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properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 With metals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_nitrogen_and_carbon_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_nitrogen_and_carbon_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 With nitrogen and carbon compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_nitrogen_and_carbon_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_sulfur_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_sulfur_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 With sulfur compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_sulfur_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_alkenes_and_alkynes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_alkenes_and_alkynes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 With alkenes and alkynes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_alkenes_and_alkynes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_substrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_substrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other substrates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_substrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Combustion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_decomposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_decomposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Ozone decomposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_decomposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_ozone_decomposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_ozone_decomposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 Types of ozone decomposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_ozone_decomposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinetics_of_ozone_decomposition_into_molecular_oxygen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinetics_of_ozone_decomposition_into_molecular_oxygen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.2 Kinetics of ozone decomposition into molecular oxygen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinetics_of_ozone_decomposition_into_molecular_oxygen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduction_to_ozonides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduction_to_ozonides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Reduction to ozonides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduction_to_ozonides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectroscopic_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectroscopic_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Spectroscopic properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectroscopic_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_in_Earth's_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_in_Earth's_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Ozone in Earth's atmosphere </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ozone_in_Earth's_atmosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ozone in Earth's atmosphere subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ozone_in_Earth's_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ozone_layer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_layer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ozone layer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_layer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Location and production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_to_surface-dwelling_life_on_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_to_surface-dwelling_life_on_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Importance to surface-dwelling life on Earth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_to_surface-dwelling_life_on_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground-level_ozone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground-level_ozone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Ground-level ozone </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground-level_ozone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground-level_ozone_in_urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground-level_ozone_in_urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Ground-level ozone in urban areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground-level_ozone_in_urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_cracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_cracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Ozone cracking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_cracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_as_a_greenhouse_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_as_a_greenhouse_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Ozone as a greenhouse gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_as_a_greenhouse_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Health effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vulnerable_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulnerable_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Vulnerable populations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulnerable_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acute_ozone_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_ozone_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Acute ozone exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_ozone_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronic_ozone_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronic_ozone_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Chronic ozone exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronic_ozone_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_produced_by_air_cleaners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_produced_by_air_cleaners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Ozone produced by air cleaners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_produced_by_air_cleaners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ozone_air_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ozone_air_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Ozone air pollution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ozone_air_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heat_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5.1 Heat waves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Physiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_plant_growth_and_crop_yields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_plant_growth_and_crop_yields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Impact on plant growth and crop yields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_plant_growth_and_crop_yields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Safety regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coronal_discharge_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronal_discharge_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Coronal discharge method </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronal_discharge_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultraviolet_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultraviolet_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Ultraviolet light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultraviolet_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_plasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_plasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Cold plasma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrolytic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrolytic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Electrolytic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrolytic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Special considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidental_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidental_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Incidental production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidental_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Laboratory production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_disinfection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_disinfection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Water disinfection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_disinfection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Consumers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Aquaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_pollinators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_pollinators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Effect on pollinators </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_pollinators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ozone</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoon" title="Osoon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Osoon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occoon" title="Occoon – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Occoon" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="ओजोन परत – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ओजोन परत" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="أوزون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوزون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ozono" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9C%E2%80%99%E0%A6%A8" title="অজ’ন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অজ’ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonu" title="Ozonu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ozonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84)" title="ازون (مولکول) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ازون (مولکول)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8" title="ওজোন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওজোন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ozone" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Азон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Азон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Азон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Азон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="ओजोन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओजोन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz%C3%B3" title="Ozó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ozó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%B4n" title="Osôn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Osôn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osoon" title="Osoon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Osoon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Όζον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όζον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ozono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ozono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="ازون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ازون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ozone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oazon" title="Oazon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oazon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93z%C3%B3n" title="Ózón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ózón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ozono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8" title="ઓઝોન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓઝોન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%A1%B4" title="오존 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오존" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Օզոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օզոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="ओज़ोन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओज़ोन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocon" title="Ocon – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ocon" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ozono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Ozowuni" title="I-Ozowuni – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Ozowuni" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IntshOngohwe" title="IntshOngohwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IntshOngohwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93son" title="Óson – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Óson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ozono" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אוזון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוזון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%93%E0%B2%9D%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಓಝೋನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಓಝೋನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ოზონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოზონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozoni" title="Ozoni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ozoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz%C3%B2n" title="Ozòn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ozòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonum" title="Ozonum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ozonum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozons" title="Ozons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ozons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozonas" title="Ozonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ozonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93zon" title="Ózon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ózon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="ഓസോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="ओझोन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओझोन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%87%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အိုဇုန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုဇုန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon_(stof)" title="Ozon (stof) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ozon (stof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="ओजोन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ओजोन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%BE%E3%83%B3" title="オゾン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オゾン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz%C3%B2n" title="Ozòn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ozòn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D" title="ଓଜୋନ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓଜୋନ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurufkadhituu" title="Shurufkadhituu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Shurufkadhituu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8" title="ਓਜ਼ੋਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਜ਼ੋਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوزون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوزون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوزون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوزون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz%C3%B4nio" title="Ozônio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ozônio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achiksamaytu" title="Achiksamaytu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Achiksamaytu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ozone" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozoni" title="Ozoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ozoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ozone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz%C3%B3n" title="Ozón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ozón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئۆزۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆزۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsoni" title="Otsoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Otsoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osono" title="Osono – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Osono" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓசோன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓசோன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%93%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఓజోన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఓజోన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99" title="โอโซน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอโซน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Озон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Озон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="اوزون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوزون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ozon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osono" title="Osono – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Osono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7" title="臭氧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="臭氧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7" title="臭氧 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="臭氧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7" title="臭氧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="臭氧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Allotrope of oxygen (O₃) present in Earth's atmosphere</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ozone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ozone (disambiguation)">Ozone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Oxygen 3" redirects here. For the Jean-Michel Jarre album, see <a href="/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne_3" title="Oxygène 3">Oxygène 3</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Ozone </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone-1,3-dipole.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Structural formula of ozone with partial charges shown"><img alt="Structural formula of ozone with partial charges shown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ozone-1%2C3-dipole.svg/250px-Ozone-1%2C3-dipole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ozone-1%2C3-dipole.svg/330px-Ozone-1%2C3-dipole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ozone-1%2C3-dipole.svg/500px-Ozone-1%2C3-dipole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Structural formula of ozone with partial charges shown</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resonance structures of ozone with lone pairs indicated"><img alt="Resonance structures of ozone with lone pairs indicated" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg/220px-Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg/330px-Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg/440px-Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>Resonance structures of ozone with lone pairs indicated</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball and stick model of ozone"><img alt="Ball and stick model of ozone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png/110px-Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png/165px-Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png/220px-Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Ball and stick model of ozone</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center bg-transparent" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spacefill model of ozone"><img alt="Spacefill model of ozone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-vdW.png/120px-Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-vdW.png/250px-Ozone-CRC-MW-3D-vdW.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Spacefill model of ozone</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Ozone</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Trioxygen</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">2λ4-trioxidiene; catena-trioxygen</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=10028-15-6">10028-15-6</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BO-%5D%5BO%2B%5D%3DO">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=25812">CHEBI:25812</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.23208.html">23208</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.030.051">100.030.051</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36933#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number">EC Number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>233–069–2</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>1101 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IUPHAR/BPS" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPHAR/BPS">IUPHAR/BPS</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=summary&ligandId=6297">6297</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Ozone">Ozone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24823">24823</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>RS8225000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/66H7ZZK23N">66H7ZZK23N</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0021098">DTXSID0021098</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36933#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/O3/c1-3-2 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/O3/c1-3-2</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYAY</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[O-][O+]=O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>O3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>47.997 g·mol−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colourless to pale blue gas<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Pungent<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>2.144 g/L (at 0 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>−192.2 °C; −313.9 °F; 81.0 K </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>−112 °C; −170 °F; 161 K </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>1.05 g L−1 (at 0 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> in other solvents </td> <td>Very soluble in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">CCl4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td>55.7 atm<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> (−12.15 °C or 10.13 °F or 261.00 K)<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protonated_ozone" title="Protonated ozone">Protonated ozone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>+6.7·10−6 cm3/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (nD)</div> </td> <td>1.2226 (liquid), 1.00052 (gas, STP, 546 nm—note high dispersion)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></div> </td> <td>C2v </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Coordination_geometry" title="Coordination geometry">Coordination geometry</a></div> </td> <td>Digonal </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></div> </td> <td>Dihedral </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridisation" title="Orbital hybridisation">Hybridisation</a> </td> <td>sp2 for O1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div> </td> <td>0.53 D </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar entropy</a> (S⦵298)</div> </td> <td>238.92 J K−1 mol−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of formation</a> (ΔfH⦵298)</div> </td> <td>142.67 kJ mol−1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS03: Oxidizing"><img alt="GHS03: Oxidizing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS08: Health hazard"><img alt="GHS08: Health hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/60px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/120px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H270: May cause or intensify fire: oxidizer">H270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H330: Fatal if inhaled">H330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H335: May cause respiratory irritation">H335</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects">H341</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child">H361</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H370: Causes damage to organs">H370</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H410</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P203: Obtain, read and follow all safety instructions before use.">P203</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P220: Keep/Store away from clothing/.../combustible materials.">P220</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P244: Keep valves and fittings free from grease and oil">P244</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264+P265: Wash ... thoroughly after handling. Do not touch eyes.">P264+P265</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P271: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area.">P271</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P284: Wear respiratory protection.">P284</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P330+P331: IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.">P301+P330+P331</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P302+P361+P354: IF ON SKIN: Take off Immediately all contaminated clothing. Immediately rinse with water for several minutes.">P302+P361+P354</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.">P304+P340</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P308+P316: IF exposed or concerned: Get emergency medical help immediately.">P308+P316</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P362+P364: Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.">P362+P364</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P370+P376: In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so.">P370+P376</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P391: Collect spillage.">P391</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P403+P233: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed.">P403+P233</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_b93e14b49da95343" /><map name="ImageMap_b93e14b49da95343"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" title="Health 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 4: Readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures. E.g. nitroglycerin" title="Instability 4: Readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures. E.g. nitroglycerin" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" title="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">4</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">4</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">OX</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;">Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LCLo (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LCLo" title="Lethal dose">lowest published</a>)</div> </td> <td>12.6 ppm (mouse, 3 hr) 50 ppm (human, 30 min) 36 ppm (rabbit, 3 hr) 21 ppm (mouse, 3 hr) 21.8 ppm (rat, 3 hr) 24.8 ppm (guinea pig, 3 hr) 4.8 ppm (rat, 4 hr)<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3)<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>C 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3)<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>5 ppm<a href="#cite_note-PGCH-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Trisulfur" title="Trisulfur">Trisulfur</a> <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_monoxide" title="Disulfur monoxide">Disulfur monoxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_ozone" title="Cyclic ozone">Cyclic ozone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=451527415&page2=Ozone">verify</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Ozone (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈoʊzoʊn/</a>) (or trioxygen) is an inorganic <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> O 3. It is a pale blue gas with a distinctively pungent smell. It is an <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> that is much less stable than the <a href="/wiki/Diatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic">diatomic</a> allotrope O 2, breaking down in the lower atmosphere to O 2 (<a href="/wiki/Dioxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxygen">dioxygen</a>). Ozone is formed from dioxygen by the action of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) light and electrical discharges within the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>. It is present in very low concentrations throughout the atmosphere, with its highest concentration high in the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, which absorbs most of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone's odor is reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, and detectable by many people at concentrations of as little as 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> in air. Ozone's O3 <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">structure</a> was determined in 1865. The molecule was later proven to have a bent structure and to be weakly <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, ozone is a pale blue gas that condenses at <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_fuel" title="Cryogenic fuel">cryogenic</a> temperatures to a dark blue <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> and finally a violet-black <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>. Ozone's instability with regard to more common dioxygen is such that both concentrated gas and liquid ozone may decompose explosively at elevated temperatures, physical shock, or fast warming to the boiling point.<a href="#cite_note-streng-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> It is therefore used commercially only in low concentrations. Ozone is a powerful <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a> (far more so than dioxygen) and has many industrial and consumer applications related to oxidation. This same high oxidizing potential, however, causes ozone to damage mucous and respiratory tissues in animals, and also tissues in plants, above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm. While this makes ozone a potent respiratory hazard and pollutant near <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_ozone" title="Ground-level ozone">ground level</a>, a higher concentration in the ozone layer (from two to eight ppm) is beneficial, preventing damaging UV light from reaching the Earth's surface. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">trivial name</a> ozone is the most commonly used and <a href="/wiki/Preferred_IUPAC_name" title="Preferred IUPAC name">preferred IUPAC name</a>. The systematic names 2λ4-trioxidiene[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ozone#Dubious" title="Talk:Ozone">discuss</a>] and catena-trioxygen, valid <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> names, are constructed according to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Substitutive_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">substitutive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Additive_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">additive nomenclatures</a>, respectively. The name ozone derives from ozein (ὄζειν), the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> neuter present participle for smell,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> referring to ozone's distinctive smell. In appropriate contexts, ozone can be viewed as <a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane">trioxidane</a> with two hydrogen atoms removed, and as such, trioxidanylidene may be used as a systematic name, according to substitutive nomenclature. By default, these names pay no regard to the radicality of the ozone molecule. In an even more specific context, this can also name the non-radical singlet ground state, whereas the diradical state is named trioxidanediyl. Trioxidanediyl (or ozonide) is used, non-systematically, to refer to the substituent group (-OOO-). Care should be taken to avoid confusing the name of the group for the context-specific name for the ozone given above. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sch%C3%B6nbein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sch%C3%B6nbein.jpg/170px-Sch%C3%B6nbein.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Sch%C3%B6nbein.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein" title="Christian Friedrich Schönbein">Christian Friedrich Schönbein</a> (18 October 1799 – 29 August 1868)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smyths_revised_ozonometer,_1865._(9660571191).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Smyths_revised_ozonometer%2C_1865._%289660571191%29.jpg/220px-Smyths_revised_ozonometer%2C_1865._%289660571191%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Smyths_revised_ozonometer%2C_1865._%289660571191%29.jpg/330px-Smyths_revised_ozonometer%2C_1865._%289660571191%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Smyths_revised_ozonometer%2C_1865._%289660571191%29.jpg/440px-Smyths_revised_ozonometer%2C_1865._%289660571191%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>A prototype ozonometer built by John Smyth in 1865</figcaption></figure> In 1785, Dutch chemist <a href="/wiki/Martinus_van_Marum" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus van Marum">Martinus van Marum</a> was conducting experiments involving electrical sparking above water when he noticed an unusual smell, which he attributed to the electrical reactions, failing to realize that he had in fact produced ozone.<a href="#cite_note-colostate-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> A half century later, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Sch%C3%B6nbein" title="Christian Friedrich Schönbein">Christian Friedrich Schönbein</a> noticed the same pungent odour and recognized it as the smell often following a bolt of <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>. In 1839, he succeeded in isolating the gaseous chemical and named it "ozone", from the Greek word ozein (ὄζειν) meaning "to smell".<a href="#cite_note-ozo-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> For this reason, Schönbein is generally credited with the discovery of ozone.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Prestre-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letter-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-colostate-9">[8]</a> He also noted the similarity of ozone smell to the smell of phosphorus, and in 1844 proved that the product of reaction of <a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">white phosphorus</a> with air is identical.<a href="#cite_note-ozo-11">[10]</a> A subsequent effort to call ozone "electrified oxygen" he ridiculed by proposing to call the ozone from white phosphorus "phosphorized oxygen".<a href="#cite_note-ozo-11">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> for ozone, O3, was not determined until 1865 by <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Soret" title="Jacques-Louis Soret">Jacques-Louis Soret</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and confirmed by Schönbein in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-ozo-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> For much of the second half of the 19th century and well into the 20th, ozone was considered a healthy component of the environment by naturalists and health-seekers. <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_California" title="Beaumont, California">Beaumont, California</a>, had as its official slogan "Beaumont: Zone of Ozone", as evidenced on postcards and Chamber of Commerce letterhead.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> Naturalists working outdoors often considered the higher elevations beneficial because of their ozone content which was readily monitored.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> "There is quite a different atmosphere [at higher elevation] with enough ozone to sustain the necessary energy [to work]", wrote naturalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Henshaw" title="Henry Henshaw">Henry Henshaw</a>, working in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Seaside air was considered to be healthy because of its believed ozone content. The smell giving rise to this belief is in fact that of <a href="/wiki/Halogenation" title="Halogenation">halogenated</a> seaweed metabolites<a href="#cite_note-ashfield-21">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Much of ozone's appeal seems to have resulted from its "fresh" smell, which evoked associations with purifying properties. Scientists noted its harmful effects. In 1873 <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_McKendrick" title="John Gray McKendrick">John Gray McKendrick</a> documented that frogs grew sluggish, birds gasped for breath, and rabbits' blood showed decreased levels of oxygen after exposure to "ozonized air", which "exercised a destructive action".<a href="#cite_note-Anstie-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-13">[12]</a> Schönbein himself reported that chest pains, irritation of the <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucous membranes">mucous membranes</a>, and difficulty breathing occurred as a result of inhaling ozone, and small mammals died.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-24">[23]</a> In 1911, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hill_(physiologist)" title="Leonard Hill (physiologist)">Leonard Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flack" title="Martin Flack">Martin Flack</a> stated in the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society">Proceedings of the Royal Society</a> B that ozone's healthful effects "have, by mere iteration, become part and parcel of common belief; and yet exact physiological evidence in favour of its good effects has been hitherto almost entirely wanting ... The only thoroughly well-ascertained knowledge concerning the physiological effect of ozone, so far attained, is that it causes irritation and œdema of the lungs, and death if inhaled in relatively strong concentration for any time."<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill-25">[24]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, ozone was tested at <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra_Military_Hospital" title="Queen Alexandra Military Hospital">Queen Alexandra Military Hospital</a> in London as a possible <a href="/wiki/Disinfectant" title="Disinfectant">disinfectant</a> for wounds. The gas was applied directly to wounds for as long as 15 minutes. This resulted in damage to both bacterial cells and human tissue. Other sanitizing techniques, such as irrigation with <a href="/wiki/Antiseptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiseptics">antiseptics</a>, were found preferable.<a href="#cite_note-Distillations-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stoker-26">[25]</a> Until the 1920s, it was not certain whether small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen" title="Tetraoxygen">oxozone</a>, O 4, were also present in ozone samples due to the difficulty of applying analytical chemistry techniques to the explosive concentrated chemical.<a href="#cite_note-ozo2-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Block-1986-28">[27]</a> In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Georg-Maria_Schwab" title="Georg-Maria Schwab">Georg-Maria Schwab</a> (working for his doctoral thesis under <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hermann_Riesenfeld" title="Ernst Hermann Riesenfeld">Ernst Hermann Riesenfeld</a>) was the first to successfully solidify ozone and perform accurate analysis which conclusively refuted the oxozone hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-ozo2-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Block-1986-28">[27]</a> Further hitherto unmeasured physical properties of pure concentrated ozone were determined by the Riesenfeld group in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-ozo2-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_ozone.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Liquid_ozone.png/250px-Liquid_ozone.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Liquid_ozone.png/330px-Liquid_ozone.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Liquid_ozone.png/500px-Liquid_ozone.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Liquid ozone</figcaption></figure> Ozone is a colourless or pale blue gas, slightly soluble in water, and much more soluble in inert non-polar solvents such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a> or fluorocarbons, in which it forms a blue solution. At 161 K (−112 °C; −170 °F), it condenses to form a dark blue <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>. It is dangerous to allow this liquid to warm to its boiling point, because both concentrated gaseous ozone and liquid ozone can detonate. At temperatures below 80 K (−193.2 °C; −315.7 °F), it forms a violet-black <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Ozone has a very specific sharp odour somewhat resembling <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_bleach" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine bleach">chlorine bleach</a>. Most people can detect it at the 0.01 μmol/mol level in air. Exposure of 0.1 to 1 μmol/mol produces headaches and burning eyes and irritates the respiratory passages.<a href="#cite_note-brown-30">[29]</a> Even low concentrations of ozone in air are very destructive to organic materials such as latex, plastics, and animal lung tissue. The ozone molecule is weakly <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> According to experimental evidence from <a href="/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopy" title="Microwave spectroscopy">microwave spectroscopy</a>, ozone is a bent molecule, with C2v <a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">symmetry</a> (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> molecule).<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The O–O distances are 127.2 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> (1.272 <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångström">Å</a>). The O–O–O angle is 116.78°.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The central atom is sp² hybridized with one lone pair. Ozone is a polar molecule with a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular dipole moment">dipole moment</a> of 0.53 <a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">D</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> The molecule can be represented as a <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(chemistry)" title="Resonance (chemistry)">resonance</a> hybrid with two contributing structures, each with a <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bond</a> on one side and <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bond</a> on the other. The arrangement possesses an overall <a href="/wiki/Bond_order" title="Bond order">bond order</a> of 1.5 for both sides. It is <a href="/wiki/Isoelectronicity" title="Isoelectronicity">isoelectronic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">the nitrite anion</a>. Naturally occurring ozone can be composed of substituted isotopes (16O, 17O, 18O). A <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_ozone" title="Cyclic ozone">cyclic form</a> has been predicted but not observed. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg/440px-Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg/660px-Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg/880px-Ozone-resonance-Lewis-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>Resonance Lewis structures of the ozone molecule</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ozone" title="Special:EditPage/Ozone">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ozone is among the most powerful <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agents</a> known, far stronger than <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>O2. It is also unstable at high concentrations, decaying into ordinary diatomic oxygen. Its <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> varies with atmospheric conditions such as temperature, humidity, and air movement. Under laboratory conditions, the half-life will average ~1500 minutes (25 hours) in still air at room temperature (24 °C), zero humidity with zero air changes per hour.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f3268e8184ee9b5158d4546a8d6f1ae691649b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.92ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}" /></dd></dl> This reaction proceeds more rapidly with increasing temperature. <a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">Deflagration</a> of ozone can be triggered by a spark and can occur in ozone concentrations of 10 <a href="/wiki/Wt%25" class="mw-redirect" title="Wt%">wt%</a> or higher.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Ozone can also be produced from oxygen at the anode of an electrochemical cell. This reaction can create smaller quantities of ozone for research purposes.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3_{(g)}{}+ 2H+{}+ 2e- <=> O2_{(g)}{}+ H2O}}\quad (E^{\circ }={\text{2.075 V}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>g</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mspace width="1em"></mspace> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>2.075 V</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O3_{(g)}{}+ 2H+{}+ 2e- <=> O2_{(g)}{}+ H2O}}\quad (E^{\circ }={\text{2.075 V}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6f5c0501a2d72a0244bd6348b6a393907df0f46b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.505ex; width:54.297ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3_{(g)}{}+ 2H+{}+ 2e- <=> O2_{(g)}{}+ H2O}}\quad (E^{\circ }={\text{2.075 V}})}" /><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></dd></dl> This can be observed as an unwanted reaction in a <a href="/wiki/Hoffman_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffman apparatus">Hoffman apparatus</a> during the electrolysis of water when the voltage is set above the necessary voltage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_metals">With metals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: With metals">edit</a>]</div> Ozone oxidizes most <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a>) into <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> of the metals in their highest <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. For example: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {Cu + O3 -> CuO + O2}}\\&{\ce {Ag + O3 -> AgO + O2}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Cu</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>CuO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Ag</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>AgO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {Cu + O3 -> CuO + O2}}\\&{\ce {Ag + O3 -> AgO + O2}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b43430b3309a0a872b279b33567646f488dc20f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:25.002ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {Cu + O3 -> CuO + O2}}\\&{\ce {Ag + O3 -> AgO + O2}}\end{aligned}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_nitrogen_and_carbon_compounds">With nitrogen and carbon compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: With nitrogen and carbon compounds">edit</a>]</div> Ozone oxidizes <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO + O3 -> NO2 + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NO + O3 -> NO2 + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0544e0d0f68112d969a60168581b41199aa642b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.658ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO + O3 -> NO2 + O2}}}" /></dd></dl> This reaction is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">chemiluminescence</a>. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />NO2 can be further oxidized to <a href="/wiki/Nitrate_radical" title="Nitrate radical">nitrate radical</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + O3 -> NO3 + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + O3 -> NO3 + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c8ace9b0494bf2f7f56d44fb9522b666d90f3f79" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.712ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + O3 -> NO3 + O2}}}" /></dd></dl> The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />NO3 formed can react with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />NO2 to form <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">dinitrogen pentoxide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />N2O5). Solid <a href="/wiki/Nitronium_perchlorate" title="Nitronium perchlorate">nitronium perchlorate</a> can be made from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />NO2, ClO2, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />O3 gases: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + ClO2 + 2 O3 -> NO2ClO4 + 2 O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>ClO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>ClO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + ClO2 + 2 O3 -> NO2ClO4 + 2 O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a05aab2690eac42df5fcffca9ab054e605d1dac9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:42.026ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2 + ClO2 + 2 O3 -> NO2ClO4 + 2 O2}}}" /></dd></dl> Ozone does not react with ammonium <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, but it oxidizes <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + 4 O3 -> NH4NO3 + 4 O2 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + 4 O3 -> NH4NO3 + 4 O2 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a8f8dfe104ea9dfad94fed01835377b99c434f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:42.282ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 NH3 + 4 O3 -> NH4NO3 + 4 O2 + H2O}}}" /></dd></dl> Ozone reacts with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, even at room temperature: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C + 2 O3 -> CO2 + 2 O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C + 2 O3 -> CO2 + 2 O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/59c138053beeaf46269c61bee92d41b978d1bb3c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.819ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C + 2 O3 -> CO2 + 2 O2}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_sulfur_compounds">With sulfur compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: With sulfur compounds">edit</a>]</div> Ozone oxidizes <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfides</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfide" title="Lead(II) sulfide">lead(II) sulfide</a> is oxidized to <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_sulfate" title="Lead(II) sulfate">lead(II) sulfate</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {PbS + 4 O3 -> PbSO4 + 4 O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>PbS</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>PbSO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {PbS + 4 O3 -> PbSO4 + 4 O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7616816f0ee82e468bd6c95b9ed8469ae5e85f1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.799ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {PbS + 4 O3 -> PbSO4 + 4 O2}}}" /></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">Sulfuric acid</a> can be produced from ozone, water and either elemental <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {S + H2O + O3 -> H2SO4}}\\&{\ce {3 SO2 + 3 H2O + O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {S + H2O + O3 -> H2SO4}}\\&{\ce {3 SO2 + 3 H2O + O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d5573c5f68f51d2ed4ad236617ec7d56d4969e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:34.752ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {S + H2O + O3 -> H2SO4}}\\&{\ce {3 SO2 + 3 H2O + O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}" /></dd></dl> In the <a href="/wiki/Gas_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas phase">gas phase</a>, ozone reacts with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> to form sulfur dioxide: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S + O3 -> SO2 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S + O3 -> SO2 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e93f665f549b14bd893ea5d6e8f3c2553230488f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.489ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2S + O3 -> SO2 + H2O}}}" /></dd></dl> In an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">aqueous</a> solution, however, two competing simultaneous reactions occur, one to produce elemental sulfur, and one to produce <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H2S + O3 -> S + O2 + H2O}}\\&{\ce {3 H2S + 4 O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H2S + O3 -> S + O2 + H2O}}\\&{\ce {3 H2S + 4 O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c26b2e4a04e421c0992b4c5fbf539caf6cafc8c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:30.081ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H2S + O3 -> S + O2 + H2O}}\\&{\ce {3 H2S + 4 O3 -> 3 H2SO4}}\end{aligned}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_alkenes_and_alkynes">With alkenes and alkynes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: With alkenes and alkynes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ozonolysis" title="Ozonolysis">Ozonolysis</a></div> Alkenes can be oxidatively cleaved by ozone, in a process called <a href="/wiki/Ozonolysis" title="Ozonolysis">ozonolysis</a>, giving alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids, depending on the second step of the workup. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:General_reaction_equation_of_ozonolysis.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="General reaction equation of ozonolysis"><img alt="General reaction equation of ozonolysis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/General_reaction_equation_of_ozonolysis.svg/480px-General_reaction_equation_of_ozonolysis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/General_reaction_equation_of_ozonolysis.svg/720px-General_reaction_equation_of_ozonolysis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/General_reaction_equation_of_ozonolysis.svg/960px-General_reaction_equation_of_ozonolysis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="70" /></a><figcaption>General reaction equation of ozonolysis</figcaption></figure> Ozone can also cleave alkynes to form an <a href="/wiki/Acid_anhydride" title="Acid anhydride">acid anhydride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diketone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diketone">diketone</a> product.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> If the reaction is performed in the presence of water, the anhydride hydrolyzes to give two <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a>. <dl><dd><figure class="mw-halign-none skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozonolysis-alkyne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ozonolysis-alkyne.png/450px-Ozonolysis-alkyne.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ozonolysis-alkyne.png/675px-Ozonolysis-alkyne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ozonolysis-alkyne.png/900px-Ozonolysis-alkyne.png 2x" data-file-width="1349" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></dd></dl> Usually ozonolysis is carried out in a solution of <a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">dichloromethane</a>, at a temperature of −78 °C. After a sequence of cleavage and rearrangement, an organic ozonide is formed. With reductive workup (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a>), ketones and aldehydes will be formed, with oxidative workup (e.g. aqueous or alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>), carboxylic acids will be formed.<a href="#cite_note-OrgChem-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_substrates">Other substrates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other substrates">edit</a>]</div> All three <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> of ozone may also react, as in the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_chloride" title="Tin(II) chloride">tin(II) chloride</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and ozone: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 SnCl2 + 6 HCl + O3 -> 3 SnCl4 + 3 H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>SnCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>HCl</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>SnCl</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3 SnCl2 + 6 HCl + O3 -> 3 SnCl4 + 3 H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aeef117bb5c992319552513f1522c7adf630f764" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.28ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 SnCl2 + 6 HCl + O3 -> 3 SnCl4 + 3 H2O}}}" /></dd></dl> Iodine perchlorate can be made by treating <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> dissolved in cold <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> <a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid">perchloric acid</a> with ozone: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {I2 + 6 HClO4 + O3 -> 2 I(ClO4)3 + 3 H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>HClO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>I</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>ClO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {I2 + 6 HClO4 + O3 -> 2 I(ClO4)3 + 3 H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/100f61f0745fb7de735a5a4ba25a27f12d09e258" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:43.448ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {I2 + 6 HClO4 + O3 -> 2 I(ClO4)3 + 3 H2O}}}" /></dd></dl> Ozone could also react with potassium iodide to give oxygen and iodine gas that can be titrated for quantitative determination:<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2KI + O3 + H2O -> 2KOH + O2 + I2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>KI</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>KOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>I</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2KI + O3 + H2O -> 2KOH + O2 + I2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f1a4e3af55f95eeaeb899c352c3a5022b7eadb0c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:39.788ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2KI + O3 + H2O -> 2KOH + O2 + I2}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion">Combustion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Combustion">edit</a>]</div> Ozone can be used for <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> reactions and combustible gases; ozone provides higher temperatures than burning in <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxygen">dioxygen</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />O2). The following is a reaction for the combustion of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_subnitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon subnitride">carbon subnitride</a> which can also cause higher temperatures: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 C4N2 + 4 O3 -> 12 CO + 3 N2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>12</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3 C4N2 + 4 O3 -> 12 CO + 3 N2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3375ddd7c369c19e2988dc348b43f0e6ecf68ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.813ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 C4N2 + 4 O3 -> 12 CO + 3 N2}}}" /></dd></dl> Ozone can react at cryogenic temperatures. At 77 K (−196.2 °C; −321.1 °F), atomic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> reacts with liquid ozone to form a hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radical</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Dimerizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimerizes">dimerizes</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Horvath_M._1985._pg_44-42">[41]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H + O3 -> HO2 + O}}\\&{\ce {2 HO2 -> H2O4}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>H</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>HO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>HO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H + O3 -> HO2 + O}}\\&{\ce {2 HO2 -> H2O4}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4f244346d90613f745f65885be487cd2ce38d68" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:22.547ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {H + O3 -> HO2 + O}}\\&{\ce {2 HO2 -> H2O4}}\end{aligned}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozone_decomposition">Ozone decomposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ozone decomposition">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_ozone_decomposition">Types of ozone decomposition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of ozone decomposition">edit</a>]</div> Ozone is a toxic substance,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPA-2022-44">[43]</a> commonly found or generated in human environments (aircraft cabins, offices with photocopiers, laser printers, sterilizers, ...). The <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalytic</a> decomposition of ozone is very important to reduce pollution. This type of decomposition is the most widely used, especially with solid catalysts, and it has many advantages such as a higher conversion with a lower temperature. Furthermore, the product and the catalyst can be instantaneously separated, and this way the catalyst can be easily recovered without using any separation operation. The most-used materials in the catalytic decomposition of ozone in the gas phase are <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a>, transition metals such as Mn, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, or Ag, and noble metals such as Pt, Rh, or Pd. <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">Free radicals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (Cl·), formed by the action of ultraviolet radiation on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and sea salt, are known to catalyze the breakdown of ozone in the atmosphere. There are two other possibilities for decomposing ozone in the gas phase: <ul><li>Thermal decomposition, in which the ozone is decomposed using only the action of heat. The problem is that this type of decomposition is very slow with temperatures below 250 °C. However, the decomposition rate can be increased working with higher temperatures but this would involve a high energy cost.</li> <li>Photochemical decomposition, which consists of radiating ozone with ultraviolet radiation (UV) and it gives rise to oxygen and radical peroxide.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kinetics_of_ozone_decomposition_into_molecular_oxygen">Kinetics of ozone decomposition into molecular oxygen</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kinetics of ozone decomposition into molecular oxygen">edit</a>]</div> The process of ozone decomposition is a complex reaction involving two elementary reactions that finally lead to molecular oxygen, and this means that the reaction order and the <a href="/wiki/Rate_equation" title="Rate equation">rate law</a> cannot be determined by the stoichiometry of the fitted equation. Overall reaction: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f3268e8184ee9b5158d4546a8d6f1ae691649b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:13.92ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 O3 -> 3 O2}}}" /> Rate law (observed): <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={\frac {K\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]^{2}}{[{\ce {O2}}]}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={\frac {K\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]^{2}}{[{\ce {O2}}]}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f43396c74b3b55399e8c0c22abcc448b024b8a2e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:14.677ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={\frac {K\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]^{2}}{[{\ce {O2}}]}}}" /> It has been determined that the ozone decomposition follows a first order kinetics, and from the rate law above it can be determined that the partial order respect to molecular oxygen is -1 and respect to ozone is 2, therefore the global reaction order is 1. The ozone decomposition consists of two elementary steps: The first one corresponds to a unimolecular reaction because one only molecule of ozone decomposes into two products (molecular oxygen and oxygen). Then, the oxygen from the first step is an intermediate because it participates as a reactant in the second step, which is a bimolecular reaction because there are two different reactants (ozone and oxygen) that give rise to one product, that corresponds to molecular oxygen in the gas phase. Step 1: Unimolecular reaction    <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2 + O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2 + O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3d2106eac5b81c2ea5aff7940c3213f61bb7945" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:15.469ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O2 + O}}}" /> Step 2: Bimolecular reaction     <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37d1aad75b2d9dd6f113ec751ba3f54e75146a2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.019ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}" /> These two steps have different reaction rates, the first one is reversible and faster than the second reaction, which is slower, so this means that the determining step is the second reaction and this is used to determine the observed reaction rate. The reaction rate laws for every step are the ones that follow: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{1}=K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]\qquad V_{2}=K_{2}\cdot [{\ce {O}}]\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mspace width="2em"></mspace> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{1}=K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]\qquad V_{2}=K_{2}\cdot [{\ce {O}}]\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa89c5e2c3b0c501381aadcdaa39b60594d1b4c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:38.167ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{1}=K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]\qquad V_{2}=K_{2}\cdot [{\ce {O}}]\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}" /></dd></dl> The following mechanism allows to explain the rate law of the ozone decomposition observed experimentally, and also it allows to determine the reaction orders with respect to ozone and oxygen, with which the overall reaction order will be determined. The slower step, the bimolecular reaction, is the one that determines the rate of product formation, and considering that this step gives rise to two oxygen molecules the rate law has this form: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=2K_{2}\cdot [{\ce {O}}]\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=2K_{2}\cdot [{\ce {O}}]\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9243dbd85bcf44b84a7066876ae41fb536ccbfe2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.692ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=2K_{2}\cdot [{\ce {O}}]\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}" /></dd></dl> However, this equation depends on the concentration of oxygen (intermediate), which can be determined considering the first step. Since the first step is faster and reversible and the second step is slower, the reactants and products from the first step are in equilibrium, so the concentration of the intermediate can be determined as follows: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{1}={\frac {K_{1}}{K_{-1}}}={\frac {[{\ce {O2}}]\cdot [{\ce {O}}]}{[{\ce {O3}}]}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{1}={\frac {K_{1}}{K_{-1}}}={\frac {[{\ce {O2}}]\cdot [{\ce {O}}]}{[{\ce {O3}}]}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/048f2f135e0f4a159da14ab2b26a334d856b0464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:24.139ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{1}={\frac {K_{1}}{K_{-1}}}={\frac {[{\ce {O2}}]\cdot [{\ce {O}}]}{[{\ce {O3}}]}}}" /></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [{\ce {O}}]={\frac {K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}{K_{-1}\cdot [{\ce {O2}}]}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [{\ce {O}}]={\frac {K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}{K_{-1}\cdot [{\ce {O2}}]}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/98fafe6a7ff5c5725717421d2ad60788083ee4d8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:17.177ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [{\ce {O}}]={\frac {K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O3}}]}{K_{-1}\cdot [{\ce {O2}}]}}}" /></dd></dl> Then using these equations, the formation rate of molecular oxygen is as shown below: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2} \over K_{-1}\cdot [{\ce {O_2}}]}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2} \over K_{-1}\cdot [{\ce {O_2}}]}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da560af608b21e57aab047710fb13a5c532467b5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:21.507ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2} \over K_{-1}\cdot [{\ce {O_2}}]}}" /></dd></dl> Finally, the mechanism presented allows to establish the rate observed experimentally, with a rate constant (Kobs) and corresponding to a first order kinetics, as follows:<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V={K_{\text{obs}}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2} \over [{\ce {O_2}}]}=K_{\text{obs}}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2}\cdot [{\ce {O_2}}]^{-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>obs</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>obs</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V={K_{\text{obs}}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2} \over [{\ce {O_2}}]}=K_{\text{obs}}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2}\cdot [{\ce {O_2}}]^{-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/69189abb1a3881b3f8e427d5f963edd866401b67" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:39.945ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V={K_{\text{obs}}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2} \over [{\ce {O_2}}]}=K_{\text{obs}}\cdot [{\ce {O_3}}]^{2}\cdot [{\ce {O_2}}]^{-1}}" /></dd></dl> where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\text{obs}}={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1} \over K_{-1}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>obs</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\text{obs}}={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1} \over K_{-1}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/26a5e1520f2fd04a927d3ec0a8fd8fc555f4e855" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.42ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\text{obs}}={2K_{2}\cdot K_{1} \over K_{-1}}}" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduction_to_ozonides">Reduction to ozonides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reduction to ozonides">edit</a>]</div> Reduction of ozone gives the <a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">ozonide</a> anion, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />O−3. Derivatives of this anion are explosive and must be stored at cryogenic temperatures. Ozonides for all the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> are known. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />KO3, RbO3, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />CsO3 can be prepared from their respective superoxides: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {KO2 + O3 -> KO3 + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>KO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>KO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {KO2 + O3 -> KO3 + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4290621d41c5c85e4ba2f7329f537e077fb00d1a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.842ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {KO2 + O3 -> KO3 + O2}}}" /></dd></dl> Although KO3 can be formed as above, it can also be formed from <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> and ozone:<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 KOH + 5 O3 -> 2 KO3 + 5 O2 + H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>KOH</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>KO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {2 KOH + 5 O3 -> 2 KO3 + 5 O2 + H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ad8fa1337fac9b9216a2d088154c33f01b2e0b1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.175ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {2 KOH + 5 O3 -> 2 KO3 + 5 O2 + H2O}}}" /></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />NaO3 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />LiO3 must be prepared by action of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />CsO3 in liquid <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />NH3 on an <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_resin" title="Ion-exchange resin">ion-exchange resin</a> containing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Na+ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />Li+ ions:<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CsO3 + Na+ -> Cs+ + NaO3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CsO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msup> <mtext>Na</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>Cs</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NaO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CsO3 + Na+ -> Cs+ + NaO3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5a800166579e1147be033561064bc555e48b5b8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.523ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CsO3 + Na+ -> Cs+ + NaO3}}}" /></dd></dl> A solution of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> in ammonia reacts with ozone to give <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_ozonide" title="Ammonium ozonide">ammonium ozonide</a> and not calcium ozonide:<a href="#cite_note-Horvath_M._1985._pg_44-42">[41]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {3 Ca + 10 NH3 + 6 O3 ->\ }}&{\ce {Ca*6NH3 + Ca(OH)2 + Ca(NO3)2}}\\&+{\ce {2 NH4O3 + 2 O2 + H2}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext> </mtext> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <mo>⋅</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>Ca</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {3 Ca + 10 NH3 + 6 O3 ->\ }}&{\ce {Ca*6NH3 + Ca(OH)2 + Ca(NO3)2}}\\&+{\ce {2 NH4O3 + 2 O2 + H2}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a5dbe80fd9607f5a65421362d2ac6a6c725650c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:64.019ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {3 Ca + 10 NH3 + 6 O3 ->\ }}&{\ce {Ca*6NH3 + Ca(OH)2 + Ca(NO3)2}}\\&+{\ce {2 NH4O3 + 2 O2 + H2}}\end{aligned}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Ozone can be used to remove <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> from <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a> which can be filtered: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {2 Fe^2+{}+ O3 + 5 H2O -> 2 Fe(OH)_3{(s)}{}+ O2{}+ 4 H+}}\\&{\ce {2 Mn^2+{}+ 2 O3 + 4 H2O -> 2 MnO(OH)_2{(s)}{}+ 2 O2{}+ 4 H+}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>Mn</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>MnO</mtext> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>OH</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>s</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {2 Fe^2+{}+ O3 + 5 H2O -> 2 Fe(OH)_3{(s)}{}+ O2{}+ 4 H+}}\\&{\ce {2 Mn^2+{}+ 2 O3 + 4 H2O -> 2 MnO(OH)_2{(s)}{}+ 2 O2{}+ 4 H+}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b21330604542185df34b8280f29458b7019c2df5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:60.219ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {2 Fe^2+{}+ O3 + 5 H2O -> 2 Fe(OH)_3{(s)}{}+ O2{}+ 4 H+}}\\&{\ce {2 Mn^2+{}+ 2 O3 + 4 H2O -> 2 MnO(OH)_2{(s)}{}+ 2 O2{}+ 4 H+}}\end{aligned}}}" /></dd></dl> Ozone oxidizes dissolved <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> in water to <a href="/wiki/Sulfurous_acid" title="Sulfurous acid">sulfurous acid</a>: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 O3 + H2S -> H2SO3 + 3 O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>S</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>SO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3 O3 + H2S -> H2SO3 + 3 O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88fbafe7db5425b88d792aaa0eb3076d140ead83" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.643ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3 O3 + H2S -> H2SO3 + 3 O2}}}" /></dd></dl> These three reactions are central in the use of ozone-based well water treatment. Ozone detoxifies <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanides</a> by converting them to <a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">cyanates</a>. <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CN- + O3 -> CNO- + O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>CN</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msup> <mtext>CNO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CN- + O3 -> CNO- + O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b501e1f917376acc46b69677183497c10ed9c20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.174ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CN- + O3 -> CNO- + O2}}}" /></dd></dl> Ozone completely decomposes <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>:<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH2)2CO + O3 -> N2 + CO2 + 2 H2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH2)2CO + O3 -> N2 + CO2 + 2 H2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/011375bb817b5edb30136089908ae30a4531f5f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:40.862ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(NH2)2CO + O3 -> N2 + CO2 + 2 H2O}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectroscopic_properties">Spectroscopic properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spectroscopic properties">edit</a>]</div> Ozone is a bent <a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">triatomic molecule</a> with three vibrational modes: the symmetric stretch (1103.157 cm−1), bend (701.42 cm−1) and antisymmetric stretch (1042.096 cm−1).<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The symmetric stretch and bend are weak absorbers, but the antisymmetric stretch is strong and responsible for ozone being an important minor <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>. This IR band is also used to detect ambient and atmospheric ozone although UV-based measurements are more common.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The electromagnetic spectrum of ozone is quite complex. An overview can be seen at the MPI Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> All of the bands are dissociative, meaning that the molecule falls apart to O + O2 after absorbing a photon. The most important absorption is the Hartley band, extending from slightly above 300 nm down to slightly above 200 nm. It is this band that is responsible for absorbing UV C in the stratosphere. On the high wavelength side, the Hartley band transitions to the so-called Huggins band, which falls off rapidly until disappearing by ~360 nm. Above 400 nm, extending well out into the NIR, are the Chappius and Wulf bands. There, unstructured absorption bands are useful for detecting high ambient concentrations of ozone, but are so weak that they do not have much practical effect. There are additional absorption bands in the far UV, which increase slowly from 200 nm down to reaching a maximum at ~120 nm. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ozone_in_Earth's_atmosphere">Ozone in Earth's atmosphere</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ozone in Earth's atmosphere">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_ozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atmospheric_ozone.svg/330px-Atmospheric_ozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atmospheric_ozone.svg/500px-Atmospheric_ozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atmospheric_ozone.svg/960px-Atmospheric_ozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of atmospheric ozone in partial pressure as a function of altitude</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nimbus_ozone_Brewer-Dobson_circulation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nimbus_ozone_Brewer-Dobson_circulation.jpg/280px-Nimbus_ozone_Brewer-Dobson_circulation.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nimbus_ozone_Brewer-Dobson_circulation.jpg/420px-Nimbus_ozone_Brewer-Dobson_circulation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Nimbus_ozone_Brewer-Dobson_circulation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Concentration of ozone as measured by the <a href="/wiki/Nimbus_program" title="Nimbus program">Nimbus-7</a> satellite</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IM_ozavg_ept_200006.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IM_ozavg_ept_200006.png/220px-IM_ozavg_ept_200006.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IM_ozavg_ept_200006.png/330px-IM_ozavg_ept_200006.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IM_ozavg_ept_200006.png/440px-IM_ozavg_ept_200006.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Total ozone concentration in June 2000 as measured by the NASA EP-TOMS satellite instrument</figcaption></figure> The standard way to express total ozone levels (the amount of ozone in a given vertical column) in the atmosphere is by using <a href="/wiki/Dobson_unit" title="Dobson unit">Dobson units</a>. Point measurements are reported as <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">mole fractions</a> in nmol/mol (parts per billion, ppb) or as <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrations</a> in μg/m3. The study of ozone concentration in the atmosphere started in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozone_layer">Ozone layer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ozone layer">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">Ozone layer</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Location_and_production">Location and production</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Location and production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ozone%E2%80%93oxygen_cycle" title="Ozone–oxygen cycle">Ozone–oxygen cycle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></div> The highest levels of ozone in the atmosphere are in the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, in a region also known as the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> between about 10 and 50 km above the surface (or between about 6 and 31 miles). However, even in this "layer", the ozone concentrations are only two to eight parts per million, so most of the oxygen there is dioxygen, O2, at about 210,000 parts per million by volume.<a href="#cite_note-Hultman-54">[53]</a> Ozone in the stratosphere is mostly produced from short-wave ultraviolet rays between 240 and 160 nm. Oxygen starts to absorb weakly at 240 nm in the Herzberg bands, but most of the oxygen is dissociated by absorption in the strong <a href="/wiki/Schumann%E2%80%93Runge_bands" title="Schumann–Runge bands">Schumann–Runge bands</a> between 200 and 160 nm where ozone does not absorb. While shorter wavelength light, extending to even the X-Ray limit, is energetic enough to dissociate molecular oxygen, there is relatively little of it, and, the strong solar emission at Lyman-alpha, 121 nm, falls at a point where molecular oxygen absorption is a minimum.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The process of ozone creation and destruction is called the <a href="/wiki/Chapman_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapman cycle">Chapman cycle</a> and starts with the photolysis of molecular oxygen <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2->[{\ce {photon}}][({\ce {radiation}}\ \lambda \ <\ 240\ {\ce {nm}})]2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>radiation</mtext> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mi>λ</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo><</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>240</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>nm</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>photon</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O2->[{\ce {photon}}][({\ce {radiation}}\ \lambda \ <\ 240\ {\ce {nm}})]2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22c15c0d1b053ba02c27ceed129794d2cb91dd2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.293ex; margin-top: -0.362ex; margin-bottom: -0.545ex; width:25.914ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O2->[{\ce {photon}}][({\ce {radiation}}\ \lambda \ <\ 240\ {\ce {nm}})]2O}}}" /></dd></dl> followed by reaction of the oxygen atom with another molecule of oxygen to form ozone. <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O + O2 + M -> O3 + M}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>M</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>M</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O + O2 + M -> O3 + M}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/910c33566e7e39fa63167948913e408d2aca0abd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.412ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O + O2 + M -> O3 + M}}}" /></dd></dl> where "M" denotes the third body that carries off the excess energy of the reaction. The ozone molecule can then absorb a UV-C photon and dissociate <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O + O2}}+{\text{kinetic energy}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kinetic energy</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O + O2}}+{\text{kinetic energy}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/501d60c6a35d165d571e6f1e47db722e06afcfab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:32.332ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 -> O + O2}}+{\text{kinetic energy}}}" /></dd></dl> The excess kinetic energy heats the stratosphere when the O atoms and the molecular oxygen fly apart and collide with other molecules. This conversion of UV light into kinetic energy warms the stratosphere. The oxygen atoms produced in the photolysis of ozone then react back with other oxygen molecule as in the previous step to form more ozone. In the clear atmosphere, with only nitrogen and oxygen, ozone can react with the atomic oxygen to form two molecules of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" />O2: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/37d1aad75b2d9dd6f113ec751ba3f54e75146a2b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.019ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {O3 + O -> 2 O2}}}" /></dd></dl> An estimate of the rate of this termination step to the cycling of atomic oxygen back to ozone can be found simply by taking the ratios of the concentration of O2 to O3. The termination reaction is <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysed</a> by the presence of certain free radicals, of which the most important are hydroxyl (OH), nitric oxide (NO) and atomic chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br). In the second half of the 20th century, the amount of ozone in the stratosphere was <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">discovered to be declining</a>, mostly because of increasing concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (CFC) and similar <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">chlorinated and brominated organic molecules</a>. The concern over the health effects of the decline led to the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a>, the ban on the production of many <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone-depleting</a> chemicals and in the first and second decade of the 21st century the beginning of the recovery of stratospheric ozone concentrations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Importance_to_surface-dwelling_life_on_Earth">Importance to surface-dwelling life on Earth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Importance to surface-dwelling life on Earth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg/280px-Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg/420px-Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg/560px-Ozone_altitude_UV_graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Levels of ozone at various altitudes and blocking of different bands of ultraviolet radiation. Essentially all UVC (100–280 nm) is blocked by dioxygen (at 100–200 nm) or by ozone (at 200–280 nm) in the atmosphere. The shorter portion of this band and even more energetic UV causes the formation of the ozone layer, when single oxygen atoms produced by UV <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a> of dioxygen (below 240 nm) react with more dioxygen. The ozone layer itself then blocks most, but not quite all, sunburn-producing UVB (280–315 nm). The band of UV closest to visible light, UVA (315–400 nm), is hardly affected by ozone, and most of it reaches the ground.</figcaption></figure> Ozone in the ozone layer filters out sunlight wavelengths from about 200 nm UV rays to 315 nm, with ozone peak absorption at about 250 nm.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> This ozone UV absorption is important to life, since it extends the absorption of UV by ordinary oxygen and nitrogen in air (which absorb all wavelengths < 200 nm) through the lower UV-C (200–280 nm) and the entire UV-B band (280–315 nm). The small unabsorbed part that remains of UV-B after passage through ozone causes sunburn in humans, and direct DNA damage in living tissues in both plants and animals. Ozone's effect on mid-range UV-B rays is illustrated by its effect on UV-B at 290 nm, which has a radiation intensity 350 million times as powerful at the top of the atmosphere as at the surface. Nevertheless, enough of UV-B radiation at similar frequency reaches the ground to cause some sunburn, and these same wavelengths are also among those responsible for the production of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> in humans. The ozone layer has little effect on the longer UV wavelengths called UV-A (315–400 nm), but this radiation does not cause sunburn or direct DNA damage. While UV-A probably does cause long-term skin damage in certain humans, it is not as dangerous to plants and to the health of surface-dwelling organisms on Earth in general (see <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> for more information on near ultraviolet). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground-level_ozone">Ground-level ozone</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ground-level ozone">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_ozone" title="Ground-level ozone">Ground-level ozone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical smog">Photochemical smog</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a <a href="/wiki/Category:Pollution" title="Category:Pollution">series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; background:#fadcc5; color:#fadcc5"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_pollution3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/250px-Air_pollution3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/330px-Air_pollution3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Air_pollution3.jpg/500px-Air_pollution3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Air pollution from a factory</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Air quality index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">Atmospheric dispersion modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">Chlorofluorocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">Exhaust gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haze" title="Haze">Haze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_distillation" title="Global distillation">Global distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-exhaust_emissions" title="Non-exhaust emissions">Non-exhaust emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">Soot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_pollution" title="Biological pollution">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Digital</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_light_pollution" title="Ecological light pollution">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Overillumination">Overillumination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution" title="Radio spectrum pollution">Radio spectrum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_and_radon_in_the_environment" title="Radium and radon in the environment">Radium and radon in the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Volcanic ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Noise_pollution" title="Noise pollution">Noise</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of transport">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise" title="Health effects from noise">Health effects from noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_and_sonar" title="Marine mammals and sonar">Marine mammals and sonar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment" title="Actinides in the environment">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_radioactive_waste" title="Bioremediation of radioactive waste">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission_product" title="Nuclear fission product">Nuclear fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_in_the_environment" title="Plutonium in the environment">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome" title="Acute radiation syndrome">Poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_radioactivity" title="Environmental radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_in_the_environment" title="Uranium in the environment">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_heating" title="Electrical resistance heating">Electrical resistance heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_mining" title="Illegal mining">Illegal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Solid waste</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_mail" title="Advertising mail">Advertising mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_from_nanomaterials" title="Pollution from nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Space</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">Visual</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)" title="Clutter (advertising)">Advertising clutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban blight">Urban blight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_war" title="Environmental impact of war">War</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicidal_warfare" title="Herbicidal warfare">Herbicidal warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">Nuclear famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">Nuclear winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">Scorched earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_environmental_law" title="War and environmental law">War and environmental law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#fadcc5;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewater_(fire_fighting)" title="Firewater (fire fighting)">Firewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">Nonpoint source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_pharmaceuticals_and_personal_care_products" title="Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_salinization" title="Freshwater salinization">Freshwater salinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">Sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_stagnation" title="Water stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_water" title="Sulfur water">Sulfur water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Water quality</a></li> 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/26px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/34px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pollution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pollution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ground-level ozone (or tropospheric ozone) is an atmospheric pollutant.<a href="#cite_note-who-Europe-57">[56]</a> It is not emitted directly by <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">car engines</a> or by industrial operations, but formed by the reaction of sunlight on air containing <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">hydrocarbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> that react to form ozone directly at the source of the pollution or many kilometers downwind. Ozone reacts directly with some hydrocarbons such as <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> and thus begins their removal from the air, but the products are themselves key components of <a href="/wiki/Photochemical_smog" class="mw-redirect" title="Photochemical smog">smog</a>. Ozone <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a> by UV light leads to production of the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radical</a> HO• and this plays a part in the removal of hydrocarbons from the air, but is also the first step in the creation of components of smog such as <a href="/wiki/Peroxyacyl_nitrates" title="Peroxyacyl nitrates">peroxyacyl nitrates</a>, which can be powerful eye irritants. The atmospheric lifetime of tropospheric ozone is about 22 days; its main removal mechanisms are being deposited to the ground, the above-mentioned reaction giving HO•, and by reactions with OH and the peroxy radical HO2•.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> There is evidence of significant reduction in agricultural yields because of increased ground-level ozone and pollution which interferes with <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and stunts overall growth of some plant species.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-arb.ca.gov-60">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) has proposed a secondary regulation to reduce crop damage, in addition to the primary regulation designed for the protection of human health. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground-level_ozone_in_urban_areas">Ground-level ozone in urban areas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ground-level ozone in urban areas">edit</a>]</div> Certain examples of cities with elevated ozone readings are <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver, Colorado</a>; <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. Houston has a reading of around 41 nmol/mol, while Mexico City is far more hazardous, with a reading of about 125 nmol/mol.<a href="#cite_note-arb.ca.gov-60">[59]</a> Ground-level ozone, or tropospheric ozone, is the most concerning type of ozone pollution in urban areas and is increasing in general.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Ozone pollution in urban areas affects denser populations, and is worsened by high populations of vehicles, which emit pollutants NO2 and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">VOCs</a>, the main contributors to problematic ozone levels.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-2016-62">[61]</a> Ozone pollution in urban areas is especially concerning with increasing temperatures, raising heat-related mortality during <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> During heat waves in urban areas, <a href="/wiki/Ground_level_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground level ozone">ground level ozone</a> pollution can be 20% higher than usual.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Ozone pollution in urban areas reaches higher levels of exceedance in the summer and autumn, which may be explained by weather patterns and traffic patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma-2016-62">[61]</a> People experiencing poverty are more affected by pollution in general, even though these populations are less likely to be contributing to pollution levels.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> As mentioned above, Denver, Colorado, is one of the many cities in the U.S. that have high amounts of ozone. According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Denver%E2%80%93Aurora_combined_statistical_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver–Aurora combined statistical area">Denver–Aurora area</a> is the 14th most ozone-polluted area in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The problem of high ozone levels is not new to this area. In 2004, the EPA allotted the <a href="/wiki/Denver_metropolitan_area" title="Denver metropolitan area">Denver Metro</a>/North Front Range<a href="#cite_note-67">[b]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Non-attainment_area" title="Non-attainment area">non-attainment areas</a> per 1997's 8-hour ozone standard,<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> but later deferred this status until 2007. The non-attainment standard indicates that an area does not meet the EPA's air quality standards. The Colorado Ozone Action Plan was created in response, and numerous changes were implemented from this plan. The first major change was that car emission testing was expanded across the state to more counties that did not previously mandate emissions testing, like areas of Larimer and Weld County. There have also been changes made to decrease Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_Organic_Compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile Organic Compound">Volatile Organic Compound</a> (VOC) emissions, which should help lower ozone levels. One large contributor to high ozone levels in the area is the oil and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> industry situated in the Denver-Julesburg Basin (DJB) which overlaps with a majority of Colorado's metropolitan areas. Ozone is produced naturally in the Earth's stratosphere, but is also produced in the troposphere from human efforts. Briefly mentioned above, NOx and VOCs react with sunlight to create ozone through a process called photochemistry. One hour elevated ozone events (<75 ppb) "occur during June–August indicating that elevated ozone levels are driven by regional photochemistry".<a href="#cite_note-Evans-2017-69">[67]</a> According to an article from the University of Colorado-Boulder, "Oil and natural gas VOC emission have a major role in ozone production and bear the potential to contribute to elevated O3 levels in the Northern Colorado Front Range (NCFR)".<a href="#cite_note-Evans-2017-69">[67]</a> Using complex analyses to research wind patterns and emissions from large oil and natural gas operations, the authors concluded that "elevated O3 levels in the NCFR are predominantly correlated with air transport from N– ESE, which are the upwind sectors where the O&NG operations in the Wattenberg Field area of the DJB are located".<a href="#cite_note-Evans-2017-69">[67]</a> Contained in the Colorado Ozone Action Plan, created in 2008, plans exist to evaluate "emission controls for large industrial sources of NOx" and "statewide control requirements for new oil and gas condensate tanks and pneumatic valves".<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In 2011, the Regional Haze Plan was released that included a more specific plan to help decrease NOx emissions. These efforts are increasingly difficult to implement and take many years to come to pass. Of course there are also other reasons that ozone levels remain high. These include: a growing population meaning more car emissions, and the mountains along the NCFR that can trap emissions. If interested, daily air quality readings can be found at the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment's website.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> As noted earlier, Denver continues to experience high levels of ozone to this day. It will take many years and a systems-thinking approach to combat this issue of high ozone levels in the Front Range of Colorado. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ozone_cracking">Ozone cracking</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ozone cracking">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">Ozone cracking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg/220px-Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg/330px-Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg/440px-Ozone_cracks_in_tube1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Ozone cracking in <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> tubing</figcaption></figure> Ozone gas attacks any <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> possessing olefinic or <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bonds</a> within its chain structure, such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">nitrile rubber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Styrene-butadiene" title="Styrene-butadiene">styrene-butadiene</a> rubber. Products made using these polymers are especially susceptible to attack, which causes cracks to grow longer and deeper with time, the rate of crack growth depending on the load carried by the rubber component and the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere. Such materials can be protected by adding <a href="/wiki/Antiozonant" title="Antiozonant">antiozonants</a>, such as waxes, which bond to the surface to create a protective film or blend with the material and provide long term protection. <a href="/wiki/Ozone_cracking" title="Ozone cracking">Ozone cracking</a> used to be a serious problem in car tires,<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> for example, but it is not an issue with modern tires. On the other hand, many critical products, like <a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">gaskets</a> and <a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-rings</a>, may be attacked by ozone produced within compressed air systems. <a href="/wiki/Fuel_line" title="Fuel line">Fuel lines</a> made of reinforced rubber are also susceptible to attack, especially within the engine compartment, where some ozone is produced by electrical components. Storing rubber products in close proximity to a <a href="/wiki/Direct_Current" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Current">DC</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> can accelerate ozone cracking. The <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a> of the motor generates sparks which in turn produce ozone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozone_as_a_greenhouse_gas">Ozone as a greenhouse gas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ozone as a greenhouse gas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1950-_Ozone_in_upper_and_lower_troposphere.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1950-_Ozone_in_upper_and_lower_troposphere.svg/250px-1950-_Ozone_in_upper_and_lower_troposphere.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1950-_Ozone_in_upper_and_lower_troposphere.svg/330px-1950-_Ozone_in_upper_and_lower_troposphere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1950-_Ozone_in_upper_and_lower_troposphere.svg/500px-1950-_Ozone_in_upper_and_lower_troposphere.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Ozone with an anthropogenic "fingerprint" contributes to global warming and climate change, especially when present in the upper troposphere.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> Although ozone was present at ground level before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, peak concentrations are now far higher than the pre-industrial levels, and even background concentrations well away from sources of pollution are substantially higher.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> Ozone acts as a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>, absorbing some of the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> energy emitted by the earth. Quantifying the greenhouse gas potency of ozone is difficult because it is not present in uniform concentrations across the globe. However, the most widely accepted scientific assessments relating to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_Assessment_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Assessment Report">Third Assessment Report</a>)<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> suggest that the <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> of tropospheric ozone is about 25% that of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. The annual <a href="/wiki/Global_warming_potential" title="Global warming potential">global warming potential</a> of tropospheric ozone is between 918 and 1022 tons <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide equivalent">carbon dioxide equivalent</a>/tons tropospheric ozone. This means on a per-molecule basis, ozone in the troposphere has a <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> effect roughly 1,000 times as strong as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. However, tropospheric ozone is a short-lived greenhouse gas, which decays in the atmosphere much more quickly than <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>. This means that over a 20-year span, the global warming potential of tropospheric ozone is much less, roughly 62 to 69 tons <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide equivalent">carbon dioxide equivalent</a> / ton tropospheric ozone.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Because of its short-lived nature, tropospheric ozone does not have strong global effects, but has very strong radiative forcing effects on regional scales. In fact, there are regions of the world where tropospheric ozone has a <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a> up to 150% of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> For example, ozone increase in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> is shown to be responsible for ~30% of upper <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_heat_content" title="Ocean heat content">interior warming</a> between 1955 and 2000.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a></div> For the last few decades, scientists studied the effects of acute and chronic ozone exposure on human health. Hundreds of studies suggest that ozone is harmful to people at levels currently found in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Ozone has been shown to affect the respiratory, cardiovascular and central nervous system. Early death and problems in reproductive health and development are also shown to be associated with ozone exposure.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulnerable_populations">Vulnerable populations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Vulnerable populations">edit</a>]</div> The American Lung Association has identified five populations who are especially vulnerable to the effects of breathing ozone:<a href="#cite_note-Ozone-83">[81]</a> <ol><li>Children and teens</li> <li>People 65 years old and older</li> <li>People who work or exercise outdoors</li> <li>People with existing lung diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (also known as COPD, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis)</li> <li>People with <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a></li></ol> Additional evidence suggests that women, those with obesity and low-income populations may also face higher risk from ozone, although more research is needed.<a href="#cite_note-Ozone-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_ozone_exposure">Acute ozone exposure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Acute ozone exposure">edit</a>]</div> Acute ozone exposure ranges from hours to a few days. Because ozone is a gas, it directly affects the lungs and the entire respiratory system. Inhaled ozone causes inflammation and acute—but reversible—changes in lung function, as well as airway hyperresponsiveness.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> These changes lead to shortness of breath, wheezing, and coughing which may exacerbate lung diseases, like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) resulting in the need to receive medical treatment.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Acute and chronic exposure to ozone has been shown to cause an increased risk of respiratory infections, due to the following mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Multiple studies have been conducted to determine the mechanism behind ozone's harmful effects, particularly in the lungs. These studies have shown that exposure to ozone causes changes in the immune response within the lung tissue, resulting in disruption of both the innate and adaptive immune response, as well as altering the protective function of lung epithelial cells.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-88">[86]</a> It is thought that these changes in immune response and the related inflammatory response are factors that likely contribute to the increased risk of lung infections, and worsening or triggering of asthma and reactive airways after exposure to ground-level ozone pollution.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-89">[87]</a> The innate (cellular) immune system consists of various chemical signals and cell types that work broadly and against multiple pathogen types, typically bacteria or foreign bodies/substances in the host.<a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Travers_P_2001-90">[88]</a> The cells of the innate system include phagocytes, neutrophils,<a href="#cite_note-Travers_P_2001-90">[88]</a> both thought to contribute to the mechanism of ozone pathology in the lungs, as the functioning of these cell types have been shown to change after exposure to ozone.<a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-89">[87]</a> Macrophages, cells that serve the purpose of eliminating pathogens or foreign material through the process of "phagocytosis",<a href="#cite_note-Travers_P_2001-90">[88]</a> have been shown to change the level of inflammatory signals they release in response to ozone, either up-regulating and resulting in an inflammatory response in the lung, or down-regulating and reducing immune protection.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-88">[86]</a> Neutrophils, another important cell type of the innate immune system that primarily targets bacterial pathogens,<a href="#cite_note-Travers_P_2001-90">[88]</a> are found to be present in the airways within 6 hours of exposure to high ozone levels. Despite high levels in the lung tissues, however, their ability to clear bacteria appears impaired by exposure to ozone.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-88">[86]</a> The adaptive immune system is the branch of immunity that provides long-term protection via the development of antibodies targeting specific pathogens and is also impacted by high ozone exposure.<a href="#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Travers_P_2001-90">[88]</a> Lymphocytes, a cellular component of the adaptive immune response, produce an increased amount of inflammatory chemicals called "cytokines" after exposure to ozone, which may contribute to airway hyperreactivity and worsening asthma symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-88">[86]</a> The airway epithelial cells also play an important role in protecting individuals from pathogens. In normal tissue, the epithelial layer forms a protective barrier, and also contains specialized ciliary structures that work to clear foreign bodies, mucus and pathogens from the lungs. When exposed to ozone, the cilia become damaged and mucociliary clearance of pathogens is reduced. Furthermore, the epithelial barrier becomes weakened, allowing pathogens to cross the barrier, proliferate and spread into deeper tissues. Together, these changes in the epithelial barrier help make individuals more susceptible to pulmonary infections.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-88">[86]</a> Inhaling ozone not only affects the immune system and lungs, but it may also affect the heart as well. Ozone causes short-term autonomic imbalance leading to changes in heart rate and reduction in heart rate variability;<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> and high levels exposure for as little as one-hour results in a supraventricular arrhythmia in the elderly,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> both increase the risk of premature death and stroke. Ozone may also lead to vasoconstriction resulting in increased systemic arterial pressure contributing to increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with pre-existing cardiac diseases.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronic_ozone_exposure">Chronic ozone exposure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Chronic ozone exposure">edit</a>]</div> Breathing ozone for periods longer than eight hours at a time for weeks, months or years defines chronic exposure. Numerous studies suggest a serious impact on the health of various populations from this exposure. One study finds significant positive associations between chronic ozone and all-cause, circulatory, and respiratory mortality with 2%, 3%, and 12% increases in risk per 10 ppb<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> and report an association (95% CI) of annual ozone and all-cause mortality with a hazard ratio of 1.02 (1.01–1.04), and with cardiovascular mortality of 1.03 (1.01–1.05). A similar study finds similar associations with all-cause mortality and even larger effects for cardiovascular mortality.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> An increased risk of mortality from respiratory causes is associated with long-term chronic exposure to ozone.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Chronic ozone has detrimental effects on children, especially those with asthma. The risk for hospitalization in children with asthma increases with chronic exposure to ozone; younger children and those with low-income status are even at greater risk.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Adults suffering from respiratory diseases (asthma,<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> COPD,<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> lung cancer<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a>) are at a higher risk of mortality and morbidity and critically ill patients have an increased risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome with chronic ozone exposure as well.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozone_produced_by_air_cleaners">Ozone produced by air cleaners</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ozone produced by air cleaners">edit</a>]</div> Ozone generators sold as air cleaners intentionally produce the gas ozone.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-2022-44">[43]</a> These are often marketed to control <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air pollution</a>, and use misleading terms to describe ozone. Some examples are describing it as "energized oxygen" or "pure air", suggesting that ozone is a healthy or "better" kind of oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-2022-44">[43]</a> However, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>, "There is evidence to show that at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone is not effective at removing many odor-causing chemicals", and "If used at concentrations that do not exceed public health standards, ozone applied to indoor air does not effectively remove viruses, bacteria, mold, or other biological pollutants.".<a href="#cite_note-EPA-2022-44">[43]</a> Furthermore, another report states that "results of some controlled studies show that concentrations of ozone considerably higher than these [human safety] standards are possible even when a user follows the manufacturer's operating instructions".<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">California Air Resources Board</a> has a page listing air cleaners (many with <a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">ionizers</a>) meeting their indoor ozone limit of 0.050 parts per million.<a href="#cite_note-CARBlist-104">[102]</a> From that article: <blockquote>All portable indoor air cleaning devices sold in California must be certified by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). To be certified, air cleaners must be tested for electrical safety and ozone emissions, and meet an ozone emission concentration limit of 0.050 parts per million. For more information about the regulation, visit the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/our-work/programs/air-cleaners-ozone-products/air-cleaner-regulation-ab-2276">air cleaner regulation</a>.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ozone_air_pollution">Ozone air pollution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ozone air pollution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ground_level_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground level ozone">Ground level ozone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alder_showing_ozone_discolouration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alder_showing_ozone_discolouration.jpg/250px-Alder_showing_ozone_discolouration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Alder_showing_ozone_discolouration.jpg/330px-Alder_showing_ozone_discolouration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Alder_showing_ozone_discolouration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alnus_rubra" title="Alnus rubra">Red Alder</a> leaf, showing discolouration caused by ozone pollution<a href="#cite_note-EONASA-105">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SignboardAirQualityHouston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SignboardAirQualityHouston.JPG/220px-SignboardAirQualityHouston.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SignboardAirQualityHouston.JPG/330px-SignboardAirQualityHouston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/SignboardAirQualityHouston.JPG/440px-SignboardAirQualityHouston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Signboard in <a href="/wiki/Gulfton,_Houston" title="Gulfton, Houston">Gulfton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> indicating an ozone watch</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone_precursors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozone precursors (page does not exist)">Ozone precursors</a> are a group of pollutants, predominantly those emitted during the combustion of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_ozone" title="Ground-level ozone">Ground-level ozone</a> pollution (tropospheric ozone) is produced near the Earth's surface by the action of daylight <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> rays on these precursors. The <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_ozone" title="Ground-level ozone">ozone at ground level</a> is primarily from fossil fuel precursors, but <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> is a natural precursor, and the very low natural background level of ozone at ground level is considered safe. This section examines the health impacts of fossil fuel burning, which raises ground level ozone far above background levels. There is a great deal of evidence to show that ground-level ozone can harm lung function and irritate the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-who-Europe-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Exposure to ozone (and the pollutants that produce it) is linked to premature <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>, and other cardiopulmonary problems.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18629332-108">[106]</a> Long-term exposure to ozone has been shown to increase risk of death from <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory illness">respiratory illness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-2022-44">[43]</a> A study of 450,000 people living in U.S. cities saw a significant correlation between ozone levels and respiratory illness over the 18-year follow-up period. The study revealed that people living in cities with high ozone levels, such as Houston or Los Angeles, had an over 30% increased risk of dying from lung disease.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Air quality guidelines such as those from the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA), and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> are based on detailed studies designed to identify the levels that can cause measurable ill <a href="/wiki/Health_effect" title="Health effect">health effects</a>. According to scientists with the EPA, susceptible people can be adversely affected by ozone levels as low as 40 nmol/mol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18629332-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In the EU, the current target value for ozone concentrations is 120 μg/m3 which is about 60 nmol/mol. This target applies to all member states in accordance with Directive 2008/50/EC.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Ozone concentration is measured as a maximum daily mean of 8 hour averages and the target should not be exceeded on more than 25 calendar days per year, starting from January 2010. While the directive requires in the future a strict compliance with 120 μg/m3 limit (i.e. mean ozone concentration not to be exceeded on any day of the year), there is no date set for this requirement and this is treated as a long-term objective.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> In the US, the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> directs the EPA to set <a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</a> for several pollutants, including ground-level ozone, and counties out of compliance with these standards are required to take steps to reduce their levels. In May 2008, under a court order, the EPA lowered its ozone standard from 80 nmol/mol to 75 nmol/mol. The move proved controversial, since the Agency's own scientists and advisory board had recommended lowering the standard to 60 nmol/mol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18629332-108">[106]</a> Many public health and environmental groups also supported the 60 nmol/mol standard,<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> recommends 100 μg/m3 (51 nmol/mol).<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> On January 7, 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced proposed revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for the pollutant ozone, the principal component of smog: <blockquote>... EPA proposes that the level of the 8-hour primary standard, which was set at 0.075 μmol/mol in the 2008 final rule, should instead be set at a lower level within the range of 0.060 to 0.070 μmol/mol, to provide increased protection for children and other at risk populations against an array of O 3 – related adverse health effects that range from decreased lung function and increased respiratory symptoms to serious indicators of respiratory morbidity including emergency department visits and hospital admissions for respiratory causes, and possibly cardiovascular-related morbidity as well as total non- accidental and cardiopulmonary mortality ...<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></blockquote> On October 26, 2015, the EPA published a final rule with an effective date of December 28, 2015, that revised the 8-hour primary NAAQS from 0.075 ppm to 0.070 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> The EPA has developed an <a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">air quality index</a> (AQI) to help explain air pollution levels to the general public. Under the current standards, eight-hour average ozone mole fractions of 85 to 104 nmol/mol are described as "unhealthy for sensitive groups", 105 nmol/mol to 124 nmol/mol as "unhealthy", and 125 nmol/mol to 404 nmol/mol as "very unhealthy".<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Ozone can also be present in <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor air pollution">indoor air pollution</a>, partly as a result of electronic equipment such as photocopiers. A connection has also been known to exist between the increased pollen, fungal spores, and ozone caused by thunderstorms and hospital admissions of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> sufferers.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, one British folk myth held that the smell of the sea was caused by ozone. In fact, the characteristic "smell of the sea" is caused by <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a>, a chemical generated by <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>. Victorian Britons considered the resulting smell "bracing".<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heat_waves">Heat waves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Heat waves">edit</a>]</div> An investigation to assess the joint mortality effects of ozone and heat during the European <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a> in 2003, concluded that these appear to be additive.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Physiology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane">Trioxidane</a></div> Ozone, along with reactive forms of oxygen such as <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singlet_oxygen" title="Singlet oxygen">singlet oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> ions, is produced by <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a> and other biological systems (such as the roots of <a href="/wiki/Tagetes" title="Tagetes">marigolds</a>) as a means of destroying foreign bodies. Ozone reacts directly with organic double bonds. Also, when ozone breaks down to dioxygen it gives rise to oxygen <a href="/wiki/Free_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Free radical">free radicals</a>, which are highly reactive and capable of damaging many <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecules</a>. Moreover, it is believed that the powerful oxidizing properties of ozone may be a contributing factor of <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>. The cause-and-effect relationship of how the ozone is created in the body and what it does is still under consideration and still subject to various interpretations, since other body chemical processes can trigger some of the same reactions. There is evidence linking the antibody-catalyzed water-oxidation pathway of the human <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune response</a> to the production of ozone. In this system, ozone is produced by antibody-catalyzed production of <a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane">trioxidane</a> from water and neutrophil-produced singlet oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> When inhaled, ozone reacts with compounds lining the lungs to form specific, cholesterol-derived metabolites that are thought to facilitate the build-up and pathogenesis of <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerotic_plaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Atherosclerotic plaques">atherosclerotic plaques</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>). These metabolites have been confirmed as naturally occurring in human atherosclerotic arteries and are categorized into a class of secosterols termed <a href="/wiki/Atheronals" title="Atheronals">atheronals</a>, generated by <a href="/wiki/Ozonolysis" title="Ozonolysis">ozonolysis</a> of cholesterol's double bond to form a <a href="/wiki/Atheronals" title="Atheronals">5,6 secosterol</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> as well as a secondary condensation product via aldolization.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_on_plant_growth_and_crop_yields">Impact on plant growth and crop yields</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Impact on plant growth and crop yields">edit</a>]</div> Ozone has been implicated to have an adverse effect on plant growth: "... ozone reduced total chlorophylls, carotenoid and carbohydrate concentration, and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and ethylene production. In treated plants, the ascorbate leaf pool was decreased, while lipid peroxidation and solute leakage were significantly higher than in ozone-free controls. The data indicated that ozone triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in citrus."<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Studies that have used pepper plants as a model have shown that ozone decreased fruit yield and changed fruit quality.<a href="#cite_note-Bortolin-2014-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bortolin-2016-128">[126]</a> Furthermore, it was also observed a decrease in chlorophylls levels and antioxidant defences on the leaves, as well as increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid and protein damages.<a href="#cite_note-Bortolin-2014-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bortolin-2016-128">[126]</a> A 2022 study concludes that East Asia loses 63 billion dollars in crops per year due to ozone pollution, a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion. China loses about one-third of its potential wheat production and one-fourth of its rice production.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_regulations">Safety regulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Safety regulations">edit</a>]</div> Because of the strongly oxidizing properties of ozone, ozone is a primary irritant, affecting especially the eyes and respiratory systems and can be hazardous at even low concentrations. The Canadian Centre for Occupation Safety and Health reports that: <blockquote>Even very low concentrations of ozone can be harmful to the upper respiratory tract and the lungs. The severity of injury depends on both the concentration of ozone and the duration of exposure. Severe and permanent lung injury or death could result from even a very short-term exposure to relatively low concentrations."<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></blockquote> To protect workers potentially exposed to ozone, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration">U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 0.1 μmol/mol (29 CFR 1910.1000 table Z-1), calculated as an 8-hour time weighted average. Higher concentrations are especially hazardous and <a href="/wiki/NIOSH" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH">NIOSH</a> has established an Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Limit (IDLH) of 5 μmol/mol.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Work environments where ozone is used or where it is likely to be produced should have adequate ventilation and it is prudent to have a monitor for ozone that will alarm if the concentration exceeds the OSHA PEL. Continuous monitors for ozone are available from several suppliers. Elevated ozone exposure can occur on <a href="/wiki/Passenger_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger aircraft">passenger aircraft</a>, with levels depending on altitude and atmospheric turbulence.<a href="#cite_note-portfolio-133">[131]</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> regulations set a limit of 250 nmol/mol with a maximum four-hour average of 100 nmol/mol.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Some planes are equipped with ozone converters in the ventilation system to reduce passenger exposure.<a href="#cite_note-portfolio-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THC_2003.902.021_E._H._Johnston_Ozone_Production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/THC_2003.902.021_E._H._Johnston_Ozone_Production.jpg/220px-THC_2003.902.021_E._H._Johnston_Ozone_Production.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/THC_2003.902.021_E._H._Johnston_Ozone_Production.jpg/330px-THC_2003.902.021_E._H._Johnston_Ozone_Production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/THC_2003.902.021_E._H._Johnston_Ozone_Production.jpg/440px-THC_2003.902.021_E._H._Johnston_Ozone_Production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3139" data-file-height="2941" /></a><figcaption>Ozone production demonstration, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, 1926</figcaption></figure> Ozone generators, or ozonators,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> are used to produce ozone for cleaning air or removing smoke odours in unoccupied rooms. These ozone generators can produce over 3 g of ozone per hour. Ozone often forms in nature under conditions where O2 will not react.<a href="#cite_note-brown-30">[29]</a> Ozone used in industry is measured in μmol/mol (ppm, parts per million), nmol/mol (ppb, parts per billion), μg/m3, mg/h (milligrams per hour) or weight percent. The regime of applied concentrations ranges from 1% to 5% (in air) and from 6% to 14% (in oxygen) for older generation methods. New electrolytic methods can achieve up 20% to 30% dissolved ozone concentrations in output water. Temperature and humidity play a large role in how much ozone is being produced using traditional generation methods (such as corona discharge and ultraviolet light). Old generation methods will produce less than 50% of nominal capacity if operated with humid ambient air, as opposed to very dry air. New generators, using electrolytic methods, can achieve higher purity and dissolution through using water molecules as the source of ozone production. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronal_discharge_method">Coronal discharge method</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Coronal discharge method">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shkarkese_elektrike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shkarkese_elektrike.jpg/220px-Shkarkese_elektrike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shkarkese_elektrike.jpg/330px-Shkarkese_elektrike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Shkarkese_elektrike.jpg/440px-Shkarkese_elektrike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A homemade ozone generator. Ozone is produced in the corona discharge.</figcaption></figure> This is the most common type of ozone generator for most industrial and personal uses. While variations of the "hot spark" coronal discharge method of ozone production exist, including medical grade and industrial grade ozone generators, these units usually work by means of a <a href="/wiki/Corona_discharge" title="Corona discharge">corona discharge tube</a> or ozone plate.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> They are typically cost-effective and do not require an oxygen source other than the ambient air to produce ozone concentrations of 3–6%. Fluctuations in ambient air, due to weather or other environmental conditions, cause variability in ozone production. However, they also produce <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> as a by-product. Use of an <a href="/wiki/Air_dryer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air dryer">air dryer</a> can reduce or eliminate nitric acid formation by removing water vapor and increase ozone production. At room temperature, nitric acid will form into a vapour that is hazardous if inhaled. Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, headaches and a dry nose and throat causing a burning sensation. Use of an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">oxygen concentrator</a> can further increase the ozone production and further reduce the risk of nitric acid formation by removing not only the water vapor, but also the bulk of the nitrogen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultraviolet_light">Ultraviolet light</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ultraviolet light">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">Photochemistry</a></div> UV ozone generators, or vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) ozone generators, employ a light source that generates a narrow-band ultraviolet light, a subset of that produced by the Sun. The Sun's UV sustains the ozone layer in the stratosphere of Earth.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> UV ozone generators use ambient air for ozone production, no air prep systems are used (air dryer or oxygen concentrator), therefore these generators tend to be less expensive. However, UV ozone generators usually produce ozone with a concentration of about 0.5% or lower which limits the potential ozone production rate. Another disadvantage of this method is that it requires the ambient air (oxygen) to be exposed to the UV source for a longer amount of time, and any gas that is not exposed to the UV source will not be treated. This makes UV generators impractical for use in situations that deal with rapidly moving air or water streams (in-duct air <a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilization</a>, for example). Production of ozone is one of the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation#Potential_dangers" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">potential dangers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a>. VUV ozone generators are used in swimming pools and <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spa</a> applications ranging to millions of gallons of water. VUV ozone generators, unlike corona discharge generators, do not produce harmful nitrogen by-products and also unlike corona discharge systems, VUV ozone generators work extremely well in humid air environments. There is also not normally a need for expensive off-gas mechanisms, and no need for air driers or oxygen concentrators which require extra costs and maintenance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_plasma">Cold plasma</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cold plasma">edit</a>]</div> In the cold plasma method, pure oxygen gas is exposed to a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_barrier_discharge" title="Dielectric barrier discharge">DBD</a>. The diatomic oxygen is split into single atoms, which then recombine in triplets to form ozone. It is common in the industry to mislabel some DBD ozone generators as CD Corona Discharge generators. Typically all solid flat metal electrode ozone generators produce ozone using the dielectric barrier discharge method. Cold plasma machines use pure oxygen as the input source and produce a maximum concentration of about 24% ozone. They produce far greater quantities of ozone in a given time compared to ultraviolet production that has about 2% efficiency. The discharges manifest as filamentary transfer of electrons (micro discharges) in a gap between two electrodes. In order to evenly distribute the micro discharges, a dielectric <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulator</a> must be used to separate the metallic electrodes and to prevent arcing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrolytic">Electrolytic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Electrolytic">edit</a>]</div> Electrolytic ozone generation (EOG) splits water molecules into H2, O2, and O3. In most EOG methods, the hydrogen gas will be removed to leave oxygen and ozone as the only reaction products. Therefore, EOG can achieve higher <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolution</a> in water without other competing gases found in corona discharge method, such as nitrogen gases present in ambient air. This method of generation can achieve concentrations of 20–30% and is independent of air quality because water is used as the source material. Production of ozone electrolytically is typically unfavorable because of the high <a href="/wiki/Overpotential" title="Overpotential">overpotential</a> required to produce ozone as compared to oxygen. This is why ozone is not produced during typical water electrolysis. However, it is possible to increase the overpotential of oxygen by careful catalyst selection such that ozone is preferentially produced under electrolysis. Catalysts typically chosen for this approach are <a href="/wiki/Lead_dioxide" title="Lead dioxide">lead dioxide</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> or boron-doped diamond.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The ozone-to-oxygen ratio is improved by increasing current density at the anode, cooling the electrolyte around the anode close to 0 °C, using an acidic electrolyte (such as dilute sulfuric acid) instead of a basic solution, and by applying pulsed current instead of DC.<a href="#cite_note-Hale1919-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_considerations">Special considerations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Special considerations">edit</a>]</div> Ozone cannot be stored and transported like other industrial gases (because it quickly decays into diatomic oxygen) and must therefore be produced on site. Available ozone generators vary in the arrangement and design of the high-voltage electrodes. At production capacities higher than 20 kg per hour, a gas/water tube heat-exchanger may be utilized as ground electrode and assembled with tubular high-voltage electrodes on the gas-side. The regime of typical gas pressures is around 2 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bars</a> (200 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>) absolute in oxygen and 3 bars (300 kPa) absolute in air. Several megawatts of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> may be installed in large facilities, applied as single phase AC <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> at 50 to 8000 Hz and peak <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a> between 3,000 and 20,000 volts. Applied voltage is usually inversely related to the applied frequency. The dominating parameter influencing ozone generation efficiency is the gas temperature, which is controlled by cooling water temperature and/or gas velocity. The cooler the water, the better the ozone synthesis. The lower the gas velocity, the higher the concentration (but the lower the net ozone produced). At typical industrial conditions, almost 90% of the effective power is dissipated as heat and needs to be removed by a sufficient cooling water flow. Because of the high reactivity of ozone, only a few materials may be used like <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> (quality 316L), <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> (as long as no moisture is present), <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluorethylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytetrafluorethylene">polytetrafluorethylene</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride" title="Polyvinylidene fluoride">polyvinylidene fluoride</a>. <a href="/wiki/Viton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viton">Viton</a> may be used with the restriction of constant mechanical forces and absence of humidity (humidity limitations apply depending on the formulation). <a href="/wiki/Hypalon" title="Hypalon">Hypalon</a> may be used with the restriction that no water comes in contact with it, except for normal atmospheric levels. <a href="/wiki/Embrittlement" title="Embrittlement">Embrittlement</a> or shrinkage is the common mode of failure of elastomers with exposure to ozone. Ozone cracking is the common mode of failure of elastomer seals like <a href="/wiki/O-rings" class="mw-redirect" title="O-rings">O-rings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">Silicone rubbers</a> are usually adequate for use as <a href="/wiki/Gaskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaskets">gaskets</a> in ozone concentrations below 1 wt%, such as in equipment for accelerated aging of rubber samples. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidental_production">Incidental production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Incidental production">edit</a>]</div> Ozone may be formed from O 2 by electrical discharges and by action of high energy <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arc_suppression" title="Arc suppression">Unsuppressed arcing</a> in electrical contacts, motor brushes, or mechanical switches breaks down the chemical bonds of the atmospheric oxygen surrounding the contacts [O 2 -> 2O]. Free radicals of oxygen in and around the arc recombine to create ozone [O 3].<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Certain <a href="/wiki/Electrical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical equipment">electrical equipment</a> generate significant levels of ozone. This is especially true of devices using <a href="/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage">high voltages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">ionic air purifiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electroshock_weapon" title="Electroshock weapon">tasers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">arc welders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a> using <a href="/wiki/Brush_(electric)" title="Brush (electric)">brushes</a> can generate ozone from repeated <a href="/wiki/Spark_gap" title="Spark gap">sparking</a> inside the unit. Large motors that use brushes, such as those used by elevators or hydraulic pumps, will generate more ozone than smaller motors. Ozone is similarly formed in the <a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_lightning" title="Catatumbo lightning">Catatumbo lightning storms</a> phenomenon on the <a href="/wiki/Catatumbo_River" title="Catatumbo River">Catatumbo River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, though ozone's instability makes it dubious that it has any effect on the ozonosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Zulia-143">[141]</a> It is the world's largest single natural generator of ozone, lending calls for it to be designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meteo-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_production">Laboratory production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Laboratory production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siemen%27s_Ozoniser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Siemen%27s_Ozoniser.jpg/250px-Siemen%27s_Ozoniser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Siemen%27s_Ozoniser.jpg/330px-Siemen%27s_Ozoniser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Siemen%27s_Ozoniser.jpg/500px-Siemen%27s_Ozoniser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3220" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption>A laboratory method for the preparation of ozone by using Siemen's Ozoniser</figcaption></figure> In the laboratory, ozone can be produced by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> using a <a href="/wiki/9_volt_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="9 volt battery">9 volt battery</a>, a pencil graphite rod <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> wire <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>, and a 3 <a href="/wiki/Molar_(concentration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar (concentration)">molar</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Half_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Half cell">half cell</a> reactions taking place are: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {3 H2O -> O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }=-{\text{1.53 V}})\\&{\ce {6 H+ + 6 e- -> 3 H2}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{0 V}})\\&{\ce {2 H2O -> O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{1.23 V}})\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>1.53 V</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>0 V</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msup> <mtext>e</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd></mtd> <mtd> <mi></mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>1.23 V</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {3 H2O -> O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }=-{\text{1.53 V}})\\&{\ce {6 H+ + 6 e- -> 3 H2}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{0 V}})\\&{\ce {2 H2O -> O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{1.23 V}})\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bdfc78197a50a3f3889fc5c364b6bdcf9f4f1e54" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:52.045ex; height:9.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\ce {3 H2O -> O3 + 6 H+ + 6 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }=-{\text{1.53 V}})\\&{\ce {6 H+ + 6 e- -> 3 H2}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{0 V}})\\&{\ce {2 H2O -> O2 + 4 H+ + 4 e-}}&&(\Delta E^{\circ }={\text{1.23 V}})\end{aligned}}}" /></dd></dl> where E° represents the <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential_(data_page)" title="Standard electrode potential (data page)">standard electrode potential</a>. In the net reaction, three equivalents of water are converted into one equivalent of ozone and three equivalents of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. Oxygen formation is a competing reaction. It can also be generated by a <a href="/wiki/High_voltage" title="High voltage">high voltage</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a>. In its simplest form, high voltage AC, such as the output of a <a href="/wiki/Neon-sign_transformer" title="Neon-sign transformer">neon-sign transformer</a> is connected to two metal rods with the ends placed sufficiently close to each other to allow an arc. The resulting arc will convert atmospheric oxygen to ozone. It is often desirable to contain the ozone. This can be done with an apparatus consisting of two concentric glass tubes sealed together at the top with gas ports at the top and bottom of the outer tube. The inner core should have a length of metal foil inserted into it connected to one side of the power source. The other side of the power source should be connected to another piece of foil wrapped around the outer tube. A source of dry O 2 is applied to the bottom port. When high voltage is applied to the foil leads, <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> will discharge between the dry dioxygen in the middle and form O 3 and O 2 which will flow out the top port. This is called a Siemen's ozoniser. The reaction can be summarized as follows:<a href="#cite_note-brown-30">[29]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {3O2->[{\text{electricity}}]2O3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>electricity</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em"></mspace> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {3O2->[{\text{electricity}}]2O3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fc22efb27fc01c8f1f3e7c215eddbfc9444cd0bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; margin-top: -0.345ex; width:18.522ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {3O2->[{\text{electricity}}]2O3}}}" /></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications_2">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Industry">edit</a>]</div> The largest use of ozone is in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_lubricants" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic lubricants">synthetic lubricants</a>, and many other commercially useful <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a>, where it is used to sever <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>-carbon bonds.<a href="#cite_note-brown-30">[29]</a> It can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(chemical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleach (chemical)">bleaching</a> substances and for killing microorganisms in air and water sources.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Many municipal drinking water systems kill bacteria with ozone instead of the more common <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Ozone has a very high <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation potential">oxidation potential</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Ozone does not form <a href="/wiki/Organochlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochlorine">organochlorine</a> compounds, nor does it remain in the water after treatment. Ozone can form the suspected carcinogen <a href="/wiki/Bromate" title="Bromate">bromate</a> in source water with high <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromide</a> concentrations. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> mandates that these systems introduce an amount of chlorine to maintain a minimum of 0.2 μmol/mol residual <a href="/wiki/Free_chlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Free chlorine">free chlorine</a> in the pipes, based on results of regular testing. Where <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electrical power</a> is abundant, ozone is a cost-effective method of treating water, since it is produced on demand and does not require transportation and storage of hazardous chemicals. Once it has decayed, it leaves no taste or odour in drinking water. Although low levels of ozone have been advertised to be of some disinfectant use in residential homes, the concentration of ozone in dry air required to have a rapid, substantial effect on airborne pathogens exceeds safe levels recommended by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Humidity control can vastly improve both the killing power of the ozone and the rate at which it decays back to oxygen (more humidity allows more effectiveness). <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a> forms of most pathogens are very tolerant of atmospheric ozone in concentrations at which asthma patients start to have issues. In 1908 artificial ozonisation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_line_(London_Underground)" title="Central line (London Underground)">Central Line</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> was introduced for aerial disinfection. The process was found to be worthwhile, but was phased out by 1956. However the beneficial effect was maintained by the ozone created incidentally from the electrical discharges of the train motors (see above: <a href="#Incidental_production">Incidental production</a>).<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Ozone generators were made available to schools and universities in Wales for the Autumn term 2021, to disinfect classrooms after <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> outbreaks.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Industrially, ozone is used to: <ul><li>Disinfect laundry in hospitals, food factories, care homes, etc.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a></li> <li>Disinfect water in place of chlorine<a href="#cite_note-brown-30">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deodorize" class="mw-redirect" title="Deodorize">Deodorize</a> air and objects, such as after a fire. This process is extensively used in <a href="/wiki/Fabric_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric restoration">fabric restoration</a>.</li> <li>Kill bacteria on food or on contact surfaces<a href="#cite_note-food-152">[150]</a></li> <li>Water intense industries such as <a href="/wiki/Breweries" class="mw-redirect" title="Breweries">breweries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> plants can make effective use of dissolved ozone as a replacement for chemical sanitizers such as <a href="/wiki/Peracetic_acid" title="Peracetic acid">peracetic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> or heat.</li> <li>Disinfect <a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">cooling towers</a> and control <a href="/wiki/Legionella" title="Legionella">Legionella</a> with reduced chemical consumption and water bleed-off, and increased performance.</li> <li>Sanitize swimming pools and spas</li> <li>Kill insects in stored grain<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a></li> <li>Scrub yeast and mold spores from the air in food processing plants</li> <li>Wash fresh fruits and vegetables to kill yeast, mold, and bacteria<a href="#cite_note-food-152">[150]</a></li> <li>Chemically attack contaminants in water (<a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>, and complex organics lumped together as "colour")</li> <li>Provide an aid to <a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">flocculation</a> (agglomeration of molecules, which aids in filtration, where the iron and arsenic are removed);</li> <li>Manufacture chemical compounds via chemical synthesis<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a></li> <li>Clean and bleach fabrics (the former use is utilized in fabric restoration; the latter use is patented)<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a></li> <li>Act as an <a href="/wiki/Antichlor" title="Antichlor">antichlor</a> in chlorine-based bleaching</li> <li>Assist in processing plastics to allow adhesion of inks</li> <li>Age rubber samples to determine the useful life of a batch of rubber</li> <li>Eradicate water-borne parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidium" title="Cryptosporidium">Cryptosporidium</a> in surface water treatment plants.</li></ul> Ozone is a <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagent</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">organic reactions</a> in the laboratory and in industry. <a href="/wiki/Ozonolysis" title="Ozonolysis">Ozonolysis</a> is the cleavage of an <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> compounds. Many hospitals around the world use large ozone generators to decontaminate operating rooms between surgeries. The rooms are cleaned and then sealed airtight before being filled with ozone which effectively kills or neutralizes all remaining bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Ozone is used as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">chlorine dioxide</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleaching of wood pulp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> It is often used in conjunction with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide to eliminate the need for chlorine-containing compounds in the manufacture of high-quality, white <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Ozone can be used to detoxify <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> wastes (for example from <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>) by oxidizing cyanide to <a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">cyanate</a> and eventually to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_disinfection">Water disinfection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Water disinfection">edit</a>]</div> Since the invention of <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_barrier_discharge" title="Dielectric barrier discharge">dielectric barrier discharge</a> (DBD) plasma reactors, it has been employed for water treatment with ozone.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> However, with cheaper alternative disinfectants like chlorine, such applications of DBD ozone water decontamination have been limited by high power consumption and bulky equipment.<a href="#cite_note-auto-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trihalomethane_formation_during_che-162">[160]</a> Despite this, with research revealing the negative impacts of common disinfectants like chlorine with respect to toxic residuals and ineffectiveness in killing certain micro-organisms,<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> DBD plasma-based ozone decontamination is of interest in current available technologies. Although ozonation of water with a high concentration of bromide does lead to the formation of undesirable brominated disinfection byproducts, unless drinking water is produced by desalination, ozonation can generally be applied without concern for these byproducts.<a href="#cite_note-Trihalomethane_formation_during_che-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Advantages of ozone include high thermodynamic oxidation potential, less sensitivity to organic material and better tolerance for pH variations while retaining the ability to kill bacteria, fungi, viruses, as well as spores and cysts.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Although, ozone has been widely accepted in Europe for decades, it is sparingly used for decontamination in the U.S. due to limitations of high-power consumption, bulky installation and stigma attached with ozone toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-auto-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> Considering this, recent research efforts have been directed toward the study of effective ozone water treatment systems.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Researchers have looked into lightweight and compact low power surface DBD reactors,<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> energy efficient volume DBD reactors<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> and low power micro-scale DBD reactors.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Such studies can help pave the path to re-acceptance of DBD plasma-based ozone decontamination of water, especially in the U.S. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumers">Consumers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Consumers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_purifier#Potential_ozone_hazards" title="Air purifier">Air purifier § Potential ozone hazards</a></div> Ozone levels which are safe for people are ineffective at killing fungi and bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-CARB-177">[175]</a> Some consumer disinfection and cosmetic products emit ozone at levels harmful to human health.<a href="#cite_note-CARB-177">[175]</a> Devices generating high levels of ozone, some of which use ionization, are used to sanitize and deodorize uninhabited buildings, rooms, ductwork, woodsheds, boats, and other vehicles. Ozonated water is used to launder clothes and to sanitize food, drinking water, and surfaces in the home. According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), it is "amending the <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> regulations to provide for the safe use of ozone in gaseous and aqueous phases as an <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial agent</a> on food, including meat and poultry." Studies at <a href="/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="California Polytechnic State University">California Polytechnic University</a> demonstrated that 0.3 μmol/mol levels of ozone dissolved in filtered tapwater can produce a reduction of more than 99.99% in such food-borne microorganisms as salmonella, E. coli 0157:H7 and Campylobacter. This quantity is 20,000 times the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>-recommended limits stated above.<a href="#cite_note-food-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Ozone can be used to remove <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> residues from <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-fruit-180">[178]</a> Ozone is used in homes and <a href="/wiki/Hot_tub" title="Hot tub">hot tubs</a> to kill bacteria in the water and to reduce the amount of chlorine or bromine required by reactivating them to their free state. Since ozone does not remain in the water long enough, ozone by itself is ineffective at preventing cross-contamination among bathers and must be used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Halogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Halogens">halogens</a>. Gaseous ozone created by ultraviolet light or by corona discharge is injected into the water.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Ozone is also widely used in the treatment of water in aquariums and fishponds. Its use can minimize bacterial growth, control parasites, eliminate transmission of some diseases, and reduce or eliminate "yellowing" of the water. Ozone must not come in contact with fishes' gill structures. Natural saltwater (with life forms) provides enough "instantaneous demand" that controlled amounts of ozone activate bromide ions to <a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">hypobromous acid</a>, and the ozone entirely decays in a few seconds to minutes. If oxygen-fed ozone is used, the water will be higher in dissolved oxygen and fishes' gill structures will atrophy, making them dependent on oxygen-enriched water. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Aquaculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ozonation" redirects here. For the chemical reaction, see <a href="/wiki/Ozonolysis" title="Ozonolysis">ozonolysis</a>.</div> Ozonation – a process of infusing water with ozone – can be used in aquaculture to facilitate organic breakdown. Ozone is also added to recirculating systems to reduce <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a> levels<a href="#cite_note-Noble-182">[180]</a> through conversion into <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>. If nitrite levels in the water are high, nitrites will also accumulate in the blood and tissues of fish, where it interferes with oxygen transport (it causes oxidation of the heme-group of <a href="/wiki/Haemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemoglobin">haemoglobin</a> from ferrous (Fe2+ ) to ferric (Fe3+ ), making haemoglobin unable to bind O 2).<a href="#cite_note-Ferreira-183">[181]</a> Despite these apparent positive effects, ozone use in recirculation systems has been linked to reducing the level of bioavailable iodine in salt water systems, resulting in iodine deficiency symptoms such as goitre and decreased growth in Senegalese sole (<a href="/wiki/Solea_senegalensis" title="Solea senegalensis">Solea senegalensis</a>) larvae.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Ozonate seawater is used for surface disinfection of <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_halibut" title="Atlantic halibut">Atlantic halibut</a> eggs against nodavirus. Nodavirus is a lethal and vertically transmitted virus which causes severe mortality in fish. Haddock eggs should not be treated with high ozone level as eggs so treated did not hatch and died after 3–4 days.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> Ozone application on freshly cut pineapple and banana shows increase in flavonoids and total phenol contents when exposure is up to 20 minutes. Decrease in <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> (one form of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>) content is observed but the positive effect on total phenol content and flavonoids can overcome the negative effect.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Tomatoes upon treatment with ozone show an increase in β-carotene, lutein and lycopene.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> However, ozone application on strawberries in pre-harvest period shows decrease in ascorbic acid content.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Ozone facilitates the extraction of some heavy metals from soil using <a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a>. EDTA forms strong, water-soluble coordination compounds with some heavy metals (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a>) thereby making it possible to dissolve them out from contaminated soil. If contaminated soil is pre-treated with ozone, the extraction efficacy of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> increases by 11.0–28.9%,<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> 43.5%<a href="#cite_note-Plaue-190">[188]</a> and 50.7%<a href="#cite_note-Plaue-190">[188]</a> respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_pollinators">Effect on pollinators</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Effect on pollinators">edit</a>]</div> Crop pollination is an essential part of an ecosystem. Ozone can have detrimental effects on plant-pollinator interactions.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Pollinators carry pollen from one plant to another. This is an essential cycle inside of an ecosystem. Causing changes in certain atmospheric conditions around pollination sites or with xenobiotics could cause unknown changes to the natural cycles of pollinators and flowering plants. In a study conducted in North-Western Europe, crop pollinators were negatively affected more when ozone levels were higher.<a href="#cite_note-Rollin-2022-192">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></div> The use of ozone for the treatment of medical conditions is not supported by high quality evidence, and is generally considered <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ACS-193">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chappuis_absorption" title="Chappuis absorption">Chappuis absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_ozone" title="Cyclic ozone">Cyclic ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ozone_Monitoring_by_Occultation_of_Stars" title="Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars">Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars</a> (GOMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Ozone_Layer" title="International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer">International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer</a> (September 16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">Nitrogen oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a>, including the phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Ozone_Layer" title="Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer">ozone hole</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_monitor" title="Ozone monitor">Ozone monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_monitoring_instrument" title="Ozone monitoring instrument">Ozone monitoring instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozoneweb" title="Ozoneweb">Ozoneweb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">Ozonide</a> (ion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozonolysis" title="Ozonolysis">Ozonolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_degradation" title="Polymer degradation">Polymer degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">Sterilization (microbiology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> Footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> This vapor pressure is for the <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical temperature</a>, which is below <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">room temperature</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> This includes Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, Jefferson, and parts of Larimer and Weld counties. </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PGCH-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGCH_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 7 (2): 47–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fintox-2014-0008">10.2478/intox-2014-0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1337-6853">1337-6853</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4427716">4427716</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26109880">26109880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Ozone+decomposition&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4427716%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1337-6853&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26109880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fintox-2014-0008&rft.aulast=Batakliev&rft.aufirst=Todor&rft.au=Georgiev%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Anachkov%2C+Metody&rft.au=Rakovsky%2C+Slavcho&rft.au=Zaikov%2C+Gennadi+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4427716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2004" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-039913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-039913-7"><bdi>978-0-13-039913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=439&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-13-039913-7&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2004" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2004). Inorganic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-039913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-039913-7"><bdi>978-0-13-039913-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-13-039913-7&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorvath_M.Bilitzky_L.Huttner_J.1985" class="citation book cs1">Horvath M.; Bilitzky L.; Huttner J. (1985). Ozone. Elsevier. pp. 259, 269–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-99625-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-99625-1"><bdi>978-0-444-99625-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ozone&rft.pages=259%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-444-99625-1&rft.au=Horvath+M.&rft.au=Bilitzky+L.&rft.au=Huttner+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShimanouchi1972" class="citation journal cs1">Shimanouchi, T. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=B4000064&Units=SI&Mask=800#ref-1">"Ozone"</a>. NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 6 (3). U.S. Department of Commerce: 993–1102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NIST%3A+National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Ozone&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E993-%3C%2Fspan%3E1102&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Shimanouchi&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebbook.nist.gov%2Fcgi%2Fcbook.cgi%3FID%3DB4000064%26Units%3DSI%26Mask%3D800%23ref-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Meteorological_Organization" class="citation book cs1">World Meteorological Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331164807/https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/CIMO-Guide/Ed2008Up2010/Part-I/WMO8_Ed2008_PartI_Ch16_Up2010_en.pdf">"Chapter 16: Measurement of Ozone"</a> (PDF). Part I: Measurement of Meteorological Variables. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/IMOP/publications/CIMO-Guide/Ed2008Up2010/Part-I/WMO8_Ed2008_PartI_Ch16_Up2010_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+16%3A+Measurement+of+Ozone&rft.btitle=Part+I%3A+Measurement+of+Meteorological+Variables&rft.au=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmo.int%2Fpages%2Fprog%2Fwww%2FIMOP%2Fpublications%2FCIMO-Guide%2FEd2008Up2010%2FPart-I%2FWMO8_Ed2008_PartI_Ch16_Up2010_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMax_Planck_Institute_–_Mainz" class="citation web cs1">Max Planck Institute – Mainz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uv-vis-spectral-atlas-mainz.org/uvvis_data/cross_sections_plots/Ozone/O3_overview_log.jpg">"The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MPI-Mainz+UV%2FVIS+Spectral+Atlas+of+Gaseous+Molecules+of+Atmospheric+Interest&rft.au=Max+Planck+Institute+%E2%80%93+Mainz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuv-vis-spectral-atlas-mainz.org%2Fuvvis_data%2Fcross_sections_plots%2FOzone%2FO3_overview_log.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130914112129/http://www.albany.edu/faculty/rgk/atm101/ozmeas.htm">"Measured Ozone Depletion"</a>. Ozone-Information.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/faculty/rgk/atm101/ozmeas.htm">the original</a> on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2014-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ozone-Information.com&rft.atitle=Measured+Ozone+Depletion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albany.edu%2Ffaculty%2Frgk%2Fatm101%2Fozmeas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hultman-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Hultman_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHultman1980" class="citation book cs1">Hultman, G. Eric (1980-01-01). The Ozone Survival Manual. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915498-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915498-73-4"><bdi>978-0-915498-73-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ozone+Survival+Manual&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1980-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-915498-73-4&rft.aulast=Hultman&rft.aufirst=G.+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeller-Rudek" class="citation web cs1">Keller-Rudek, Hannelore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015120/http://joseba.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/spectral_atlas_data/cross_sections_plots/Oxygen/O2_Lyman%20alpha%20line_lin.jpg">"The MPI-Mainz UV/VIS Spectral Atlas of Gaseous Molecules of Atmospheric Interest: O2, Lyman-alpha"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joseba.mpch-mainz.mpg.de/spectral_atlas_data/cross_sections_plots/Oxygen/O2_Lyman%20alpha%20line_lin.jpg">the original</a> on 2015-11-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MPI-Mainz+UV%2FVIS+Spectral+Atlas+of+Gaseous+Molecules+of+Atmospheric+Interest%3A+O2%2C+Lyman-alpha&rft.aulast=Keller-Rudek&rft.aufirst=Hannelore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoseba.mpch-mainz.mpg.de%2Fspectral_atlas_data%2Fcross_sections_plots%2FOxygen%2FO2_Lyman%2520alpha%2520line_lin.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsumiKawasaki2003" class="citation journal cs1">Matsumi, Yutaka; Kawasaki, Masahiro (2003). "Photolysis of Atmospheric Ozone in the Ultraviolet Region". Chemical Reviews. 103 (12): 4767–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr0205255">10.1021/cr0205255</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14664632">14664632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&rft.atitle=Photolysis+of+Atmospheric+Ozone+in+the+Ultraviolet+Region&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4767-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcr0205255&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14664632&rft.aulast=Matsumi&rft.aufirst=Yutaka&rft.au=Kawasaki%2C+Masahiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> See the graphical absorption of ozone in two of its absorption bands, as a function of wavelength. </li> <li id="cite_note-who-Europe-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who-Europe_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who-Europe_57-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/112199/E79097.pdf">Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414204626/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/112199/E79097.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. WHO-Europe report 13–15 January 2003 (PDF) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2006" class="citation web cs1">Stevenson; et al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104195423/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2005JD006338.shtml">"Multimodel ensemble simulations of present-day and near-future tropospheric ozone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2006/2005JD006338.shtml">the original</a> on 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2006-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multimodel+ensemble+simulations+of+present-day+and+near-future+tropospheric+ozone&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Stevenson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F2006%2F2005JD006338.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100316221804/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=23565">"Rising Ozone Levels Pose Challenge to U.S. Soybean Production, Scientists Say"</a>. NASA Earth Observatory. 2003-07-31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/view.php?id=23565">the original</a> on 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2006-05-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rising+Ozone+Levels+Pose+Challenge+to+U.S.+Soybean+Production%2C+Scientists+Say&rft.pub=NASA+Earth+Observatory&rft.date=2003-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FNewsroom%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D23565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arb.ca.gov-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arb.ca.gov_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arb.ca.gov_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMutters1999" class="citation web cs1">Mutters, Randall (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040217151427/http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/abstracts/94-345.htm">"Statewide Potential Crop Yield Losses From Ozone Exposure"</a>. California Air Resources Board. 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Retrieved on 2012-02-01. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiuHegglinCheca-GarciaLi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Wei; Hegglin, Michaela I.; Checa-Garcia, Ramiro; Li, Shouwei; Gillett, Nathan P.; Lyu, Kewei; Zhang, Xuebin; Swart, Neil C. (April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359643522">"Stratospheric ozone depletion and tropospheric ozone increases drive Southern Ocean interior warming"</a>. Nature Climate Change. 12 (4): 365–372. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatCC..12..365L">2022NatCC..12..365L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01320-w">10.1038/s41558-022-01320-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798">1758-6798</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247844868">247844868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Stratospheric+ozone+depletion+and+tropospheric+ozone+increases+drive+Southern+Ocean+interior+warming&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41558-022-01320-w&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247844868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1758-6798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022NatCC..12..365L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Hegglin%2C+Michaela+I.&rft.au=Checa-Garcia%2C+Ramiro&rft.au=Li%2C+Shouwei&rft.au=Gillett%2C+Nathan+P.&rft.au=Lyu%2C+Kewei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xuebin&rft.au=Swart%2C+Neil+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F359643522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> Lay summary report: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2022-03-ozone-planet.html">"Ozone may be heating the planet more than we realize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">University of Reading</a>. 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Global Environmental Change. 75: 102529. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7502529R">2022GEC....7502529R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2022.102529">10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102529</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249086005">249086005</a> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Change&rft.atitle=Effects+of+ozone+air+pollution+on+crop+pollinators+and+pollination&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=102529&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249086005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2022.102529&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022GEC....7502529R&rft.aulast=Rollin&rft.aufirst=Orianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS095937802200067X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACS-193"><a href="#cite_ref-ACS_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213742/http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/PharmacologicalandBiologicalTreatment/oxygen-therapy">"Oxygen Therapy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Cancer_Society" title="American Cancer Society">American Cancer Society</a>. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxygen+Therapy&rft.pub=American+Cancer+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org%2FTreatment%2FTreatmentsandSideEffects%2FComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine%2FPharmacologicalandBiologicalTreatment%2Foxygen-therapy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOzone" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Becker, K. H., U. Kogelschatz, K. H. Schoenbach, R. J. Barker (ed.). Non-Equilibrium Air Plasmas at Atmospheric Pressure. Series in Plasma Physics. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7503-0962-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7503-0962-8">0-7503-0962-8</a>; 2005</li> <li>United States Environmental Protection Agency. Risk and Benefits Group. (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo54607">Health Risk and Exposure Assessment for Ozone: Final Report</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozone&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>. 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at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_259300.html">OSHA Ozone Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120052750/https://www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/data/CH_259300.html">Archived</a> 2016-01-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/111">Paul Crutzen Interview</a>—Video of Nobel Laureate Paul Crutzen talking to Nobel Laureate Harry Kroto by the Vega Science Trust</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991013075147/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Ozone/ozone.html">NASA's Earth Observatory article on Ozone</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0068.htm">International Chemical Safety Card 0068</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0476.html">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/ozone/">National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Ozone Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20060314/">NASA Study Links "Smog" to Arctic Warming</a>—<a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">NASA Goddard</a> Institute for Space Studies (GISS) study shows the warming effect of ozone in the Arctic during winter and spring.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913213217/http://ownyourair.org/ozone.html">Ground-level ozone information from the American Lung Association of 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style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:20%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Octaoxygen" title="Octaoxygen">Octaoxygen</a> O8 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Triatomic_chemical_elements58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Triatomic_elements" title="Template:Triatomic elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Triatomic_elements" title="Template talk:Triatomic elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Triatomic_elements" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Triargon">Ar3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_cyanide" title="Iron(II) cyanide">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2H+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten atoms or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a> molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2D+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H2NCO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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