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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"The_first_of_a_new_genus"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"The_first_of_a_new_genus""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>"The first of a new genus"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"The_first_of_a_new_genus"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gilbert_Imlay,_the_Reign_of_Terror,_and_her_first_child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gilbert_Imlay,_the_Reign_of_Terror,_and_her_first_child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Gilbert Imlay, the Reign of Terror, and her first child</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gilbert_Imlay,_the_Reign_of_Terror,_and_her_first_child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_fall_of_the_Jacobins_and_An_Historical_and_Moral_View_of_the_French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_fall_of_the_Jacobins_and_An_Historical_and_Moral_View_of_the_French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The fall of the Jacobins and <i>An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_fall_of_the_Jacobins_and_An_Historical_and_Moral_View_of_the_French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_William_Godwin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_William_Godwin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>England and William Godwin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_William_Godwin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_Mary,_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_Mary,_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Birth of Mary, death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_Mary,_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous,_Godwin's_Memoirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous,_Godwin's_Memoirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Posthumous, Godwin's <i>Memoirs</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous,_Godwin's_Memoirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Educational_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Educational works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Vindications</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men_(1790)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men_(1790)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span><i>Vindication of the Rights of Men</i> (1790)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men_(1790)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_(1792)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_(1792)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span><i>Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i> (1792)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_(1792)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark_(1796)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark_(1796)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</i> (1796)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark_(1796)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authored_by_Wollstonecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authored_by_Wollstonecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Authored by Wollstonecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authored_by_Wollstonecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translated_by_Wollstonecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translated_by_Wollstonecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Translated by Wollstonecraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translated_by_Wollstonecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_secondary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_secondary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Other secondary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_secondary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Wollstonecraft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मेरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मेरी वुलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ماري وولستونكرافت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري وولستونكرافت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="म्यारी वुलस्टोनक्राफ्ट – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="म्यारी वुलस्टोनक्राफ्ट" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meri_Uolstonkraft" title="Meri Uolstonkraft – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meri Uolstonkraft" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="مری ولستون‌کرافت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مری ولستون‌کرافت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%9F" title="ম্যারি ওলস্টোনক্র্যাফ্‌ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যারি ওলস্টোনক্র্যাফ্‌ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Мэры Уолстанкрафт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мэры Уолстанкрафт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मैरी वूल्स्टनक्राफ्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैरी वूल्स्टनक्राफ्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Мери Уолстънкрафт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мери Уолстънкрафт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraftov%C3%A1" title="Mary Wollstonecraftová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraftová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%84" title="Μαίρη Γουόλστονκραφτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαίρη Γουόλστονκραφτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="مری ولستون‌کرافت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مری ولستون‌کرافت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC_%EC%9A%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B4%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%98%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="메리 울스턴크래프트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메리 울스턴크래프트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%8E%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A9" title="Մարի Վոլսթոնքրաֆթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարի Վոլսթոնքրաֆթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मैरी वोलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैरी वोलस्टोनक्राफ़्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="מרי וולסטונקראפט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרי וולסטונקראפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೇರಿ ಗಾಡ್ವಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೇರಿ ಗಾಡ್ವಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მერი უოლსტოუნკრაფტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მერი უოლსტოუნკრაფტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Мэри Уолстонкрафт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мэри Уолстонкрафт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Wollstonecraft" title="Maria Wollstonecraft – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maria Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93rija_Volstonkrafta" title="Mērija Volstonkrafta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mērija Volstonkrafta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="म्यारी वुलस्टोनक्राफ्ट – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="म्यारी वुलस्टोनक्राफ्ट" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Мери Волстонкрафт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мери Волстонкрафт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8A%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="മേരി വോൾസ്റ്റൊൺക്രാഫ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മേരി വോൾസ്റ്റൊൺക്രാഫ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="मेरी वोल्स्टनक्राफ्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेरी वोल्स्टनक्राफ्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მერი უოლსტოუნკრაფტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მერი უოლსტოუნკრაფტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="مارى وولستونكرافت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى وولستونكرافت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="مری ولستون‌کرافت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مری ولستون‌کرافت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="メアリ・ウルストンクラフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メアリ・ウルストンクラフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F" title="ମେରୀ ଓଲସ୍ଟୋନ‌କ୍ରାଫ୍ଟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମେରୀ ଓଲସ୍ଟୋନ‌କ୍ରାଫ୍ଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F" title="ਮੇਰੀ ਵੁਲਸਟਨਕਰਾਫ਼ਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੇਰੀ ਵੁਲਸਟਨਕਰਾਫ਼ਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9" title="میری وولسٹونکرافٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میری وولسٹونکرافٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%BC" title="مېري ولسټونکرافټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مېري ولسټونکرافټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Уолстонкрафт, Мэри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уолстонкрафт, Мэри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मैरी वोल्स्टोन्क्राफ्ट शेली – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मैरी वोल्स्टोन्क्राफ्ट शेली" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraftov%C3%A1" title="Mary Wollstonecraftová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraftová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ماری ویلستۆنکرافت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماری ویلستۆنکرافت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Мери Вулстонкрафт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мери Вулстонкрафт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="மேரி உல்சுடன்கிராஃப்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேரி உல்சுடன்கிராஃப்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="แมรี โวลสโตนคราฟต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมรี โวลสโตนคราฟต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Мері Волстонкрафт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мері Волстонкрафт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9" title="میری وولسٹن کرافٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میری وولسٹن کرافٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mary Wollstonecraft" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="瑪麗胡斯通克拉夫特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪麗胡斯通克拉夫特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101638#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wollstonecraft_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wollstonecraft (disambiguation)">Wollstonecraft (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with her daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</a>, the author of Frankenstein.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Mary Wollstonecraft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wollstonecraft c. 1797"><img alt="Left-looking half-length portrait of a woman in a white dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/220px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/330px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/440px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Wollstonecraft <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1797</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1759-04-27</span>)</span>27 April 1759<br /><a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">10 September 1797<span style="display:none">(1797-09-10)</span> (aged 38)<br /><a href="/wiki/Somers_Town,_London" title="Somers Town, London">Somers Town</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1797)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Frances "Fanny" Imlay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary Wollstonecraft</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">also <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Learner's_Dictionaries_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Learner's_Dictionaries-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was a British writer, philosopher, and advocate of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the late 20th century, Wollstonecraft's life, which encompassed several unconventional (at the time) personal relationships, received more attention than her writing. Wollstonecraft is regarded as one of the founding <a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist philosopher">feminist philosophers</a>, and feminists often cite both her life and her works as important influences. </p><p>During her brief career she wrote novels, treatises, a <a href="/wiki/Travel_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel narrative">travel narrative</a>, a history of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conduct_book" title="Conduct book">conduct book</a>, and a children's book. Wollstonecraft is best known for <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792), in which she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men but appear to be only because they lack education. She suggests that both men and women should be treated as rational beings and imagines a <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> founded on reason. </p><p>After two ill-fated affairs, with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a> (by whom she had a daughter, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a>), Wollstonecraft married the philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement. Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38 leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts. She died 11 days after giving birth to her second daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, who became an accomplished writer and the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></i>. </p><p>Wollstonecraft's widower published a <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoir</a></i> (1798) of her life, revealing her unorthodox lifestyle, which inadvertently destroyed her reputation for almost a century. However, with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a> at the turn of the twentieth century, Wollstonecraft's advocacy of women's equality and critiques of conventional femininity became increasingly important. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft">Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <p>Wollstonecraft was born on 27 April 1759 in <a href="/wiki/Spitalfields" title="Spitalfields">Spitalfields</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the second of the seven children of Elizabeth Dixon and Edward John Wollstonecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although her family had a comfortable income when she was a child, her father gradually squandered it on speculative projects. Consequently, the family became financially unstable and they were frequently forced to move during Wollstonecraft's youth.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family's financial situation eventually became so dire that Wollstonecraft's father compelled her to turn over money that she would have inherited at her maturity. Moreover, he was apparently a violent man who would beat his wife in drunken rages. As a teenager, Wollstonecraft used to lie outside the door of her mother's bedroom to protect her.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft played a similar maternal role for her sisters, Everina and Eliza, throughout her life. In a defining moment in 1784, she persuaded Eliza, who was suffering from what was probably <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_depression" title="Postpartum depression">postpartum depression</a>, to leave her husband and infant; Wollstonecraft made all of the arrangements for Eliza to flee, demonstrating her willingness to challenge social norms. The human costs, however, were severe: her sister suffered social condemnation and, because she could not remarry, was doomed to a life of poverty and hard work.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two friendships shaped Wollstonecraft's early life. The first was with <a href="/wiki/Jane_Gardiner" title="Jane Gardiner">Jane Arden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beverley" title="Beverley">Beverley</a>. The two frequently read books together and attended lectures presented by Arden's father, a self-styled philosopher and scientist. Wollstonecraft revelled in the intellectual atmosphere of the Arden household and valued her friendship with Arden greatly, sometimes to the point of being emotionally possessive. Wollstonecraft wrote to her: "I have formed romantic notions of friendship ... I am a little singular in my thoughts of love and friendship; I must have the first place or none."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some of Wollstonecraft's letters to Arden, she reveals the volatile and depressive emotions that would haunt her throughout her life.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second and more important friendship was with <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Blood" title="Fanny Blood">Fanny (Frances) Blood</a>, introduced to Wollstonecraft by the Clares, a couple in <a href="/wiki/Hoxton" title="Hoxton">Hoxton</a> who became parental figures to her; Wollstonecraft credited Blood with opening her mind.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unhappy with her home life, Wollstonecraft struck out on her own in 1778 and accepted a job as a <a href="/wiki/Lady%27s_companion" title="Lady's companion">lady's companion</a> to Sarah Dawson, a widow living in <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>. However, Wollstonecraft had trouble getting along with the irascible woman (an experience she drew on when describing the drawbacks of such a position in <i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</a></i>, 1787). In 1780 she returned home upon being called back to care for her dying mother.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than return to Dawson's employ after the death of her mother, Wollstonecraft moved in with the Bloods. She realized during the two years she spent with the family that she had idealized Blood, who was more invested in traditional feminine values than was Wollstonecraft. But Wollstonecraft remained dedicated to Fanny and her family throughout her life, frequently giving pecuniary assistance to Blood's brother.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft had envisioned living in a female utopia with Blood; they made plans to rent rooms together and support each other emotionally and financially, but this dream collapsed under economic realities. In order to make a living, Wollstonecraft, her sisters and Blood set up a school together in <a href="/wiki/Newington_Green" title="Newington Green">Newington Green</a>, a <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenting</a> community. Blood soon became engaged and, after her marriage, moved to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal with her husband, Hugh Skeys, in hopes that it would improve her health which had always been precarious.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the change of surroundings Blood's health further deteriorated when she became pregnant, and in 1785 Wollstonecraft left the school and followed Blood to nurse her, but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, her abandonment of the school led to its failure.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood's death devastated Wollstonecraft and was part of the inspiration for her first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Mary:_A_Fiction" title="Mary: A Fiction">Mary: A Fiction</a></i> (1788).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_first_of_a_new_genus""><span id=".22The_first_of_a_new_genus.22"></span>"The first of a new genus"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaryWollstonecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/MaryWollstonecraft.jpg/220px-MaryWollstonecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/MaryWollstonecraft.jpg/330px-MaryWollstonecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/MaryWollstonecraft.jpg/440px-MaryWollstonecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Wollstonecraft in 1790–1791, by <a href="/wiki/John_Opie" title="John Opie">John Opie</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_Original_Stories_from_Real_Life_copy_1_object_1_-_Look_what_a_fine_morning_it_is.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving showing a female teacher holding her arms up in the shape of a cross. There is one female child on each side of her, both gazing up at her." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Original_Stories_from_Real_Life_copy_1_object_1_-_Look_what_a_fine_morning_it_is.jpg/220px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Original_Stories_from_Real_Life_copy_1_object_1_-_Look_what_a_fine_morning_it_is.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="423" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Original_Stories_from_Real_Life_copy_1_object_1_-_Look_what_a_fine_morning_it_is.jpg/330px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Original_Stories_from_Real_Life_copy_1_object_1_-_Look_what_a_fine_morning_it_is.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Original_Stories_from_Real_Life_copy_1_object_1_-_Look_what_a_fine_morning_it_is.jpg/440px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Original_Stories_from_Real_Life_copy_1_object_1_-_Look_what_a_fine_morning_it_is.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Frontispiece to the 1791 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life" title="Original Stories from Real Life">Original Stories from Real Life</a></i> engraved by <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Blood's death in 1785, Wollstonecraft's friends helped her obtain a position as <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a> to the daughters of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Kingsborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Kingsborough">Kingsborough family</a> in Ireland. Although she could not get along with Lady Kingsborough,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the children found her an inspiring instructor; one of the daughters, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_King" title="Margaret King">Margaret King</a>, would later say she "had freed her mind from all superstitions".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Wollstonecraft's experiences during this year would make their way into her only children's book, <i><a href="/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life" title="Original Stories from Real Life">Original Stories from Real Life</a></i> (1788).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frustrated by the limited career options open to respectable yet poor women—an impediment which Wollstonecraft eloquently describes in the chapter of <i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</a></i> entitled "Unfortunate Situation of Females, Fashionably Educated, and Left Without a Fortune"—she decided, after only a year as a governess, to embark upon a career as an author. This was a radical choice, since, at the time, few women could support themselves by writing. As she wrote to her sister Everina in 1787, she was trying to become "the first of a new genus".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She moved to London and, assisted by the liberal publisher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a>, found a place to live and work to support herself.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She learned French and German and translated texts,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably <i>Of the Importance of Religious Opinions</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a> and <i>Elements of Morality, for the Use of Children</i> by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann" title="Christian Gotthilf Salzmann">Christian Gotthilf Salzmann</a>. She also wrote reviews, primarily of novels, for Johnson's periodical, the <i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Review" title="Analytical Review">Analytical Review</a></i>. Wollstonecraft's intellectual universe expanded during this time, not only from the reading that she did for her reviews but also from the company she kept: she attended Johnson's famous dinners and met the radical pamphleteer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> and the philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>. The first time Godwin and Wollstonecraft met, they were disappointed in each other. Godwin had come to hear Paine, but Wollstonecraft assailed him all night long, disagreeing with him on nearly every subject. Johnson himself, however, became much more than a friend; she described him in her letters as a father and a brother.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In London, Wollstonecraft lived on Dolben Street, in <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a>; an up-and-coming area following the opening of the first <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a> in 1769.<sup id="cite_ref-London_SE1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_SE1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in London, she formed connections with members of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Stockings_Society" title="Blue Stockings Society">Blue Stockings Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pursued a relationship with the artist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>, even though he was already married. She was, she wrote, enraptured by his genius, "the grandeur of his soul, that quickness of comprehension, and lovely sympathy".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She proposed a platonic living arrangement with Fuseli and his wife, but Fuseli's wife was appalled, and he broke off the relationship with Wollstonecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Fuseli's rejection, Wollstonecraft decided to travel to France to escape the humiliation of the incident, and to participate in the revolutionary events that she had just celebrated in her recent <i><a href="/wiki/Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindication of the Rights of Men">Vindication of the Rights of Men</a></i> (1790). She had written the <i>Rights of Men</i> in response to the Whig MP <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s politically conservative critique of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> (1790) and it made her famous overnight. <i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i> was published on 1 November 1790, and so angered Wollstonecraft that she spent the rest of the month writing her rebuttal. <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in a Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke</i> was published on 29 November 1790, initially anonymously;<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_60_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_60-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second edition of <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Men</i> was published on 18 December, and this time the publisher revealed Wollstonecraft as the author.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_60_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_60-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft called the French Revolution a "glorious <em>chance</em> to obtain more virtue and happiness than hitherto blessed our globe".<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_61_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_61-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against Burke's dismissal of the Third Estate as men of no account, Wollstonecraft wrote, "Time may show, that this obscure throng knew more of the human heart and of legislation than the profligates of rank, emasculated by hereditary effeminacy".<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_61_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_61-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About the events of 5–6 October 1789, when the royal family was marched from Versailles to Paris by a group of angry housewives, Burke praised Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> as a symbol of the refined elegance of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ancien régime</i></span>, who was surrounded by "furies from hell, in the abused shape of the vilest of women".<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_61_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_61-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft by contrast wrote of the same event: "Probably you [Burke] mean women who gained a livelihood by selling vegetables or fish, who never had any advantages of education".<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_61_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_61-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft was compared with such leading lights as the theologian and controversialist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> and Paine, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> (1791) would prove to be the most popular of the responses to Burke. She pursued the ideas she had outlined in <i>Rights of Men</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792), her most famous and influential work.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft's fame extended across the English channel, for when the French statesman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a> visited London in 1792, he visited her, during which she asked that French girls be given the same right to an education that French boys were being offered by the new regime in France.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Smoke is billowing throughout the top two-thirds of the picture, dead guards are scattered in the foreground, and a battle with hand-to-hand combat and a horse is in the bottom right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg/220px-Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg/330px-Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg/440px-Jacques_Bertaux_-_Prise_du_palais_des_Tuileries_-_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/10_August_(French_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="10 August (French Revolution)">10 August</a> attack on the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Palace" title="Tuileries Palace">Tuileries Palace</a>; French revolutionary violence spreads</figcaption></figure> <p>Wollstonecraft left for Paris in December 1792, and arrived about a month before <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Louis XVI was guillotined</a>. Britain and France were on the brink of war when she left for Paris, and many advised her not to go.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France was in turmoil. She sought out other British visitors such as <a href="/wiki/Helen_Maria_Williams" title="Helen Maria Williams">Helen Maria Williams</a> and joined the circle of expatriates then in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her time in Paris, Wollstonecraft associated mostly with the moderate <a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a> rather than the more radical <a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_65_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_65-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was indicative that when <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hamilton_Rowan" title="Archibald Hamilton Rowan">Archibald Hamilton Rowan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishman</a>, encountered her in the city in 1794 it was at a post-Terror festival in honour of the moderate revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a>, who had been a great hero for Irish and English radicals before his death in April 1791.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 December 1792, Wollstonecraft saw the former king, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, being taken to be tried before the National Assembly, and much to her own surprise, found "the tears flow[ing] insensibly from my eyes, when I saw Louis sitting, with more dignity than I expected from his character, in a hackney coach going to meet death, where so many of his race have triumphed".<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_65_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_65-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France declared war on Britain in February 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft tried to leave France for Switzerland but was denied permission.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jacobin faction increased in power, and in March the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> were symptomatic of an increasingly totalitarian regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Life became very difficult for foreigners in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, they were put under police surveillance and, to get a residency permit, had to produce six written statements from Frenchmen testifying to their loyalty to the republic. Then, on 12 April 1793, all foreigners were forbidden to leave France.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite her sympathy for the revolution, life for Wollstonecraft become very uncomfortable, all the more so as the Girondins had lost out to the Jacobins.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Wollstonecraft's French friends lost their heads to the guillotine as the Jacobins set out to annihilate their enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gilbert_Imlay,_the_Reign_of_Terror,_and_her_first_child"><span id="Gilbert_Imlay.2C_the_Reign_of_Terror.2C_and_her_first_child"></span>Gilbert Imlay, the Reign of Terror, and her first child</h3></div> <p>Having just written the <i>Rights of Woman</i>, Wollstonecraft was determined to put her ideas to the test, and in the stimulating intellectual atmosphere of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, she attempted her most experimental romantic attachment yet: she met and fell passionately in love with <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a>, an American adventurer. Wollstonecraft put her own principles in practice by sleeping with Imlay even though they were not married, which was unacceptable behaviour from a "respectable" British woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether or not she was interested in marriage, he was not, and she appears to have fallen in love with an idealization of the man. Despite her rejection of the sexual component of relationships in the <i>Rights of Woman</i>, Wollstonecraft discovered that Imlay awakened her interest in sex.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft was to a certain extent disillusioned by what she saw in France, writing that the people under the republic still behaved slavishly to those who held power while the government remained "venal" and "brutal".<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite her disenchantment, Wollstonecraft wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>I cannot yet give up the hope, that a fairer day is dawning on Europe, though I must hesitatingly observe, that little is to be expected from the narrow principle of commerce, which seems everywhere to be shoving aside <i>the point of honour</i> of the <i>noblesse</i> [nobility]. For the same pride of office, the same desire of power are still visible; with this aggravation, that, fearing to return to obscurity, after having but just acquired a relish for distinction, each hero, or philosopher, for all are dubbed with these new titles, endeavors to make hay while the sun shines.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wollstonecraft was offended by the Jacobins' treatment of women. They refused to grant women equal rights, denounced "<a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>", and made it clear that women were supposed to conform to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s ideal of helpers to men.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_215_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_215-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 October 1793, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> was guillotined; among her charges and convictions, she was found guilty of committing incest with her son.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_214_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_214-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Wollstonecraft disliked the former queen, she was troubled that the Jacobins would make Marie Antoinette's alleged perverse sexual acts one of the central reasons for the French people to hate her.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_215_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_215-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the daily arrests and executions of the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> began, Wollstonecraft came under suspicion. She was, after all, a British citizen known to be a friend of leading Girondins. On 31 October 1793, most of the Girondin leaders were guillotined; when Imlay broke the news to Wollstonecraft, she fainted.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_214_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_214-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, Imlay was taking advantage of the British blockade of France, which had caused shortages and worsened ever-growing inflation,<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_215_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_215-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by chartering ships to bring food and soap from America and dodge the British Royal Navy, goods that he could sell at a premium to Frenchmen who still had money. Imlay's blockade-running gained the respect and support of some Jacobins, ensuring, as he had hoped, his freedom during the Terror.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect Wollstonecraft from arrest, Imlay made a false statement to the U.S. embassy in Paris that he had married her, automatically making her an American citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of her friends were not so lucky; many were arrested. Her sisters believed she had been imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft called life under the Jacobins "nightmarish". There were gigantic daytime parades requiring everyone to show themselves and lustily cheer lest they be suspected of inadequate commitment to the republic, as well as nighttime police raids to arrest "enemies of the republic".<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a March 1794 letter to her sister Everina, Wollstonecraft wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>It is impossible for you to have any idea of the impression the sad scenes I have been a witness to have left on my mind ... death and misery, in every shape of terrour, haunts this devoted country—I certainly am glad that I came to France, because I never could have had else a just opinion of the most extraordinary event that has ever been recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wollstonecraft soon became pregnant by Imlay; on 14 May 1794, she gave birth to her first child, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny</a>, naming her after perhaps her closest friend.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft was overjoyed; she wrote to a friend, "My little Girl begins to suck so MANFULLY that her father reckons saucily on her writing the second part of the R[igh]ts of Woman" (emphasis hers).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued to write avidly, despite not only her pregnancy and the burdens of being a new mother alone in a foreign country, but also the growing tumult of the French Revolution. While at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> in northern France, she wrote a history of the early revolution, <i>An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution</i>, which was published in London in December 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imlay, unhappy with the domestic-minded and maternal Wollstonecraft, eventually left her. He promised that he would return to her and Fanny at Le Havre, but his delays in writing to her and his long absences convinced Wollstonecraft that he had found another woman. Her letters to him are full of needy expostulations, which most critics explain as the expressions of a deeply depressed woman, while others say they resulted from her circumstances—a foreign woman alone with an infant in the middle of a revolution that had seen good friends imprisoned or executed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_fall_of_the_Jacobins_and_An_Historical_and_Moral_View_of_the_French_Revolution">The fall of the Jacobins and <i>An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution</i></h3></div> <p>In July 1794, Wollstonecraft welcomed the fall of the Jacobins, predicting it would be followed with a restoration of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> in France, which led her to return to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1794, Imlay departed for London and promised to return soon.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1793, the British government had begun a crackdown on radicals, suspending civil liberties, imposing drastic censorship, and trying for treason anyone suspected of sympathy with the revolution, which led Wollstonecraft to fear she would be imprisoned if she returned.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The winter of 1794–1795 was the coldest winter in Europe for over a century, which reduced Wollstonecraft and her daughter Fanny to desperate circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river Seine froze that winter, which made it impossible for ships to bring food and coal to Paris, leading to widespread starvation and deaths from the cold in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft continued to write to Imlay, asking him to return to France at once, declaring she still had faith in the revolution and did not wish to return to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After she left France on 7 April 1795, she continued to refer to herself as "Mrs. Imlay", even to her sisters, in order to bestow legitimacy upon her child.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British historian Tom Furniss called <i>An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution</i> the most neglected of Wollstonecraft's books. It was first published in London in 1794, but a second edition did not appear until 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later generations were more interested in her feminist writings than in her account of the French Revolution, which Furniss has called her "best work".<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft was not trained as a historian, but she used all sorts of journals, letters and documents recounting how ordinary people in France reacted to the revolution. She was trying to counteract what Furniss called the "hysterical" anti-revolutionary mood in Britain, which depicted the revolution as due to the entire French nation's going mad.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft argued instead that the revolution arose from a set of social, economic and political conditions that left no other way out of the crisis that gripped France in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution</i> was a difficult balancing act for Wollstonecraft. She condemned the Jacobin regime and the Reign of Terror, but at same time she argued that the revolution was a great achievement, which led her to stop her history in late 1789 rather than write about the Terror of 1793–94.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edmund Burke had ended his <i>Reflections on the Revolution in France</i> with reference to the events of 5–6 October 1789, when a group of women from Paris forced the French royal family from the Palace of Versailles to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burke called the women "furies from hell", while Wollstonecraft defended them as ordinary housewives angry about the lack of bread to feed their families.<sup id="cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furniss_68-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against Burke's idealized portrait of Marie Antoinette as a noble victim of a mob, Wollstonecraft portrayed the queen as a femme fatale, a seductive, scheming and dangerous woman.<sup id="cite_ref-Callender_384_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callender_384-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft argued that the values of the aristocracy corrupted women in a monarchy because women's main purpose in such a society was to bear sons to continue a dynasty, which essentially reduced a woman's value to only her womb.<sup id="cite_ref-Callender_384_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callender_384-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Wollstonecraft pointed out that unless a queen was a <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a>, most queens were <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consorts</a>, which meant a woman had to exercise influence via her husband or son, encouraging her to become more and more manipulative. Wollstonecraft argued that aristocratic values, by emphasizing a woman's body and her ability to be charming over her mind and character, had encouraged women like Marie Antoinette to be manipulative and ruthless, making the queen into a corrupted and corrupting product of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ancien régime</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Callender_384_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callender_384-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution</i> (1799) the historian <a href="/wiki/John_Adolphus" title="John Adolphus">John Adolphus</a> condemned Wollstonecraft's work as a "rhapsody of libellous declamations" and took particular offence at her depiction of Louis XVI.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_William_Godwin">England and William Godwin</h3></div> <p>Seeking Imlay, Wollstonecraft returned to London in April 1795, but he rejected her. In May 1795, she attempted to commit suicide, probably with <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>. Imlay saved her life, but it is unclear how.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a last attempt to win back Imlay, she embarked upon some business negotiations for him in Scandinavia, trying to locate a Norwegian captain who had absconded with silver that Imlay was trying to get past the British blockade of France. Wollstonecraft undertook this hazardous trip with only her young daughter and Marguerite, her maid. She recounted her travels and thoughts in letters to Imlay, many of which were eventually published as <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</a></i> in 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she returned to England and came to the full realisation that her relationship with Imlay was over, she attempted suicide for the second time, leaving a note for Imlay: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Let my wrongs sleep with me! Soon, very soon, shall I be at peace. When you receive this, my burning head will be cold ... I shall plunge into the Thames where there is the least chance of my being snatched from the death I seek. God bless you! May you never know by experience what you have made me endure. Should your sensibility ever awake, remorse will find its way to your heart; and, in the midst of business and sensual pleasure, I shall appear before you, the victim of your deviation from rectitude.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamGodwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length profile portrait of a man. His dark clothing blends into the background and his white face is in stark contrast." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/220px-WilliamGodwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/330px-WilliamGodwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/WilliamGodwin.jpg/440px-WilliamGodwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of William Godwin by <a href="/wiki/James_Northcote_(painter)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Northcote (painter)">James Northcote</a>, oil on canvas, 1802</figcaption></figure><p> She then went out on a rainy night and "to make her clothes heavy with water, she walked up and down about half an hour" before jumping into the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, but a stranger saw her jump and rescued her.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft considered her suicide attempt deeply rational, writing after her rescue, </p><blockquote><p>I have only to lament, that, when the bitterness of death was past, I was inhumanly brought back to life and misery. But a fixed determination is not to be baffled by disappointment; nor will I allow that to be a frantic attempt, which was one of the calmest acts of reason. In this respect, I am only accountable to myself. Did I care for what is termed reputation, it is by other circumstances that I should be dishonoured.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gradually, Wollstonecraft returned to her literary life, becoming involved with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson's</a> circle again, in particular with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hays" title="Mary Hays">Mary Hays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Inchbald" title="Elizabeth Inchbald">Elizabeth Inchbald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Siddons" title="Sarah Siddons">Sarah Siddons</a> through <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>. Godwin and Wollstonecraft's unique courtship began slowly, but it eventually became a passionate love affair.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin had read her <i>Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</i> and later wrote that "If ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author, this appears to me to be the book. She speaks of her sorrows, in a way that fills us with melancholy, and dissolves us in tenderness, at the same time that she displays a genius which commands all our admiration."<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once Wollstonecraft became pregnant, they decided to marry so that their child would be legitimate. Their marriage revealed the fact that Wollstonecraft had never been married to Imlay, and as a result she and Godwin lost many friends. Godwin was further criticized because he had advocated the abolition of marriage in his philosophical treatise <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Justice">Political Justice</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After their marriage on 29 March 1797, Godwin and Wollstonecraft moved to 29 The Polygon, <a href="/wiki/Somers_Town,_London" title="Somers Town, London">Somers Town</a>. Godwin rented an apartment 20 doors away at 17 Evesham Buildings in <a href="/wiki/Chalton_Street" title="Chalton Street">Chalton Street</a> as a study, so that they could both still retain their independence; they often communicated by letter.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By all accounts, theirs was a happy and stable, though brief, relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_Mary,_death"><span id="Birth_of_Mary.2C_death"></span>Birth of Mary, death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodwinMemoirs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page reads "Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. By William Godwin. The Second Edition, Corrected. London: Printed for J. Johnson, No. 72, St. Paul's Church-yard. 1798." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/GodwinMemoirs.jpg/220px-GodwinMemoirs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/GodwinMemoirs.jpg/330px-GodwinMemoirs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/GodwinMemoirs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>Title page for <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1798)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 30 August 1797, Wollstonecraft gave birth to her second daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary</a>. Although the delivery seemed to go well initially, the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> broke apart during the birth and became infected; <a href="/wiki/Childbed_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Childbed fever">childbed fever</a> (post-partum infection) was a common and often fatal occurrence in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several days of agony, Wollstonecraft died of <a href="/wiki/Septicaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Septicaemia">septicaemia</a> on 10 September.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin was devastated: he wrote to his friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holcroft" title="Thomas Holcroft">Thomas Holcroft</a>, "I firmly believe there does not exist her equal in the world. I know from experience we were formed to make each other happy. I have not the least expectation that I can now ever know happiness again."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was buried in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">St Pancras Old Church</a>, where her tombstone reads "Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Author of <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>: Born 27 April 1759: Died 10 September 1797."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous,_Godwin's_Memoirs"><span id="Posthumous.2C_Godwin.27s_Memoirs"></span>Posthumous, Godwin's <i>Memoirs</i></h2></div> <p>In January 1798 Godwin published his <i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i>. Although Godwin felt that he was portraying his wife with love, compassion, and sincerity, many readers were shocked that he would reveal Wollstonecraft's illegitimate children, love affairs, and suicide attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> accused him of "the want of all feeling in stripping his dead wife naked" and vicious satires such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unsex%27d_Females" title="The Unsex'd Females">The Unsex'd Females</a></i> were published.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin's <i>Memoirs</i> portrays Wollstonecraft as a woman deeply invested in feeling who was balanced by his reason and as more of a religious sceptic than her own writings suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Godwin's views of Wollstonecraft were perpetuated throughout the nineteenth century and resulted in poems such as <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft_and_Fuseli" class="extiw" title="s:Mary Wollstonecraft and Fuseli">"Wollstonecraft and Fuseli"</a> by British poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a> and that by <a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe" title="William Roscoe">William Roscoe</a> which includes the lines:<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Hard was thy fate in all the scenes of life<br /> As daughter, sister, mother, friend, and wife;<br /> But harder still, thy fate in death we own,<br /> Thus mourn'd by Godwin with a heart of stone. </p> </div> <p>In 1851, Wollstonecraft's remains were moved by her grandson <a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a>, to his family tomb in <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Bournemouth" title="St Peter's Church, Bournemouth">St Peter's Church, Bournemouth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(54–51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1531)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1698)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1755)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1787–1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1794)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha"><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Gaṇasaṅgha</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">5 October 1910 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolian Revolution of 1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11_September_1922_Revolution" title="11 September 1922 Revolution">11 September 1922 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Greek_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1935 Greek coup d'état attempt">1935 Greek coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Libyan coup d'état">1969 Libyan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 Fijian coups d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbadian Republic Proclamation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Republicanism in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Bahamas" title="Republicanism in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Barbados" title="Republicanism in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Jamaica" title="Republicanism in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Morocco" title="Republicanism in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Republicanism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Norway" title="Republicanism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Spain" title="Republicanism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Sweden" title="Republicanism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_republicanism" title="Scottish republicanism">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newington_Green_plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Newington_Green_plaque.JPG/220px-Newington_Green_plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Newington_Green_plaque.JPG/330px-Newington_Green_plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Newington_Green_plaque.JPG/440px-Newington_Green_plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque#London" title="Blue plaque">Green plaque</a> on <a href="/wiki/Newington_Green" title="Newington Green">Newington Green</a> Primary School, near the site of a school that Wollstonecraft, her sisters (Everina and Eliza), and <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Blood" title="Fanny Blood">Fanny Blood</a> set up; the plaque was unveiled in 2011.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wollstonecraft2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Brown plaque for Wollstonecraft at her final home, in Camden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wollstonecraft2.JPG/220px-Wollstonecraft2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wollstonecraft2.JPG/330px-Wollstonecraft2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wollstonecraft2.JPG/440px-Wollstonecraft2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4058" data-file-height="2708" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on Oakshott Court, near the site of her final home, The Polygon, <a href="/wiki/Somers_Town,_London" title="Somers Town, London">Somers Town</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Cora Kaplan describes Wollstonecraft's legacy as "curious", and furthernotes its evolution over time: "for an author-activist adept in many genres ... up until the last quarter-century Wollstonecraft's life has been read much more closely than her writing".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the devastating effect of Godwin's <i>Memoirs</i>, Wollstonecraft's reputation lay in tatters for nearly a century; she was pilloried by such writers as <a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a>, who patterned the "freakish" Harriet Freke in <i><a href="/wiki/Belinda_(Edgeworth_novel)" title="Belinda (Edgeworth novel)">Belinda</a></i> (1801) after her. Other novelists such as <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hays" title="Mary Hays">Mary Hays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Smith_(writer)" title="Charlotte Smith (writer)">Charlotte Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Burney" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanny Burney">Fanny Burney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_West_(novelist)" title="Jane West (novelist)">Jane West</a> created similar figures, all to teach a "moral lesson" to their readers.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hays had been a close friend, and helped nurse her in her dying days.)<sup id="cite_ref-Pennell_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pennell-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the author <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a>, who was associated with both Godwin and Wollstonecraft, is noted for her support and admiration for Wollstonecraft, even amidst the controversy of Godwin's biography.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her 1799 pamphlet, <i>Thoughts on the Condition of Women</i>, Robinson describes Wollstonecraft as “an illustrious British female, (whose death has not been sufficiently lamented, but to whose genius posterity will render justice)”.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Anna Seward</a> admired Wollstonecraft and was largely positive towards Godwin's <i>Memoirs</i>, writing in 1798: “Bearing strong marks of impartial authenticity as to the character, sentiments, conduct, and destiny of a very extraordinary woman, they appear to be highly valuable.”<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> never mentioned the earlier woman by name, but several of her novels contain positive allusions to Wollstonecraft's work.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_156_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_156-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American literary scholar <a href="/wiki/Anne_K._Mellor" title="Anne K. Mellor">Anne K. Mellor</a> notes several examples. In <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a></i>, Mr Wickham seems to be based upon the sort of man Wollstonecraft claimed that <a href="/wiki/Standing_armies" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing armies">standing armies</a> produce, while the sarcastic remarks of protagonist <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bennet" title="Elizabeth Bennet">Elizabeth Bennet</a> about "female accomplishments" closely echo Wollstonecraft's condemnation of these activities. The balance a woman must strike between feelings and reason in <i><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility" title="Sense and Sensibility">Sense and Sensibility</a></i> follows what Wollstonecraft recommended in her novel <i>Mary</i>, while the moral equivalence Austen drew in <i><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_Park" title="Mansfield Park">Mansfield Park</a></i> between slavery and the treatment of women in society back home tracks one of Wollstonecraft's favourite arguments. In <i><a href="/wiki/Persuasion_(novel)" title="Persuasion (novel)">Persuasion</a></i>, Austen's characterization of Anne Eliot (as well as her late mother before her) as better qualified than her father to manage the family estate also echoes a Wollstonecraft thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_156_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor_156-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sapiro" title="Virginia Sapiro">Virginia Sapiro</a> states that few read Wollstonecraft's works during the nineteenth century as "her attackers implied or stated that no self-respecting woman would read her work".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Still, as Craciun points out, new editions of <i>Rights of Woman</i> appeared in the UK in the 1840s and in the US in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Routledge_literary_sourcebook_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Routledge_literary_sourcebook_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) If readers were few, then <i>many</i> were inspired; one such reader was <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett Browning</a>, who read <i>Rights of Woman</i> at age 12 and whose poem <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Leigh" title="Aurora Leigh">Aurora Leigh</a></i> reflected Wollstonecraft's unwavering focus on education.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Quaker minister, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, Americans who met in 1840 at the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Slavery_Convention" title="World Anti-Slavery Convention">World Anti-Slavery Convention</a> in London, discovered they both had read Wollstonecraft, and they agreed upon the need for (what became) the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an influential women's rights meeting held in 1848. Another woman who read Wollstonecraft was <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, a prolific writer of reviews, articles, novels, and translations. In 1855, she devoted an essay to the roles and rights of women, comparing Wollstonecraft and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>. Fuller was an American journalist, critic, and women's rights activist who, like Wollstonecraft, had travelled to the Continent and had been involved in the struggle for reform (in this case the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Republic (19th century)">1849 Roman Republic</a>)—and she had a child by a man without marrying him.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft's children's tales were adapted by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Mary_Yonge" title="Charlotte Mary Yonge">Charlotte Mary Yonge</a> in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft's work was exhumed with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> movement in the United Kingdom. First was an attempt at rehabilitation in 1879 with the publication of Wollstonecraft's <i>Letters to Imlay, with prefatory memoir</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kegan_Paul" title="Charles Kegan Paul">Charles Kegan Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then followed the first full-length biography,<sup id="cite_ref-A_Routledge_literary_sourcebook_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Routledge_literary_sourcebook_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Robins_Pennell" title="Elizabeth Robins Pennell">Elizabeth Robins Pennell</a>; it appeared in 1884 as part of a series by <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Brothers_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberts Brothers (publishers)">the Roberts Brothers</a> on famous women.<sup id="cite_ref-Pennell_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pennell-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Garrett_Fawcett" class="mw-redirect" title="Millicent Garrett Fawcett">Millicent Garrett Fawcett</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Suffragist" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragist">suffragist</a> and later president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a>, wrote the introduction to the centenary edition (i.e. 1892) of the <i>Rights of Woman</i>; it cleansed the memory of Wollstonecraft and claimed her as the foremother of the struggle for the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1898, Wollstonecraft was the subject of a first doctoral thesis and its resulting book.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_-_The_Bournemouth_Graphic_(1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mary_Wollstonecraft_-_The_Bournemouth_Graphic_%281910%29.jpg/180px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_-_The_Bournemouth_Graphic_%281910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mary_Wollstonecraft_-_The_Bournemouth_Graphic_%281910%29.jpg/270px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_-_The_Bournemouth_Graphic_%281910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mary_Wollstonecraft_-_The_Bournemouth_Graphic_%281910%29.jpg/360px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_-_The_Bournemouth_Graphic_%281910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3764" /></a><figcaption>Suffrage societies honour Wollstonecraft on the 113th anniversary of her death<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>With the advent of the modern <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a>, women as politically dissimilar from each other as <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> embraced Wollstonecraft's life story.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1929 Woolf described Wollstonecraft—her writing, arguments, and "experiments in living"—as immortal: "she is alive and active, she argues and experiments, we hear her voice and trace her influence even now among the living".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, however, continued to decry Wollstonecraft's lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biography published in 1932 refers to recent reprints of her works, incorporating new research, and to a "study" in 1911, a play in 1922, and another biography in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in her never completely died, with full-length biographies in 1937<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_wollstonecraft_statue_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mary_wollstonecraft_statue_2020.jpg/180px-Mary_wollstonecraft_statue_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mary_wollstonecraft_statue_2020.jpg/270px-Mary_wollstonecraft_statue_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mary_wollstonecraft_statue_2020.jpg/360px-Mary_wollstonecraft_statue_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sculpture_for_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft">A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft</a></i> in Newington Green, London</figcaption></figure> <p>With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist criticism">feminist criticism</a> in academia in the 1960s and 1970s, Wollstonecraft's works returned to prominence. Their fortunes reflected that of the <a href="/wiki/Second_wave_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Second wave feminism">second wave</a> of the North American feminist movement itself; for example, in the early 1970s, six major biographies of Wollstonecraft were published that presented her "passionate life in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apposition" class="extiw" title="wikt:apposition">apposition</a> to [her] radical and rationalist agenda".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft's work has also had an effect on feminism outside academia. The feminist artwork <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dinner_Party" title="The Dinner Party">The Dinner Party</a></i>, first exhibited in 1979, features a place setting for Wollstonecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a>, a political writer and former Muslim who is <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">critical of Islam</a> in general and <a href="/wiki/Women_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Islam">its dictates regarding women</a> in particular, cited the <i>Rights of Woman</i> in her autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/Infidel_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infidel (book)">Infidel</a></i> and wrote that she was "inspired by Mary Wollstonecraft, the pioneering feminist thinker who told women they had the same ability to reason as men did and deserved the same rights".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British writer <a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Moran" title="Caitlin Moran">Caitlin Moran</a>, author of the best-selling <i>How to Be a Woman</i>, described herself as "half Wollstonecraft" to the <i>New Yorker</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has also inspired more widely. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, the Indian economist and philosopher who first identified the <a href="/wiki/Missing_women_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing women of Asia">missing women of Asia</a>, draws repeatedly on Wollstonecraft as a political philosopher in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Idea_of_Justice" title="The Idea of Justice">The Idea of Justice</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Wollstonecraft was selected by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_commemorative_stamps_2000%E2%80%932009" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain commemorative stamps 2000–2009">"Eminent Britons" commemorative postage stamp</a> issue.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several plaques have been erected to honour Wollstonecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commemorative sculpture, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sculpture_for_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft">A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Maggi_Hambling" title="Maggi Hambling">Maggi Hambling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was unveiled on 10 November 2020;<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was criticized for its symbolic depiction rather than a lifelike representation of Wollstonecraft,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which commentators felt represented stereotypical notions of beauty and the diminishing of women.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2020, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, whose library had previously held forty busts, all of them of men, was commissioning four new busts of women, one of whom would be Wollstonecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_works">Educational works</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life" title="Original Stories from Real Life">Original Stories from Real Life</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WollstonecraftEducation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page reads ""THOUGHTS ON THE EDUCATION OF DAUGHTERS. THE NURSERY. As I conceive it to be the duty of every rational creature to attend to its offspring, I am sorry to observe, that reason and duty together have not so powerful an influence over human"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/WollstonecraftEducation.png/220px-WollstonecraftEducation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/WollstonecraftEducation.png 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>First page of the first edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</a></i> (1787)</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority of Wollstonecraft's early productions are about education; she assembled an anthology of literary extracts "for the improvement of young women" entitled <i>The Female Reader</i> and she translated two children's works, Maria Geertruida van de Werken de Cambon's <i>Young Grandison</i> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann" title="Christian Gotthilf Salzmann">Christian Gotthilf Salzmann</a>'s <i>Elements of Morality</i>. Her own writings also addressed the topic. In both her <a href="/wiki/Conduct_book" title="Conduct book">conduct book</a> <i>Thoughts on the Education of Daughters</i> (1787) and her children's book <i>Original Stories from Real Life</i> (1788), Wollstonecraft advocates educating children into the emerging middle-class ethos: self-discipline, honesty, frugality, and social contentment.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both books also emphasise the importance of teaching children to reason, revealing Wollstonecraft's intellectual debt to the educational views of seventeenth-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the prominence she affords religious faith and innate feeling distinguishes her work from his and links it to the discourse of <a href="/wiki/Sensibility" title="Sensibility">sensibility</a> popular at the end of the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both texts also advocate the education of women, a controversial topic at the time and one which she would return to throughout her career, most notably in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i>. Wollstonecraft argues that well-educated women will be good wives and mothers and ultimately contribute positively to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vindications"><i>Vindications</i></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men_(1790)"><span id="Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men_.281790.29"></span><i>Vindication of the Rights of Men</i> (1790)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Men">A Vindication of the Rights of Men</a></div> <p>Published in response to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> (1790), which was a defence of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, aristocracy, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and an attack on Wollstonecraft's friend, the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Newington_Green_Unitarian_Church" title="Newington Green Unitarian Church">Newington Green Unitarian Church</a>, Wollstonecraft's <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Men</i> (1790) attacks <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and advocates <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>. Hers was the first response in a pamphlet war that subsequently became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Controversy" title="Revolution Controversy">Revolution Controversy</a></i>, in which <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> (1792) became the rallying cry for reformers and radicals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft attacked not only monarchy and hereditary privilege but also the language that Burke used to defend and elevate it. In a famous passage in the <i>Reflections</i>, Burke had lamented: "I had thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her [<a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>] with insult.—But the age of chivalry is gone."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Burke's detractors deplored what they viewed as theatrical pity for the French queen—a pity they felt was at the expense of the people. Wollstonecraft was unique in her attack on Burke's gendered language. By redefining the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a> and the beautiful, terms first established by Burke himself in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> (1756), she undermined his rhetoric as well as his argument. Burke had associated the beautiful with weakness and femininity and the sublime with strength and masculinity; Wollstonecraft turns these definitions against him, arguing that his theatrical <i>tableaux</i> turn Burke's readers—the citizens—into weak women who are swayed by show.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her first unabashedly feminist critique, which Wollstonecraft scholar <a href="/wiki/Claudia_L._Johnson" title="Claudia L. Johnson">Claudia L. Johnson</a> argues remains unsurpassed in its argumentative force,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft indicts Burke's defence of an unequal society founded on the passivity of women.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (March 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_British_Library_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_British_Library-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her arguments for republican virtue, Wollstonecraft invokes an emerging middle-class ethos in opposition to what she views as the vice-ridden aristocratic code of manners.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers, she believed in progress and derides Burke for relying on tradition and custom. She argues for rationality, pointing out that Burke's system would lead to the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, simply because it had been an ancestral tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She describes an idyllic country life in which each family can have a farm that will just suit its needs. Wollstonecraft contrasts her <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> picture of society, drawn with what she says is genuine feeling, to Burke's false feeling.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Rights of Men</i> was Wollstonecraft's first overtly political work, as well as her first feminist work; as Johnson contends, "it seems that in the act of writing the later portions of <i>Rights of Men</i> she discovered the subject that would preoccupy her for the rest of her career."<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this text that made her a well-known writer.<sup id="cite_ref-The_British_Library_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_British_Library-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_(1792)"><span id="Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman_.281792.29"></span><i>Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i> (1792)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></div> <p><i>A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i> is one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. In it, Wollstonecraft argues that women ought to have an education <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/commensurate" class="extiw" title="wikt:commensurate">commensurate</a> with their position in society and then proceeds to redefine that position, claiming that women are essential to the nation because they educate its children and because they could be "companions" to their husbands rather than mere wives.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of viewing women as ornaments to society or property to be traded in marriage, Wollstonecraft maintains that they are human beings deserving of the same fundamental rights as men. Large sections of the <i>Rights of Woman</i> respond vitriolically to <a href="/wiki/Conduct_book" title="Conduct book">conduct book</a> writers such as <a href="/wiki/James_Fordyce" title="James Fordyce">James Fordyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Gregory_(moralist)" title="John Gregory (moralist)">John Gregory</a> and educational philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, who wanted to deny women an education. (Rousseau famously argues in <i><a href="/wiki/Emile:_Or,_On_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile: Or, On Education">Émile</a></i> (1762) that women should be educated for the pleasure of men.)<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vindication1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page reads "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. By Mary Wollstonecraft. Printed at Boston, by Peter Edes for Thomas and Andrews, Faust's Statue, No. 45, Newbury-Street, MDCCXCII."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vindication1b.jpg/220px-Vindication1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vindication1b.jpg/330px-Vindication1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Vindication1b.jpg/440px-Vindication1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="2463" /></a><figcaption>Title page from the first American edition of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</figcaption></figure> <p>Wollstonecraft states that currently many women are silly and superficial (she refers to them, for example, as "spaniels" and "toys"<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but argues that this is not because of an innate deficiency of mind but rather because men have denied them access to education. Wollstonecraft is intent on illustrating the limitations that women's deficient educations have placed on them; she writes: "Taught from their infancy that beauty is woman's sceptre, the mind shapes itself to the body, and, roaming round its gilt cage, only seeks to adorn its prison."<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She implies that, without the encouragement young women receive from an early age to focus their attention on beauty and outward accomplishments, women could achieve much more.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Wollstonecraft does call for equality between the sexes in particular areas of life, such as morality, she does not explicitly state that men and women are equal.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What she does claim is that men and women are equal in the eyes of God. However, such claims of equality stand in contrast to her statements respecting the superiority of masculine strength and valour.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wollstonecraft famously and ambiguously writes: "Let it not be concluded that I wish to invert the order of things; I have already granted, that, from the constitution of their bodies, men seem to be designed by Providence to attain a greater degree of virtue. I speak collectively of the whole sex; but I see not the shadow of a reason to conclude that their virtues should differ in respect to their nature. In fact, how can they, if virtue has only one eternal standard? I must therefore, if I reason consequently, as strenuously maintain that they have the same simple direction, as that there is a God."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her ambiguous statements regarding the equality of the sexes have since made it difficult to classify Wollstonecraft as a modern feminist, particularly since the word did not come into existence until the 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Wollstonecraft's most scathing critiques in the <i>Rights of Woman</i> is of false and excessive <a href="/wiki/Sensibility" title="Sensibility">sensibility</a>, particularly in women. She argues that women who succumb to sensibility are "blown about by every momentary gust of feeling" and because they are "the prey of their senses" they cannot think rationally.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, she claims, they do harm not only to themselves but to the entire civilization: these are not women who can help refine a civilization—a popular eighteenth-century idea—but women who will destroy it. Wollstonecraft does not argue that reason and feeling should act independently of each other; rather, she believes that they should inform each other.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to her larger philosophical arguments, Wollstonecraft also lays out a specific educational plan. In the twelfth chapter of the <i>Rights of Woman</i>, "On National Education", she argues that all children should be sent to a "country day school" as well as given some education at home "to inspire a love of home and domestic pleasures." She also maintains that schooling should be <a href="/wiki/Co-educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-educational">co-educational</a>, arguing that men and women, whose marriages are "the cement of society", should be "educated after the same model."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wollstonecraft addresses her text to the middle-class, which she describes as the "most natural state", and in many ways the <i>Rights of Woman</i> is inflected by a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> view of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It encourages <a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">modesty</a> and industry in its readers and attacks the uselessness of the aristocracy. But Wollstonecraft is not necessarily a friend to the poor; for example, in her national plan for education, she suggests that, after the age of nine, the poor, except for those who are brilliant, should be separated from the rich and taught in another school.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mary:_A_Fiction" title="Mary: A Fiction">Mary: A Fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman" title="Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman">Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Scholderer_Lesendes_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a girl reading a book with her shoulder and back exposed painted in a brown palette." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Otto_Scholderer_Lesendes_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg/220px-Otto_Scholderer_Lesendes_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Otto_Scholderer_Lesendes_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg/330px-Otto_Scholderer_Lesendes_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Otto_Scholderer_Lesendes_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg/440px-Otto_Scholderer_Lesendes_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_Scholderer" title="Otto Scholderer">Otto Scholderer</a>'s <i>Young Girl Reading</i> (1883); in both <i>Mary</i> and <i>The Wrongs of Woman</i>, Wollstonecraft criticizes women who imagine themselves as sentimental heroines.</figcaption></figure> <p>Both of Wollstonecraft's novels criticize what she viewed as the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> institution of marriage and its deleterious effects on women. In her first novel, <i>Mary: A Fiction</i> (1788), the eponymous heroine is forced into a loveless marriage for economic reasons; she fulfils her desire for love and affection outside marriage with two passionate <a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic friendships</a>, one with a woman and one with a man. <i>Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman</i> (1798), an unfinished novel published posthumously and often considered Wollstonecraft's most radical feminist work,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revolves around the story of a woman imprisoned in an insane asylum by her husband; like Mary, Maria also finds fulfilment outside of marriage, in an affair with a fellow inmate and a friendship with one of her keepers. Neither of Wollstonecraft's novels depict successful marriages, although she posits such relationships in the <i>Rights of Woman</i>. At the end of <i>Mary</i>, the heroine believes she is going "to that world where there is neither marrying, nor giving in marriage",<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presumably a positive state of affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both of Wollstonecraft's novels also critique the discourse of <a href="/wiki/Sensibility" title="Sensibility">sensibility</a>, a moral philosophy and aesthetic that had become popular at the end of the eighteenth century. <i>Mary</i> is itself a novel of sensibility and Wollstonecraft attempts to use the tropes of that genre to undermine sentimentalism itself, a philosophy she believed was damaging to women because it encouraged them to rely overmuch on their emotions. In <i>The Wrongs of Woman</i> the heroine's indulgence on romantic fantasies fostered by novels themselves is depicted as particularly detrimental.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female friendships are central to both of Wollstonecraft's novels, but it is the friendship between Maria and Jemima, the servant charged with watching over her in the insane asylum, that is the most historically significant. This friendship, based on a sympathetic bond of motherhood, between an upper-class woman and a lower-class woman is one of the first moments in the history of feminist literature that hints at a cross-class argument, that is, that women of different economic positions have the same interests because they are women.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark_(1796)"><span id="Letters_Written_in_Sweden.2C_Norway.2C_and_Denmark_.281796.29"></span><i>Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</i> (1796)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</a></div> <p>Wollstonecraft's <i>Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</i> is a deeply personal <a href="/wiki/Travel_narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel narrative">travel narrative</a>. The 25 letters cover a wide range of topics, from sociological reflections on Scandinavia and its peoples to philosophical questions regarding identity to musings on her relationship with <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Imlay</a> (although he is not referred to by name in the text). Using the rhetoric of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>, Wollstonecraft explores the relationship between the self and society. Reflecting the strong influence of <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <i>Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</i> shares the themes of the French philosopher's <i><a href="/wiki/Reveries_of_a_Solitary_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Reveries of a Solitary Walker">Reveries of a Solitary Walker</a></i> (1782): "the search for the source of human happiness, the stoic rejection of material goods, the ecstatic embrace of nature, and the essential role of sentiment in understanding".<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Rousseau ultimately rejects society, however, Wollstonecraft celebrates domestic scenes and industrial progress in her text.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Icebergs_(Frederic_Edwin_Church),_1861_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of icebergs, with one white iceberg dominating the centre of the work and dark blue and black icebergs framing the piece. The work is painted in a suggestive style rather than with precise detail." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29%2C_1861_%28color%29.jpg/220px-The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29%2C_1861_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29%2C_1861_%28color%29.jpg/330px-The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29%2C_1861_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29%2C_1861_%28color%29.jpg/440px-The_Icebergs_%28Frederic_Edwin_Church%29%2C_1861_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Icebergs" title="The Icebergs">The Icebergs</a></i> (1861) by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a> demonstrates the aesthetic of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wollstonecraft promotes subjective experience, particularly in relation to nature, exploring the connections between the sublime and <a href="/wiki/Sensibility" title="Sensibility">sensibility</a>. Many of the letters describe the breathtaking scenery of Scandinavia and Wollstonecraft's desire to create an emotional connection to that natural world. In so doing, she gives greater value to the imagination than she had in previous works.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in her previous writings, she champions the liberation and education of women.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a change from her earlier works, however, she illustrates the detrimental effects of commerce on society, contrasting the imaginative connection to the world with a commercial and mercenary one, an attitude she associates with Imlay.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</i> was Wollstonecraft's most popular book in the 1790s. It sold well and was reviewed positively by most critics. <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a> wrote "if ever there was a book calculated to make a man in love with its author, this appears to me to be the book."<sup id="cite_ref-Godwin_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godwin-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It influenced <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> poets such as <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, who drew on its themes and its aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_works">List of works</h2></div> <p>This is a complete list of Mary Wollstonecraft's works; all works are the first edition unless otherwise noted.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authored_by_Wollstonecraft">Authored by Wollstonecraft</h3></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thoughts_on_the_Education_of_Daughters" title="Thoughts on the Education of Daughters">Thoughts on the Education of Daughters: With Reflections on Female Conduct, in the More Important Duties of Life</a></i>. London: Joseph Johnson, 1787.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary:_A_Fiction" title="Mary: A Fiction">Mary: A Fiction</a></i>. London: Joseph Johnson, 1788.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life" title="Original Stories from Real Life">Original Stories from Real Life: With Conversations Calculated to Regulate the Affections and Form the Mind to Truth and Goodness</a></i>. London: Joseph Johnson, 1788.</li> <li><i>The Female Reader: Or, Miscellaneous Pieces, in Prose and Verse; selected from the best writers, and disposed under proper heads; for the improvement of young women. By Mr. Cresswick, teacher of elocution [Mary Wollstonecraft]. To which is prefixed a preface, containing some hints on female education</i>. London: Joseph Johnson, 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Men">A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in a Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke</a></i>. London: Joseph Johnson, 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman with Strictures on Moral and Political Subjects</a></i>. London: Joseph Johnson, 1792.</li> <li>"On the Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character in Women, with Strictures on Dr. Gregory's Legacy to His Daughters". <i>New Annual Register</i> (1792): 457–466. [From <i>Rights of Woman</i>]</li> <li><i>An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution; and the Effect It Has produced in Europe</i>. Volume the first. London: Joseph Johnson, 1794.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway_and_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway and Denmark">Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</a></i>. London: Joseph Johnson, 1796.</li> <li>"On Poetry, and Our Relish for the Beauties of Nature". <i>Monthly Magazine</i> (April 1797).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman" title="Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman">The Wrongs of Woman, or Maria</a></i>. <i>Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. Ed. William Godwin. London: Joseph Johnson, 1798. [Published posthumously; unfinished]</li> <li>"The Cave of Fancy". <i>Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. Ed. William Godwin. London: Joseph Johnson, 1798. [Published posthumously; fragment written in 1787]</li> <li>"Letter on the Present Character of the French Nation". <i>Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. Ed. William Godwin. London: Joseph Johnson, 1798. [Published posthumously; written in 1793]</li> <li>"Fragment of Letters on the Management of Infants". <i>Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. Ed. William Godwin. London: Joseph Johnson, 1798. [Published posthumously; unfinished]</li> <li>"Lessons". <i>Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. Ed. William Godwin. London: Joseph Johnson, 1798. [Published posthumously; unfinished]</li> <li>"Hints". <i>Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. Ed. William Godwin. London: Joseph Johnson, 1798. [Published posthumously; notes on the second volume of <i>Rights of Woman</i>, never written]</li> <li>Contributions to the <i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Review" title="Analytical Review">Analytical Review</a></i> (1788–1797) [published anonymously]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translated_by_Wollstonecraft">Translated by Wollstonecraft</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necker,_Jacques" class="mw-redirect" title="Necker, Jacques">Necker, Jacques</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_of-the-importance-of-rel_necker-jacques_1788"><i>Of the Importance of Religious Opinions</i></a>. Trans. Mary Wollstonecraft. London: Joseph Johnson, 1788.</li> <li>de Cambon, Maria Geertruida van de Werken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_young-grandison-a-serie_cambon-madame-de-maria_1790_1"><i>Young Grandison. A Series of Letters from Young Persons to Their Friends</i>. Vol. I</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_young-grandison-a-serie_cambon-madame-de-maria_1790_2">Vol. II</a>. Trans. Mary Wollstonecraft. London: Joseph Johnson, 1790.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gotthilf_Salzmann" title="Christian Gotthilf Salzmann">Salzmann, Christian Gotthilf</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_moralisches-elementarbu_salzmann-christian-gott_1790_1"><i>Elements of Morality, for the Use of Children; with an introductory address to parents</i>. Vol. I</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_elements-of-morality-fo_salzmann-christian-gott_1793_2/page/n1/mode/2up">Vol. II</a>. Traduction Mary Wollstonecraft. Londen: Joseph Johnson, 1790-1793</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul 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href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/90481_Wollstonecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="90481 Wollstonecraft">90481 Wollstonecraft</a>, an asteroid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Learner's_Dictionaries-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Learner's_Dictionaries_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/mary-wollstonecraft">"Mary Wollstonecraft"</a>. <i>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft.btitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fmary-wollstonecraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/mary-wollstonecraft-britains-first-feminist/zkpk382">"Mary Wollstonecraft: 'Britain's first feminist'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC Teach</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Teach&rft.atitle=Mary+Wollstonecraft%3A+%27Britain%27s+first+feminist%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fteach%2Fmary-wollstonecraft-britains-first-feminist%2Fzkpk382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishlibrary.cn/en/authors/mary-wollstonecraft/">"Mary Wollstonecraft"</a>. <i>The British Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishlibrary.cn%2Fen%2Fauthors%2Fmary-wollstonecraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin, xiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feministpapersfr00ross/page/25">25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 9, 17, 24, 27; Sunstein, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 11; Tomalin, 19; Wardle, 6; Sunstein, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 45–57; Tomalin, 34–43; Wardle, 27–30; Sunstein, 80–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Todd, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Todd, 72–75; Tomalin, 18–21; Sunstein, 22–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 22–24; Tomalin, 25–27; Wardle, 10–11; Sunstein, 39–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wardle, 12–18; Sunstein 51–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wardle, 20; Sunstein, 73–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 62; Wardle, 30–32; Sunstein, 92–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 68–69; Tomalin, 52ff; Wardle, 43–45; Sunstein, 103–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 54–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Wardle, chapter 2, for autobiographical elements of <i>Mary</i>; see Sunstein, chapter 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Todd, 106–107; Tomalin, 66, 79–80; Sunstein, 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 64–88; Wardle, 60ff; Sunstein, 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>The Collected Letters</i>, 139; see also Sunstein, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 123; Tomalin, 91–92; Wardle, 80–82; Sunstein, 151–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 89–109; Wardle, 92–94, 128; Sunstein, 171–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-London_SE1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-London_SE1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/1084">"Mary Wollstonecraft blue plaque unveiled"</a>. <i>London SE1</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+SE1&rft.atitle=Mary+Wollstonecraft+blue+plaque+unveiled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.london-se1.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fview%2F1084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.2010" class="citation book cs1">M., D'Ezio (8 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wEIaBwAAQBAJ&dq=Mary+Wollstonecraft+Blue+Stockings+society&pg=PA35"><i>Hester Lynch Thrale Piozzi: A Taste for Eccentricity</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443818919" title="Special:BookSources/9781443818919"><bdi>9781443818919</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>...second generation of blue stockings including Wollstonecraft...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hester+Lynch+Thrale+Piozzi%3A+A+Taste+for+Eccentricity&rft.pages=35-36&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft.isbn=9781443818919&rft.aulast=M.&rft.aufirst=D%27Ezio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwEIaBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMary%2BWollstonecraft%2BBlue%2BStockings%2Bsociety%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philipmould.com/news/127-the-bluestockings-their-empowering-efforts-promotion-of-female-friendship-and/">"The Bluestockings: Their empowering efforts, promotion of female friendship and inspiring publications"</a>. Philip Mould<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>. <q>By the 1790s, the term [Blue Stockings] was imbued with a more radical meaning with the emergence of the rise of women's education and self-advancement. Anna Barbauld's pioneering Lessons for Children, published in 1778 and Hannah More's The Sunday School, were both revolutionary in improving literacy amongst young women, while Mary Wollstonecraft's seminal A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) revolted against traditional perceptions of women as weak and emotional, and the notion that women exist purely for male pleasure. This more militant feminism that was birthed with the writings of Barbauld and Wollstonecraft undeniably had its roots in the empowering efforts of the Bluestockings, as well as the society's promotion of female friendship, and the fantastic and inspiring publications of its members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bluestockings%3A+Their+empowering+efforts%2C+promotion+of+female+friendship+and+inspiring+publications&rft.pub=Philip+Mould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilipmould.com%2Fnews%2F127-the-bluestockings-their-empowering-efforts-promotion-of-female-friendship-and%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Todd, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 197–198; Tomalin 151–152; Wardle, 76–77, 171–173; Sunstein, 220–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furniss_60-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_60_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_60_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furniss_61-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_61_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_61_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_61_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_61_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 144–155; Wardle, 115ff; Sunstein, 192–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 214–215; Tomalin, 156–182; Wardle, 179–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furniss_65-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_65_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_65_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2014" class="citation book cs1">Whelan, Fergus (2014). <i>God-Provoking Democrat: The Remarkable Life of Archibald Hamilton Rowan</i>. Stillorgan, Dublin: New Island. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84840-460-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84840-460-1"><bdi>978-1-84840-460-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God-Provoking+Democrat%3A+The+Remarkable+Life+of+Archibald+Hamilton+Rowan&rft.place=Stillorgan%2C+Dublin&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=New+Island&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84840-460-1&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furniss_66-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_66_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furniss_67-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_67_39-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 232–236; Tomalin, 185–186; Wardle, 185–188; Sunstein, 235–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon_215-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_215_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_215_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_215_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon_214-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_214_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_214_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon 214–215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon 215, 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St Clair, 160; Furniss, 67; Sunstein, 262–263; Wardle, 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wardle, 194–195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 218; Wardle, 202–203; Sunstein, 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Wardle, 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 211–219; Wardle, 206–214; Sunstein, 254–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, Chapter 25; Tomalin, 220–231; Wardle, 215ff; Sunstein, 262ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furniss_68-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Furniss_68_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Furniss 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Callender_384-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Callender_384_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callender_384_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Callender_384_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Callender 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolphus1799" class="citation book cs1">Adolphus, John (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mtJAAAAMAAJ"><i>Biographical Memoirs of the French Revolution</i></a>. Vol. 1. London: T. Cadell, Jun. and W. Davies, in the Strand. pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=T.+Cadell%2C+Jun.+and+W.+Davies%2C+in+the+Strand&rft.date=1799&rft.aulast=Adolphus&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mtJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 286–287; Wardle, 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, 225–231; Wardle, 226–244; Sunstein, 277–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>The Collected Letters</i>, 326–327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 355–356; Tomalin, 232–236; Wardle, 245–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Clair, 164–169; Tomalin, 245–270; Wardle, 268ff; Sunstein, 314–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Godwin-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Godwin_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Godwin, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Clair, 172–174; Tomalin, 271–273; Sunstein, 330–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Pforzheimer_Library1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pforzheimer" title="Carl Pforzheimer">Carl Pforzheimer Library</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NY-CUysZc8AC&pg=PA185">"The Death of Mary Wollstonecraft"</a>. In Cameron, Kenneth Neill; Reiman, Donald H. (eds.). <i>Shelley and His Circle, 1773–1822</i>. Vol. 1. Harvard University Press. p. 185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft.btitle=Shelley+and+His+Circle%2C+1773%E2%80%931822&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Carl+Pforzheimer+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNY-CUysZc8AC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunstein has printed several of these letters in order so that the reader can follow Wollstonecraft and Godwin's conversation (321ff.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Clair, 173; Wardle, 286–292; Sunstein, 335–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 450–456; Tomalin, 275–283; Wardle, 302–306; Sunstein, 342–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in C. Kegan Paul, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/godwin/friends/toc.html">William Godwin: His Friends and Contemporaries</a></i>, London: Henry S. King and Co. (1876). Retrieved 11 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 457.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Clair, 182–188; Tomalin, 289–297; Sunstein, 349–351; Sapiro, 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a> to <a href="/wiki/William_Taylor_(man_of_letters)" title="William Taylor (man of letters)">William Taylor</a>, 1 July 1804. <i>A Memoir of the Life and Writings of William Taylor of Norwich</i>. Ed. J. W. Robberds. 2 vols. London: John Murray (1824) 1:504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapiro, 273–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Sapiro, 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaplan, "Wollstonecraft's reception", 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Favret, 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pennell-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pennell_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pennell_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pennell,_Elizabeth_Robins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennell, Elizabeth Robins">Pennell, Elizabeth Robins</a>. <i>Life of Mary Wollstonecraft</i> (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1884), 351. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifemarywollsto03penngoog">Full text.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusso2018" class="citation book cs1">Russo, Stephanie (2018). <i>Tulsa Studies In Women's Literature</i>. Vol. 37. University of Tulsa. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44785339">44785339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tulsa+Studies+In+Women%27s+Literature&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=University+of+Tulsa&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44785339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Russo&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1799" class="citation web cs1">Robinson, Mary (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_thoughts-on-the-conditio_robinson-mary_1799/page/n3/mode/2up">"Thoughts on the Condition of Women, and on the Injustice of Mental Subordination"</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thoughts+on+the+Condition+of+Women%2C+and+on+the+Injustice+of+Mental+Subordination&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1799&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbim_eighteenth-century_thoughts-on-the-conditio_robinson-mary_1799%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeward1811" class="citation book cs1">Seward, Anna (1811). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterswrittenbe0005sewa/page/72/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Letters Of Anna Seward</i></a>. Vol. V. AMS Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-56845-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-56845-0"><bdi>978-0-404-56845-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+Of+Anna+Seward&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1811&rft.isbn=978-0-404-56845-0&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fletterswrittenbe0005sewa%2Fpage%2F72%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellor_156-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_156_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_156_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapiro, 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Routledge_literary_sourcebook_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Routledge_literary_sourcebook_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Routledge_literary_sourcebook_on_Mary_Wollstonecraft_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Routledge literary sourcebook on Mary Wollstonecraft's A vindication of the rights of woman</i>. Adriana Craciun, 2002, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapiro, 276–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasserRobertson2010" class="citation book cs1">Lasser, Carol; Robertson, Stacey M. (2010). <i>Antebellum Women: Private, Public, Partisan</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5196-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5196-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-5196-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antebellum+Women%3A+Private%2C+Public%2C+Partisan&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5196-1&rft.aulast=Lasser&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Stacey+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Dickenson" title="Donna Dickenson">Dickenson, Donna</a>. <i>Margaret Fuller: Writing a Woman's Life</i> (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-09145-3">978-0-312-09145-3</a>, 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Hewins" title="Caroline Hewins">Hewins, Caroline M.</a> "The History of Children's Books", in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i>. January 1888.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, Mary. <i>Letters to Imlay, with prefatory memoir by C. Kegan Paul</i>. London: C. Kegan Paul, 1879. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/letterstoimlaywi00wolluoft">Full text.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, H. R. <i>Mary Wollstonecraft: A Sketch</i>. Oxford University Press, 1932. Appendix B: Books about Mary Wollstonecraft. Miss Emma Rauschenbusch-Clough, "thesis for doctorate at Berne University", then Longmans.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-suffrage-honour-mary-wollstone/153839990/">"Woman Suffrage"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 10 September 1910. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Woman+Suffrage&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1910-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-times-suffrage-honour-mary-wollstone%2F153839990%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Woolf,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Woolf, Virginia">Woolf, Virginia</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91c2/chapter13.html">The Four Figures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403154849/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/w/woolf/virginia/w91c2/chapter13.html">Archived</a> 3 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (updated 4 June 2004). Retrieved 11 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2002" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Cora (2002). "Mary Wollstonecraft's reception and legacies". In Johnson, Claudia L. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+I+hate+the+Mary+Wollstonecraft+statue%3A+would+a+man+be+%27honoured%27+with+his+schlong+out%3F&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Cosslett&rft.aufirst=Rhiannon+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2020%2Fnov%2F10%2Fwhy-i-hate-the-mary-wollstonecraft-statue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/four-new-statues-to-end-trinity-long-room-s-men-only-image-1.4420412">"Four new statues to end Trinity Long Room's "men only" image"</a>. <i>www.irishtimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.irishtimes.com&rft.atitle=Four+new+statues+to+end+Trinity+Long+Room%27s+%22men+only%22+image&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fart-and-design%2Ffour-new-statues-to-end-trinity-long-room-s-men-only-image-1.4420412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, "Literature of advice", 122–126; Kelly, 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, 24–27; Myers, "Impeccable Governesses", 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, "Literature of advice", 124–129; Richardson, 24–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, 25–27; Jones, "Literature of advice", 124; Myers, "Impeccable Governesses", 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/struggle_democracy/docs/rights_man.htm">"Citizenship"</a>. <i>www.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationalarchives.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Citizenship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fpathways%2Fcitizenship%2Fstruggle_democracy%2Fdocs%2Frights_man.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qtd. in Butler, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 45; Johnson, 26; Sapiro, 121–122; Kelly, 90, 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, 27; see also, Todd, 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_British_Library-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_British_Library_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_British_Library_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707033823/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/mary-wollstonecraft-a-vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman">"Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/mary-wollstonecraft-a-vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman">the original</a> on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=Mary+Wollstonecraft%2C+A+Vindication+of+the+Rights+of+Woman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcollection-items%2Fmary-wollstonecraft-a-vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapiro, 83; Kelly, 94–95; Todd, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, "Political tradition", 44–46; Sapiro, 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, 123, 126; Taylor, 14–15; Sapiro, 27–28, 13–31, 243–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, 124–126; Taylor, 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 126, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The words <i>feminist</i> and <i>feminism</i> were coined in the 1890s. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Retrieved 17 September 2007; see Taylor, 12, 55–57, 105–106, 118–120; Sapiro, 257–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, Chapter 12; see also Kelly, 124–125, 133–134; Sapiro, 237ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, 128ff; Taylor, 167–168; Sapiro, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Vindications</i>, 311; see also Taylor, 159–161; Sapiro, 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Chapter 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wollstonecraft, <i>Mary</i>, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poovey, 100–101; Taylor, 232–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, 60, 65–66; Kelly, 44; Poovey, 89; Taylor, 135; Todd, <i>Women's Friendship</i>, 210–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, <i>Women's Friendship</i>, 208, 221–222; Johnson, 67–68; Taylor, 233, 243–244; Sapiro, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Favret, 104; Sapiro, 286–287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Favret, 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, "Wollstonecraft's <i>Letters</i>", 167, 180; Poovey, 83–84, 106; Kelly, 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myers, "Wollstonecraft's <i>Letters</i>", 174; Favret, 96, 120, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Favret, 119ff; Poovey, 93; Myers, "Wollstonecraft's <i>Letters</i>", 177; Kelly, 179–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todd, 367; Kaplan, "Mary Wollstonecraft's reception", 262; Sapiro, 35; Favret, 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapiro, 341ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Female Reader</i> was published under a pen name, but actually authored by Wollstonecraft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaison1987" class="citation journal cs1">Maison, Margaret (1 December 1987). "Mary Wollstonecraft and Mr Cresswick". <i>Notes and Queries</i>. New Series. <b>34</b> (4): 467–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnq%2Fns-34.4.467">10.1093/nq/ns-34.4.467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Mary+Wollstonecraft+and+Mr+Cresswick&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=467-468&rft.date=1987-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnq%2Fns-34.4.467&rft.aulast=Maison&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_a-vindication-of-the-rig_wollstonecraft-mary_1790"><i>A Vindication of the Rights of Men|A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in a Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. Occasioned by His Reflections on the Revolution in France</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_works">Primary works</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Butler" title="Marilyn Butler">Butler, Marilyn</a>, ed. <i>Burke, Paine, Godwin, and the Revolution Controversy</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28656-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28656-5">978-0-521-28656-5</a>.</li> <li>Wollstonecraft, Mary. <i>The Collected Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Ed. Janet Todd. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13142-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13142-1">978-0-231-13142-1</a>.</li> <li>Wollstonecraft, Mary. <i>The Complete Works of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Ed. Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler. 7 vols. London: William Pickering, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9225-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9225-4">978-0-8147-9225-4</a>.</li> <li>Wollstonecraft, Mary. <i>The Vindications: The Rights of Men and The Rights of Woman</i>. Eds. D. L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf. Toronto: Broadview, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-088-2">978-1-55111-088-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollstonecraft2005" class="citation book cs1">Wollstonecraft, Mary (2005). "On the pernicious effects which arise from the unnatural distinctions established in society". In <a href="/wiki/Ann_Cudd" title="Ann Cudd">Cudd, Ann E.</a>; Andreasen, Robin O. (eds.). <i>Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 11–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1661-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1661-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-1661-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+pernicious+effects+which+arise+from+the+unnatural+distinctions+established+in+society&rft.btitle=Feminist+theory%3A+a+philosophical+anthology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=11-16&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1661-9&rft.aulast=Wollstonecraft&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3></div> <ul><li>Franklin, Caroline. <i>Mary Wollstonecraft: A Literary Life</i>. Springer, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-51005-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-51005-0">978-0-230-51005-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Flexner" title="Eleanor Flexner">Flexner, Eleanor</a>. <i>Mary Wollstonecraft: A Biography</i>. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1972. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10447-1">978-0-698-10447-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godwin,_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Godwin, William">Godwin, William</a>. <i>Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>. 1798. Eds. Pamela Clemit and Gina Luria Walker. Peterborough: Broadview, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-259-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-259-6">978-1-55111-259-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gordon" title="Charlotte Gordon">Gordon, Charlotte</a>. <i>Romantic Outlaws: The Extraordinary Lives of Mary Wollstonecraft and Mary Shelley</i>. Random House, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9651-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9651-7">978-0-8129-9651-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon,_Lyndall" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon, Lyndall">Gordon, Lyndall</a>. <i>Vindication: A Life of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Virago, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84408-141-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84408-141-7">978-1-84408-141-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays,_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hays, Mary">Hays, Mary</a>. "Memoirs of Mary Wollstonecraft". <i>Annual Necrology</i> (1797–98): 411–460.</li> <li>Jacobs, Diane. <i>Her Own Woman: The Life of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Simon & Schuster, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11461-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11461-3">978-0-349-11461-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kegan_Paul" title="Charles Kegan Paul">Paul, Charles Kegan</a>. <i>Letters to Imlay, with prefatory memoir by C. Kegan Paul</i>. London: C. Kegan Paul, 1879.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Ashton_Marshall" title="Florence Ashton Marshall">Marshall, Julian, Mrs</a>. <i>The Life and Letters of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</i> (2 volumes; London: R. Bentley & Son, 1889), contrib. by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennell,_Elizabeth_Robins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennell, Elizabeth Robins">Pennell, Elizabeth Robins</a>. <i>Life of Mary Wollstonecraft</i> (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1884).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_St_Clair" title="William St Clair">St Clair, William</a>. <i>The Godwins and the Shelleys: The biography of a family</i>. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4233-7">978-0-8018-4233-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_W._Sunstein" title="Emily W. Sunstein">Sunstein, Emily</a>. <i>A Different Face: the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1975. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014201-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014201-8">978-0-06-014201-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd,_Janet" class="mw-redirect" title="Todd, Janet">Todd, Janet</a>. <i>Mary Wollstonecraft: A Revolutionary Life.</i> London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12184-2">978-0-231-12184-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Tomalin" title="Claire Tomalin">Tomalin, Claire</a>. <i>The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Rev. ed. 1974. New York: Penguin, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016761-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-016761-0">978-0-14-016761-0</a>.</li> <li>Wardle, Ralph M. <i>Mary Wollstonecraft: A Critical Biography</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1951.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_secondary_works">Other secondary works</h3></div> <ul><li>Callender, Michelle "The grand theatre of political changes ": Marie Antoinette, the republic, and the politics of spectacle in Mary Wollstonecraft's <i>An historical and moral view of the French revolution</i>", pp. 375–392 from <i>European Romantic Review</i>, Volume 11, Issue 4, Fall 2000.</li> <li>Conger, Syndy McMillen. <i>Mary Wollstonecraft and the Language of Sensibility</i>. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3553-7">978-0-8386-3553-7</a>.</li> <li>Detre, Jean. <i>A most extraordinary pair: Mary Wollstonecraft and William Godwin</i>, Garden City: Doubleday, 1975</li> <li>Falco, Maria J., ed. <i>Feminist Interpretations of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. University Park: Penn State Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01493-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01493-7">978-0-271-01493-7</a>.</li> <li>Favret, Mary. <i>Romantic Correspondence: Women, politics and the fiction of letters</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41096-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41096-0">978-0-521-41096-0</a>.</li> <li>Furniss, Tom. "Mary Wollstonecraft's French Revolution". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Ed. Claudia L. Johnson. Cambridge University Press, 2002. pp. 59–81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3">978-0-521-78952-3</a></li> <li>Halldenius, Lena. <i>Mary Wollstonecraft and Feminist Republicanism: Independence, Rights and the Experience of Unfreedom</i>, London: Pickering & Chatto, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-536-5">978-1-84893-536-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)" title="Richard Holmes (biographer)">Holmes, Richard</a>. "1968: Revolutions", in <i>Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer</i>. Hodder & Stoughton, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720453-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720453-3">978-0-00-720453-3</a>.</li> <li>Janes, R. M. "On the Reception of Mary Wollstonecraft's <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i>". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 39 (1978): 293–302.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_L._Johnson_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudia L. Johnson (scholar)">Johnson, Claudia L.</a> <i>Equivocal Beings: Politics, Gender, and Sentimentality in the 1790s</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40184-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-40184-3">978-0-226-40184-3</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Chris. "Mary Wollstonecraft's <i>Vindications</i> and Their Political Tradition". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Ed. Claudia L. Johnson. Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3">978-0-521-78952-3</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Vivien. "Mary Wollstonecraft and the literature of advice and instruction". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Ed. Claudia Johnson. Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3">978-0-521-78952-3</a>.</li> <li>Kaplan, Cora. "Mary Wollstonecraft's reception and legacies". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft</i> Ed. Claudia L. Johnson. Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3">978-0-521-78952-3</a>.</li> <li>—. "Pandora's Box: Subjectivity, Class and Sexuality in Socialist Feminist Criticism". <i>Sea Changes: Essays on Culture and Feminism</i>. London: Verso, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-151-7">978-0-86091-151-7</a>.</li> <li>—. "Wild Nights: Pleasure/Sexuality/Feminism". <i>Sea Changes: Essays on Culture and Feminism</i>. London: Verso, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-151-7">978-0-86091-151-7</a>.</li> <li>Kelly, Gary. <i>Revolutionary Feminism: The Mind and Career of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. New York: St. Martin's, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12904-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12904-0">978-0-312-12904-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy, Wendy</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–1797)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 545–546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n331">10.4135/9781412965811.n331</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wollstonecraft%2C+Mary+%281759%E2%80%931797%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=545-546&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n331&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=McElroy&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mellor, Anne K. "Mary Wollstonecraft's <i>A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</i> and the Women Writers of Her Day." In <i>The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft</i>, edited by Claudia L. Johnson, 141–159. Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521783437.009">10.1017/CCOL0521783437.009</a>.</li> <li>Myers, Mitzi. "Impeccable Governess, Rational Dames, and Moral Mothers: Mary Wollstonecraft and the Female Tradition in Georgian Children's Books". <i>Children's Literature</i> 14 (1986):31–59.</li> <li>—. "Sensibility and the 'Walk of Reason': Mary Wollstonecraft's Literary Reviews as Cultural Critique". <i>Sensibility in Transformation: Creative Resistance to Sentiment from the Augustans to the Romantics.</i> Ed. Syndy McMillen Conger. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3352-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3352-6">978-0-8386-3352-6</a>.</li> <li>—. "Wollstonecraft's <i>Letters Written ... in Sweden</i>: Towards Romantic Autobiography". <i>Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture</i> 8 (1979): 165–185.</li> <li>Orr, Clarissa Campbell, ed. <i>Wollstonecraft's daughters: womanhood in England and France, 1780–1920</i>. Manchester University Press, 1996.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poovey,_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Poovey, Mary">Poovey, Mary</a>. <i>The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley and Jane Austen</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67528-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-67528-2">978-0-226-67528-2</a>.</li> <li>Richardson, Alan. "Mary Wollstonecraft on education". <i>The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. Ed. Claudia Johnson. Cambridge University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78952-3">978-0-521-78952-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_S._Rossi" title="Alice S. Rossi">Rossi, Alice</a>. <i>The Feminist papers: from Adams to de Beauvoir</i>. Northeastern, 1988.</li> <li>Sapiro, Virginia. <i>A Vindication of Political Virtue: The Political Theory of Mary Wollstonecraft</i>. University of Chicago Press, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73491-0">978-0-226-73491-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Taylor_(historian)" title="Barbara Taylor (historian)">Taylor, Barbara</a>. <i>Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66144-7">978-0-521-66144-7</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd,_Janet" class="mw-redirect" title="Todd, Janet">Todd, Janet</a>. <i>Women's Friendship in Literature</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04562-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04562-9">978-0-231-04562-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Wolfson" title="Susan J. Wolfson">Wolfson, Susan J.</a> <i>On Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: The First of a New Genus.</i> Columbia University Press, 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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a revision of this article dated 19 February 2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007-02-19</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00pg5dr">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/mary-wollstonecraft">Works by Mary Wollstonecraft in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/84">Works by Mary Wollstonecraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wollstonecraft%2C%20Mary%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mary%20Wollstonecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wollstonecraft%2C%20Mary%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mary%20Wollstonecraft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wollstonecraft%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Mary%20Wollstonecraft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wollstonecraft%2C%20Mary%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mary%20Wollstonecraft%22%29%20OR%20%28%221759-1797%22%20AND%20Wollstonecraft%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Mary Wollstonecraft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1349">Works by Mary Wollstonecraft</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL73405A">Works</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/wollstonecraft_01.shtml">"Mary Wollstonecraft: A 'Speculative and Dissenting Spirit<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Todd" title="Janet Todd">Janet Todd</a> at BBC History, 17 February 2011.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaselli" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvana_Windsor,_Countess_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvana Windsor, Countess of St Andrews">Tomaselli, Sylvana</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wollstonecraft/">"Mary Wollstonecraft"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Tomaselli&rft.aufirst=Sylvana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwollstonecraft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/cps/21894">Mary Wollstonecraft manuscript material, 1773–1797</a>, held by the Carl H. Pforzheimer Collection of Shelley and His Circle, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F67257">"Archival material relating to Mary Wollstonecraft"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Mary+Wollstonecraft&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF67257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Wollstonecraft" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101638#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01807">Portraits of Mary Wollstonecraft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101638#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/mary-wollstonecraft-index">Exhibits relating to Mary Wollstonecraft at the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180807143334/http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/mary-wollstonecraft-index">Archived</a> 7 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kpfa.org/episode/letters-and-politics-april-20-2023/">"Mary Wollstonecraft, The French Revolution and the Tyranny of Men"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Wolfson" title="Susan J. Wolfson">Susan J. Wolfson</a> at <a href="/wiki/KPFA" title="KPFA">KPFA</a>, 20 April 2023</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Wollstonecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Template:Mary Wollstonecraft"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life" title="Original Stories from Real Life">Original Stories from Real Life</a></i> (1788)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Men" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Men">A Vindication of the Rights of Men</a></i> (1790)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Written_in_Sweden,_Norway,_and_Denmark" title="Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark">Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark</a></i> (1796)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maria:_or,_The_Wrongs_of_Woman" title="Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman">Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Review" title="Analytical Review">Analytical Review</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_(c._1797).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg/164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_by_John_Opie_%28c._1797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft">Timeline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_the_Author_of_A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i> (1798)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Her circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Gardiner" title="Jane Gardiner">Jane Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Imlay" title="Gilbert Imlay">Gilbert Imlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(publisher)" title="Joseph Johnson (publisher)">Joseph Johnson</a> (publisher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a> (mentor)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Sculpture_for_Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft">A Sculpture for Mary Wollstonecraft</a></i> (2020 sculpture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Shelley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mary_Shelley" title="Template:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mary_Shelley" title="Template talk:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary_Shelley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Shelley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_bibliography" title="Mary Shelley bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Mathilda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maurice_(Shelley)" title="Maurice (Shelley)">Maurice</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man" title="The Last Man">The Last Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Immortal" title="The Mortal Immortal">The Mortal Immortal</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (son)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a> (stepsister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Poetry" title="Bloody Poetry">Bloody Poetry</a></i> (1984 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_(film)" title="Gothic (film)"><i>Gothic</i> (1986 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_with_the_Wind" title="Rowing with the Wind"><i>Rowing with the Wind</i> (1988 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_Summer" title="Haunted Summer"><i>Haunted Summer</i> (1988 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(film)" title="Mary Shelley (film)"><i>Mary Shelley</i> (2017 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Villa_Diodati" title="The Haunting of Villa Diodati">"The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mounseer_Nongtongpaw" title="Mounseer Nongtongpaw">Mounseer Nongtongpaw</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture"><i>Frankenstein</i> in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John William Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Day" title="Frankenstein Day">Frankenstein Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Category:Age of Enlightenment">Category</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminist_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminist_philosophy" title="Template:Feminist philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_philosophy" title="Template talk:Feminist philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminist_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Poullain_de_la_Barre" title="François Poullain de la Barre">François Poullain de la Barre</a> <ul><li><i>De l’Égalité des deux sexes</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1673</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Astell" title="Mary Astell">Mary Astell</a> <ul><li><i>A Serious Proposal to the Ladies</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1694</span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1792</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Moore Grimké</a> <ul><li><i>Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1837</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Tristan" title="Flora Tristan">Flora Tristan</a> <ul><li><i>The Emancipation of Working Class Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1843</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> <ul><li><i>Declaration of Sentiments</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1848</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Harriet Taylor Mill</a> <ul><li><i>The Enfranchisement of Women</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1851</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women">The Subjection of Women</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1869</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1884</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1940s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1949</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1963</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics">Sexual Politics</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Shulamith Firestone</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex">The Dialectic of Sex</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Eunuch" title="The Female Eunuch">The Female Eunuch</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisterhood_Is_Powerful" title="Sisterhood Is Powerful">Sisterhood Is Powerful</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bartky" title="Sandra Bartky">Sandra Bartky</a> <ul><li>"Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness", <span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Against_Our_Will" title="Against Our Will">Against Our Will</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Hélène Cixous</a> <ul><li>"Le Rire de la Méduse", <span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a> <ul><li><i>Gyn/Ecology</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Spender" title="Dale Spender">Dale Spender</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Made_Language" title="Man Made Language">Man Made Language</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Audre Lorde</a> <ul><li>"The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master's House", <span style="font-size:85%;">1979</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Monique Wittig</a> <ul><li>"On ne naît pas femme", <span style="font-size:85%;">1980</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_I_a_Woman%3F_(book)" title="Ain't I a Woman? (book)"><i>Ain't I a Woman?</i></a>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1981</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Marilyn Frye</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Reality" title="The Politics of Reality">The Politics of Reality</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1983</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Jeffreys" title="Sheila Jeffreys">Sheila Jeffreys</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Spinster_and_Her_Enemies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Spinster and Her Enemies (page does not exist)">The Spinster and Her Enemies</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1985</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Gerda Lerner</a> <ul><li><i>The Creation of Patriarchy</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1986</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_MacKinnon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catharine MacKinnon">Catharine MacKinnon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State">Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a> <ul><li>"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex", <span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Judith Butler</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Patricia Hill Collins</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Feminist_Thought" title="Black Feminist Thought">Black Feminist Thought</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Wolf" title="Naomi Wolf">Naomi Wolf</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beauty_Myth" title="The Beauty Myth">The Beauty Myth</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Drucilla Cornell</a> <ul><li><i>Beyond Accommodation</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1991</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Val Plumwood</a> <ul><li><i>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1993</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Hoff_Sommers" title="Christina Hoff Sommers">Christina Hoff Sommers</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Stole_Feminism%3F" title="Who Stole Feminism?">Who Stole Feminism?</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1994</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Social_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and Social Justice">Sex and Social Justice</a></i>, <span style="font-size:85%;">1998</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_S._Anderson" title="Elizabeth S. Anderson">Elizabeth Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Albertson_Fineman" title="Martha Albertson Fineman">Martha Albertson Fineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Harding" title="Sandra Harding">Sandra Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Sally Haslanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Luce Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_G._J%C3%B3nasd%C3%B3ttir" title="Anna G. Jónasdóttir">Anna Jónasdóttir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">justice ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">standpoint theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_performativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performativity">performativity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_transracialism_controversy" title="Hypatia transracialism controversy">transracialism controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PhiloSOPHIA" title="PhiloSOPHIA">philoSOPHIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholars_of_feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Scholars of feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_theorists" title="Category:Feminist theorists">Feminist theorists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberal_feminism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_feminism" title="Template:Liberal feminism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_feminism" title="Template talk:Liberal feminism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_feminism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal feminism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_feminism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Women in development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_foreign_policy" title="Feminist foreign policy">Feminist foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism#LGBT_rights" title="Liberal feminism">LGBT+ rights</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione1_1F33B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emojione1_1F33B.svg/100px-Emojione1_1F33B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emojione1_1F33B.svg/150px-Emojione1_1F33B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emojione1_1F33B.svg/200px-Emojione1_1F33B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">Liberal state feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Association_of_Female_Citizens" title="German Association of Female Citizens">German Association of Female Citizens</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Women%27s_Society" title="Danish Women's Society">Danish Women's Society</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Association_for_Women%27s_Rights" title="Norwegian Association for Women's Rights">Norwegian Association for Women's Rights</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer_Association" title="Fredrika Bremer Association">Fredrika Bremer Association</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Women_of_the_United_States" title="National Council of Women of the United States">National Council of Women of the United States</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naisasialiitto_Unioni" title="Naisasialiitto Unioni">Naisasialiitto Unioni</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Alliance of Women</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Women%27s_Rights_Association" title="Icelandic Women's Rights Association">Icelandic Women's Rights Association</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Women%27s_Conference" title="All India Women's Conference">All India Women's Conference</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters_of_Japan" title="League of Women Voters of Japan">League of Women Voters of Japan</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Frauenring" title="Deutscher Frauenring">Deutscher Frauenring</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Pakistan_Women%27s_Association" title="All Pakistan Women's Association">All Pakistan Women's Association</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Women%27s_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="German Women's Council">German Women's Council</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawcett_Society" title="Fawcett Society">Fawcett Society</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus" title="National Women's Political Caucus">National Women's Political Caucus</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="National Society for Women's Suffrage">National Society for Women's Suffrage</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="London National Society for Women's Suffrage">London National Society for Women's Suffrage</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National Woman Suffrage Association">National Woman Suffrage Association</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="American Woman Suffrage Association">American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_American_Woman_Suffrage_Association" title="National American Woman Suffrage Association">National American Woman Suffrage Association</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Frauenvereine" title="Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine">Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> (1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Sargent_Murray" title="Judith Sargent Murray">Judith Sargent Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Harriet Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_Hye-sok" class="mw-redirect" title="Na Hye-sok">Na Hye-sok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Krog" title="Gina Krog">Gina Krog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagbart_Berner" title="Hagbart Berner">Hagbart Berner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredrikke_Marie_Qvam" title="Fredrikke Marie Qvam">Fredrikke Marie Qvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margery_Corbett_Ashby" title="Margery Corbett Ashby">Margery Corbett Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Rydh" title="Hanna Rydh">Hanna Rydh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Bonnevie" title="Margarete Bonnevie">Margarete Bonnevie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Kolstad" title="Eva Kolstad">Eva Kolstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE347;">Symbolism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism#Symbolism" title="Liberal feminism">Sunflower</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101638#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101638#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101638#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110266396">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51697482">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29129/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJktqfM4Hg6b6QPP8VTj4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118639285">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095613">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119293724">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119293724">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00461353">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wollstonecraft, Mary"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV237565">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35617113">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000605652&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1161594">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/91611">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068983727">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90764450">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000027269&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000060162&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=310490">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000024045">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199630463">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz12l653l67859">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810577892905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269984805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519950406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13961560">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0070032X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1016175">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118639285.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118639285">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027688674">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zx2cbm">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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