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href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Industrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Munitions_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Munitions_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Munitions storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Munitions_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blast_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blast_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Blast protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blast_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Nuclear protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>General features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countermeasures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countermeasures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Countermeasures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countermeasures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_installations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_installations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Famous installations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_installations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bunker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A3" title="ملجأ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملجأ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Búnker" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%93%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܒܝܬ ܓܘܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܓܘܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1naq" title="Sığınaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sığınaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бункер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бункер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAnquer" title="Búnquer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Búnquer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punker" title="Punker – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Punker" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%87%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Οχυρό καταφύγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οχυρό καταφύγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Búnker" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkro" title="Bunkro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bunkro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87" title="پناهگاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پناهگاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAnker" title="Búnker – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Búnker" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%84%ED%8F%90%ED%98%B8" title="엄폐호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엄폐호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բունկեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բունկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logerak" title="Logerak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logerak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8" title="בונקר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בונקר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бункер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бункер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бункер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бункер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkurs" title="Bunkurs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bunkurs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasematt" title="Kasematt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kasematt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkeris" title="Bunkeris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bunkeris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_(%C3%A9p%C3%ADtm%C3%A9ny)" title="Bunker (építmény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bunker (építmény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_(verdedigingswerk)" title="Bunker (verdedigingswerk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bunker (verdedigingswerk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%A3%95" title="掩体壕 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="掩体壕" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_(bygning)" title="Bunker (bygning) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bunker (bygning)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schron" title="Schron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Schron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAnquer" title="Búnquer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Búnquer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunc%C4%83r" title="Buncăr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Buncăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бункер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бункер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkeri" title="Bunkeri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bunkeri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB" title="බංකර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බංකර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%95" title="پەناگە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەناگە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunkkeri" title="Bunkkeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bunkkeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Паноҳгоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Паноҳгоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1nak" title="Sığınak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sığınak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бункер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бункер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бункер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бункер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="بنکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boong_ke" title="Boong ke – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Boong ke" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bunker" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%89%E5%A0%A1" title="碉堡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碉堡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A0%A1" title="地堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">blast shelter</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the military fortification. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bunker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bunker (disambiguation)">Bunker (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bunker" title="Special:EditPage/Bunker">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augarten_Flakturm_Wien2008a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Augarten_Flakturm_Wien2008a.jpg/220px-Augarten_Flakturm_Wien2008a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Augarten_Flakturm_Wien2008a.jpg/330px-Augarten_Flakturm_Wien2008a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Augarten_Flakturm_Wien2008a.jpg/440px-Augarten_Flakturm_Wien2008a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flakturm</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Augarten" title="Augarten">Augarten</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. Flak towers were used as both above-ground bunkers and <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> gun <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse#Concrete_blockhouses" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NORADNorth-Portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NORADNorth-Portal.jpg/220px-NORADNorth-Portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NORADNorth-Portal.jpg/330px-NORADNorth-Portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/NORADNorth-Portal.jpg/440px-NORADNorth-Portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2357" /></a><figcaption>The north entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">Cheyenne Mountain Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>bunker</b> is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people and valued materials from falling bombs, artillery, or other attacks. Bunkers are almost always underground, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a> which are mostly above ground.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were used extensively in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> for weapons facilities, command and control centers, and storage facilities. Bunkers can also be used as protection from <a href="/wiki/Tornadoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornadoes">tornadoes</a>. </p><p>Trench bunkers are small concrete structures, partly dug into the ground. Many artillery installations, especially for <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a>, have historically been protected by extensive bunker systems. Typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes living quarters. When a house is purpose-built with a bunker, the normal location is a reinforced below-ground bathroom with <a href="/wiki/Fiber-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-reinforced plastic">fiber-reinforced plastic</a> shells. Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a> to prevent ear and internal injuries to people sheltering in the bunker. Nuclear bunkers must also cope with the underpressure that lasts for several seconds after the <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> passes, and block <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>. </p><p>A bunker's door must be at least as strong as the walls. In bunkers inhabited for prolonged periods, large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> must be provided. Bunkers can be destroyed with powerful explosives and <a href="/wiki/Bunker_buster" title="Bunker buster">bunker-busting</a> <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warheads</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>bunker</i> originates as a <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> word for "bench, seat" recorded 1758, alongside shortened <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bunk" class="extiw" title="wikt:bunk">bunk</a></i> "sleeping berth".<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word possibly has a <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> origin: <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> <i>bunke</i> means "boards used to protect the cargo of a ship".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century the word came to describe a <a href="/wiki/Coal_bunker" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal bunker">coal store</a> in a house, or below decks in a ship. It was also used for a <a href="/wiki/Bunker_(golf)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunker (golf)">sand-filled depression</a> installed on a golf course as a hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> the <a href="/wiki/Belligerents" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerents">belligerents</a> built underground shelters, called <a href="/wiki/Dugout_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (military)">dugouts</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, while the Germans used the term <i>Bunker</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> the term came to be used by the Germans to describe permanent structures both large (<a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">blockhouses</a>), and small (<a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">pillboxes</a>), and bombproof shelters both above ground (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Hochbunker" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochbunker">Hochbunker</a></i>) and below ground (such as the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The military sense of the word was imported into English during World War II, at first in reference to specifically German dug-outs; according to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, the sense of "military dug-out; a reinforced concrete shelter" is first recorded on 13 October 1939, in "A Nazi field gun hidden in a cemented 'bunker' on the Western front".<sup id="cite_ref-OED_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the early references to its usage in the Oxford English Dictionary are to German fortifications. However, in the <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Far East</a> the term was also applied to the earth and log positions built by the Japanese, the term appearing in a 1943 instruction manual issued by the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> and quickly gaining wide currency.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1947 the word was familiar enough in English that <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a> in <i>The Last Days of Hitler</i> was describing <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Hitler's underground complex</a> near the <a href="/wiki/New_Reich_Chancellery" class="mw-redirect" title="New Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> as "Hitler's own bunker" without quotes around the word bunker.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trench">Trench</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trench"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox (military)</a></div> <p>This type of bunker is a small concrete structure, partly dug into the ground, which is usually a part of a trench system. Such bunkers give the defending soldiers better protection than the open <a href="/wiki/Trench_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trench (military)">trench</a> and also include top protection against aerial attack. They also provide shelter against the weather. Some bunkers may have partially open tops to allow weapons to be discharged with the muzzle pointing upwards (e.g., mortars and anti-aircraft weapons).<sup id="cite_ref-Queen's_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queen's-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artillery">Artillery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artillery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many artillery installations, especially for <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a>, have historically been protected by extensive bunker systems. These usually housed the crews serving the weapons, protected the ammunition against counter-battery fire, and in numerous examples also protected the guns themselves, though this was usually a trade-off reducing their fields of fire. Artillery bunkers are some of the largest individual pre-Cold War bunkers. The walls of the '<a href="/wiki/Cross-Channel_guns_in_the_Second_World_War#German_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Channel guns in the Second World War">Batterie Todt</a>' gun installation in northern France were up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) thick,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an underground bunker was constructed for the <a href="/wiki/V-3_cannon" title="V-3 cannon">V-3 cannon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes living quarters. They were built mainly by nations like Germany during World War II to protect important industries from <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">aerial bombardment</a>. Industrial bunkers are also built for control rooms of dangerous activities, such as tests of rocket engines or explosive experiments. They are also built in order to perform dangerous experiments in them or to store radioactive or explosive goods. Such bunkers also exist on non-military facilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a house is purpose-built with a bunker, the normal location is a reinforced below-ground bathroom with large cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One common design approach uses <a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">fibre-reinforced plastic</a> shells. Compressive protection may be provided by inexpensive earth arching.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The overburden is designed to shield from radiation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To prevent the shelter from floating to the surface in high groundwater, some designs have a skirt held down with the overburden.<sup id="cite_ref-Kearny_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kearny-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also serve the purpose of a <a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">safe room</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Large bunkers are often bought by <a href="/wiki/Super_rich" class="mw-redirect" title="Super rich">super rich</a> individuals in case of <a href="/wiki/Political_instability" class="mw-redirect" title="Political instability">political instability</a>, and usually store or access large amounts of energy for use. They are sometimes referred to as "luxury bunkers," and their locations are often documented.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Munitions_storage">Munitions storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Munitions storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Munitions storage bunkers are designed to securely store <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">ordnance</a> and contain any internal explosions. The most common configuration for <a href="/wiki/High_explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosives">high explosives</a> storage is the <a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">igloo</a> shaped bunker.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are often built into a hillside in order to provide additional containment mass. </p><p>A specialized version of the munitions bunker called a <a href="/wiki/Gravel_Gertie" title="Gravel Gertie">Gravel Gertie</a> is designed to contain <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> debris from an explosive accident while assembling or disassembling <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear warhead">nuclear warheads</a>. They are installed at all facilities in the United States and United Kingdom which do warhead assembly and disassembly, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Pantex" title="Pantex">Pantex</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo, Texas</a>, which has 12 Gravel Gerties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hill_60_illowra_battery_port_kembla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the Hill 60 Bunker, Port Kembla, New South Wales, Australia. One of many bunkers south of Sydney"><img alt="Inside the Hill 60 Bunker, Port Kembla, New South Wales, Australia. One of many bunkers south of Sydney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hill_60_illowra_battery_port_kembla.jpg/330px-Hill_60_illowra_battery_port_kembla.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hill_60_illowra_battery_port_kembla.jpg/500px-Hill_60_illowra_battery_port_kembla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hill_60_illowra_battery_port_kembla.jpg/960px-Hill_60_illowra_battery_port_kembla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the <a href="/wiki/Illowra_Battery" title="Illowra Battery">Hill 60 Bunker</a>, Port Kembla, New South Wales, Australia. One of many <a href="/wiki/Template:Barracks_Batteries_Bunkers_and_Forts_in_Sydney" title="Template:Barracks Batteries Bunkers and Forts in Sydney">bunkers south of Sydney</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Project-131-tunnel-door-9791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In a Project 131 tunnel under the hills of Hubei"><img alt="In a Project 131 tunnel under the hills of Hubei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Project-131-tunnel-door-9791.jpg/135px-Project-131-tunnel-door-9791.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Project-131-tunnel-door-9791.jpg/202px-Project-131-tunnel-door-9791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Project-131-tunnel-door-9791.jpg/270px-Project-131-tunnel-door-9791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In a <a href="/wiki/Underground_Project_131" title="Underground Project 131">Project 131</a> tunnel under the hills of <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Objekt_17_5001_toegangsdeur_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Object 17/5001 Prenden, Germany"><img alt="Object 17/5001 Prenden, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Objekt_17_5001_toegangsdeur_02.JPG/250px-Objekt_17_5001_toegangsdeur_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Objekt_17_5001_toegangsdeur_02.JPG/330px-Objekt_17_5001_toegangsdeur_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Object 17/5001 Prenden, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harparskog_Line_Bunker_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bunker of the Harparskog Line in Raseborg, Finland"><img alt="Bunker of the Harparskog Line in Raseborg, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Harparskog_Line_Bunker_2.jpg/250px-Harparskog_Line_Bunker_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Harparskog_Line_Bunker_2.jpg/330px-Harparskog_Line_Bunker_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bunker of the Harparskog Line in <a href="/wiki/Raseborg" title="Raseborg">Raseborg</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker-Mule_(1995)_by_Bill_Woodrow,_Bl%C3%A5vand-Oksby,_Denmark_-_20040527-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beach bunker with improvised art in Blåvand, Denmark"><img alt="Beach bunker with improvised art in Blåvand, Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bunker-Mule_%281995%29_by_Bill_Woodrow%2C_Bl%C3%A5vand-Oksby%2C_Denmark_-_20040527-02.jpg/269px-Bunker-Mule_%281995%29_by_Bill_Woodrow%2C_Bl%C3%A5vand-Oksby%2C_Denmark_-_20040527-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bunker-Mule_%281995%29_by_Bill_Woodrow%2C_Bl%C3%A5vand-Oksby%2C_Denmark_-_20040527-02.jpg/404px-Bunker-Mule_%281995%29_by_Bill_Woodrow%2C_Bl%C3%A5vand-Oksby%2C_Denmark_-_20040527-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bunker-Mule_%281995%29_by_Bill_Woodrow%2C_Bl%C3%A5vand-Oksby%2C_Denmark_-_20040527-02.jpg/538px-Bunker-Mule_%281995%29_by_Bill_Woodrow%2C_Bl%C3%A5vand-Oksby%2C_Denmark_-_20040527-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beach bunker with improvised art in Blåvand, Denmark</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Used_Bunker_in_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bunker in Singapore"><img alt="Bunker in Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Used_Bunker_in_Singapore.jpg/270px-Used_Bunker_in_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Used_Bunker_in_Singapore.jpg/405px-Used_Bunker_in_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Used_Bunker_in_Singapore.jpg/540px-Used_Bunker_in_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bunker in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maginot_line_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The entrance to Ouvrage Schoenenbourg along the Maginot Line in France."><img alt="The entrance to Ouvrage Schoenenbourg along the Maginot Line in France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maginot_line_1.jpg/250px-Maginot_line_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maginot_line_1.jpg/500px-Maginot_line_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The entrance to <a href="/wiki/Ouvrage_Schoenenbourg" title="Ouvrage Schoenenbourg">Ouvrage Schoenenbourg</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> in France.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_bunkers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bunkers in Albania"><img alt="Bunkers in Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albania_bunkers.jpg/250px-Albania_bunkers.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Albania_bunkers.jpg/500px-Albania_bunkers.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" title="Bunkers in Albania">Bunkers in Albania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_single_person_bunker.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="German single person bunker for reconnaissance personnel in the field"><img alt="German single person bunker for reconnaissance personnel in the field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/German_single_person_bunker.JPG/123px-German_single_person_bunker.JPG" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/German_single_person_bunker.JPG/185px-German_single_person_bunker.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/German_single_person_bunker.JPG/247px-German_single_person_bunker.JPG 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German single person bunker for reconnaissance personnel in the field</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandenburg_Kirchmoeser_bunker.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bunker of type Winkel in Brandenburg an der Havel"><img alt="Bunker of type Winkel in Brandenburg an der Havel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brandenburg_Kirchmoeser_bunker.jpg/250px-Brandenburg_Kirchmoeser_bunker.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Brandenburg_Kirchmoeser_bunker.jpg/330px-Brandenburg_Kirchmoeser_bunker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bunker of type Winkel in <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_an_der_Havel" title="Brandenburg an der Havel">Brandenburg an der Havel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Possum_Park_Bunker_8a.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Munitions bunker at Possum Park, Queensland, Australia."><img alt="Munitions bunker at Possum Park, Queensland, Australia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Possum_Park_Bunker_8a.jpeg/240px-Possum_Park_Bunker_8a.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Possum_Park_Bunker_8a.jpeg/360px-Possum_Park_Bunker_8a.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Possum_Park_Bunker_8a.jpeg/480px-Possum_Park_Bunker_8a.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Munitions bunker at <a href="/wiki/Possum_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Possum Park">Possum Park</a>, Queensland, Australia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravel_Gertie_-_PANTEX_Plant_-_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravel Gertie at the Pantex nuclear weapons plant, Amarillo, Texas."><img alt="Gravel Gertie at the Pantex nuclear weapons plant, Amarillo, Texas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gravel_Gertie_-_PANTEX_Plant_-_1981.jpg/301px-Gravel_Gertie_-_PANTEX_Plant_-_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gravel_Gertie_-_PANTEX_Plant_-_1981.jpg/452px-Gravel_Gertie_-_PANTEX_Plant_-_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gravel_Gertie_-_PANTEX_Plant_-_1981.jpg/603px-Gravel_Gertie_-_PANTEX_Plant_-_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gravel_Gertie" title="Gravel Gertie">Gravel Gertie</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pantex" title="Pantex">Pantex</a> nuclear weapons plant, Amarillo, Texas. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunker_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austrian bunker from World War I in West Ukraine"><img alt="Austrian bunker from World War I in West Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bunker_2.jpg/330px-Bunker_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bunker_2.jpg/500px-Bunker_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bunker_2.jpg/960px-Bunker_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austrian</a> bunker from World War I in <a href="/wiki/West_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ukraine">West Ukraine</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blast_protection">Blast protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blast protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a> to prevent ear and internal injuries to people sheltering in the bunker. While frame buildings collapse from as little as 21 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a> (3 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>; 0.21 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Overpressure" title="Overpressure">overpressure</a>, bunkers are regularly constructed to survive over 1,000 kPa (150 psi; 10 bar). This substantially decreases the likelihood that a <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> (other than a <a href="/wiki/Bunker_buster" title="Bunker buster">bunker buster</a>) can harm the structure. </p><p>The basic plan is to provide a structure that is very strong in <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression (physical)">physical compression</a>. The most common purpose-built structure is a buried, steel <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arch</a>. Most expedient blast shelters are civil engineering structures that contain large, buried tubes or pipes such as sewage or rapid transit tunnels. Improvised purpose-built blast shelters normally use earthen arches or vaults. To form these, a narrow, 1–2-metre (3.5–6.5 ft), flexible tent of thin wood is placed in a deep trench, and then covered with cloth or plastic, and then covered with 1–2 m (3.5–6.5 feet) of tamped earth. </p><p>A large ground shock can move the walls of a bunker several centimeters in a few milliseconds. Bunkers designed for large ground shocks must have sprung internal buildings to protect inhabitants from the walls and floors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_protection">Nuclear protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuclear protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></div> <p>Nuclear bunkers must also cope with the underpressure that lasts for several seconds after the <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> passes, and block <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a>. Usually, these features are easy to provide. The overburden (<a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>) and structure provide substantial radiation shielding, and the negative pressure is usually only <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of the overpressure.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_features">General features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PanoBunker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PanoBunker.jpg/250px-PanoBunker.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PanoBunker.jpg/375px-PanoBunker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/PanoBunker.jpg/500px-PanoBunker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>A bunker on the island of <a href="/wiki/Texel" title="Texel">Texel</a>, in the Netherlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>The doors must be at least as strong as the walls. The usual design is now starting to incorporate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vault_door&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vault door (page does not exist)">vault doors</a>. To reduce the weight, the door is normally constructed of steel, with a fitted steel lintel and frame. Very thick wood also serves and is more resistant to heat because it chars rather than melts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If the door is on the surface and will be exposed to the blast wave, the edge of the door is normally counter-sunk in the frame so that the blast wave or a reflection cannot lift the edge. A bunker should have two doors. Door shafts may double as ventilation shafts to reduce digging. </p><p>In bunkers inhabited for prolonged periods, large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> must be provided in order to prevent ill effects of heat. In bunkers designed for war-time use, manually operated ventilators must be provided because supplies of electricity or gas are unreliable. One of the most efficient manual ventilator designs is the <a href="/wiki/Kearny_Air_Pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Kearny Air Pump">Kearny Air Pump</a>. Ventilation openings in a bunker must be protected by <a href="/wiki/Blast_valve" title="Blast valve">blast valves</a>. A blast valve is closed by a shock wave, but otherwise remains open. One form of expedient blast valve is worn flat rubber <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> treads nailed or bolted to frames strong enough to resist the maximum overpressure.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Countermeasures">Countermeasures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Countermeasures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunkers can be destroyed with powerful explosives and bunkerbusting warheads. The crew of a <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(fortification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillbox (fortification)">pillbox</a> can be killed with <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complex, well-built and well-protected fortifications are often vulnerable to attacks on access points. If the exits to the surface can be closed off, those manning the facility can be trapped. The fortification can then be bypassed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_installations">Famous installations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Famous installations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Famous bunkers include the post-World War I <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> on the French eastern border and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_border_fortifications" title="Czechoslovak border fortifications">Czechoslovak border fortifications</a> mainly on the northern Czech border facing Germany (but to lesser extent all around), <a href="/wiki/Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Eben-Emael">Fort Eben-Emael</a> in Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Wall" title="Alpine Wall">Alpine Wall</a> on the north of Italy, World War II <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a> and in Italy, industrial <a href="/wiki/Marnate%27s_Bunker" title="Marnate's Bunker">Marnate's Bunker</a>, the V-weapon installations in Germany (<a href="/wiki/Mittelwerk" title="Mittelwerk">Mittelwerk</a>) & France (<a href="/wiki/La_Coupole" title="La Coupole">La Coupole</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Blockhaus_d%27%C3%89perlecques" title="Blockhaus d'Éperlecques">Blockhaus d'Éperlecques</a>) and the Cold War installations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Mountain_Complex" title="Cheyenne Mountain Complex">Cheyenne Mountain Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Site_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Site R">Site R</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Greenbrier" title="The Greenbrier">The Greenbrier</a>), United Kingdom (<a href="/wiki/Burlington_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlington (UK)">Burlington</a>), Sweden (<a href="/wiki/Boden_Fortress" title="Boden Fortress">Boden Fortress</a>) and Canada (<a href="/wiki/Diefenbunker" title="Diefenbunker">Diefenbunker</a>). In Switzerland, there is an unusually large number of bunkers because of a law requiring protective shelters to be constructed for all new buildings since 1963, as well as a number of bunkers built as part of its <a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a> military defense plan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Switzerland's bunkers have since become tourist attractions housing hotels and museums such as Sasso San Gottardo Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> maintained huge bunkers (one of the secondary uses of the very deeply dug <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyiv metro">Kyiv metro</a> systems was as nuclear shelters). A number of facilities were constructed in China, such as <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underground_Project_131" title="Underground Project 131">Underground Project 131</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> dotted the country with <a href="/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" title="Bunkers in Albania">hundreds of thousands of bunkers</a>. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Emergency_Operations_Center" title="Presidential Emergency Operations Center">Presidential Emergency Operations Center</a> underneath the <a href="/wiki/East_Wing" title="East Wing">East Wing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> serves as a secure shelter and communications center for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in case of an emergency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_tunnel_warfare_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip">Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox (military)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regelbau" title="Regelbau">Regelbau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Defense">Civil Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the difference between bunkers and blockhouses see <a href="#CITEREFSchneiderKitchen2002">Schneider & Kitchen 2002</a>, p. 87, <a href="#CITEREFBACM_Research2009">BACM Research 2009</a>, p. 263, <a href="#CITEREFDavis2007">Davis 2007</a>, p. 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=bunker">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116102909/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=bunker">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fallowed_in_frame%3D0%26search%3Dbunker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span> Online Etymology Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrettMingo2002" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Erin; Mingo, Jack (31 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PV-kDtDIdUgC&pg=PA43"><i>Al Capone was a Golfer: Hundred of Fascinating Facts From the World of Golf</i></a>. Conari Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573247207" title="Special:BookSources/9781573247207"><bdi>9781573247207</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Capone+was+a+Golfer%3A+Hundred+of+Fascinating+Facts+From+the+World+of+Golf&rft.pub=Conari+Press&rft.date=2002-05-31&rft.isbn=9781573247207&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=Mingo%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPV-kDtDIdUgC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/24799?rskey=zCCghZ&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid"><i>Bunker</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>; retrieved 9 August 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Horstmann, <i>Der Soldat: In Sprache und Tradition</i> (2010), p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwds.de/wb/Bunker">"DWDS – Bunker"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103616/https://www.dwds.de/wb/Bunker">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DWDS+%E2%80%93+Bunker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwds.de%2Fwb%2FBunker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span> Das Wortauskunftssystem zur deutschen Sprache in Geschichte und Gegenwart</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The German term Bunker was used to denote a type of shelter which was of permanent construction. It can be distinguished from the improvised type built in cellars or by reinforcing ordinary buildings. Bunkers were of two types: underground and tower" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorale_Division1945" class="citation book cs1">Morale Division (1945). <i>The effect of bombing on health and medical care in Germany</i>. Reports: European war, United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Vol. 65 (2 ed.). United States War Department. p. 189 (footnote "*").</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+effect+of+bombing+on+health+and+medical+care+in+Germany&rft.series=Reports%3A+European+war%2C+United+States+Strategic+Bombing+Survey&rft.pages=189+%28footnote+%22%2A%22%29&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=United+States+War+Department&rft.date=1945&rft.au=Morale+Division&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>War Pictorial</i>, cited after <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"bunker, n.1.c". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/24799"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i></a> (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. December 2011 [1989].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=bunker%2C+n.1.c&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F24799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTim_Moreman2013" class="citation book cs1">Tim Moreman (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcKWCEHQ1jYC&pg=PA98"><i>The Jungle, Japanese and the British Commonwealth Armies at War, 1941-45: Fighting Methods, Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare</i></a>. Routledge. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76455-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76455-5"><bdi>978-1-135-76455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jungle%2C+Japanese+and+the+British+Commonwealth+Armies+at+War%2C+1941-45%3A+Fighting+Methods%2C+Doctrine+and+Training+for+Jungle+Warfare&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76455-5&rft.au=Tim+Moreman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcKWCEHQ1jYC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queen's-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Queen's_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.queensu.ca/wwi/warfare.html">An archival look at World War I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219002104/http://archives.queensu.ca/wwi/warfare.html">Archived</a> 19 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> Archives, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Accessed 2008-02-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.batterietodt.com/">"Accueil"</a>. Muse du Mur de l'Atlantique d'Audinghen website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110033927/http://www.batterietodt.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accueil&rft.pub=Muse+du+Mur+de+l%27Atlantique+d%27Audinghen+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.batterietodt.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker1967" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, D.M. (December 1967). "A basis for bunker design". <i>Powder Technology</i>. <b>1</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">228–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0032-5910%2867%2980041-X">10.1016/0032-5910(67)80041-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Powder+Technology&rft.atitle=A+basis+for+bunker+design&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1967-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0032-5910%2867%2980041-X&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=D.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kearny-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kearny_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKearny1987" class="citation book cs1">Kearny, Cresson H (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oism.org/nwss/"><i>Nuclear War Survival Skills</i></a>. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-942487-01-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-942487-01-X"><bdi>0-942487-01-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+War+Survival+Skills&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-942487-01-X&rft.aulast=Kearny&rft.aufirst=Cresson+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oism.org%2Fnwss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span> <b>NOTE</b>: Kearny recommends stockpiling materials for a blast or <a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">fallout shelter</a> and constructing it only if war appears very likely.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/07/style/underground-bunkers-super-rich/index.html">"Operating theaters, bowling alleys and home cinemas: How the super-rich are kitting out their bunkers"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 7 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Operating+theaters%2C+bowling+alleys+and+home+cinemas%3A+How+the+super-rich+are+kitting+out+their+bunkers&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2024%2F08%2F07%2Fstyle%2Funderground-bunkers-super-rich%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaramela2024" class="citation web cs1">Caramela, Sammi (31 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/billionaires-are-building-luxury-bunkers-to-escape-doomsday/">"Billionaires Are Building Luxury Bunkers to Escape Doomsday"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Billionaires+Are+Building+Luxury+Bunkers+to+Escape+Doomsday&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft.aulast=Caramela&rft.aufirst=Sammi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbillionaires-are-building-luxury-bunkers-to-escape-doomsday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news9live.com/knowledge/bunker-what-is-it-types-and-all-you-need-to-know-157289">"Bunker: What is it, types and all you need to know"</a>. <i>News9live</i>. 5 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News9live&rft.atitle=Bunker%3A+What+is+it%2C+types+and+all+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2022-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news9live.com%2Fknowledge%2Fbunker-what-is-it-types-and-all-you-need-to-know-157289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prepare-and-protect.net/2014/01/bunker-thoughts/">"Bunker Thoughts"</a>. <i>prepare-and-protect.net</i>. 25 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930193410/http://prepare-and-protect.net/2014/01/bunker-thoughts/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prepare-and-protect.net&rft.atitle=Bunker+Thoughts&rft.date=2014-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprepare-and-protect.net%2F2014%2F01%2Fbunker-thoughts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Survival Option: Guide to Living Through Nuclear War, Ivan Tyrrell. Publisher: Jonathan Cape Ltd; 1st Edition (1982), Language: English, Hardcover: 256 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0224020595" title="Special:BookSources/0224020595">0224020595</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p939.htm">"App. D: Expedient Blast Shelters"</a>. Arnold Jagt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525040356/http://www.oism.org/nwss/s73p939.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=App.+D%3A+Expedient+Blast+Shelters&rft.pub=Arnold+Jagt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oism.org%2Fnwss%2Fs73p939.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917153400/http://olive-drab.com/od_infweapons_flame.php">"Flame Thrower"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olive-drab.com/od_infweapons_flame.php">the original</a> on 17 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flame+Thrower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olive-drab.com%2Fod_infweapons_flame.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forti.ch/files/2014/10/Foppa-Grande-Fortificazione-del-San-Gottardo-VBS-armasuisse-Bauten-2004.pdf">"Foppa Grande"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foppa+Grande&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forti.ch%2Ffiles%2F2014%2F10%2FFoppa-Grande-Fortificazione-del-San-Gottardo-VBS-armasuisse-Bauten-2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNalewicki2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Nalewicki, Jennifer (23 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/switzerlands-bunkers-get-new-lease-life-180958233/">"Switzerland's Historic Bunkers Get a New Lease on Life"</a>. <i>The Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Switzerland%27s+Historic+Bunkers+Get+a+New+Lease+on+Life&rft.date=2016-03-23&rft.aulast=Nalewicki&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fswitzerlands-bunkers-get-new-lease-life-180958233%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBACM_Research2009" class="citation cs2">BACM Research (2009), <i>Vietnam War After Action Reports</i>, BACM Research, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dch3m7u2K5YC&pg=RA1-PA263">263</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam+War+After+Action+Reports&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=BACM+Research&rft.date=2009&rft.au=BACM+Research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2007" class="citation cs2">Davis, Tracy C. (2007), <i>Stages of emergency: Cold War nuclear civil defense</i> (illustrated ed.), Duke University Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcdAe825xawC&pg=PA290">290</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3970-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3970-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-3970-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stages+of+emergency%3A+Cold+War+nuclear+civil+defense&rft.pages=290&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3970-0&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Tracy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderKitchen2002" class="citation cs2">Schneider, Richard Harold; Kitchen, Ted (2002), <i>Planning for crime prevention: a transatlantic perspective</i>, RTPI library series, vol. 3 (illustrated ed.), Routledge, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D67xQE95qT4C&pg=PA87">87</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24136-6"><bdi>978-0-415-24136-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+for+crime+prevention%3A+a+transatlantic+perspective&rft.series=RTPI+library+series&rft.pages=87&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24136-6&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Richard+Harold&rft.au=Kitchen%2C+Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunker" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bunker" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:bunker">bunker</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bunker" class="extiw" title="commons:Bunker"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Bunker</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <p>1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abmm.org">abmm.org</a>: Australian Bunker And Military Museum </p><p>2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113090147/http://bunkerblog.eu/">BunkerBlog</a>: All about German fortifications 1933-1945 </p><p>3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunkersite.com/">Bunkersite.com</a>: About bunkers built by the Germans during 1933–1945 in the whole of Europe </p><p>4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629104708/http://bunkry.lubrza.pl/english-3/">German bunkers in Poland</a>: Fortified Front Odra-Warta rivers, Boryszyn Loop </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">Agger</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco"><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Burgus" title="Burgus">Burgus</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caltrop" title="Caltrop">Caltrop</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castellum" title="Castellum">Castellum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Castra</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Castro_culture" title="Castro culture">Castros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_city_wall" title="Chinese city wall">Chengqiang</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_gate" title="City gate">City gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_(fortification)" title="Ditch (fortification)">Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">Defensive wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dun_(fortification)" title="Dun (fortification)">Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faussebraye" title="Faussebraye">Faussebraye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">Gatehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landwehr_(border)" title="Landwehr (border)">Landwehr</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">Oppidum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">Palisade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincer_gate" title="Pincer gate">Pincer gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">Rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a> (Rath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwedenschanze" title="Schwedenschanze">Schwedenschanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">Stockade</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sudis_(stake)" title="Sudis (stake)">Sudis</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trou_de_loup" title="Trou de loup">Trou de loup</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">Vallum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon_fort" title="Wagon fort">Wagon fort</a> (<span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Laager</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_fort" title="Vitrified fort">Vitrified fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_work" title="Advanced work">Advanced work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcazaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazaba">Alcazaba</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_(landform)" title="Amba (landform)">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">Arrowslit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbican" title="Barbican">Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">Bartizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_tower" title="Battery tower">Battery tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlement" title="Battlement">Battlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawn" title="Bawn">Bawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent_entrance" title="Bent entrance">Bent entrance</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bergfried" title="Bergfried">Bergfried</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berm" title="Berm">Berm</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)" title="Boom (navigational barrier)">Boom</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">Bretèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_tower" title="Bridge tower">Bridge tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burh" title="Burh">Burh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter-churn_tower" title="Butter-churn tower">Butter-churn tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caer" title="Caer">Caer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_gate" title="Chamber gate">Chamber gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartaque" title="Chartaque">Chartaque</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chashi" title="Chashi">Chashi</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_ronde" title="Chemin de ronde">Chemin de ronde</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Chemise_(wall)" title="Chemise (wall)">Chemise</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cheval_de_frise" title="Cheval de frise">Cheval de frise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel" title="Citadel">Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corner_tower" title="Corner tower">Corner tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Enceinte" title="Enceinte">Enceinte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">Embrasure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanking_tower" title="Flanking tower">Flanking tower</a></li> <li>Fortified buildings (<a href="/wiki/Fortified_church" title="Fortified church">church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_house" title="Fortified house">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_tower" title="Gate tower">Gate tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">Glacis</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Guard tower">Guard tower</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">Gulyay-gorod</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Gusuku" title="Gusuku">Gusuku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_tower" title="Half tower">Half tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(castle)" title="Hoarding (castle)">Hoarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_bailey" title="Inner bailey">Inner bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(fortification)" title="Kremlin (fortification)">Kremlin</a></i></span> <small>(<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Detinets" title="Detinets">Detinets</a></i></span>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksar</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">Machicolation</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">Merlon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">Moat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_hole" title="Murder hole">Murder hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ditch" title="Neck ditch">Neck ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_bailey" title="Outer bailey">Outer bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwork" title="Outwork">Outwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">Parapet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">Portcullis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postern" title="Postern">Postern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_tower" title="Powder tower">Powder tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduit" title="Reduit">Reduit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricetto" title="Ricetto">Ricetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel_(fortification)" title="Roundel (fortification)">Roundel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_keep" title="Shell keep">Shell keep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_wall_(castle)" title="Shield wall (castle)">Shield wall</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Shiro</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ring_fortress" title="Viking ring fortress">Viking ring fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_tower" title="Fortified tower">Wall tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_(castle)" title="Bailey (castle)">Bailey (or ward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchtower" title="Watchtower">Watchtower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_tower" title="Witch tower">Witch tower</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yett" title="Yett">Yett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwinger" title="Zwinger">Zwinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Abwurfdach" class="mw-redirect" title="Abwurfdach">Abwurfdach</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barricade" title="Barricade">Barricade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">Bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockhouse" title="Blockhouse">Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">Breastwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Caponier" title="Caponier">Caponier</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_(fortification)" title="Cavalier (fortification)">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterguard" title="Counterguard">Counterguard</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Couvreface" title="Couvreface">Couvreface</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coupure" title="Coupure">Coupure</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covertway" title="Covertway">Covertway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crownwork" title="Crownwork">Crownwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrenchment_(fortification)" title="Entrenchment (fortification)">Entrenchment</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(fortification)" title="Flèche (fortification)">Flèche</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorge_(fortification)" title="Gorge (fortification)">Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">Gunpowder magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornwork" title="Hornwork">Hornwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Kotta mara</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lunette_(fortification)" title="Lunette (fortification)">Lunette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)" title="Magazine (artillery)">Magazine</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Orillon" title="Orillon">Orillon</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ostrog_(fortress)" title="Ostrog (fortress)">Ostrog</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palanka_(fortification)" title="Palanka (fortification)">Palanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">Place-of-arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">Presidio</a></i></span> (Spanish America)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">Ravelin</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Redan" title="Redan">Redan</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrenchment_(military)" title="Retrenchment (military)">Retrenchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">Sandbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterscarp" title="Counterscarp">Scarp and Counterscarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(fortification)" title="Sconce (fortification)">Sconce</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Schanze" title="Schanze">Schanze</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fort">Sea fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_(frontier_defensive_structure)" title="Station (frontier defensive structure)">Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">Star fort</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Tenaille" title="Tenaille">Tenaille</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Barbette" title="Barbette">Barbette</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_outpost" title="Border outpost">Border outpost</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">Coastal artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">Disappearing gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control_tower" title="Fire control tower">Fire control tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_turret" title="Gun turret">Gun turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">Land mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_(military)" title="Outpost (military)">Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_fort" title="Polygonal fort">Polygonal fort</a></li> <li><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">Sangar</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_obstacle" title="Wire obstacle">Wire obstacles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3em">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_scaffolding" title="Admiralty scaffolding">Admiralty scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">Anti-tank trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed tape">Barbed tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cointet-element" title="Cointet-element">Belgian gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_wall" title="Blast wall">Blast wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoy_anti-tank_obstacle" title="Buoy anti-tank obstacle">Buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremer_wall" title="Bremer wall">Bremer wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina_wire" title="Concertina wire">Concertina wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">Defensive fighting position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_anti-invasion_preparations_of_the_Second_World_War#Lines_and_islands" title="British anti-invasion preparations of the Second World War">British "hedgehog" road block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hedgehog" title="Czech hedgehog">Czech hedgehog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_teeth_(fortification)" title="Dragon's teeth (fortification)">Dragon's teeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_operating_base" title="Forward operating base">Entry control point (ECP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fence" title="Electric fence">Electric fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_support_base" title="Fire support base">Fire support base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flak_tower" title="Flak tower">Flak tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">Hardened aircraft shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesco_bastion" title="Hesco bastion">Hesco bastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabal_(earthworks)" title="Kabal (earthworks)">Kabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillbox_(military)" title="Pillbox (military)">Pillbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revetment_(aircraft)" title="Revetment (aircraft)">Revetment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_gun" title="Sentry gun">Sentry gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">Submarine pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon_storage_area" title="Weapon storage area">Weapon storage area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_Storage_and_Security_System" title="Weapons Storage and Security System">Weapons Storage and Security System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_castle" title="Cave castle">Cave castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_castle" title="Hill castle">Hill castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillside_castle" title="Hillside castle">Hillside castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilltop_castle" title="Hilltop castle">Hilltop castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_castle" title="Island castle">Island castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_castle" title="Lowland castle">Lowland castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_castle" title="Marsh castle">Marsh castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Moated castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promontory_fort" title="Promontory fort">Promontory fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_castle" title="Ridge castle">Ridge castle</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Rocca_(fortification)" title="Rocca (fortification)">Rocca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_castle" title="Rock castle">Rock castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spur_castle" title="Spur castle">Spur castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_castle" title="Water castle">Water castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotta_mara" title="Kotta mara">Floating water castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_barrier" title="Border barrier">Border barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion_castle" title="Coercion castle">Coercion castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-castle" title="Counter-castle">Counter-castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">Fence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganerbenburg" title="Ganerbenburg">Ganerbenburg</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Hunting lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_castle" title="Imperial castle">Imperial castle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kaiserpfalz" title="Kaiserpfalz">Kaiserpfalz</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landesburg" title="Landesburg">Landesburg</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lustschloss" title="Lustschloss">Lustschloss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Military base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle" title="Obstacle">Obstacle</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordensburg" title="Ordensburg">Ordensburg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_castle" title="Refuge castle">Refuge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_castle" title="Toll castle">Toll castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_castle" title="Urban castle">Urban castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_fort" title="Bastion fort">Bastion fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_castle" title="Bridge castle">Bridge castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_rampart" title="Circular rampart">Circular rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_castle" title="Concentric castle">Concentric castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-plan_castle" title="L-plan castle">L-plan castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte-and-bailey castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrangular_castle" title="Quadrangular castle">Quadrangular castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">Ringfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringwork" title="Ringwork">Ringwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_castle" title="Tower castle">Tower castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bastion_forts" title="List of bastion forts">Bastion forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles" title="List of castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_defensive_walls" title="List of cities with defensive walls">Cities with defensive walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_line" title="Defense line">Defense line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified estate">Fortified estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fortifications" title="List of fortifications">Fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts" title="List of forts">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_military_installations" title="Lists of military installations">Military installations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_walls" title="List of walls">Walls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related word</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_town" title="Castle town">Castle town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Château">Château</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festung" title="Festung">Festung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_gateway" title="Fortified gateway">Fortified gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper" title="Gatekeeper">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">Loophole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_redoubt" title="National redoubt">National redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palas" title="Palas">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">Picket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schloss" title="Schloss">Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">Vedette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">Continuity of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_urbanism" title="Military urbanism">Military urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">Siege engine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_siege_engines" title="List of siege engines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_guerrilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nobold">See also</span>: <b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fortification" title="Category:Fortification">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea249" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Template talk:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Man-made and man-related subterranea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Man-made_and_man-related_subterranea249" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Man-made and man-related <a href="/wiki/Subterranea_(geography)" title="Subterranea (geography)">subterranea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenote" title="Cenote">Cenote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotto" title="Grotto">Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_vault" title="Bank vault">Bank vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">Basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_vault_(tomb)" title="Burial vault (tomb)">Burial vault (tomb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borehole" title="Borehole">Borehole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacombs" title="Catacombs">Catacombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungeon" title="Dungeon">Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout (shelter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_shelter" title="Earth shelter">Earth shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdstall" title="Erdstall">Erdstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogou" title="Fogou">Fogou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeum" title="Hypogeum">Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole" title="Manhole">Manhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">Rock-cut tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cellar" title="Root cellar">Root cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_vault" title="Utility vault">Utility vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_city" title="Underground city">Underground city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_passage" title="Secret passage">Secret passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-basement" title="Semi-basement">Semi-basement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling_tunnel" title="Smuggling tunnel">Smuggling tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shaft" title="Ventilation shaft">Ventilation shaft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casemate" title="Casemate">Casemate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_launch_facility" title="Missile launch facility">Missile launch facility</a> (silo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallywag_bunker" title="Scallywag bunker">Scallywag bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_base" title="Underground base">Underground base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">Underground hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_hole" title="Spider hole">Spider hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">Mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quarrying" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarrying">quarrying</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">underground construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_utility_engineering" title="Subsurface utility engineering">Subsurface utility engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mine_ventilation" title="Underground mine ventilation">Underground mine ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(hard_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (hard rock)">Underground mining (hard rock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_mining_(soft_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground mining (soft rock)">Underground mining (soft rock)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_dweller" title="Cave dweller">Cave dweller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_of_Maastricht" title="Caves of Maastricht">Caves of Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_tunnel_system" title="Houston tunnel system">Houston tunnel system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%91b%C3%A1nya_cellar_system" title="Kőbánya cellar system">Kőbánya cellar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">Tunnel warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_network" title="Tunnel network">Tunnel network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_living" title="Underground living">Underground living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing)" title="Underground City (Beijing)">Underground City (Beijing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal" title="Underground City, Montreal">Underground City, Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_exploration" title="Mine exploration">Mine exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_of_Paris" title="Mines of Paris">Mines of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people" title="Mole people">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_underground_geothermal_zone" title="Naples underground geothermal zone">Naples underground geothermal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">Sapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_London" title="Subterranean London">Subterranean London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_Toledo" title="Subterranean Toledo">Subterranean Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_warfare" title="Subterranean warfare">Subterranean warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Subterranean fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Gates' house">Bill Gates' house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestiere_Underground_Gardens" title="Forestiere Underground Gardens">Forestiere Underground Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Colorado" title="Underground House Colorado">Underground House Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_House_Las_Vegas" title="Underground House Las Vegas">Underground House Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_World_Home" title="Underground World Home">Underground World Home</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underhill,_Holme" title="Underhill, Holme">Underhill, Holme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockerton_Housing_Project" title="Hockerton Housing Project">Hockerton Housing Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malator" title="Malator">Malator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth shelters Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning Ridge">Lightning Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_defence148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible state = autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_defence" title="Template:Civil defence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_defence" title="Template talk:Civil defence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_defence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil defence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_defence148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil defence">Civil defence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens!_During_shelling_this_side_of_the_street_is_the_most_dangerous" title="Citizens! During shelling this side of the street is the most dangerous">Citizens! During shelling this side of the street is the most dangerous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Corps" title="Civil Defence Corps">Civil Defence Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Service" title="Civil Defence Service">Civil Defence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luftschutzpolizei" title="Luftschutzpolizei">Luftschutzpolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osoaviakhim" title="Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsluftschutzbund" title="Reichsluftschutzbund">Reichsluftschutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Civil_Defence_Board" title="Swedish Civil Defence Board">Swedish Civil Defence Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technische_Nothilfe" title="Technische Nothilfe">Technische Nothilfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unione_Nazionale_Protezione_Antiaerea" title="Unione Nazionale Protezione Antiaerea">Unione Nazionale Protezione Antiaerea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment and fortifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_shelter" title="Air raid shelter">Air raid shelter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_shelter" title="Blast shelter">Blast shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_shelter" title="Bomb shelter">Bomb shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_Geiger_counters" title="Civil defense Geiger counters">Geiger counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_siren" title="Civil defense siren">Civil defense siren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_defense_sirens" title="List of civil defense sirens">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_population_warning" title="Emergency population warning">Emergency population warning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallout_shelter" title="Fallout shelter">Fallout shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkhav_Mugan" title="Merkhav Mugan">Merkhav Mugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">Safe room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_cellar" title="Storm cellar">Storm cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_reserve" title="Strategic reserve">Strategic reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_steam_reserve" title="Strategic steam reserve">Strategic steam reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_observatory" title="Volcano observatory">Volcano observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decontamination" title="Decontamination">Decontamination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contamination_control" title="Contamination control">Contamination control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_decontamination" title="Human decontamination">Human decontamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_decontamination" title="Mass decontamination">Mass decontamination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Defence" title="Algerian Civil Defence">Algerian Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Air_Defense_Bureau_of_the_National_Defense_Mobilization_Department_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Air Defense Bureau of the National Defense Mobilization Department of the Central Military Commission">Civil Air Defense Bureau (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defense_Directorate" title="Civil Defense Directorate">Civil Defense Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Ireland" title="Civil Defence Ireland">Civil Defence Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_in_Switzerland" title="Civil Protection in Switzerland">Civil Protection in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Emergency_Situations_and_Civil_Defense_of_Tajikistan" title="Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense of Tajikistan">Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense of Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dnaikai" title="Chōnaikai">Chōnaikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Civil_Defence" title="Dubai Civil Defence">Dubai Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Civil_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Directorate General of Civil Defence (Pakistan)">Directorate General of Civil Defence (Pakistan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Alliance" title="Forward Alliance">Forward Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Front_Command" title="Home Front Command">Home Front Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuma_Academy" title="Kuma Academy">Kuma Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_Defense" title="Lebanese Civil Defense">Lebanese Civil Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Civil_Defence" title="Norwegian Civil Defence">Norwegian Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civil_Defense_(Philippines)" title="Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)">Office of Civil Defense (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Civil_Defence" title="Palestinian Civil Defence">Palestinian Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protezione_Civile" title="Protezione Civile">Protezione Civile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Republic of Korea Civil Defense Corps">Republic of Korea Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Civil_Defense" title="Saudi Civil Defense">Saudi Civil Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_Civile" title="Sécurité Civile">Sécurité Civile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil Defence">Syrian Civil Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine" title="State Emergency Service of Ukraine">State Emergency Service of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Defence_Force" title="Singapore Civil Defence Force">Singapore Civil Defence Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker-Peasant_Red_Guards" title="Worker-Peasant Red Guards">Worker-Peasant Red Guards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_by_country" title="Civil defense by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defence_in_Finland" title="Civil defence in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_of_the_GDR" title="Civil defense of the GDR">GDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Israel" title="Civil defense in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_the_United_States" title="Civil defense in the United States">USA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneath_the_City_Streets" title="Beneath the City Streets">Beneath the City Streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_case_of_crisis_or_war" title="In case of crisis or war">In case of crisis or war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_Europe_Unconquerable" title="Making Europe Unconquerable">Making Europe Unconquerable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_defense" title="Homeland defense">Homeland defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_security" title="Infrastructure security">Infrastructure security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_defence" title="Total defence">Total defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transarmament" title="Transarmament">Transarmament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_clear" title="All clear">All clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_service" title="Emergency service">Emergency service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_defense_ranks" title="List of civil defense ranks">List of civil defense ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Dragon_(civil_defense_exercise)" title="Operation Red Dragon (civil defense exercise)">Operation Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_silence" title="Radio silence">Radio silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91122#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1150" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91122#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91122#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/841626/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147004-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bunkers (Fortification)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh97000842">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15517575w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15517575w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bunkers (Fortification)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007551638005171">Israel</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunker&oldid=1284790344">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunker&oldid=1284790344</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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