891; the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Memorial" title="Blackstone Memorial">Blackstone Memorial</a> called for the return of Palestine to the Jews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Aliyah_(1881–1903)"><span id="First_Aliyah_.281881.E2.80.931903.29"></span>First Aliyah (1881–1903)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mikveh_Israel_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikveh Israel Settlement">Mikveh Israel Settlement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu (movement)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Aliyah" title="Category:Aliyah">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_20841_The_Palmach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2127" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Jews who remained in the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland for the Jewish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Modern_Aliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Modern Aliyah">Pre-Modern Aliyah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Return to Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Aliyah in modern times</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_and_Yishuv_during_World_War_I" title="Aliyah and Yishuv during World War I">during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Aliyah" title="Third Aliyah">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah" title="Fourth Aliyah">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Aliyah" title="Fifth Aliyah">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">from Muslim countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_migration_from_Lebanon_post-1948" title="Jewish migration from Lebanon post-1948">Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_Soviet_Union_aliyah" title="1970s Soviet Union aliyah">from the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">post-Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">from Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia" title="Aliyah from Ethiopia">from Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Romania" title="Jewish emigration from Romania">from Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Latin_America_in_the_2000s" title="Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s">from Latin America</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Absorption</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_village" title="Youth village">Youth village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Million_Plan" title="One Million Plan">One Million Plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_camps_(Israel)" title="Immigrant camps (Israel)">Immigrant camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27abarot" title="Ma'abarot">Ma'abarot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">Development town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Aliyah" title="Youth Aliyah">Youth Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_LeAliyah_Bet" title="Mossad LeAliyah Bet">Mossad LeAliyah Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aliyah_and_Integration" title="Ministry of Aliyah and Integration">Ministry of Aliyah and Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Sabra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Jewish refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews in the Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographic history of Palestine (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical Jewish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aliyah" title="Template:Aliyah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aliyah" title="Template talk:Aliyah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aliyah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aliyah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the late 1870s, Jewish philanthropists such as the <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Montefiores</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a> responded to the persecution of Jews in Eastern Europe by sponsoring agricultural settlements for Russian Jews in Palestine. The Jews who migrated in this period are known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Aliyah</i> is a Hebrew word meaning "ascent", referring to the act of spiritually "ascending" to the Holy Land and a basic tenet of Zionism. </p><p>The movement of Jews to Palestine was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a> communities who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Four Holy Cities</a>, since they were very poor and lived off charitable donations from Europe, which they feared would be used by the newcomers. However, from 1800 there was a movement of Sephardi businessmen from North Africa and the Balkans to Jaffa and the growing community there perceived modernity and Aliyah as the key to salvation. Unlike the Haredi communities, the Jaffa community did not maintain separate Ashkenazi and Sephardi institutions and functioned as a single unified community. </p><p>Founded in 1878, <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Pinna" title="Rosh Pinna">Rosh Pinna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a> were the first modern Jewish settlements. </p><p>In 1881–1882 the Tsar sponsored a huge wave of pogroms in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and a massive wave of Jews began leaving, mainly for America. So many Russian Jews arrived in Jaffa that the town ran out of accommodation and the local Jews began forming communities outside the Jaffa city walls. However, the migrants faced difficulty finding work (the new settlements mainly needed farmers and builders) and 70% ultimately left, mostly moving on to America. One of the migrants in this period, <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Ben-Yehuda" title="Eliezer Ben-Yehuda">Eliezer Ben-Yehuda</a> set about modernizing Hebrew so that it could be used as a national language. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a> was founded on 31 July 1882 by a group of ten members of <a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>). Zikhron Ya'akov was founded in December 1882 by <a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a> pioneers from <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887 <a href="/wiki/Neve_Tzedek" title="Neve Tzedek">Neve Tzedek</a> was built just outside Jaffa. Over 50 Jewish settlements were established in this period. </p><p>In 1890, Palestine, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, was inhabited by about half a million people, mostly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a>, but also some dozens of thousands Jews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_the_modern_Zionist_movement_(1897–1917)"><span id="Founding_of_the_modern_Zionist_movement_.281897.E2.80.931917.29"></span>Founding of the modern Zionist movement (1897–1917)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3></div> <p>In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Birnbaum" title="Nathan Birnbaum">Nathan Birnbaum</a>, 19 years old, founded <i>Kadimah</i>, the first Jewish student association in Vienna and printed Pinsker's pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Auto-Emancipation" title="Auto-Emancipation">Auto-Emancipation</a>. </p> <table style="margin:10px; border:solid 1px #bbb; width:298px; float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Herzl_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Theodor_Herzl_portrait.jpg/150px-Theodor_Herzl_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Theodor_Herzl_portrait.jpg/225px-Theodor_Herzl_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Theodor_Herzl_portrait.jpg/300px-Theodor_Herzl_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="591" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DE_Herzl_Judenstaat_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DE_Herzl_Judenstaat_01.jpg/130px-DE_Herzl_Judenstaat_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DE_Herzl_Judenstaat_01.jpg/195px-DE_Herzl_Judenstaat_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DE_Herzl_Judenstaat_01.jpg/260px-DE_Herzl_Judenstaat_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1665" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Theodor Herzl and his 1896 book, <i>The Jewish State</i>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a>, which erupted in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1894, profoundly shocked emancipated Jews. The depth of antisemitism in the first country to grant Jews equal rights led many to question their future prospects among Christians. Among those who witnessed the Affair was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>. Herzl was born in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and lived in Vienna (Jews were only allowed to live in Vienna from 1848), who published his pamphlet <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Judenstaat" title="Der Judenstaat">Der Judenstaat</a></i> ("The Jewish State") in 1896 and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_New_Land" title="The Old New Land">Altneuland</a></i> ("The Old New Land")<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1902. He described the Affair as a personal turning point. Seeing Dreyfus's Jewishness used so successfully as a scapegoat by the monarchist propagandists disillusioned Herzl. Dreyfus's guilt was deemed indisputable simply because Jewish stereotypes of nefariousness prevented a fair trial from occurring. Herzl outright denied that any such Jewish stereotypes were rooted in reality in any way.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he believed that anti-semitism was so deeply ingrained in European society that only the creation of a Jewish state would enable the Jews to join the family of nations and escape antisemitism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Herzl</a> infused political Zionism with a new and practical urgency. He brought the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a> into being and, together with Nathan Birnbaum, planned its First Congress at <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Objectives">Objectives</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herzelandsecondcongress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Herzelandsecondcongress.jpg/220px-Herzelandsecondcongress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Herzelandsecondcongress.jpg/330px-Herzelandsecondcongress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Herzelandsecondcongress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> addresses the <a href="/wiki/Second_Zionist_Congress" title="Second Zionist Congress">Second Zionist Congress</a> in 1898.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress" title="First Zionist Congress">First Zionist Congress</a>, the following agreement, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Program" title="Basel Program">Basel Program</a>, was reached: </p> <blockquote> <p>Zionism seeks to establish a home for the Jewish people in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> secured under public law. The Congress contemplates the following means to the attainment of this end: </p> <ol><li>The promotion by appropriate means of the settlement in Palestine of Jewish farmers, artisans, and manufacturers.</li> <li>The organization and uniting of the whole of Jewry by means of appropriate institutions, both local and international, in accordance with the laws of each country.</li> <li>The strengthening and fostering of Jewish national sentiment and national consciousness.</li> <li>Preparatory steps toward obtaining the consent of governments, where necessary, in order to reach the goals of Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </blockquote> <p>"Under public law" is generally understood to mean seeking legal permission from the Ottoman rulers for Jewish migration. In this text the word "home" was substituted for "state" and "public law" for "international law" so as not to alarm the Ottoman Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organizational_structure">Organizational structure</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_our_eyes_behold_your_return_in_mercy_to_Zion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/May_our_eyes_behold_your_return_in_mercy_to_Zion.jpg/220px-May_our_eyes_behold_your_return_in_mercy_to_Zion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/May_our_eyes_behold_your_return_in_mercy_to_Zion.jpg/330px-May_our_eyes_behold_your_return_in_mercy_to_Zion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/May_our_eyes_behold_your_return_in_mercy_to_Zion.jpg/440px-May_our_eyes_behold_your_return_in_mercy_to_Zion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption><i>May our eyes behold your return in mercy to Zion</i>. Design by <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Moses_Lilien" title="Ephraim Moses Lilien">Lilien</a> to the Fifth Zionist Congress, Basel, 1901.</figcaption></figure> <p>For the first four years, the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a> (WZO) met every year, then, up to the Second World War, they gathered every second year. Since the creation of Israel, the Congress has met every four years. </p><p>Congress delegates were elected by the membership. Members were required to pay dues known as a "shekel". At the congress, delegates elected a 30-man executive council, which in turn elected the movement's leader. The movement was democratic and women had the right to vote, which was still absent in Great Britain in 1914. </p><p>The WZO's initial strategy was to obtain permission from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Sultans" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> to allow systematic Jewish settlement in Palestine. The support of the German Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, was sought, but unsuccessfully. Instead, the WZO pursued a strategy of building a homeland through persistent small-scale immigration and the founding of such bodies as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a> (1901—a charity that bought land for Jewish settlement) and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Palestine_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Palestine Bank">Anglo-Palestine Bank</a> (1903—provided loans for Jewish businesses and farmers). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_Zionism_and_opposition_to_Theodor_Herzl">Cultural Zionism and opposition to Theodor Herzl</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a></div> <p>Herzl's strategy relied on winning support from foreign rulers, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a>. He also made efforts to cultivate Orthodox rabbinical support. Rabbinical support depended on the Zionist movement making no challenges to existing Jewish tradition. However, an opposition movement arose that emphasized the need for a revolution in Jewish thought. While Herzl believed that the Jews needed to return to their historic homeland as a refuge from antisemitism, the opposition, led by <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>, believed that the Jews must revive and foster a Jewish national culture and, in particular strove to revive the Hebrew language. Many also adopted Hebraized surnames. The opposition became known as Cultural Zionists. Important Cultural Zionists include <a href="/wiki/Ahad_Ha%27am" title="Ahad Ha'am">Ahad Ha'am</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sokolow" title="Nahum Sokolow">Nahum Sokolow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Ussishkin" title="Menachem Ussishkin">Menachem Ussishkin</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kishinev_pogrom_of_1903">Kishinev pogrom of 1903</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev pogrom</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Kishinev</a> was a small town in the Russian empire's <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, where an active antisemite, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Krushevan" title="Pavel Krushevan">Pavel Krushevan</a>, printed a local newspaper which continually alleged Jewish plots against the town's Christian minority (Kishinev had slightly more Jews).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krushevan's campaigning led to <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">a pogrom</a> in which 50 Jews were murdered, thousands of homes and shops destroyed and hundreds of young girls and women raped. A local Zionist activist, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Bernstein_Kogan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Bernstein Kogan (page does not exist)">Jacob Bernstein Kogan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raised money from wealthy Jewish residents and sent <a href="/wiki/Telegrams" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegrams">telegrams</a> (still quite new in the area) to various world press centers. The Zionist movement sent a young journalist, <a href="/wiki/Hayim_Nahman_Bialik" title="Hayim Nahman Bialik">Hayim Nahman Bialik</a>, who, along with a reporter sent by US news magnate <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, spent weeks interviewing the survivors and reporting in detail what had happened, leading to a European and American outcry. Bialik wrote an epic poem "<a href="/wiki/In_the_City_of_Slaughter" title="In the City of Slaughter">In the City of Slaughter</a>", criticizing the Jews for their failure to adequately defend themselves. The poem became a rallying cry for generations of Zionist activists.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_post-Kishinev_"Uganda_Scheme""><span id="British_post-Kishinev_.22Uganda_Scheme.22"></span>British post-Kishinev "Uganda Scheme"</h4></div> <p>A few weeks after the pogrom, the British Colonial Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, proposed the <a href="/wiki/British_Uganda_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="British Uganda Programme">British Uganda Programme</a>: Land for a Jewish state in "<a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>" (in today's <a href="/wiki/Uasin_Gishu_District" title="Uasin Gishu District">Uasin Gishu District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eldoret" title="Eldoret">Eldoret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>). Herzl initially rejected the idea, preferring Palestine, but after the April 1903 <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev pogrom</a>, Herzl introduced a controversial proposal to the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Zionist_Congress" title="Sixth Zionist Congress">Sixth Zionist Congress</a> to investigate the offer as a temporary measure for Russian Jews in danger. Despite its emergency and temporary nature, the proposal proved very divisive, and widespread opposition to the plan was fueled by a walkout led by the Russian Jewish delegation to the Congress. Nevertheless, a committee was established to investigate the possibility, which was eventually dismissed in the Seventh Zionist Congress in 1905. After that, Palestine became the sole focus of Zionist aspirations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Israel_Zangwill" title="Israel Zangwill">Israel Zangwill</a> left the main Zionist movement over this decision and founded the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorialist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Territorialist Organization">Jewish Territorialist Organization</a> (ITO). The <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">territorialists</a> were willing to establish a Jewish homeland anywhere, but failed to attract significant support and were dissolved in 1925. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_publication_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion">Russian publication of <i>The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</i></h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></div> <p>In 1903 <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Krushevan" title="Pavel Krushevan">Pavel Krushevan</a>, a newspaper publisher and member of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a> (a movement dedicated to genocide of the Jews) with the aid of the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Tsarist Secret Police</a>, began publishing a new work alleging a Jewish plot to take control of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>" (subtitle "Protocols extracted from the secret archives of the central chancery of Zion"), invented by <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Nilus" title="Sergei Nilus">Sergei Nilus</a>, achieved global notability. In 1903, the editor claimed that the protocols revealed the menace of Zionism: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... which has the goal of uniting all the Jews of the whole world in one union—a union that is more closely knit and more dangerous than the Jesuits.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The book contains fictional minutes of an imaginary meeting in which alleged Jewish leaders plotted to take over the world. Nilus later claimed they were presented to the elders by Herzl (the "Prince of Exile") at the first Zionist congress. A Polish edition claimed they were taken from Herzl's flat in Austria and a 1920 German version renamed them "<a href="/wiki/The_Zionist_Protocols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Zionist Protocols">The Zionist Protocols</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herzl's_death_and_new_Zionist_leadership"><span id="Herzl.27s_death_and_new_Zionist_leadership"></span>Herzl's death and new Zionist leadership</h3></div> <p>By 1904, cultural Zionism was accepted by most Zionists and a schism was beginning to develop between the Zionist movement and Orthodox Judaism. In 1904, Herzl died unexpectedly at the age of 44 and the leadership was taken over by <a href="/wiki/David_Wolffsohn" title="David Wolffsohn">David Wolffsohn</a>, who led the movement until 1911. During this period, the movement was based in Berlin (Germany's Jews were the most <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a>) and made little progress, failing to win support among the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> after the collapse of the Ottoman Regime. From 1911 to 1921, the movement was led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Warburg_(botanist)" title="Otto Warburg (botanist)">Otto Warburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_from_Orthodox_Jews_and_Reformist_Jews">Opposition from Orthodox Jews and Reformist Jews</h4></div> <p>Under Herzl's leadership, Zionism relied on <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a> for religious support, with the main party being the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a>. However, as the cultural and socialist Zionists increasingly broke with tradition and used language contrary to the outlook of most religious Jewish communities, many orthodox religious organizations began opposing Zionism. Their opposition was based on its secularism and on the grounds that only the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Messiah</a> could re-establish Jewish rule in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, most Orthodox Jews maintained the traditional Jewish belief that while the Land of Israel was given to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, and the right of the Jews to that land was permanent and inalienable, the Messiah must appear before the land could return to Jewish control. </p><p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> rejected Zionism as inconsistent with the requirements of Jewish citizenship in the diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposition of Reform Judaism was expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Platform" title="Pittsburgh Platform">Pittsburgh Platform</a>, adopted by the Central Conference of American Rabbis in 1885: "We consider ourselves no longer a nation but a religious community, and therefore expect neither a return to Palestine, nor a sacrificial worship under the administration of the sons of Aaron, nor the restoration of any of the laws concerning the Jewish state."<sup id="cite_ref-ATaylor_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATaylor-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_pogroms_and_Second_Aliyah_(1904–1914)"><span id="Russian_pogroms_and_Second_Aliyah_.281904.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Russian pogroms and Second Aliyah (1904–1914)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm/220px-seek%3D1-The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="3502" data-mwtitle="The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_(1913).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_(1913).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine_%281913%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_the_Jews_in_Palestine" title="The Life of the Jews in Palestine">The Life of the Jews in Palestine</a></i>, a Russian documentary film by Noah Sokolovsky presented at the 11th Zionist congress in 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>Widespread pogroms accompanied the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, inspired by the Pro-Tsarist <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> provided arms so the Zionists could protect the Jewish community and this prevented a pogrom. Zionist leader Jabotinsky eventually led the Jewish resistance in Odessa. During his subsequent trial Trotsky produced evidence that the police had organized the effort to create a pogrom in Odessa.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The vicious pogroms led to a wave of immigrants to Palestine. This new wave expanded the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">revival of the Hebrew language</a>. In 1909 a group of 65 Zionists laid the foundations for a modern city in Palestine. The city was named after the Hebrew title of Herzl's book "<a href="/wiki/The_Old_New_Land" title="The Old New Land">The Old New Land</a>" - <a href="/wiki/Tel-Aviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel-Aviv">Tel-Aviv</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TelAviv-Founding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TelAviv-Founding.jpg/220px-TelAviv-Founding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TelAviv-Founding.jpg/330px-TelAviv-Founding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/TelAviv-Founding.jpg/440px-TelAviv-Founding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> was founded on empty dunes, purchased from Arabs, north of the existing city of Jaffa. This photograph is of the auction of the first lots in 1909.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> had a modern "scientific" school, the <a href="/wiki/Herzliya_Hebrew_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzliya Hebrew High School">Herzliya Hebrew High School</a>, the first such school to teach only in Hebrew. All the city's affairs were conducted in Hebrew. </p><p>In Jerusalem, foundations were laid for a Jewish University (the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a>), one that would teach only in Hebrew and that the Zionists hoped would help them prove their usefulness to the Turks (this did not come to fruition until 1918). In Haifa, the cornerstone was laid for a Jewish Technical school, the <a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</a>. </p><p>Jewish migrants and organizations began making large land purchases, in particular buying malarial swamps (of which there were many) and draining them to produce highly fertile land.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1909 a socialist commune was given some land near the Sea of Galilee, forming the first <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Degania_Alef" title="Degania Alef">Degania</a>. There were nine members, two of them women. One of the women was a former <a href="/wiki/Narodnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodnik">Narodnik</a> who had volunteered as a nurse during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> and witnessed maltreatment of Jews by Russian troops.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her son, the second child to be born on the Kibbutz, was General <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>, who commanded Israeli troops in the 1956 war then was Minister of Defence during the Six Day War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionist_adoption_of_left-wing_values">Zionist adoption of left-wing values</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Jewish_Labour_Bund">The Jewish Labour Bund</h4></div> <p>In Eastern Europe the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">General Jewish Labour Bund</a> called for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish autonomy</a> within Eastern Europe and promoted <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> as the Jewish national language. Like the Zionist movement, the Bund was founded in 1897 and it was one of the largest socialist movements in Europe; however, it did not grow as fast as Zionism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Bund campaigned for Jewish autonomy and recognition of Jewish (non-territorial) national rights within a socialist Russia. Initially the Bund included Zionist Socialist parties but over time the leadership came to oppose Zionism and Orthodox Judaism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Bund was part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> and affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> but the mainstream socialist movement only unevenly recognized Jews as a nationality within the movement and was often unwilling to combat worker antisemitism and or publicly condemn pogroms.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGeever_2019_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGeever_2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Socialist_Zionism">Socialist Zionism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Zionism">Socialist Zionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz_Movement" title="Kibbutz Movement">Kibbutz Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Zionism" title="Special:EditPage/History of Zionism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Socialist Zionists believed that the Jews' centuries of being oppressed in anti-Semitic societies had reduced Jews to a meek, despairing existence that invited further antisemitism. They argued that Jews should redeem themselves by becoming farmers, workers, and soldiers in a country of their own. Socialist Zionists rejected religion as perpetuating a "<a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a> mentality" among the Jewish people and established rural communes in Israel called "<a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutzim</a>". Major theoreticians of Socialist Zionism included <a href="/wiki/Moses_Hess" title="Moses Hess">Moses Hess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nachman_Syrkin" title="Nachman Syrkin">Nachman Syrkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ber_Borochov" title="Ber Borochov">Ber Borochov</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._D._Gordon" title="A. D. Gordon">A. D. Gordon</a>, and leading figures in the movement included <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berl_Katznelson" title="Berl Katznelson">Berl Katznelson</a>. Socialist Zionists rejected Yiddish as a language of exile, embracing Hebrew as the language that was common to all Jewish communities and which originated in Israel. </p><p>Gordon believed that the Jews lacked a "normal" class structure and that the various classes that constitute a nation had to be created artificially. Socialist Zionists therefore set about becoming Jewish peasants and proletarians and focused on settling land and working on it. According to Gordon "the land of Israel is bought with labour: not with blood and not with fire." He called on Jews to embrace a "religion of labour" as opposed to their existing religion. Socialist Zionism became a dominant force in Israel, however, it exacerbated the schism between Zionism and <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>. </p><p>Socialist Zionists formed the <a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a> ("Workers of Zion") movement, launching parties across Europe, North America and Palestine, in the 1900s - of which the most significant was the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion)">Jewish Social Democratic Labour Party (Poalei Zion)</a> in Russia in 1906 - and a world union in 1907. </p><p>Socialist Zionists formed youth movements that became influential organizations in their own right including <a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a>, <a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaOved_VeHaLomed" title="HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed">HaNoar HaOved VeHaLomed</a> and Machanot Halolim. During British rule the lack of available immigration permits to Palestine led the youth movements to operate training programs in Europe, which prepared Jews for migration to Palestine. As a Socialist-Zionist immigrants arrived already speaking Hebrew, trained in agriculture and prepared for life in Palestine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zionism_and_feminism">Zionism and feminism</h4></div> <p>The Zionist movement never restricted female suffrage. In 1911, Zionist activist <a href="/wiki/Hana_Meisel" title="Hana Meisel">Hannah Meisel Shochat</a> established <a href="/wiki/Kinneret,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinneret, Israel">Havat Ha'Almot</a> (lit. "the girls' farm") to train Zionist women in farming. The famous poet <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bluwstein" title="Rachel Bluwstein">Rachel Bluwstein</a> was one of the graduates. Zionist settlers were usually young and far from their families so a relatively permissive culture was able to develop. Within the Kibbutz movement child rearing was done communally thus freeing women to work (and fight) alongside the men. </p><p>The Zionist <a href="/wiki/Roza_Pomerantz-Meltzer" title="Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer">Roza Pomerantz-Meltzer</a> was the first woman elected to the <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a>, the Parliament of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. She was elected in 1919 as a member of a Zionist party.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mandatory Palestine women in Jewish towns could vote in elections before women won the right to vote in Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionism_in_the_Arab_world">Zionism in the Arab world</h3></div> <p>The 1911 edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i> noted the movement's spread: "not only in the number of Jews affiliated with the Zionist organization and congress, but also in the fact that there is hardly a nook or corner of the Jewish world in which Zionistic societies are not to be found."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Support for Zionism was not a purely European and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> phenomenon. In the Arab world, the first Zionist branches opened in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> only a few years after the Basel conference, and the movement became popular among Jews living within the Arab and Muslim world where Jews generally faced religious discrimination, prejudice and occasional violence. A number of the founders of the city of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> were early Moroccan Jewish immigrants and Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Salonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonika">Salonika</a> had a vigorous Zionist movement by 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Zionists_and_the_non-Jewish_population_of_Palestine">Early Zionists and the non-Jewish population of Palestine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zionist_and_Palestinian_Arab_attitudes_before_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist and Palestinian Arab attitudes before 1948">Zionist and Palestinian Arab attitudes before 1948</a></div> <p>Before 1917, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects. They feared the objectives of the Zionist movement, but they assumed the movement would fail. After the Young Turk revolution in 1908, Arab Nationalism grew rapidly in the area and most Arab Nationalists regarded Zionism as a threat, although a minority perceived Zionism as providing a path to modernity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_Balfour_Declaration_of_1917">World War I and the Balfour Declaration of 1917</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Balfour Declaration of 1917">Balfour Declaration of 1917</a></div> <p>The Jewish population of the USA increased about ten times between 1880 and 1920, with the immigration of poorer, more liberal and radical, "downtown", Eastern European immigrants fleeing persecution in contrast to the older generations of German, Spanish and Portuguese Jews that were much more conservative and rich. It was not until 1912, when the secular "people's lawyer" <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> became involved in Zionism, just before the First World War, that Zionism gained significant support.<sup id="cite_ref-HagshBrand_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HagshBrand-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1917, the American Provisional Executive Committee for General Zionist Affairs, which Brandeis chaired, had increased American Zionist membership ten times to 200,000 members; "American Jewry thenceforth became the financial center for the world Zionist movement".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in the US, England had experienced a rapid growth in their Jewish minority. About 150,000 Jews migrated there from Russia in the period 1881–1914.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this immigration influx, pressure grew from British voters to halt it; added to the established knowledge in British society of <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> scripture, Zionism became an attractive solution for both Britain and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire#World_wars_(1914–1945)" title="British Empire">Empire</a>. </p><p>In the search for support, Herzl, before his death, had made the most progress with the German Kaiser, joining him on his 1898 trip to Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the outbreak of war in 1914, the offices of the Zionist Organization were located in Berlin and led by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Warburg_(botanist)" title="Otto Warburg (botanist)">Otto Warburg</a>, a German citizen. With different national sections of the movement supporting different sides in the war, Zionist policy was to maintain strict neutrality and "to demonstrate complete loyalty to Turkey",<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the German ally controlling Palestine. Following Turkey's entry into <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in August however, the Zionists were expelled from Tel Aviv and its environs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Tzvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi">Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi</a> both volunteered for the Turkish Army but were rejected and exiled to Egypt. They moved to the US and tried to recruit Jews to set up a Jewish unit in the Turkish army.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although 500,000 Russian Jews were serving in the Russian army, the Russian leadership regarded all Jews as their enemies and assumed that most were avoiding the draft. In 1915, following German advances in the Baltic provinces, the Russian military leadership accused the Jews of being a German fifth column and ordered 500,000 to leave their homes in the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>, mostly with less than 24 hours notice, and to relocate in central Russia. An estimated 100,000 died of starvation and exposure and their plight contributed to the disintegration of the Russian army.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, still officially neutral, most Russian and German Jews supported the Germans, as did much of the largely anti-British <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish American</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German American</a> community. Britain was anxious to win US support for its war effort, and winning over Jewish financial and popular support in the US was considered vital.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist Russia</a> on the Allied side, most Jews supported Germany and in much of Eastern Europe the advancing Germans were regarded as liberators by the Jews. Like the Germans and the Russians, the British assumed that most Jews were avoiding the draft; these beliefs were groundless, but the Polish Zionist <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a> was able to exploit it to promote a Jewish division in the British army. For the British, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Legion" title="Jewish Legion">Jewish Legion</a>, was a means of recruiting Russian Jewish immigrants (who were mostly Zionists) to the British war effort. The legion was dominated by Zionist volunteers. </p><p>In January 1915, two months after the British declaration of war against the Ottomans, Zionist and British cabinet member <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a> presented a detailed memorandum entitled <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Palestine" class="extiw" title="s:The Future of Palestine">The Future of Palestine</a></i> to the British Cabinet on the benefits of a British protectorate over Palestine to support Jewish immigration. </p><p>The most prominent Russian-Zionist migrant in Britain was chemist <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a>. Weizmann developed a new process to produce <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, a critical ingredient in manufacturing explosives that Britain was unable to manufacture in sufficient quantity. In 1915, the British government fell as a result of its inability to <a href="/wiki/Shell_Crisis_of_1915" title="Shell Crisis of 1915">manufacture enough artillery shells</a> for the war effort. In the new government, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> became the minister responsible for armaments, and asked Weizmann to develop his process for mass production. </p><p>Lloyd George was an evangelical Christian and pro-Zionist. According to Lloyd George, when he asked Weizmann about payment for his efforts to help Britain, Weizmann told him that he wanted no money, just the rights over Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weizmann became a close associate of Lloyd George (Prime Minister from 1916) and the <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> (Foreign Secretary from 1916), <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>. </p><p>In 1916 <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>), began an "<a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a>" hoping to create an Arab state in the Middle East. In the <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a> British representatives promised they would allow him to create such a state (the boundaries were vague). They also provided him with large sums of money to fund his revolt. </p><p>In February 1917 the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">tsar was overthrown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> became Prime Minister of the Russian Empire. Jews were prominent in the new government and the British hoped that Jewish support would help keep Russia in the war. In June 1917 the British army, led by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a>, invaded Palestine. The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Legion" title="Jewish Legion">Jewish Legion</a> participated in the invasion and <a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a> was awarded for bravery. Arab forces conquered <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a> and later took over Damascus. </p><p>In August 1917, as the British cabinet discussed the Balfour Declaration,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Samuel_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Samuel Montagu">Edwin Samuel Montagu</a>, the only Jew in the British Cabinet and a staunch anti-Zionist, "was passionately opposed to the declaration on the grounds that (a) it was a capitulation to anti-Semitic bigotry, with its suggestion that Palestine was the natural destination of the Jews, and that (b) it would be a grave cause of alarm to the Muslim world".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional references to the future rights of non-Jews in Palestine and the status of Jews worldwide were thus inserted by the British cabinet, reflecting the opinion of the only Jew within it. As the draft was finalized, the term "state" was replaced with "home", and comments were sought from Zionists abroad. Louis Brandeis, a member of the US Supreme Court, influenced the style of the text and changed the words "Jewish race" to "Jewish people".<sup id="cite_ref-HagshBrand_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HagshBrand-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 2, the British Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>, made his landmark <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, publicly expressing the government's view in favour of "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people", and specifically noting that its establishment must not "prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1917_Russian_Revolution">1917 Russian Revolution</h4></div> <p>On November 7, five days after the Balfour declaration, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> led the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia. The Bolshevik seizure of power led to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> and the collapse of the Western part of the Russian Empire. During the fighting, there were <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">pogroms across Russia</a> perpetrated by fighters from all sides, but especially the counter-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McGeever_2019_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGeever_2019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1918 and 1921, when the Bolsheviks assumed control of Ukraine, over 50,000 Jews were killed, a further 100,000 were permanently maimed or died of wounds and 200,000 Jewish children became orphans.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the Russian revolution, the Bund had 30,000 members in Russia, compared to 300,000 Zionist members of which about 10% were Marxist-Zionists.<sup id="cite_ref-Zvi_Y._Gitelman_2001,_pages_60-61_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zvi_Y._Gitelman_2001,_pages_60-61-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissariat of Nationalities">People's Commissariat of Nationalities</a> and in this role suppressed the Bund. Bundists supportive of the Bolsheviks formed short-lived Kombund (Communist Bund) parties (such as the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Labour_Bund_(Ukraine)" title="Jewish Communist Labour Bund (Ukraine)">Jewish Communist Labour Bund (Ukraine)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="Jewish Communist Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Communist Labour Bund in Poland</a>) or joined the <a href="/wiki/Yevsektsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevsektsia">Yevsektsia</a>, a Jewish section of the Bolshevik organization created by Stalin which worked to end Jewish communal and religious life,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while anti-Communist social democrats maintained independent Bund structures, especially in <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Poland</a>. </p><p>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> Zionist movement, <a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Ber_Borochov" title="Ber Borochov">Ber Borochov</a>, returned to Russia (from Palestine) and requested to form Jewish Brigades within the Red Army. Trotsky supported the request but opposition from the Yevsektsia led to the proposal's failure.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poale Zion split between a pro-Communist "Left", and an anti-Communist "Right". Future Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> was a member of the Israeli branch of the latter, forming <a href="/wiki/Ahdut_HaAvoda" title="Ahdut HaAvoda">Ahdut HaAvoda</a> (the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Israeli Labor Party</a>) in 1919. </p><p>In 1921, following a personal request to Stalin by the Soviet author <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>, the Hebrew poets <a href="/wiki/Hayim_Nahman_Bialik" title="Hayim Nahman Bialik">Bialik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Tchernichovsky" title="Shaul Tchernichovsky">Shaul Tchernichovsky</a> were allowed to emigrate to Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bialik became the Israeli national poet. Despite opposition from the Evsektsiya, Stalin also permitted funding of a Hebrew theatre troupe in Moscow, called <a href="/wiki/Habima" class="mw-redirect" title="Habima">Habima</a>. <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavski</a> attended the first night and the group put on a historic play called <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dybbuk" title="The Dybbuk">The Dybbuk</a></i>, which they were allowed to take on tour in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tour terminated in Tel Aviv, and Habima never returned to Moscow, becoming instead the Israel National Theatre. The Revolution was accompanied by a brief flowering of Yiddish arts before being decimated by censorship and by 1950 a significant number of prominent Yiddish intellectuals had been sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Soviet census found that 90% of Belarusian Jews and 76% of Ukrainian Jews gave <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> as their mother tongue. </p><p>Between 1922 and 1928, the Soviets embarked on a plan of moving Ukrainian Jews to agricultural communes, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. The plan was encouraged by donations from US Jewish charities trying to protect and help Jews. A number of Zionist agricultural collectives were established in Crimea in preparation for Kibbutz life. Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a> considered creating a Jewish state in Crimea which had a large <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaite" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Karaite">Karaite</a> population who had been exempt from Tsarist persecution. (Karaites are Jews who reject the authority of the Talmud.)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924 Stalin became the ruler of the USSR. In 1928 a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a> was created in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a> with <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> as an official language and Hebrew was outlawed: The only language to be outlawed in the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few Jews were tempted by the Soviet Jewish Republic and as of 2002 Jews constitute only about 1.2% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yevsektsiyas were disbanded in 1927 and many their leaders perished during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. The Bund survived in independent Poland until the Second World War, when its membership was exterminated by the Nazis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zionist_paramilitaries_in_Palestine">Zionist paramilitaries in Palestine</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haganah">Haganah</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></div> <p>'Haganah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הַהֲגָנָה</span>, lit. <i>The Defence</i>) was the main <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organization of the Jewish population ("<a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>") in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> between 1920 and its disestablishment in 1948, when it became the core of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF). </p><p>Formed out of previous existing militias, its original purpose was to defend Jewish settlements from Arab attacks, such as the riots of <a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/1921_Jaffa_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1921 Jaffa riots">1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>. It was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>, the official governmental body in charge of Palestine's Jewish community during the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate</a>. Until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Haganah's activities were moderate, in accordance with the policy of <a href="/wiki/Havlaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Havlaga">havlaga</a> ("self-restraint"), which caused the splitting of the more radical <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a>. The group received clandestine military support from Poland. Haganah sought cooperation with the British in the event of an <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> invasion of Palestine through <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a>, prompting the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> task force in 1941. </p><p>With the end of World War II and British refusal to cancel the <a href="/wiki/1939_White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 White Paper">1939 White Paper</a>'s restrictions on Jewish immigration, the Haganah turned to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">sabotage activities</a> against the British authorities, including bombing bridges, rail lines, and ships used to deport illegal Jewish immigrants, as well as assisting in bringing Jews to Palestine in defiance of British policy. After the United Nations adopted a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">partition plan for Palestine</a> in 1947, the Haganah came into the open as the biggest fighting force among Palestinian Jews, successfully overcoming Arab forces during the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">civil war</a>. Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israel's independence declaration</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, the Haganah was merged with other groups and reorganized into the official army of the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irgun">Irgun</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></div> <p>The <b>Irgun</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ארגון</span>; full title: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הארגון הצבאי הלאומי בארץ ישראל</span> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Hā-ʾIrgun Ha-Tzvaʾī Ha-Leūmī b-Ērētz Yiśrāʾel</i></span></i>, lit. "The National Military Organization in the Land of Israel"), or <b>Etzel</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אצ"ל</span>), was a <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organization that operated in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandate Palestine</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> between 1931 and 1948. It was an offshoot of the older and larger <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organization <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> (Hebrew: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">הגנה</span>, Defence).<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irgun has been viewed as a terrorist organization or organization which carried out terrorist acts.<sup id="cite_ref-SshmidtFCPRIOT_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SshmidtFCPRIOT-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irgun policy was based on what was then called <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Howard_Sachar" title="Howard Sachar">Howard Sachar</a>, "The policy of the new organization was based squarely on Jabotinsky's teachings: every Jew had the right to enter Palestine; only active retaliation would deter the Arabs; only Jewish armed force would ensure the Jewish state".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the operations for which the Irgun is best known are the <a href="/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing" title="King David Hotel bombing">bombing of the King David Hotel</a> in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946 and the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a> that killed at least 107 Palestinian Arabs, including women and children, carried out together with <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> on 9 April 1948. </p><p>The organization committed acts of terrorism against the British, whom it regarded as illegal occupiers, and against Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular the Irgun was described as a terrorist organization by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, British, and United States governments; in media such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> newspaper;<sup id="cite_ref-select.nytimes.com_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-select.nytimes.com-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FA0E16F93D55147B93C4A81783D85F438485F9_1947_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FA0E16F93D55147B93C4A81783D85F438485F9_1947-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1946 <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist Congress">Zionist Congress</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, academics such as <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Abrahms" title="Max Abrahms">Max Abrahms</a> have written that the Irgun went to considerable lengths to avoid harming civilians, such as issuing pre-attack warnings; according to Hoffman, Irgun leadership urged "targeting the physical manifestations of British rule while avoiding the deliberate infliction of bloodshed."<sup id="cite_ref-Abrahms_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abrahms-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> in 1948, compared Irgun and its successor <a href="/wiki/Herut" title="Herut">Herut</a> party to "Nazi and Fascist parties" and described it as a "terrorist, right wing, chauvinist organization".<sup id="cite_ref-einstein_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irgun's tactics appealed to many Jews who believed that any action taken in the cause of the creation of a Jewish state was justified, including <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irgun members were absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab–Israeli war">1948 Arab–Israeli war</a>. The Irgun was a political predecessor to Israel's <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Herut" title="Herut">Herut</a></i> (or "Freedom") party, which led to today's <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likud has led or been part of most <a href="/wiki/Israeli_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli government">Israeli governments</a> since 1977. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beitar">Beitar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitar">Beitar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg/220px-Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg/330px-Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg/440px-Betar_youth_camp_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>Members of Betar movement at a summer camp in the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> resort town <a href="/wiki/Zakopane" title="Zakopane">Zakopane</a> in 1935</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin,_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg/220px-Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg/330px-Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg/440px-Young_Jewish_members_from_German_Chapter_of_Betar_in_Berlin%2C_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Betar formation in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>Betar was founded by <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a> at a meeting of Jewish youth in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, arranged by Aaron Propes in 1923. Jabotinsky spoke of the Arab attacks on the settlement of Tel Hai and other Jewish settlements in the Galilee. He believed that these incidents, indicative of serious threats to the Jewish Palestinians, could only be addressed by the recreation of the ancient Jewish state of Israel, extending across the entirety of both Palestine and Jordan. This is the defining philosophy of Revisionist Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jabotinsky proposed creating Betar to foster a new generation of Jews thoroughly indoctrinated in these nationalist ideals and trained for military action against all enemies of Judaism. In 1931, Jabotinsky was elected <i>rosh Betar</i> ("head of Betar") at the first world conference in <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Trumpeldor" title="Joseph Trumpeldor">Joseph Trumpeldor</a>, the leader of the Jewish settlers who were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">killed at Tel Hai</a> in 1920, served as the primary role model of the Betar. A disabled man with only one arm, he led his people in the futile defense of the settlement and reportedly died with the words, "Never mind, it is good to die for our country" (Hebrew: "אין דבר ,טוב למות בעד ארצנו"). This was particularly significant given that the Jews did not yet have a country: Trumpeldor was referring to sacrificing one's life in order to further the establishment of an independent Jewish state. The words of <i><a href="/wiki/Shir_Betar" title="Shir Betar">Shir Betar</a></i> ("The Betar Song"), written by Jabotinsky, include a line that quotes Trumpeldor's last words of "never mind". As the song expresses, Betar youth were to be as "proud, generous, and fierce [alternately translated as 'cruel'<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>]" as Trumpeldor, and as ready to sacrifice themselves for Israel. </p><p>The name Betar בית"ר refers to both the last <a href="/wiki/Betar_(fortress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (fortress)">Jewish fort</a> to fall in the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (136 CE)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (September 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Zionism#The_consensus_is_on_135_CE,_not_136." title="Talk:History of Zionism">discuss</a></i>]</sup> and to the altered abbreviation of the Hebrew name of the organisation, "<b>B</b>erit <b>Tr</b>umpeldor" or "<b>B</b>rit <b>Y</b>osef <b>Tr</b>umpeldor"<sup id="cite_ref-Shavit_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shavit-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MfA_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MfA-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ( ברית יוסף תרומפלדור ). Although Trumpeldor's name is properly spelt with <i>tet</i> (ט), it was written with <i>taf</i> (ת) so as to produce the acronym.<sup id="cite_ref-Shavit_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shavit-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_787_Education_in_Israel_%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91_%D7%96%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Vladimir Jabotinsky in the company of Betar commanders, Palestine</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite resistance from both Zionist and non-Zionist Jews, Betar quickly gained a large following in Poland, Palestine, Latvia, Lithuania, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, and elsewhere. It was particularly successful in Poland, which had the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">largest Jewish population in Europe</a> at the time. </p><p>In 1934, Poland was home to 40,000 of Betar's 70,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Routine Betar activities in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> included military drilling, instruction in Hebrew, and encouragement to learn English. Militia groups organized by Betar Poland helped to defend against attacks by the anti-Semitic <a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp (1934)">ONR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interwar Polish government helped Betar with military training.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members admired the Polish nationalist camp and imitated some of its aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 1930s and early 1940s, Betar aided the widespread immigration of Jews to Palestine in violation of the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate's</a> immigration quotas, which had not been increased despite the surge of refugees from the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Nazi persecution and murder of Jews</a>. In total, Betar was responsible for the entrance of over 40,000 Jews into Palestine under such restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_British_Mandate_and_the_Arab–Jewish_struggle_for_Palestine_(1918–1939)"><span id="The_British_Mandate_and_the_Arab.E2.80.93Jewish_struggle_for_Palestine_.281918.E2.80.931939.29"></span>The British Mandate and the Arab–Jewish struggle for Palestine (1918–1939)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaim_Weizmann_leads_the_World_Zionist_Organization">Chaim Weizmann leads the World Zionist Organization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a></div> <p>In late 1921, the 12th Zionist congress was held in Carlsbad, Czechoslovakia; it was the first congress to be held since 1913, because of World War I. Four hundred-fifty delegates attended, representing 780,000 fee paying Zionist members worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaim_Weizmann_page_359_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaim_Weizmann_page_359-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weizmann was elected its president in recognition of his role in obtaining the Balfour Declaration. The conference passed a proposal for an "Arab-Jewish Entente",<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which called on Zionist leadership to "forge a true understanding with the Arab nation".<sup id="cite_ref-Chaim_Weizmann_page_359_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaim_Weizmann_page_359-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weizmann led the movement until 1931. From 1931 to 1935 the WZO was presided by <a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sokolow" title="Nahum Sokolow">Nahum Sokolow</a> (who had also spent the First World War in Britain). Weizmann resumed presidency of the WZO in 1935 and led it until 1946. </p><p>Zionist Congresses: </p> <ul><li>1929 16th Congress, Zurich: 604,000 fee paying members.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1931 17th Congress, Basel: 670,000 fee paying members.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1933 18th Congress, Prague: 828,000 fee paying members.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_League_of_Nations_endorses_Zionism">The League of Nations endorses Zionism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbut_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tarbut_poster.jpg/220px-Tarbut_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Tarbut_poster.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Poster from the Zionist Tarbut schools of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> in the 1930s. Zionist parties were very active in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> politics. In the 1922 Polish elections, Zionists held 24 seats of a total of 35 Jewish parliament members.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the defeat and dismantling of the Ottoman Empire by European colonial powers in 1918, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> endorsed the full text of the Balfour Declaration and established the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">British Mandate</a> for Palestine (Full text:<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>In addition to accepting the Balfour Declaration policy statement, the League included that "[a]n appropriate <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish agency</a> shall be recognised as a public body for the purpose of advising and co-operating with the Administration of Palestine...." This inclusion paralleled a similar proposal made by the <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>. </p><p>The Zionist movement entered a new phase of activity. Its priorities were encouraging Jewish settlement in Palestine, building the institutional foundations of a Jewish state and raising funds for these purposes. The 1920s did see a steady growth in the Jewish population and the construction of state-like Jewish institutions, but also saw the emergence of Palestinian Arab nationalism and growing resistance to Jewish immigration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_Zionism:_the_Third_Aliyah_(1919–1923)_and_the_Fourth_Aliyah_(1924–1928)"><span id="Expansion_of_Zionism:_the_Third_Aliyah_.281919.E2.80.931923.29_and_the_Fourth_Aliyah_.281924.E2.80.931928.29"></span>Expansion of Zionism: the Third Aliyah (1919–1923) and the Fourth Aliyah (1924–1928)</h3></div> <p>The success of Zionism in getting international recognition for its project led to growth in the membership and development of new forms of Zionism. The period 1919–1923 saw migration by Jews escaping the civil war in Russia, the period 1924–1929 migration by Jews escaping antisemitic regimes in Poland and Hungary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_Zionism">Religious Zionism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></div> <p>In the 1920s and 1930s, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a> (the first Chief Rabbi of Palestine) and his son Zevi Judah, began to develop the concept of <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a>. Kook was concerned that growing secularism of Zionist supporters and increasing antagonism towards the movement from the largely non-Zionist Orthodox community might lead to a schism between them and sought to create a brand of Zionism that would serve as a bridge between Jewish Orthodoxy and secular Jewish Zionists. </p><p>The Religious Zionists established a youth movement called <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a> in 1929, and a number of <a href="/wiki/Religious_Kibbutz_Movement" title="Religious Kibbutz Movement">Religious Kibbutzim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revisionist_Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</a></div> <p>The Revisionist Zionists were established in 1923 and originally led by <a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Ze'ev Jabotinsky</a>. After his involvement against the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Arab riots</a>, the British banned Jabotinsky from re-entering Palestine, and until his death in 1940, he advocated the more militant revisionist ideology in Europe and America. In 1935, he and the Revisionists left the mainstream <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a> and formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Zionist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zionist Organization">New Zionist Organization</a>. Following mainstream Zionism's' acceptance of their earlier militant demand for a Jewish state they eventually rejoined in 1946. </p><p>During this period, Revisionist Zionism was detested by the competing Socialist Zionist movement, which saw them as being <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> and influenced by <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>; the movement also caused a great deal of concern among Arab Palestinians. </p><p>Revisionism was popular in Poland but lacked large support in Palestine. The Revisionists refused to comply with British quotas on Jewish migration, and, following the election of Hitler in Germany, the Revisionist youth movements <a href="/wiki/HeHalutz" title="HeHalutz">HeHalutz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beitar" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitar">Beitar</a> began to organize illegal Jewish migration to Palestine. In Europe and America they advocated pressing Britain to allow mass Jewish emigration and the formation of a Jewish Army in Palestine. The army would force the Arab population to accept mass Jewish migration and promote British interests in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionism_and_the_Arabs">Zionism and the Arabs</h3></div> <p>Arab nationalists predominantly perceived Zionism as a threat to their own aspirations. This sense was heightened, by the growth of Zionist labor movement and its "<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_labor" title="Hebrew labor">Hebrew labor</a>" program. The latter was an effort to increase Jewish immigrant employment, secure the creation of a Jewish proletariat, and to prevent Zionist settlement from turning into a standard colonial enterprise. Initially, it sought to develop separate settlements and economies and campaigned for the exclusive employment of Jews; it later campaigned against the employment of Arabs. Its adverse effects on the Arab majority were increasingly noted by the mandatory administration. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/King-Crane_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="King-Crane Commission">King-Crane Commission</a> concluded about the principle of self determination: </p><p>"If that principle is to rule, and so the wishes of Palestine's population are to be decisive as to what is to be done with Palestine, then it is to be remembered that the non-Jewish population of Palestine – nearly nine-tenths of the whole – are emphatically against the entire Zionist programme. The tables show that there was no one thing upon which the population of Palestine were more agreed than upon this." </p><p>and recommended: </p><p>"… serious modification of the extreme Zionist programme for Palestine of unlimited immigration of Jews, looking finally to making Palestine distinctly a Jewish State…"<sup id="cite_ref-:4_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churchill himself stated that the goal of the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_White_Paper" title="Churchill White Paper">Churchill White Paper</a> was: </p><p>"…to make it clear that the establishment of self-governing institutions in Palestine was to be subordinated to the paramount pledge and obligation of establishing a Jewish National Home in Palestine"<sup id="cite_ref-:4_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1919 <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Emir Faisal</a>, signed the <a href="/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal–Weizmann Agreement">Faisal–Weizmann Agreement</a>. He wrote: </p><blockquote> <p>We <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, especially the educated among us, look with the deepest sympathy on the Zionist movement. Our delegation here in Paris is fully acquainted with the proposals submitted yesterday by the Zionist organization to the Peace Conference, and we regard them as moderate and proper. </p> </blockquote><p> In their first meeting in June 1918 Weizmann had assured Faisal that<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p> the Jews did not propose to set up a government of their own but wished to work under British protection, to colonize and develop Palestine without encroaching on any legitimate interests</p></blockquote> <p>Initially Palestinian Arabs looked to the Arab-nationalist leaders to create a single Arab state, however Faisal's agreement with Weizmann led Palestinian-Arabs to develop their own brand of nationalism<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and call for Palestine to become a state governed by the Arab majority, in particular they demanded an elected assembly. </p><p>Zionist supporters were by now aware of Arab opposition, and this led the movement in 1921 to pass a motion calling on the leadership to "forge a true understanding with the Arab nation".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem's_Grand_Mufti_and_the_emergence_of_Palestinian_Arab_nationalism"><span id="Jerusalem.27s_Grand_Mufti_and_the_emergence_of_Palestinian_Arab_nationalism"></span>Jerusalem's Grand Mufti and the emergence of Palestinian Arab nationalism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAal-Husayni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/MAal-Husayni.jpg/220px-MAal-Husayni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/MAal-Husayni.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1921, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Amin al-Husayni">Mohammad Amin al-Husayni</a> was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti of Jerusalem</a> by the Palestine High Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a>, after he had been pardoned for his role in the <a href="/wiki/1920_Palestine_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 Palestine riots">1920 Palestine riots</a>. During the following decades, he became the focus of Palestinian opposition to Zionism. </p><p>The Mufti believed that Jews were seeking to rebuild the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a>. This led to a long confrontation over the use of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Kotel</a>, also known as the Wailing Wall, which was owned by the <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Muslim authorities</a> but was sacred to Jews.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Religious tension, an international economic crisis (affecting crop prices) and nationalist tension (over Zionist immigration) led to the <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929 Palestine riots</a>. In these religious-nationalist riots Jews were <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">massacred in Hebron</a> and the survivors forced to leave the town. Devastation also took place in <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and Jerusalem. </p><p>In 1936 an <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab uprising</a> occurred, which lasted for three years. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Muslim_Council" title="Supreme Muslim Council">Supreme Muslim Council</a> in Palestine, led by the Mufti, organized the revolt. During the revolt the Mufti was forced to flee to Iraq, where he was involved in a pro-Nazi coup during which the Jewish areas of Baghdad were subjected to a <a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">pogrom</a>. </p><p>In 1939 he rejected as insufficient the British <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper</a>, which imposed restrictions on Jewish immigration and land acquisition by Jews. </p><p>After the British reoccupied Iraq the Mufti joined the Nazis. He worked with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a> and aided the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his main role was broadcasting propaganda and recruiting Muslims, primarily for the <a href="/wiki/13th_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Handschar_(1st_Croatian)" title="13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)">Waffen SS in Bosnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948 the Mufti returned to Egypt. He was involved in the short-lived <a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine Government</a> sponsored by Egypt but was sidelined by most of the Arab countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi–U.S._correspondence_on_Arab–Jewish_relations_in_Palestine"><span id="Saudi.E2.80.93U.S._correspondence_on_Arab.E2.80.93Jewish_relations_in_Palestine"></span>Saudi–U.S. correspondence on Arab–Jewish relations in Palestine</h4></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> was drawing to its close, the King of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> expressed his concern in a letter to US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> lest the US support for Zionism will infringe on the rights of the Arabs of Palestine. On April 5, 1945, the President replied in a letter to the King that </p> <blockquote> <p>I would take no action, in my capacity as Chief of the Executive Branch of this Government, which might prove hostile to the Arab people.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Following Roosevelt's death, the Truman administration publicly adhered to the policy announced in the letter in an official statement released on October 18, 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Growing_conflict_between_Palestinian_Jews_and_Palestinian_Arabs">Growing conflict between Palestinian Jews and Palestinian Arabs</h4></div> <p>One issue fatally divided Arab and Jew in Palestine: immigration. Jews would not compromise over immigration, which they needed as a means of escaping European persecution and which was a core doctrine of Zionism. The Arabs for their part could not compromise on immigration because to do so would effectively end their majority in Palestine. As time went on the conflict between the two communities became increasingly bitter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_immigration_restrictions">British immigration restrictions</h3></div> <p>British support for Zionism was always controversial and the issue was periodically debated in <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. </p><p>Churchill also restricted Jewish migration to an annual quota decided by the British. Certificates allowing migration were distributed by the Jewish Agency. Jews with 1000 Pounds in cash or Jewish professionals with 500 Pounds in cash could emigrate freely. Churchill's reforms made it hard for <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionist Zionist">Revisionist Zionists</a> from Poland<sup id="cite_ref-Wdowiński_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wdowiński-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to migrate to Palestine as the Jewish Agency was dominated by European Zionists, and increasingly by Socialist Zionists. Immigration restrictions did, however mean that Jewish immigrants to Palestine had to prove their loyalty and dedication by spending years preparing for migration. Many immigrants arrived after rigorous preparation including agricultural and ideological training and learning Hebrew. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_Nazi_Germany:_the_Fifth_Aliyah_(1929–1939)_and_illegal_immigration"><span id="Rise_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_Nazi_Germany:_the_Fifth_Aliyah_.281929.E2.80.931939.29_and_illegal_immigration"></span>Rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany: the Fifth Aliyah (1929–1939) and illegal immigration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Aliyah" title="Fifth Aliyah">Fifth Aliyah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a></div> <p>During the 1920s concerns about antisemitism increased across Europe. By 1928, nations were increasingly legislating immigration, which at times prevented Jews from entering, and some of the new European states, established after the First World War, perceived Jewish immigrants as a threat to their political stability. Many countries feared that immigrating Jews from the east would bring revolutionary political ideas with them; Jews were also perceived as being a negative moral influence on society. </p><p>The rise to power of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in Germany in 1933 produced a powerful new impetus for increased Zionist support and immigration to Palestine. The long-held assimilationist and non-Zionist view that Jews could live securely as minorities in European societies was deeply undermined, since Germany had been regarded previously as the country in which Jews had been most successfully integrated. With nearly all other countries closed to Jewish immigration, a new <a href="/wiki/Aliyah#Fifth_Aliyah_(1929–1939)" title="Aliyah">wave of migrants</a> headed for Palestine. Those unable to pay the fees required for immediate entry by the British had to join the waiting lists. </p><p>Nazi efforts to induce Jews to leave Germany were made, but were undermined by their refusal to allow them to take their property also. In response, <a href="/wiki/Haim_Arlozorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Haim Arlozorov">Haim Arlozorov</a> of the Jewish Agency negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a> with the Nazis, whereby German Jews could buy and then export German manufactured goods to Palestine. In Palestine the goods were later sold and the income returned to the migrants. As a result of this agreement, the influx of capital gave a much-needed economic boost in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Arlozorov, however, was assassinated shortly after his return, it was generally believed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> (in recent years it has been suggested that Nazi propaganda Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> may have ordered the assassination to hide Arlozorov's connection with his <a href="/wiki/Magda_Goebbels" title="Magda Goebbels">wife</a>). </p><p>Starting in 1934, the Revisionists also began organizing <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">illegal immigration</a>, and combined, the Jewish population of Palestine rose rapidly. While these conditions also led to increased Arab immigration, the rapid rise in Jewish immigrants eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a>. </p><p>By 1938, the increasing pressure put on European Jews also led mainstream Zionists to organize illegal immigration. </p><p><i>Cooperation with Nazi Germany before the second world war</i> </p><p>Zionists and Nazi authorities had converging interests, as both wanted Jews out of Germany. Even if Nazi authorities didn’t support a Jewish State, they saw Jewish emigration as an answer for the German Jew problem, and Zionist organisations were favoured over other Jew ones by the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zionist were also see as a useful tool to help justify and promote anti-assimilation laws, and a new Jewish identity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>"On the basis of German Jewish policy and its foreign policy implications, there exists no reason to paralyse Zionist tendencies in Germany because Zionism does not contradict the National Socialist goal of gradually eliminating the Jews from Germany." Vicco von Bülow-Schwante, september 1935</i><sup id="cite_ref-:3_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a> ordered in 1935 the prohibition of speeches who advised Jews to remain in Germany. Zionism and emigration narratives were promoted by the SS.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, even when Jews were excluded from Nazi film industry, Zionist Union of Germany was allowed to organise segregated production and distribution outlets, by the German Propaganda Ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even if Nazi attitude towards Zionism was favourable, it was contradictory, as economic restriction on Jews prevented emigration. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a> visited Palestine in 1937 for illegal immigration mediations with Haganah Zionists but they were cut off by British authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Zionist–British_struggle_and_Nazi_Germany_(1939–1948)"><span id="The_Zionist.E2.80.93British_struggle_and_Nazi_Germany_.281939.E2.80.931948.29"></span>The Zionist–British struggle and Nazi Germany (1939–1948)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939_White_Paper_and_the_British_rift_with_Zionism">1939 White Paper and the British rift with Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1939_White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="1939 White Paper">1939 White Paper</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1940_POSTER_CALLING_FOR_RESCUE_AND_IMMIGRATION_TO_ERETZ_ISRAEL._%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.D247-032.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1940_POSTER_CALLING_FOR_RESCUE_AND_IMMIGRATION_TO_ERETZ_ISRAEL._%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.D247-032.jpg/220px-1940_POSTER_CALLING_FOR_RESCUE_AND_IMMIGRATION_TO_ERETZ_ISRAEL._%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.D247-032.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1940_POSTER_CALLING_FOR_RESCUE_AND_IMMIGRATION_TO_ERETZ_ISRAEL._%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.D247-032.jpg/330px-1940_POSTER_CALLING_FOR_RESCUE_AND_IMMIGRATION_TO_ERETZ_ISRAEL._%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.D247-032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1940_POSTER_CALLING_FOR_RESCUE_AND_IMMIGRATION_TO_ERETZ_ISRAEL._%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.D247-032.jpg/440px-1940_POSTER_CALLING_FOR_RESCUE_AND_IMMIGRATION_TO_ERETZ_ISRAEL._%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-40_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C.D247-032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="2911" /></a><figcaption>Poster calling for rescue and Jewish immigration to Palestine in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain the 1930s, British Labour Party politician, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>, established a new party, the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a>, which claimed that "the Jews" were leading Britain to war and campaigned for peace with Germany; however, his antisemitic remarks resulted in membership dropping to below 8,000 by the end of 1935 and, ultimately, Mosley shifted the party's focus back to mainstream politics before he was <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> in 1940 and the BUF <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscribed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British support for Zionism was undermined by the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine</a> and concern that millions of Jews would soon be seeking entry to Palestine. The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> effectively revoked the citizenship of the 500,000 Jews of Germany, making them refugees in their own country. In March 1938 Hitler <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed Austria</a>, making its 200,000 Jews stateless refugees. In September the British <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">agreed to Nazi annexation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, making a further 100,000 Jews refugees. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Conference" title="Évian Conference">absence of alternative destinations</a>, over 100,000 German Jews headed for Palestine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1939 the British issued a <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper</a> in which they declared that a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish National Home">Jewish National Home</a> now existed and that their obligations under the mandate were fulfilled. Further migration would be harmful to the Arab population. A further 10,000 Jews a year were to be admitted from 1939 to 1944 as well as a one-time allowance of 25,000 in view of the situation in Europe. After that Jewish migration would require (the extremely unlikely) agreement of the Arab majority (by this time Jews were about one-third of the population). The British promised the Arabs independence by 1949 and imposed restrictions on land purchases by Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British were concerned about maintaining Arab support as Italian Fascist and German Nazi propaganda was <a href="/wiki/Fascism_as_an_international_phenomenon#Overtures_to_Muslims_and_Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism as an international phenomenon">targeting the Arab world</a> (and winning support).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish support in the fight against Fascism was guaranteed.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Palestine, Zionists increasingly viewed the British as an enemy, but they deemed the fight against the Nazis more important. In 1940 a group led by <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Avraham Stern</a>, later known as <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a>, left the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> over its refusal to fight the British. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionist_movement_on_the_eve_of_World_War_II">Zionist movement on the eve of World War II</h3></div> <p>In 1938–39 the Zionist movement had 1,040,540 members in 61 countries. Total world Jewish population at this time was about 16 million.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zionism was banned in Turkey and the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, which had well over 3 million Jews. </p><p>The following figures relate to the last pre-war Zionist congress in Geneva, 1939. Elections for the congress were held in 48 countries and 529 delegates attended. Members of the movement voted for the parties. Each party submitted a delegate list. Seats were distributed to the parties according to the number of votes they obtained and candidates elected in the order in which they were named on the list. This system today forms the basis for Israeli elections. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Members and delegates at the 1939 Zionist congress, per country<sup id="cite_ref-Source_1946_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_1946-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Members </th> <th>Delegates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">299,165 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">109 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">263,741 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">114 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">167,562 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">134 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60,013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23,513 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22,343 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15,220 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Delegates per political party at the 1939 Zionist congress<sup id="cite_ref-Source_1946_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Source_1946-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Party </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td>Worker's Party </td> <td style="text-align:center;">216 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>General Zionists (centre) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">143 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>General Zionists (conservative) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mizrahi (Orthodox religious) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">65 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Radical Workers [far left] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>State Party [right-wing] </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td style="text-align:center;">66 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionism_during_the_Holocaust">Zionism during the Holocaust</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Szyk_(1894-1951)._United_Palestine_Appeal_(1941),_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._United_Palestine_Appeal_%281941%29%2C_New_York.jpg/220px-Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._United_Palestine_Appeal_%281941%29%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._United_Palestine_Appeal_%281941%29%2C_New_York.jpg/330px-Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._United_Palestine_Appeal_%281941%29%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._United_Palestine_Appeal_%281941%29%2C_New_York.jpg/440px-Arthur_Szyk_%281894-1951%29._United_Palestine_Appeal_%281941%29%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption>Poster by the <a href="/wiki/United_Palestine_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Palestine Appeal">United Palestine Appeal</a> calling for Jewish mobilization during World War II</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Holocaust Europe's Jews were cut off from and disowned by the outside world. Jews were systematically impoverished, starved and murdered. Where Jews did try to fight the Nazis, Zionists were prominent in the resistance. However those fighting never had a chance of success, and were always bloodily suppressed by the Nazis. The only instances where Jews had been successful, were when they fought in the woods as partisans, for example the <a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a>, a group of 1213 Jews who survived the whole war while making trouble for the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazi allies <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (mainly Romania) were responsible for the deaths of at least 10% of the 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust. Axis governments, local police forces and local volunteers across Europe played a critical role in rounding up or executing Jews for the Nazis. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> of January and April 1943 included the participation of both right- and left-leaning Zionist organizations. Its commander, <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a>, was a Socialist-Zionist and Zionists of all political spectra played a leading role in the struggle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wdowiński_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wdowiński-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising's left-leaning survivors eventually made their way to Palestine and founded two Kibbutzim, <a href="/wiki/Lohamei_HaGeta%27ot" title="Lohamei HaGeta'ot">Lohamei HaGeta'ot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yad_Mordechai" title="Yad Mordechai">Yad Mordechai</a>. </p><p>In Palestine the Zionist leadership instructed all able-bodied Jews to volunteer for the British Army. In addition there was an effort to parachute fighters into Europe, though little came of this. Fearing a Nazi invasion, the Jewish community prepared for a final stand to be made against the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall the yishuv leaders had not done enough in publicizing and trying to stop the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While they could have succeeded in saving thousands of Jews if rescuing Jews had been their top priority, rather than state creation, they had no power to "stop" the Holocaust. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a>: </p> <blockquote><p> "The story of the yishuv leaders during the Holocaust was essentially one of helplessness. They rescued a few thousand Jews from Europe. They could, perhaps have saved more, but they could not save millions."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Efforts were made to offer the Nazis money for the release of Jews. However, these efforts were systematically (and, according to Segev, cynically) destroyed by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1942 Zionist conference could not be held because of the war. Instead 600 Jewish leaders (not just Zionists) met at the Biltmore Hotel in New York and adopted a statement known as the <a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Biltmore Program">Biltmore Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They agreed that the Zionist movement would seek the creation of a Jewish state after the war and that all Jewish organizations would fight to ensure free Jewish migration into Palestine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zionist_role_in_the_Jewish_anti-Nazi_resistance">Zionist role in the Jewish anti-Nazi resistance</h4></div> <p>Most Jewish resistance to the Nazis was led by Zionists. What follows is a partial list: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz" title="Mordechai Anielewicz">Mordechai Anielewicz</a> - Organiser and commander of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fareynikte_Partizaner_Organizatsye" title="Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye">Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Zilberberg" title="Rachel Zilberberg">Rachel Zilberberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Suknik" title="Yitzhak Suknik">Yitzhak Suknik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zivia_Lubetkin" title="Zivia Lubetkin">Zivia Lubetkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Kovner" title="Abba Kovner">Abba Kovner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Tenenbaum" title="Mordechai Tenenbaum">Mordechai Tenenbaum</a></li></ul> <p>See also <a href="/wiki/Lohamei_HaGeta%27ot" title="Lohamei HaGeta'ot">Lohamei HaGeta'ot</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_Holocaust">Impact of the Holocaust</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/After_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="After the Holocaust">After the Holocaust</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Holocaust" title="Category:The Holocaust">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: black;font-size:160%;; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">The Holocaust</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318,_KZ_Auschwitz,_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/338px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-N0827-318%2C_KZ_Auschwitz%2C_Ankunft_ungarischer_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> on selection ramp at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, May 1944</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>People</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">Major perpetrators</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gl%C3%BCcks" title="Richard Glücks">Richard Glücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wirth" title="Christian Wirth">Christian Wirth</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Organizations</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände"><i>Totenkopfverbände</i> (SS-TV)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung"><i>Sturmabteilung</i> (SA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-Verf%C3%BCgungstruppe" title="SS-Verfügungstruppe"><i>Verfügungstruppe</i> (SS-VT)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="padding:0.4em 0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators during World War II</a></dt></dl> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></dt></dl></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people (Gypsies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Slavs in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">People with disabilities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">Ghettos</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_Ghetto" title="Będzin Ghetto">Będzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosnowiec_Ghetto" title="Sosnowiec Ghetto">Sosnowiec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilnius</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="List of Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Jewish ghettos in<br />German-occupied Poland</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">List of selected ghettos</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Camps</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi extermination camps</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82%C5%BCec_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bełżec extermination camp">Bełżec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasenovac_concentration_camp" title="Jasenovac concentration camp">Jasenovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajmi%C5%A1te_concentration_camp" title="Sajmište concentration camp">Sajmište</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz I">Auschwitz I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanovka_concentration_camp" title="Bogdanovka concentration camp">Bogdanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittelbau-Dora">Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonars_concentration_camp" title="Gonars concentration camp">Gonars (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp" title="Janowska concentration camp">Janowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen-Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_concentration_camp" title="Rab concentration camp">Rab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaspils_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Salaspils concentration camp">Salaspils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate#The_Holocaust" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uckermark_concentration_camp" title="Uckermark concentration camp">Uckermark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Transit and collection camps</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dt>Belgium</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#World_War_II_camps" title="Internment camps in France">France</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Slovakia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Divisions</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>Extermination methods</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber#Nazi_Germany" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human medical experimentation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Atrocities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pogrom#Nazi-occupied_Europe" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plung%C4%97_massacre" title="Plungė massacre">Plungė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radzi%C5%82%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Radziłów pogrom">Radziłów pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv (Lvov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_up_of_Marseille" class="mw-redirect" title="Round up of Marseille">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Death_(Bydgoszcz)" title="Valley of Death (Bydgoszcz)">Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Erntefest" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktion Erntefest">Erntefest</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i>"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Conference" title="Mogilev Conference">Mogilev Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation "Reinhard"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust train">Holocaust trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wola_massacre" title="Wola massacre">Wola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Protocols" title="Auschwitz Protocols">Auschwitz Protocols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vrba%E2%80%93Wetzler_report" title="Vrba–Wetzler report">Vrba–Wetzler report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mordowicz" title="Czesław Mordowicz">Czesław Mordowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Tabeau" title="Jerzy Tabeau">Jerzy Tabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Vrba" title="Rudolf Vrba">Rudolf Vrba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfr%C3%A9d_Wetzler" title="Alfréd Wetzler">Alfréd Wetzler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_photographs" title="Sonderkommando photographs"><i>Sonderkommando</i> photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement_in_Auschwitz" title="Resistance movement in Auschwitz">Resistance movement in Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold%27s_Report" title="Witold's Report">Witold's Report</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto uprising">Ghetto uprisings</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_by_Members_of_the_United_Nations" title="Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations">Joint Declaration by Members of<br />the United Nations</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_bombing_debate" title="Auschwitz bombing debate">Auschwitz bombing debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS_St._Louis" title="MS St. Louis">MS <i>St. Louis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Displaced persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Survivors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Liberated_Jews" title="Central Committee of the Liberated Jews">Central Committee of the Liberated Jews</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">Reparations Agreement between<br />Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps" title="Timeline of deportations of French Jews to death camps">Deportations of French Jews<br />to death camps</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_survivors_of_Sobibor" title="List of survivors of Sobibor">Survivors of Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp">Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_victims_of_Nazism" title="List of victims of Nazism">Victims of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescuers_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescuers of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Resources</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Nazi Germany">List of books about Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the<br />European Jews</a></i></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></i></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">Functionalism versus<br />intentionalism</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;font-size:110%;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Remembrance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Template:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Template talk:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Nazi-inspired genocide in Europe had grave consequences for the Zionists. </p> <ol><li>A large section of the membership was wiped out. The damage was particularly great in Poland where about a third of the Zionist members had lived (the Russian membership had been lost to communism).</li> <li>Those Jews who were not killed lost their possessions; the ability of the Zionist movement to raise money in Europe was severely reduced.</li></ol> <p>This calamity led to important changes in Jewish and Zionist politics: </p> <ol><li>Many Jews were now desperate to leave Europe and willing to take grave risks for that purpose</li> <li>All Jews now agreed on the need for a Jewish state where Jews could live free of the fear of persecution and which would provide a haven in times of persecution.</li> <li>The Jews of the USA were now the dominant force in Jewish politics.</li> <li>More Jews were prepared to mobilize on behalf of their brethren.</li> <li>Britain was now weakened and less able to resist international pressure.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_growth_of_illegal_immigration_to_Palestine">Rapid growth of illegal immigration to Palestine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Conflict_with_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="British Conflict with Zionism">British Conflict with Zionism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Berihah" class="mw-redirect" title="Berihah">Berihah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></div> <p>In 1945, President Truman sent a personal representative, <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Harrison" title="Earl G. Harrison">Earl G. Harrison</a>, to investigate the situation of the Jewish survivors ("<i><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></i>") in Europe. Harrison reported that </p> <blockquote> <p>substantial unofficial and unauthorized movements of people must be expected, and these will require considerable force to prevent, for the patience of many of the persons involved is, and in my opinion with justification, nearing the breaking point. It cannot be overemphasized that many of these people are now desperate, that they have become accustomed under German rule to employ every possible means to reach their end, and that the fear of death does not restrain them.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Despite winning the 1945 British election with a manifesto promising to create a Jewish state in Palestine, the Labour Government succumbed to Foreign Office pressure and kept Palestine closed to Jewish migration. </p><p>In Europe former <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Abba_Kovner" title="Abba Kovner">Abba Kovner</a> began to organize escape routes ("<i><a href="/wiki/Berihah" class="mw-redirect" title="Berihah">Berihah</a></i>"<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) taking Jews from Eastern Europe down to the Mediterranean where the Jewish Agency organized ships ("<i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a></i>"<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to illegally carry them to Palestine. </p><p>The British government responded by trying to force Jews to return to their places of origin. Holocaust survivors entering the British Zone were denied assistance or forced to live in hostels with former Nazi collaborators (Britain gave asylum to a large number of <a href="/wiki/30th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(2nd_Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Russian)">Belarusian Nazi collaborators</a> after the war). In American-controlled zones, political pressure from Washington allowed Jews to live in their own quarters and meant the US Army helped Jews trying to escape the centres of genocide. </p><p>Despite the death of almost a third of the world's Jews during the Second World War, the number of fee paying members of the Zionist movement continued to grow. The December 1946 Zionist congress in Basle (Switzerland) attracted 375 delegates from 43 countries representing two million fee paying members. As before the largest parties were the Socialist Zionist parties although these lacked a full majority. Only ten of the delegates were British Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_withdrawal:_the_United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine">British withdrawal: the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</h3></div> <p>In 1947 Britain announced its intention to withdraw from Palestine. A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine" title="United Nations Special Committee on Palestine">United Nations Special Committee</a> investigated the situation and offered two solutions : </p> <ol><li>to establish a bi-national state in Palestine (the minority option);</li> <li>to partition Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state.</li></ol> <p>From the Zionist point of view, the second option corresponded to their goal and they gave full support to this. </p><p>On 29 November the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> voted to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">partition Palestine</a> into an Arab state and a Jewish state (with Jerusalem becoming an international enclave). Amid public rejoicing in Jewish communities in Palestine, the Jewish Agency accepted the plan. The Palestinian Arab leadership and the Arab League rejected the decision and announced that they would not abide by it. <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">Civil conflict between the Arabs and Jews in Palestine</a> ensued immediately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zionist_activity_after_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel_(1948–present)"><span id="Zionist_activity_after_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel_.281948.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Zionist activity after the founding of the State of Israel (1948–present)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:20em;border:1px solid #1e90ff;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><span style="font-size:110%">State of Israel</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">Districts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Cities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Israel" title="Transport in Israel">Transportation</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">timeline</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan for Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Israel" title="List of wars involving Israel">Conflicts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Peace proposals <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Treaties with Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">International law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Occupied territories</a></li><li>* <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">West Bank barrier</a> </li><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Unilateral disengagement</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law" title="Israeli law">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Israel" title="Referendums in Israel">Referendums</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Israel" title="List of political parties in Israel">Parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Israel" title="Elections in Israel">Elections</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel" title="Judiciary of Israel">Courts</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">Criticism of the government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany">comparisons with Nazi Germany</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab League and the Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="France–Israel relations">France</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_security_forces" title="Israeli security forces">Security forces</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Israel)" title="National Security Council (Israel)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Police</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Border Police</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Prison_Service" title="Israel Prison Service">Prison Service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Israel" title="List of companies of Israel">Companies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_industry_in_Israel" title="Diamond industry in Israel">Diamonds</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel" title="Agriculture in Israel">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Aerospace_Industries" title="Israel Aerospace Industries">Israel Aerospace Industries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel" title="Tourism in Israel">Tourism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Wine</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">Science and Technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Start-up_Nation" title="Start-up Nation">Start-up Nation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">Silicon Wadi</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Israeli Arabs</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_universities_and_colleges" title="List of Israeli universities and colleges">Universities</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Israel" title="Sport in Israel">Sports</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israelis" title="List of Israelis">Israelis</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border:solid #1e90ff;border-width:1px 0;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eef;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israel" title="Category:Israel">Category</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Israel" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Israel">WikiProject</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_of_Israel" title="Template:State of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_of_Israel" title="Template talk:State of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> (First Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>) publicly pronouncing the Declaration of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel, beneath a large portrait of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>, founder of modern political Zionism.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 14 May 1948 the leaders of the Jewish community in Palestine <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Israel)">declared independence</a> in accordance with the UN resolution, and Israel was established as the Jewish state. This marked a major turning point, since the Zionist movement had accomplished its principal goal. As a result, many Zionist institutions became government institutions, and the three Zionist militias were combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a>. </p><p>David Ben-Gurion, the first prime minister of Israel objected to the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a>'s more moderate approach in attaining Jewish statehood, and later objected to its continued existence, which he saw as competition and largely irrelevant following the formation of the state; he clashed with the leadership of the international Zionist Organization. The ZO's main activities at this point were relegated to assisting persecuted Jews, usually in countries where Zionism was illegal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and assisting immigration to Israel in countries where Jews faced little persecution<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, plus raising awareness and encouraging support for Israel. </p><p>Most Diaspora Jews identify with Zionism and have done so since the 1930s, in the sense that they support the State of Israel, even if they do not choose to emigrate; the Zionist movement also has undertaken a variety of roles to encourage support for Israel. These have included encouraging immigration and assisting immigrants in absorption and integration, fund-raising on behalf of needs and development, encouraging private capital investment, and mobilizing public opinion support for Israel internationally. Worldwide Jewish political and financial support has been of vital importance for Israel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 1967 war between Israel and the Arab states (the "<a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>") marked a major turning point in the history of both Israel and of Zionism. Israeli forces captured the eastern half of Jerusalem, including the holiest of Jewish religious sites, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> of the ancient Temple. They also took over the remaining territories of pre-1948 Palestine, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> (from Jordan) the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> (from Syria). </p><p>The 28th Zionist Congress (Jerusalem, 1968) adopted the following five principles, known as the "Jerusalem Program", as the aims of contemporary Zionism:<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <ul><li>The unity of the Jewish people and the centrality of Israel in Jewish life</li> <li>The ingathering of the Jewish people in the historic homeland, Eretz Israel, through <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> from all countries</li> <li>The strengthening of the State of Israel, based on the "prophetic vision of justice and peace"</li> <li>The preservation of the identity of the Jewish people through the fostering of Jewish, Hebrew and Zionist education and of Jewish spiritual and cultural values</li> <li>The protection of Jewish rights everywhere.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1977_Israeli_legislative_election" title="1977 Israeli legislative election">election of 1977</a>, characterized as "the revolution", brought the nationalistic, right-wing, <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> Party to power,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after thirty years in opposition to the dominant Labor party and indicated further movement to the political right. Joel Greenburg, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> twenty years after the election, notes its significance and that of related events; he writes:<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The seed was sown in 1977, when Menachem Begin of Likud brought his party to power for the first time in a stunning election victory over Labor. A decade before, in the 1967 war, Israeli troops had in effect undone the partition accepted in 1948 by overrunning the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Ever since, Mr. Begin had preached undying loyalty to what he called Judea and Samaria (the West Bank lands) and promoted Jewish settlement there. But he did not annex the West Bank and Gaza to Israel after he took office, reflecting a recognition that absorbing the Palestinians could turn Israel it into a binational state instead of a Jewish one.</p></blockquote> <p>Control of the West Bank and Gaza placed Israel in the position of control over a large population of Palestinian Arabs. Over the years this has generated conflict between competing core Zionist ideals of an egalitarian democratic state on the one hand, and territorial loyalty to historic Jewish areas, particularly the old city of Jerusalem, on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zionism and its ideological underpinnings have become less important in Israeli politics, except for the ongoing national debate about what is meant by a "Jewish State", and the geographic limits of the State of Israel. These debates however, have largely taken place outside Zionist organizations, and within Israeli national politics. </p><p>In 1975 the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379</a> was passed. It stated that "zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resolution 3379 was rescinded in 1991 by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">Resolution 4686</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the first ever environmental Zionist organization, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Zionist_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Zionist Alliance">Green Zionist Alliance</a>, was founded by a group of American and Israeli environmentalists led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Alon_Tal" title="Alon Tal">Alon Tal</a>, Rabbi Michael Cohen and Dr. Eilon Schwartz. The Green Zionist Alliance focuses on the environment of Israel and its region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_from_Iraq">Immigration from Iraq</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ezra_and_Nehemiah" title="Operation Ezra and Nehemiah">Operation Ezra and Nehemiah</a></div> <p>In 1941, a pro-Nazi coup in Iraq led to a massacre of Jews in Baghdad (where they were the largest ethnic group and formed 40% of the population).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With anti-Semitism growing, particularly following Iraqi independence, over a 1,000 Jews were illegally fleeing Iraq for Palestine every month. In March 1950, the Iraqi government announced that for a period of 9 months it would permit Jews to leave. Over 98% of the 130,000 Iraqi Jews opted to move to Israel (they were flown from Iran). Many of them abandoning substantial property which was expropriated by the Iraqi government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance_to_Soviet_anti-Zionism">Resistance to Soviet anti-Zionism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Protest_Rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Protest_Rally.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Protest_Rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Protest_Rally.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Protest_Rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Protest_Rally.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Protest_Rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Israeli demonstration in support of Soviet Jewry</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">the USSR became increasingly anti-Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Anti-Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Anti-Zionism">accusations of Zionism</a> were frequently used as a euphemism for anti-Jewish campaigns in Eastern Europe and the Arab world. </p><p>Soviet propaganda backfired in 1967 and led to a major spurt of Jews applying to leave for Israel. The Zionist movement mounted a major campaign to pressure the USSR to allow Soviet Jews to migrate to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zionist activists in the USSR studied Hebrew (illegal in the USSR), held clandestine religious ceremonies (circumcision was illegal) and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Helsinki_Group" title="Moscow Helsinki Group">monitored Human Rights</a> abuses on behalf of western organizations. The most prominent activist was <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Sharansky" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatoly Sharansky">Anatoly Sharansky</a>, who was sentenced to 13 years in prison for his actions before being exchanged for a Soviet spy. </p><p>Over the years a number of Israeli and American Jewish organizations, most notably <a href="/wiki/Student_Struggle_for_Soviet_Jewry" title="Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry">SSSJ</a> and <a href="/wiki/NCSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="NCSJ">NCSJ</a>, mounted a political campaign to free Soviet Jews. Aided with the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a>, this campaign eventually succeeded in 1987 when most <a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">refusniks</a> were released from prison and allowed to emigrate to Israel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_involvement_in_Israeli_politics">American involvement in Israeli politics</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a> helped mobilized political support in the United States for Israel, with large scale funding and pressure on Washington and on public opinion. <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuel Neumann">Emanuel Neumann</a> and Hillel Silver were two leaders of the Zionist Organization of America. They felt its massive funding legitimized taking a major role in shaping Israeli government policy. They opposed the social and economic policies of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Mapai" title="Mapai">Mapai</a> (Labor) Party, according to historian Zohar Segev. Their interventions were rejected and Israeli politicians agreed that American Zionists had a major role in funding but not in policy guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_Zionism">Types of Zionism</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zionist_institutions_and_organizations">Zionist institutions and organizations</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaad_Leumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaad Leumi">Vaad Leumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_Zionism_and_the_Israeli–Palestinian_conflict"><span id="History_of_Zionism_and_the_Israeli.E2.80.93Palestinian_conflict"></span>History of Zionism and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Southern Levant">History of the Southern Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionist_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Zionist figures">List of Zionist figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Snitkoff-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Snitkoff_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Ed_Snitkoff" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi Ed Snitkoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406111824/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Jewish_Thought/Modern/Secular_Zionism.shtml">"Secular Zionism"</a>. My Jewish Learning. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Jewish_Thought/Modern/Secular_Zionism.shtml">the original</a> on 2015-04-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secular+Zionism&rft.pub=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.au=Rabbi+Ed+Snitkoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Fisrael%2FJewish_Thought%2FModern%2FSecular_Zionism.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford companion to politics of the world</i> By Joël Krieger, Margaret E. 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(2022-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://momentmag.com/next-year-in-jerusalem/">"Jewish Word | Why We Say 'Next Year in Jerusalem'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Moment Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moment+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jewish+Word+%7C+Why+We+Say+%27Next+Year+in+Jerusalem%27&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmomentmag.com%2Fnext-year-in-jerusalem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmon2001" class="citation cs2">Talmon, Shemaryahu (2001-01-01), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004493636/B9789004493636_s008.xml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Exile" and "Restoration" in the Conceptual World of Ancient Judaism"</a>, <i>Restoration</i>, Brill, pp. 107–146, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49363-6"><bdi>978-90-04-49363-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Restoration&rft.atitle=%22Exile%22+and+%22Restoration%22+in+the+Conceptual+World+of+Ancient+Judaism&rft.pages=107-146&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-49363-6&rft.aulast=Talmon&rft.aufirst=Shemaryahu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004493636%2FB9789004493636_s008.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2000" class="citation thesis cs1">Moss, Karen Sue (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu1407406472"><i>The Babylonian exile and the revitalization of a people</i></a> (Thesis). The Ohio State University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Babylonian+exile+and+the+revitalization+of+a+people&rft.inst=The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Karen+Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Facprod%2Fodb_etd%2Fetd%2Fr%2F1501%2F10%3Fclear%3D10%26p10_accession_num%3Dosu1407406472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayzel1968" class="citation book cs1">Grayzel, Solomon (1968). <i>A History of the Jews: From the Babylonian Exile to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0999163368" title="Special:BookSources/978-0999163368"><bdi>978-0999163368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews%3A+From+the+Babylonian+Exile+to+the+Present&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0999163368&rft.aulast=Grayzel&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, A.R., 1971, <i>Vision and intent in Zionist Thought</i>, pp. 10, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sound the great shofar for our freedom, raise the banner to gather our exiles and gather us together from the four corners of the earth (Isaiah 11:12) Blessed are you, O Lord, Who gathers in the dispersed of His people Israel."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414053036/http://masortiworld.org/mercaz/aliyah/rabbigolinkin">"Rabbi David Golinkin's Lecture for Aliyah Program | Masorti Olami"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masortiworld.org/mercaz/aliyah/rabbigolinkin">the original</a> on April 14, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbi+David+Golinkin%27s+Lecture+for+Aliyah+Program+%26%23124%3B+Masorti+Olami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masortiworld.org%2Fmercaz%2Faliyah%2Frabbigolinkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2009" class="citation cs2">Alam, M. Shahid (2009), Alam, M. Shahid (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230101371_13">"Christian Zionism"</a>, <i>Israeli Exceptionalism: The Destabilizing Logic of Zionism</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 129–135, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230101371_13">10.1057/9780230101371_13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10137-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10137-1"><bdi>978-0-230-10137-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israeli+Exceptionalism%3A+The+Destabilizing+Logic+of+Zionism&rft.atitle=Christian+Zionism&rft.pages=129-135&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230101371_13&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10137-1&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=M.+Shahid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%2F9780230101371_13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2021" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Donald M. (2021-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcaEAAAQBAJ&q=christian+zionism+and+reformation"><i>A Short History of Christian Zionism: From the Reformation to the Twenty-First Century</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-4698-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-4698-6"><bdi>978-0-8308-4698-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Christian+Zionism%3A+From+the+Reformation+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-4698-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhcaEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchristian%2Bzionism%2Band%2Breformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Popes against the Jews: The Vatican's Role in the Rise of Modern Anti-Semitism</i> by David Kertzer New York 2001 chapter 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYohanan_Petrovsky-Shtern2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yohanan_Petrovsky-Shtern" title="Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern">Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern</a> (2008). <i>Jews in the Russian Army, 1827–1917: Drafted into Modernity</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521515733" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521515733"><bdi>978-0521515733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+in+the+Russian+Army%2C+1827%E2%80%931917%3A+Drafted+into+Modernity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0521515733&rft.au=Yohanan+Petrovsky-Shtern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memo.ru/hr/referats/hatespch/kis_kop.htm">History of the national question in Russia</a> at Russian Committee in defense of the human rights (in Russian), also in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive4/russia/russia.htm">AXT: Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081120013849/http://www.axt.org.uk/antisem/archive/archive4/russia/russia.htm">Archived</a> 2008-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and in <i>Studies in Comparative Genocide</i> by Levon Chorbajian (p.237)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zionism-israel.com/bio/alkalai_biography.htm">"Zionism and Israel - Biographies - Yehuda Alkalai (Akalay)"</a>. <i>www.zionism-israel.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zionism-israel.com&rft.atitle=Zionism+and+Israel+-+Biographies+-+Yehuda+Alkalai+%28Akalay%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zionism-israel.com%2Fbio%2Falkalai_biography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_rhVAAAAYAAJ&q=proto+zionist+-+moses+montefiore">"Jewish quarterly, Volumes 29-31"</a>. p.60. Jewish Literary Trust, (London, England). 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastening Redemption--Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel by Arie Morgenstern, Oxford University Press 2006, pgs 24-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=56&letter=K">Zvi Hirsch Kalischer</a> (<i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinsker1882" class="citation web cs1">Pinsker, Leon (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/autoemancipation.htm">"Autoemancipation"</a>. <i>www.mideastweb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mideastweb.org&rft.atitle=Autoemancipation&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Pinsker&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2Fautoemancipation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritZion-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritZion_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritZion_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/britzion.htm">British Zionism - Support for Jewish Restoration</a> (mideastweb.org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowen2002-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowen2002_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/common/british.html">The Untold Story. The Role of Christian Zionists in the Establishment of Modern-day Israel</a> by Jamie Cowen (Leadership U), July 13, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2005-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Green2005_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Green2005_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.3/green.html">Rethinking Moses Montefiore: Religion, Nationhood, and International Philanthropy in the Nineteenth Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217075328/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.3/green.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Abigail Green. (<i>The American Historical Review</i>. Vol. 110 No.3.) June 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839</i> (Edinburgh, 1842) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85792-258-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85792-258-1">1-85792-258-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler1997" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Joseph (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cFAwAAAAYAAJ&q=%22charles+henry+churchill%22"><i>Restoring the Jews to their homeland: nineteen centuries in the quest for Zion</i></a>. J. Aronson. pp. 150–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56821-978-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56821-978-4"><bdi>1-56821-978-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 Jan</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoring+the+Jews+to+their+homeland%3A+nineteen+centuries+in+the+quest+for+Zion&rft.pages=150-6&rft.pub=J.+Aronson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56821-978-4&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcFAwAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522charles%2Bhenry%2Bchurchill%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gutenberg-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gutenberg_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Notes on the Diplomatic History of the Jewish Question with texts of protocols, treaty stipulations and other public acts and official documents</i>, Lucien Wolf, published by the Jewish Historical Society of England, 1919 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/3/1/3/8/31385/31385-8.txt">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, A. W. C. (Lord Lindsay), <i>Letters on Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land</i>, London, H. Colburn 1847, V II, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKovic2010" class="citation book cs1">Kovic, Milos (4 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTKiTZIyr3AC&q=%22he+then+unfolded+a+plan+of+restoring%22&pg=PA52"><i>Disraeli and the Eastern Question</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199574605" title="Special:BookSources/9780199574605"><bdi>9780199574605</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disraeli+and+the+Eastern+Question&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-11-04&rft.isbn=9780199574605&rft.aulast=Kovic&rft.aufirst=Milos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTKiTZIyr3AC%26q%3D%2522he%2Bthen%2Bunfolded%2Ba%2Bplan%2Bof%2Brestoring%2522%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisraeliGunnWiebe1997" class="citation book cs1">Disraeli, Benjamin; Gunn, John Alexander Wilson; Wiebe, Melvin George (30 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7vkstP7R6uYC&q=1851"><i>Benjamin Disraeli Letters: 1852-1856</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802041371" title="Special:BookSources/9780802041371"><bdi>9780802041371</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Disraeli+Letters%3A+1852-1856&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997-11-30&rft.isbn=9780802041371&rft.aulast=Disraeli&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Gunn%2C+John+Alexander+Wilson&rft.au=Wiebe%2C+Melvin+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7vkstP7R6uYC%26q%3D1851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030406002351/http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/0,15478,3900-1,00.html#FlashPluginDetected">"Church History"</a>. <i>www.lds.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/0,15478,3900-1,00.html#FlashPluginDetected">the original</a> on 2003-04-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lds.org&rft.atitle=Church+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lds.org%2Fchurchhistory%2F0%2C15478%2C3900-1%2C00.html%23FlashPluginDetected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scharfstein, Sol, <i>Chronicle of Jewish History: From the Patriarchs to the 21st Century</i>, p.231, Ktav Publishing House (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-545-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-545-9">0-88125-545-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827184052/http://www.gemsinisrael.com/e_article000004384.htm">"Gems in Israel-Zichron Ya'acov"</a>. <i>Gems in Israel</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemsinisrael.com/e_article000004384.htm">the original</a> on 2008-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gems+in+Israel&rft.atitle=Gems+in+Israel-Zichron+Ya%27acov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemsinisrael.com%2Fe_article000004384.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027155301/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1600">"<i>Altneuland</i> - Part One - An Educated, Desperate Young Man"</a>. Archived from the original on October 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Altneuland+-+Part+One+-+An+Educated%2C+Desperate+Young+Man&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagshama.org.il%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fview.asp%3Fid%3D1600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngel2008" class="citation book cs1">Engel, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405835565/page/48"><i>Zionism</i></a>. Longman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405835565/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405835565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405835565"><bdi>978-1405835565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1405835565&rft.aulast=Engel&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781405835565%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, 1946, ' <i>Der Judenstaat</i> 50 years later', also published in: Hannah Arendt, <i>The Jew as pariah</i>, NY, 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fusion.dalmatech.com/%7Eadmin24/files/zionism_in-britishpalestine.pdf">Zionism & The British In Palestine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127070858/http://fusion.dalmatech.com/~admin24/files/zionism_in-britishpalestine.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Charan_Sethi" title="Arjun Charan Sethi">Sethi, Arjun</a> (University of Maryland) January 2007, accessed May 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/basleprogram.htm">The Basle Program. Resolutions of the First Zionist Congress</a> August 30, 1897 (mideastweb)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.D. Smith, 2001, <i>Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict</i>, 4th ed., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-20828-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-20828-6">0-312-20828-6</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pogrom, Kishinev and the tilt of History</i> by Steven Zipperstein, Liveright 2018 chapter 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "Pogrom, Kishinev and the tilt of History" by Steven Zipperstein, Liveright 2018 pages 180-182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Norman Cohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warrant_for_Genocide" title="Warrant for Genocide">Warrant for Genocide</a>, Serif 2001 chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Norman Cohn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Warrant_for_Genocide" title="Warrant for Genocide">Warrant for Genocide</a></i>, Serif 2001 p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Cohn" title="Norman Cohn">Norman Cohn</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Warrant_for_Genocide" title="Warrant for Genocide">Warrant for Genocide</a></i>, Serif 2001 pp. 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Most Orthodox Jews originally rejected Zionism because they believed the Jews must await the Messiah to restore them to nationhood." <i>Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism</i>. Stephen M. Wylen, 2000, Paulist Press, p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Reform Jews originally rejected Zionism as inconsistent with the acceptance of Jewish citizenship in the Diaspora." <i>Settings of Silver: An Introduction to Judaism</i>. Stephen M. Wylen, 2000, Paulist Press, p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ATaylor-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ATaylor_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1972" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Alan (1972). "Zionism and Jewish History". <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2535953">10.2307/2535953</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2535953">2535953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Zionism+and+Jewish+History&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2535953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2535953%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Nedava, <i>Leon Trotsky and the Jews</i>, Jewish Publication Society of America 1972, chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920–1947</i>, Sandra Marlene Sufian, Chicago 2007, see also the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a> report</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/dayan-devorah">"Devorah Dayan - Jewish Women's Archive"</a>. <i>jwa.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jwa.org&rft.atitle=Devorah+Dayan+-+Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fdayan-devorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1913_1914_4_SpecialArticles.pdf">http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1913_1914_4_SpecialArticles.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917, Volume 1 by Nora Levin New York 1988: Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGeever_2019-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGeever_2019_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGeever_2019_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeever2019" class="citation book cs1">McGeever, Brendan (2019-09-26). <i>The Bolshevik Response to Antisemitism in the Russian Revolution</i>. Cambridge New York Port Melbourne New Delhi Singapore: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19599-8"><bdi>978-1-107-19599-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolshevik+Response+to+Antisemitism+in+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York+Port+Melbourne+New+Delhi+Singapore&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019-09-26&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19599-8&rft.aulast=McGeever&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>God's Playground: A History of Poland</i>, By Norman Davies, Columbia University Press, 1982, p. 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870–1933/39</i>, By Herbert Arthur Strauss, Published 1993, Walter de Gruyter, p. 985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=132&letter=Z&search=Zionism">Zionism article (section <i>Wide Spread of Zionism</i>)</a> by Richard Gottheil in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, 1911</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isaiah Friedman, <i>Germany, Turkey, and Zionism 1897–1918</i>, Oxford University Press. 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammed Muslih, <i>The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism</i>, New York 1988, chapter 3, See also Yehoshua Porath, <i>The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918–1929</i>, introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HagshBrand-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HagshBrand_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HagshBrand_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071027065906/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1635">"Patriot, Judge and Zionist"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1635">the original</a> on October 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patriot%2C+Judge+and+Zionist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hagshama.org.il%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fview.asp%3Fid%3D1635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518134349/http://www.ajhs.org/scholarship/chapters/chapter.cfm?documentID=281">"Louis D. Brandeis and American Zionism"</a>. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+D.+Brandeis+and+American+Zionism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajhs.org%2Fscholarship%2Fchapters%2Fchapter.cfm%3FdocumentID%3D281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishmuseum.org.uk/collections/theme3.asp">"The Jewish Museum"</a>. <i>www.jewishmuseum.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishmuseum.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishmuseum.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Ftheme3.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Herzl's Journeys in Palestine and Egypt" by Desmond Stewart in the <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Spring, 1974), pp. 18–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jehuda Reinharz, <i>Chaim Weizmann, the Making of a Statesman</i>, p. 10. 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NY 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Weizmann, the Making of a Statesman</i> by Jehuda Reinharz, Oxford 1993, chapters 3 & 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chaim Weizmann, The Making of a Statesman</i> by Jehuda Reinharz, Chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zionism-israel.com/hdoc/Montagu_balfour.htm">"Zionism-Israel Information Center Historical Source Documents - Edwin Montagu Memorandum on the Balfour Declaration as Antisemitism, August 1917 Judaism and Zionism"</a>. <i>www.zionism-israel.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zionism-israel.com&rft.atitle=Zionism-Israel+Information+Center+Historical+Source+Documents+-+Edwin+Montagu+Memorandum+on+the+Balfour+Declaration+as+Antisemitism%2C+August+1917+Judaism+and+Zionism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zionism-israel.com%2Fhdoc%2FMontagu_balfour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitchens, <i>Love, Poverty, and War</i> p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jews of the Soviet Union since 1917</i> by Nora Levin page 43. New York 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zvi_Y._Gitelman_2001,_pages_60-61-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zvi_Y._Gitelman_2001,_pages_60-61_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zvi Y. Gitelman, <i>A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present</i>, 2001, pp. 60–61 and 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zvi Y. Gitelman, <i>A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present</i>, Indiana 2001, pp. 72–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Trotsky and the Jews</i>, Joseph Nedava, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Publication Society of America">Jewish Publication Society of America</a>, 1972 chapter 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917</i> by Nora Levin, New York 1988, pg 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917 by Nora Levin, New York 1988, pg 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917 by Nora Levin, New York 1988, chapter 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/164673/crimea-as-jewish-homeland">"Before Crimea Was Russian, It Was a Potential Jewish Homeland"</a>. 4 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Before+Crimea+Was+Russian%2C+It+Was+a+Potential+Jewish+Homeland&rft.date=2014-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-news-and-politics%2F164673%2Fcrimea-as-jewish-homeland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222011734/http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/44.html">"Beyond the Pale: Jewish Life Between the Wars II"</a>. <i>www.friends-partners.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/beyond-the-pale/english/44.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.friends-partners.org&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Pale%3A+Jewish+Life+Between+the+Wars+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friends-partners.org%2Fpartners%2Fbeyond-the-pale%2Fenglish%2F44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Tolts: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327164435/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/demography/Tolts_Article1.pdf">The Post-Soviet Jewish Population in Russia and the World.</a> Published in: <i>Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe</i>, 2004, No. 1 (52). p.51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Washington Robnett, George (1976). <i>Zionist Rape of the Holy Land!: How Zionism Turned Palestine Into a Jewish State</i>. Crown City Publishing Company, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Shavit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Shavit">Jacob Shavit</a>, <i>Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement 1925–1948</i> p. 97 Routledge 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3325-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3325-1">978-0-7146-3325-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SshmidtFCPRIOT-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SshmidtFCPRIOT_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Yvonne_Schmidt2008" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Yvonne Schmidt (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51gNA4Go_lUC&q=%22Prevention%20of%20Terrorism%20Ordinance%22%20%20Irgun&pg=PA254"><i>Foundations of Civil and Political Rights in Israel and the Occupied Territories</i></a>. GRIN Verlag. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-94450-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-638-94450-2"><bdi>978-3-638-94450-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Civil+and+Political+Rights+in+Israel+and+the+Occupied+Territories&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=978-3-638-94450-2&rft.au=Dr.+Yvonne+Schmidt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51gNA4Go_lUC%26q%3D%2522Prevention%2520of%2520Terrorism%2520Ordinance%2522%2520%2520Irgun%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span>No 33 of 5708-1948 – 23 September 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">Bell, J. Bowyer</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrBtAAAAMAAJ&q=terror+out+of+zion"><i>Terror out of Zion : Irgun Zvai Leumi, LEHI, and the Palestine underground, 1929-1949</i></a>. Dublin: Academy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906187-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906187-11-1"><bdi>978-0-906187-11-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+out+of+Zion+%3A+Irgun+Zvai+Leumi%2C+LEHI%2C+and+the+Palestine+underground%2C+1929-1949&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Academy+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-906187-11-1&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+Bowyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrBtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dterror%2Bout%2Bof%2Bzion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker2012" class="citation book cs1">Whittaker, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOhJQbP77h0C&pg=PA29"><i>The Terrorism Reader</i></a> (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415687317" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415687317"><bdi>978-0415687317</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terrorism+Reader&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415687317&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSOhJQbP77h0C%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushner2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Kushner" title="Harvey Kushner">Kushner, Harvey W.</a> (2002). <i>Encyclopedia of Terrorism</i>. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/145226550X" title="Special:BookSources/145226550X"><bdi>145226550X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Terrorism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=145226550X&rft.aulast=Kushner&rft.aufirst=Harvey+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sachar" title="Howard Sachar">Howard Sachar</a>: <i>A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time</i>, pp. 265–266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Irgun-Zvai-Leumi">"Irgun Zvai Leumi | Jewish right-wing underground movement"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Irgun+Zvai+Leumi+%7C+Jewish+right-wing+underground+movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FIrgun-Zvai-Leumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-select.nytimes.com-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-select.nytimes.com_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope Brewer, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1947/12/30/archives/irgun-bomb-kills-11-arabs-2-britons-missile-thrown-from-a-taxi-in.html?sq=terrorist+Irgun&scp=2&st=p">Irgun Bomb Kills 11 Arabs, 2 Britons</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. December 30, 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FA0E16F93D55147B93C4A81783D85F438485F9_1947-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FA0E16F93D55147B93C4A81783D85F438485F9_1947_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E16F93D55147B93C4A81783D85F438485F9&scp=3&sq=terrorist+Irgun&st=p">Irgun's Hand Seen in Alps Rail Blast</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. August 16, 1947.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Khalidi, 1971, 'From Haven to Conquest', p. 598</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry2008" class="citation book cs1">Terry, Janice (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of world history Vol 5 pg 20</i>. Infobase Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+world+history+Vol+5+pg+20&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=Janice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Jewish Terrorism and Jewish Resistance". <i>The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine</i>. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. pp. 20–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Terrorism+and+Jewish+Resistance&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Plan+for+Palestine%E2%80%94Memoranda+and+Statements+presented+by+The+Jewish+Agency+for+Palestine+to+the+United+Nations+Special+Committee+on+Palestine&rft.pages=20-26&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Agency+for+Palestine%2C+Jerusalem&rft.date=1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Major Political Developments". <i>The Jewish Plan for Palestine—Memoranda and Statements presented by The Jewish Agency for Palestine to the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine</i>. The Jewish Agency for Palestine, Jerusalem. 1947. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Major+Political+Developments&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Plan+for+Palestine%E2%80%94Memoranda+and+Statements+presented+by+The+Jewish+Agency+for+Palestine+to+the+United+Nations+Special+Committee+on+Palestine&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Agency+for+Palestine%2C+Jerusalem&rft.date=1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abrahms-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abrahms_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahms2018" class="citation book cs1">Abrahms, Max (2018). <i>Rules for Rebels: The Science of Victory in Militant History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 44–45, 118–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192539441" title="Special:BookSources/9780192539441"><bdi>9780192539441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+for+Rebels%3A+The+Science+of+Victory+in+Militant+History&rft.pages=44-45%2C+118-120&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780192539441&rft.aulast=Abrahms&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-einstein-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-einstein_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert (2007). Rowe, David E. (ed.). <i>Einstein on Politics: His Private Thoughts and Public Stands on Nationalism, Zionism, War, Peace, and the Bomb</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691120942" title="Special:BookSources/9780691120942"><bdi>9780691120942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein+on+Politics%3A+His+Private+Thoughts+and+Public+Stands+on+Nationalism%2C+Zionism%2C+War%2C+Peace%2C+and+the+Bomb&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780691120942&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview, 2004. Print. p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstadt1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Eisenstadt" title="Shmuel Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt, S.N.</a> (1985). <i>The Transformation of Israeli Society</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 173–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78423-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78423-4"><bdi>0-297-78423-4</bdi></a>. <q>One of the main developments in the initial period of the State was the growth of the Herut party.... It developed from the older Revisionist groups, the 'terrorist' groups of the Irgun Zvai Leumi and members of the Revisionist party ... in 1965 Herut founded, together with the great part of the Liberals, a parliamentary bloc ... in 1973, with the addition of other small groups, it became transformed into Likud</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Israeli+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173-4&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-297-78423-4&rft.aulast=Eisenstadt&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Charles D. (2004). <i>Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i> (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-40408-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-40408-5"><bdi>0-312-40408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=115&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-312-40408-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JewishVirtualLibrary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_02836.html"><i>BETAR</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner" class="citation web cs1">Steiner, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hebrewsongs.com/song-shirbetar.htm">"Shir Betar/The Betar Song"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shir+Betar%2FThe+Betar+Song&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebrewsongs.com%2Fsong-shirbetar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shavit-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shavit_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shavit_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaakov_Shavit1988" class="citation book cs1">Yaakov Shavit (1988). <i>Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925–1948</i>. Frank Cass. pp. 51–52, 383 n.4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jabotinsky+and+the+Revisionist+Movement%2C+1925%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=51-52%2C+383+n.4&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Yaakov+Shavit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MfA-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MfA_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/Zionism/Pages/Youth%20Movements.aspx">"Youth Movements: Betar"</a>. <i>Centenary of Zionism: 1897-1997</i>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 August 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centenary+of+Zionism%3A+1897-1997&rft.atitle=Youth+Movements%3A+Betar&rft.date=1998-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FAboutIsrael%2FHistory%2FZionism%2FPages%2FYouth%2520Movements.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shavit, Jacob. <i>Jabotinsky and the revisionist movement, 1925–1948: The Right in Zionism and in Israel, 1925–1985.</i> by Routledge, 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ki3EQsjClWcC&pg=PA55">Page 55.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melzer, Emanuel. <i> No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry, 1935–1939.</i> Hebrew Union College Press, 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=co3KJikOaBYC&pg=PA169">Pages 7, 169.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro, Yonathan. <i>The Road to Power: Herut Party in Israel</i>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinharz, Jehuda. <i>Living With Antisemitism: Modern Jewish Responses</i>, p. 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perl, William R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BSFAAAAIAAJ"><i>Operation Action – Rescue From The Holocaust.</i></a> Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. New York, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaim_Weizmann_page_359-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaim_Weizmann_page_359_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaim_Weizmann_page_359_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chaim Weizmann: The Making of a Statesman</i>, Jehuda Reinharz, Oxford 1993 p. 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706171703/http://www.passia.org/publications/Doc_on_palestine/1/2.pdf">"Documents on Palestine, Resolution Passed at the 12th Zionist Congress, Proposal for an Arab-Jewish Entente, Carlsbad, 4 December 1921"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://passia.org/publications/Doc_on_palestine/1/2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-07-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+on+Palestine%2C+Resolution+Passed+at+the+12th+Zionist+Congress%2C+Proposal+for+an+Arab-Jewish+Entente%2C+Carlsbad%2C+4+December+1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpassia.org%2Fpublications%2FDoc_on_palestine%2F1%2F2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bjpa.org/search-results/publication/18204">https://www.bjpa.org/search-results/publication/18204</a> pages 5 and 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/reso/RESOLUTIONS%20OF%20THE%2018TH%20ZIONIST%20CONGRESS%20PRAGUE%20AUGUST%2021ST%20TO%20SEPT%203RD,%201933.pdf">https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/reso/RESOLUTIONS%20OF%20THE%2018TH%20ZIONIST%20CONGRESS%20PRAGUE%20AUGUST%2021ST%20TO%20SEPT%203RD,%201933.pdf</a> page 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/reso/RESOLUTIONS%20OF%20THE%2018TH%20ZIONIST%20CONGRESS%20PRAGUE%20AUGUST%2021ST%20TO%20SEPT%203RD,%201933.pdf">https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/reso/RESOLUTIONS%20OF%20THE%2018TH%20ZIONIST%20CONGRESS%20PRAGUE%20AUGUST%2021ST%20TO%20SEPT%203RD,%201933.pdf</a> pages 5 and 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/palmanda.asp">"The Avalon Project : The Palestine Mandate"</a>. <i>avalon.law.yale.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=avalon.law.yale.edu&rft.atitle=The+Avalon+Project+%3A+The+Palestine+Mandate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fpalmanda.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-196558/">"Right of Self-Determination of the Palestinian People - CEIRPP, DPR study"</a>. <i>Question of Palestine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Question+of+Palestine&rft.atitle=Right+of+Self-Determination+of+the+Palestinian+People+-+CEIRPP%2C+DPR+study&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-196558%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. D. Smith, 2001, <i>Palestine and the Arab-Israeli conflict</i>, 4th ed., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-20828-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-20828-6">0-312-20828-6</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement 1918–1929</i>, Yehoshua Porath, London 1974, chapter 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaim_Weizmann:_The_Making_of_a_Statesman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaim Weizmann: The Making of a Statesman (page does not exist)">Chaim Weizmann: The Making of a Statesman</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jehuda_Reinharz" title="Jehuda Reinharz">Jehuda Reinharz</a>, Oxford 1993 p. 359</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The SS: Alibi of a Nation, 1922–1945 by <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Reitlinger" title="Gerald Reitlinger">Gerald Reitlinger</a></i> 1989 p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Antisemitism: The Generic Hatred</i> By Simon Wiesenthal, Michael Fineberg, Shimon Samuels, Mark Weitzman 2007 p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">text in <i>Department of State Bulletin</i>, October 21, 1945, p. 623</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wdowiński-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wdowiński_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wdowiński_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Wdowiński1963" class="citation book cs1">David Wdowiński (1963). <i>And we are not saved</i>. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8022-2486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8022-2486-5"><bdi>0-8022-2486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+we+are+not+saved&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Philosophical+Library&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-8022-2486-5&rft.au=David+Wdowi%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Note: Chariton and Lazar were never co-authors of Wdowiński's memoir. Wdowiński is considered the "single author".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStackelberg2009" class="citation cs2">Stackelberg, Roderick (May 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=24304"><i>Review of Nicosia, Francis R., Zionism and Anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany</i></a>, H-German, H-Review<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.%2C+Zionism+and+Anti-Semitism+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=H-German%2C+H-Review&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Stackelberg&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D24304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicosia1989" class="citation journal cs1">Nicosia, Francis R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1989_3_1_nicosia.pdf">"Ein nützlicher Feind. Zionismus im nationalsozialistischen Deutschland 1933-1939"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i>. <b>3</b> (37): 367–400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Ein+n%C3%BCtzlicher+Feind.+Zionismus+im+nationalsozialistischen+Deutschland+1933-1939&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=367-400&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Nicosia&rft.aufirst=Francis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifz-muenchen.de%2Fheftarchiv%2F1989_3_1_nicosia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_126-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicosia" class="citation book cs1">Nicosia, Francis R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SoJrAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Third Reich and the Palestine Question</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. 54, 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3934-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-3934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+and+the+Palestine+Question&rft.pages=54%2C+55&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3934-1&rft.aulast=Nicosia&rft.aufirst=Francis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSoJrAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorak1984" class="citation journal cs1">Horak, Jan-Christopher (January 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01439688400260041">"Zionist film propaganda in Nazi Germany"</a>. <i>Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 49–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439688400260041">10.1080/01439688400260041</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-9685">0143-9685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=Zionist+film+propaganda+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-58&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01439688400260041&rft.issn=0143-9685&rft.aulast=Horak&rft.aufirst=Jan-Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01439688400260041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFמלול2017" class="citation web cs1">מלול, חן (2017-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nli.org.il/en/eichmann_secret_visit/">"Adolf Eichmann's Secret Visit to Palestine"</a>. <i>The Librarians</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Librarians&rft.atitle=Adolf+Eichmann%27s+Secret+Visit+to+Palestine&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.aulast=%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C&rft.aufirst=%D7%97%D7%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nli.org.il%2Fen%2Feichmann_secret_visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hurrah for the Blackshirts</i>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Pugh (author)">Martin Pugh</a>, Pimlico 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</a> - Appendix IV copy at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angap04.asp">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mussolini's Propaganda Abroad: Subversion in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, 1935–1940</i> by Manuela Williams, Routledge 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raul Hilberg, <i>The Destruction of the European Jews,</i> (1961) New Viewpoints, New York 1973 p. 716</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/">"The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population"</a>. 9 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+continuing+decline+of+Europe%27s+Jewish+population&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2015%2F02%2F09%2Feuropes-jewish-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Source_1946-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Source_1946_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Source_1946_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: <i>A survey of Palestine</i>, prepared in 1946 for the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Committee_of_Inquiry" title="Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry">Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry</a>, Volume II p. 907 HMSO 1946.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTec,_Nechama1993" class="citation book cs1">Tec, Nechama (1993). <i>Defiance: The Bielski Partisans</i>. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509390-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509390-9"><bdi>0-19-509390-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defiance%3A+The+Bielski+Partisans&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-509390-9&rft.au=Tec%2C+Nechama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Segev, <i>The Seventh Million</i>, chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Segev1994" class="citation book cs1">Tom Segev (1994). <i>tsm: The seventh million: the Israelis and the Holocaust</i>. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-1570-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-1570-6"><bdi>0-8090-1570-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=tsm%3A+The+seventh+million%3A+the+Israelis+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8090-1570-6&rft.au=Tom+Segev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Segev <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Segev <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/biltmore_program.htm">"The Biltmore Program of the Zionist leadership - 1942"</a>. <i>www.mideastweb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mideastweb.org&rft.atitle=The+Biltmore+Program+of+the+Zionist+leadership+-+1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2Fbiltmore_program.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/harrison_report.htm">accessed Nov 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213012612/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/harrison_report.htm">Archived</a> 2008-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Flight and Rescue: Brichah</i>, written by Yehuda Bauer, published by Random House; New York, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Kochavi, <i>Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States and Jewish Refugees 1945–1948</i> (Chapel-Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2001), D. Ofer, Escaping the Holocaust, Illegal Immigration to the Land of Israel, 1939–1944 (New York: Oxford University Press 1990), J & D Kimche, The Secret Roads: The Illegal Migration of a People 1938–1948 (London: Secker & Warburg 1954)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, "Zionists at Basle" 9/12/1946 p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031101105801/http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=497&subject=43">"The Jerusalem Program"</a>. Archived from the original on November 1, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jerusalem+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wzo.org.il%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fview.asp%3Fid%3D497%26subject%3D43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> (WZO)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelef, Nadav G., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/israel_studies/v009/9.1shelef.html">From <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Both Banks of the Jordan<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> to the 'Whole Land of Israel': Ideological Change in Revisionist Zionism</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Studies" title="Israel Studies">Israel Studies</a> - Volume 9, Number 1, Spring 2004, pp. 125–148, Indiana University Press. "Revisionist Zionism is the founding ideology of the non-religious right in Israel, represented primarily by the Likud Party."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Greenberg1998" class="citation news cs1">Joel Greenberg (November 22, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/22/weekinreview/the-world-pursuing-peace-netanyahu-and-his-party-turn-away-from-greater-israel.html?scp=4">"The World: Pursuing Peace; Netanyahu and His Party Turn Away from 'Greater Israel'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+World%3A+Pursuing+Peace%3B+Netanyahu+and+His+Party+Turn+Away+from+%27Greater+Israel%27&rft.date=1998-11-22&rft.au=Joel+Greenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F11%2F22%2Fweekinreview%2Fthe-world-pursuing-peace-netanyahu-and-his-party-turn-away-from-greater-israel.html%3Fscp%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raffaella A. Del Sarto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ies.berkeley.edu/research/DelSartoIsraelMed.pdf"><i>Israel's Contested Identity and the Mediterranean, The territorial-political axis: Eretz Israel versus Medinat Israel</i>, p. 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610164603/http://ies.berkeley.edu/research/DelSartoIsraelMed.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <blockquote><p>Reflecting the traditional divisions within the Zionist movement, this axis invokes two concepts, namely Eretz Israel, i.e. the biblical 'Land of Israel', and Medinat Israel, i.e. the Jewish and democratic State of Israel. While the concept of Medinat Israel dominated the first decades of statehood in accordance with the aspirations of Labour Zionism, the 1967 conquest of land that was part of 'biblical Israel' provided a material basis for the ascent of the concept of Eretz Israel. Expressing the perception of rightful Jewish claims on 'biblical land', the construction of Jewish settlements in the conquered territories intensified after the 1977 elections, which ended the dominance of the Labour Party. Yet as the first Intifada made disturbingly visible, Israel's de facto rule over the Palestinian population created a dilemma of democracy versus Jewish majority in the long run. With the beginning of Oslo and the option of territorial compromise, the rift between supporters of Eretz Israel and Medinat Israel deepened to an unprecedented degree, the assassination of Prime Minister Rabin in November 1995 being the most dramatic evidence.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The UNGA Res 3379 was passed at the 2400th plenary meeting on 10 November 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/000/92/IMG/NR000092.pdf?OpenElement">(PDF)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001183355/http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/000/92/IMG/NR000092.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> 2006-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The UNGA resolution 4686 was passed at the 74th plenary meeting on 16 December 1991 by a vote of 111-25-13. The text of the resolution is available here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/46/a46r086.htm">[3]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander" class="citation thesis cs1">Alexander, Ari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~metheses/Alexander.pdf"><i>The Jews of Baghdad and Zionism 1920–1948</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>users.ox.ac.uk</i> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Jews+of+Baghdad+and+Zionism+1920%E2%80%931948&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~metheses%2FAlexander.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194316/http://jstandard.com/articles/3671/1/The-Soviet-Jewry-campaign-transformed-American-Jewry,-too">"Jewish Standard The Soviet Jewry campaign transformed American Jewry, too"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstandard.com/articles/3671/1/The-Soviet-Jewry-campaign-transformed-American-Jewry,-too">the original</a> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Standard+The+Soviet+Jewry+campaign+transformed+American+Jewry%2C+too&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstandard.com%2Farticles%2F3671%2F1%2FThe-Soviet-Jewry-campaign-transformed-American-Jewry%2C-too&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zohar Segev, "American Zionists' Place in Israel after Statehood: From Involved Partners to Outside Supporters" <i>American Jewish History</i> (2007) 93#2 pp. 277-302 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23887950">online</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <ul><li>Taylor, A.R., 1971, "Vision and intent in Zionist Thought", in <i>The transformation of Palestine</i>, ed. by I. Abu-Lughod, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8101-0345-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8101-0345-1">0-8101-0345-1</a>, Northwestern university press, Evanston, USA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hazony" title="David Hazony">David Hazony</a>, Yoram Hazony, and Michael B. Oren, eds., <i>New Essays on Zionism</i>, Shalem Press, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9657052440" title="Special:BookSources/978-9657052440">978-9657052440</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Brenner, Michael, and Shelley Frisch. <i>Zionism: A Brief History</i> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/1558763015">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Cohen, Naomi. <i>The Americanization of Zionism, 1897–1948</i> (2003). essays on specialized topics</li> <li>Laqueuer, Walter. <i>A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel</i> (2003). good history by a leading scholar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0805211497">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedoff1998" class="citation journal cs1">Medoff, Rafael (1998). "Review Essay: Recent Trends in the Historiography of American Zionism". <i>American Jewish History</i>. <b>86</b>: 117–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajh.1998.0002">10.1353/ajh.1998.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143834470">143834470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Review+Essay%3A+Recent+Trends+in+the+Historiography+of+American+Zionism&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=117-134&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fajh.1998.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143834470%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Medoff&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sachar, Howard M. <i>A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time</i> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0375711325">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Urofsky, Melvin I. <i>American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust</i> (1995), the standard history</li> <li>Wigoder, Geoffrey, ed. <i>New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel</i> (2nd ed. 2 vol. 1994)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li>Hertzberg, Arthur. <i>The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader</i> (1997), major primary sources</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zionism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zionism" title="Template:Zionism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism" title="Template talk:Zionism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">proposals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/45px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and<br />timelines</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Chronology of Aliyah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not one inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Judaism" title="Muscular Judaism">Muscular Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Muslim supporters of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_except_Palestine" title="Progressive except Palestine">Progressive except Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zio_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zio (pejorative)">Zio (pejorative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zionism&oldid=1253333731">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zionism&oldid=1253333731</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Zionism" title="Category:History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive 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