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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Vietnamese</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vietnamese-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vietnamese subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Etymology 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Noun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>Derived terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Pronoun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Usage notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>Alternative forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.3</span> <span>Synonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordinate_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordinate_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.4</span> <span>Coordinate terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordinate_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.5</span> <span>Derived terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Etymology 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derived_terms_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derived_terms_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1.1</span> <span>Derived terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derived_terms_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Norsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="tôi – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="tôi" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/t%C3%B4i" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Entry</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:t%C3%B4i&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion about the content page (page does not exist) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vietnamese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><span class="usage-label-accent"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" class="extiw" title="w:Hà Nội">Hà Nội</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Vietnamese_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Vietnamese pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">[toj˧˧]</span></li> <li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><span class="usage-label-accent"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" class="extiw" title="w:Huế">Huế</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Vietnamese_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Vietnamese pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">[toj˧˧]</span></li> <li><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content"><span class="usage-label-accent"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon" class="extiw" title="w:Saigon">Saigon</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wiktionary:International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><sup>(<a href="/wiki/Appendix:Vietnamese_pronunciation" title="Appendix:Vietnamese pronunciation">key</a>)</sup>: <span class="IPA">[toj˧˧]</span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r50165410">.mw-parser-output .k-player .k-attribution{visibility:hidden}</style><table class="audiotable" style="vertical-align: middle; display: inline-block; list-style: none; line-height: 1em; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0;"><tbody><tr><td>Audio <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="usage-label-accent"><span class="ib-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i" class="extiw" title="w:Hà Nội">Hà Nội</a></span></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span><span class="ib-colon qualifier-colon">:</span></td><td class="audiofile"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="175" style="width:175px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="LL-Q9199_(vie)-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-tôi.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-t%C3%B4i.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-t%C3%B4i.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-t%C3%B4i.wav/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-t%C3%B4i.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/LL-Q9199_%28vie%29-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-t%C3%B4i.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td><td class="audiometa" style="font-size: 80%;">(<a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q9199_(vie)-Penn_Zero_MSSJ-t%C3%B4i.wav" title="File:LL-Q9199 (vie)-Penn Zero MSSJ-tôi.wav">file</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_1">Etymology 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Related to <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Katuic_language" class="extiw" title="w:Proto-Katuic language">Proto-Katuic</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="mkh-kat-pro"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Katuic/sool&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconstruction:Proto-Katuic/sool (page does not exist)">*sool</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">slave</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span> (whence <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacoh_language" class="extiw" title="w:Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="pac"><a href="/w/index.php?title=xoul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="xoul (page does not exist)">xoul</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">“</span><span class="mention-gloss">slave</span><span class="mention-gloss-double-quote">”</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>). Cognate with <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" class="extiw" title="w:Mường language">Muong</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="mtq"><a href="/w/index.php?title=th%C3%B4l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="thôl (page does not exist)">thôl</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="ann-pos">a <a href="/wiki/humble" title="humble">humble</a> <a href="/wiki/first_person" title="first person">first-person</a> <a href="/wiki/pronoun" title="pronoun">pronoun</a></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. See also Central-Southern form <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/tui#Vietnamese" title="tui">tui</a></i>. </p><p>“Slave; servant” > “I”. </p><p>The development of first-person pronoun from humble nouns such as “slave; servant” is a pan-<a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">Sprachbund</a> phenomenon in the Southeast and East Asian region. Per Nguyen (2000), the pronominal use of this word was not attested in poems by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C3%A3i" class="extiw" title="w:Nguyễn Trãi">Nguyễn Trãi</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_B%E1%BB%89nh_Khi%C3%AAm" class="extiw" title="w:Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm">Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm</a> in the 15<sup>th</sup>–16<sup>th</sup> centuries, and was postulated to have appeared at the end of the 16<sup>th</sup> or the beginning of the 17<sup>th</sup> century. Its introduction as a humble first-person pronoun posed as a disturbance to the preexisting <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/tao#Vietnamese" title="tao">tao</a></i>–<i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/m%C3%A0y#Vietnamese" title="mày">mày</a></i> system: it resulted in an asymmetry with an empty second-person addressee slot corresponding to the humble <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><strong class="selflink">tôi</strong></i> (see the table below), and led to the use of an appropriate noun, usually a kinship term or status term, to respectfully address the other party, precipitating the now-widespread use of kinship terms as personal pronouns in Vietnamese. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>First person</th> <th>Second person</th> <th>Third person </th></tr> <tr> <th>Horizontal pronouns<br />(no social hierarchy) </th> <td><i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/tao#Vietnamese" title="tao">tao</a></i></td> <td><i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/m%C3%A0y#Vietnamese" title="mày">mày</a></i></td> <td><i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/n%C3%B3#Vietnamese" title="nó">nó</a></i>, <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/h%E1%BA%AFn#Vietnamese" title="hắn">hắn</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vertical pronouns<br />(with social hierarchy) </th> <td><i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><strong class="selflink">tôi</strong></i></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>For similar grammaticalizations of pronouns, compare <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/t%E1%BB%9B#Vietnamese" title="tớ">tớ</a></i>, and in other languages, compare: </p> <dl><dd><span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" class="extiw" title="w:Japanese language">Japanese</a></span> <i class="Jpan mention" lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%95#Japanese" title="僕">僕</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="mention-tr tr">boku</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" class="extiw" title="w:Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></span> <i class="Hani mention" lang="cmn"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4#Mandarin" title="奴">奴</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="cmn-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">nú</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language" class="extiw" title="w:Khmer language">Khmer</a></span> <i class="Khmr mention" lang="km"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9F%86#Khmer" title="ខ្ញុំ">ខ្ញុំ</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="km-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">khñom</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language" class="extiw" title="w:Thai language">Thai</a></span> <i class="Thai mention" lang="th"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2#Thai" title="ข้า">ข้า</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="th-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">kâa</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language" class="extiw" title="w:Lao language">Lao</a></span> <i class="Laoo mention" lang="lo"><a href="/wiki/%E0%BA%82%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%8D#Lao" title="ຂ້ອຍ">ຂ້ອຍ</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="lo-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">khǭi</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language" class="extiw" title="w:Burmese language">Burmese</a></span> <i class="Mymr mention" lang="my"><a href="/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99#Burmese" title="ကျွန်မ">ကျွန်မ</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span lang="my-Latn" class="mention-tr tr Latn">kywanma.</span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>, <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_language" class="extiw" title="w:Malay language">Malay</a></span> <i class="Latn mention" lang="ms"><a href="/wiki/hamba#Malay" title="hamba">hamba</a></i>.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noun">Noun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Noun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="vi">tôi</strong> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Vietnamese_transliteration" title="Wiktionary:Vietnamese transliteration">•</a> (<span lang="vi-Latn" class="headword-tr tr Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="Hani" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%8E#Vietnamese" title="碎">碎</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%AA%9D%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𪝬 (page does not exist)">𪝬</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%AB%87%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𫇈 (page does not exist)">𫇈</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%AB%AC%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𫬮 (page does not exist)">𫬮</a></span></span>)</span> </p> <ol><li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#archaic" title="Appendix:Glossary">archaic</a><span class="ib-comma">,</span> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#historical" title="Appendix:Glossary">historical</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> <a href="/wiki/slave" title="slave">slave</a>; <a href="/wiki/domestic_servant" title="domestic servant">domestic servant</a> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><b>14th century</b>, <span class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en:M%E1%BA%A1c_%C4%90%C4%A9nh_Chi" class="extiw" title="w:en:Mạc Đĩnh Chi">Mạc Đĩnh Chi</a></span>, <cite>Giáo tử phú 敎子賦</cite>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Hani e-quotation cited-passage" lang="vi">𱙎妸挼<b>碎</b><br />誇咹誇黙</span><dl><dd><i lang="vi-Latn" class="e-transliteration tr Latn">Anh ả nuôi <b>tôi</b>,<br />Khoe ăn khoe mặc.</i></dd><dd><span class="e-translation">Men and women want to own many servants,<br />To show off their wealth and lifestyle.</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li> <li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#archaic" title="Appendix:Glossary">archaic</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> <a href="/wiki/servant" title="servant">servant</a> of a <a href="/wiki/monarch" title="monarch">monarch</a> <dl><dd><span class="nyms synonym"><span class="defdate">Synonym:</span> <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/t%E1%BB%9B#Vietnamese" title="tớ">tớ</a></span></span></dd> <dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="vi">nghĩa vua <b>tôi</b></i> ― <span class="e-translation">a good relationship between a king and his <b>servants</b></span></span></dd> <dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="vi"><b>tôi</b> trung</i> ― <span class="e-translation">a loyal <b>servant</b></span></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>16th century</b>, Nguyễn Thế Nghi's (attributed) <i>Tân biên Truyền kỳ mạn lục tăng bổ giải âm tập chú</i> (新編傳奇漫錄增補解音集註), <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/gi%E1%BA%A3i_%C3%A2m#Vietnamese" title="giải âm">giải âm</a></span>/translation of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_k%E1%BB%B3_m%E1%BA%A1n_l%E1%BB%A5c" class="extiw" title="w:Truyền kỳ mạn lục">Truyền kỳ mạn lục</a> ("Casual Record of Transmitted Strange-Tales")</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_D%E1%BB%AF" class="extiw" title="w:Nguyễn Dữ">Nguyễn Dữ</a>. <dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Hani e-quotation" lang="vi"><b>碎庭臣</b>𪢍𤽗立言蒸𣦛</span><dl><dd><i lang="vi-Latn" class="e-transliteration tr Latn"><b>Tôi đình thần</b> ghét ngươi Lập Ngôn chưng thẳng.</i></dd><dd><span class="e-translation">The <b>royal court servants</b>/the mandarins at the royal court hated the honest Lập Ngôn.</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Chu_Trinh" class="extiw" title="w:Phan Chu Trinh">Phan Châu Trinh</a> <i><span class="Latn" lang="vi">Đạo đức và luân lí Đông Tây</span></i> [<i>Eastern and Western Ideas on Morality and Ethics</i>]: <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="vi"><b>Tôi</b> là gì? <b>Tôi</b> là người tùng phục vua (vua chư hầu) hoặc là người làm nô lệ cho vua, hoặc là người làm công cho vua. Đem mình ra đầu tên mũi đạn đổi lấy một mảnh giấy vàng, một dấu ấn đỏ; đang đầu ra giữa trận mưa dầu nắng lửa để đổi lấy chung rượu lạt, tiếng ban khen. Nói tóm lại, <b>tôi</b> là người <b>tôi mọi</b>, đã bán rẻ vừa hồn lẫn xác cho vua vậy.</i><dl><dd><span class="e-translation">What's a servant? A servant serves his monarch (the monarch and his vassals), or is the monarch's slave, or the monarch's workhorse. He brings himself to the battlefront in exchange for a golden certificate, a red stamp; he fights against the elements in exchange for some bland liquor, some praise. In short, the servant is subservient, he's already sold out his soul and his body to the monarch.</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms">Derived terms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="term-list-header">Derived terms</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="Derived terms term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="3" style="background-color:#F5F5FF"><ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=b%E1%BA%A7y_t%C3%B4i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="bầy tôi (page does not exist)">bầy tôi</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=b%E1%BB%81_t%C3%B4i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="bề tôi (page does not exist)">bề tôi</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i_con&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="tôi con (page does not exist)">tôi con</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i_%C4%91%C3%B2i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="tôi đòi (page does not exist)">tôi đòi</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i_m%E1%BB%8Di&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="tôi mọi (page does not exist)">tôi mọi</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i_ng%C6%B0%C6%A1i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="tôi ngươi (page does not exist)">tôi ngươi</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/t%C3%B4i_t%E1%BB%9B#Vietnamese" title="tôi tớ">tôi tớ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=vua_t%C3%B4i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="vua tôi (page does not exist)">vua tôi</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronoun">Pronoun</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pronoun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="vi">tôi</strong> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Vietnamese_transliteration" title="Wiktionary:Vietnamese transliteration">•</a> (<span lang="vi-Latn" class="headword-tr tr Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="Hani" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%8E#Vietnamese" title="碎">碎</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%85#Vietnamese" title="倅">倅</a></span></span>)</span> </p> <ol><li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" class="extiw" title="w:Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a><span class="ib-comma">,</span> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#informal" title="Appendix:Glossary">informal</a><span class="ib-comma">,</span> typically <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#men's_speech" title="Appendix:Glossary">men's speech</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a>/<a href="/wiki/me" title="me">me</a> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">used by someone with <a href="/wiki/status" title="status">status</a> <a href="/wiki/equal" title="equal">equal</a> or <a href="/wiki/higher" title="higher">higher</a> than his or her conversational partner, but doesn't want to <a href="/wiki/sound" title="sound">sound</a> too <a href="/wiki/intimate" title="intimate">intimate</a> to them</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <dl><dd><div class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/kh%C3%B4ng_d%C3%A1m#Vietnamese" title="không dám">Không dám</a>. Tôi sao sánh bằng chú được.</i><dl><dd><span class="e-translation">Please, I can't compare to you, really.</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" class="extiw" title="w:Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a><span class="ib-comma">,</span> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#informal" title="Appendix:Glossary">informal</a><span class="ib-comma">,</span> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#familiar" title="Appendix:Glossary">familiar</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> I/me <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">used when talking to one's friends</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <dl><dd><span class="nyms synonym"><span class="defdate">Synonym:</span> <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/tui#Vietnamese" title="tui">tui</a></span></span></dd> <dd><span class="nyms antonym"><span class="defdate">Antonyms:</span> <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C3%B4ng#Vietnamese" title="ông">ông</a></span>, <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/b%C3%A0#Vietnamese" title="bà">bà</a></span></span></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="vi">Bà ơi, cho tôi xin tờ giấy.</i><dl><dd><span class="e-translation">Hey, can you lend me a sheet of paper?</span></dd></dl></div></dd> <dd><div class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="vi">Cái bà này lạ ! Làm sao tôi biết được !</i><dl><dd><span class="e-translation">Aren't you a funny one? How the hell should I know?</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#formal" title="Appendix:Glossary">formal</a> in all dialects</span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> I/me <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">used in formal contexts, regardless of the difference in status between the speakers</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <dl><dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="vi">bạn và tôi</i> ― <span class="e-translation">you and I/me</span></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>2012</b></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ruelle" class="extiw" title="w:Joe Ruelle">Joe Ruelle</a>, <cite>Ngược chiều vun vút</cite> [<cite><span class="e-translation">Whooshing toward the Other Way</span></cite>]‎<sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=IlpOMwEACAAJ">[1]</a></sup>, page <span class="None" lang="und">234</span>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="vi">Ý <b>tôi</b> không phải “phương <a href="/wiki/%C4%91%C3%B4ng#Vietnamese" title="đông">Đông</a> – phương <a href="/wiki/t%C3%A2y#Vietnamese" title="tây">Tây</a>” là cách phân chia <a href="/wiki/v%C4%83n_ho%C3%A1#Vietnamese" title="văn hoá">văn hoá</a> vô <a href="/wiki/t%C3%A1c_d%E1%BB%A5ng#Vietnamese" title="tác dụng">tác dụng</a>.</span><dl><dd><span class="e-translation"><b>I</b> do not mean that the “Eastern – Western” categorization of cultures is invalid.</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li> <li><span class="usage-label-sense"><span class="ib-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content"><a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#literary" title="Appendix:Glossary">literary</a><span class="ib-comma">,</span> <a href="/wiki/endearing" title="endearing">endearing</a><span class="ib-comma">,</span> <a href="/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#men's_speech" title="Appendix:Glossary">men's speech</a></span><span class="ib-brac">)</span></span> I/me <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">used by a <a href="/wiki/man" title="man">man</a> to a <a href="/wiki/woman" title="woman">woman</a> he <a href="/wiki/love" title="love">loves</a></span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span> <dl><dd><span class="nyms synonym"><span class="defdate">Synonym:</span> <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/anh#Vietnamese" title="anh">anh</a></span></span></dd> <dd><span class="nyms antonym"><span class="defdate">Antonym:</span> <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/em#Vietnamese" title="em">em</a></span></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>1829</b></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" class="extiw" title="w:Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, translated by <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vi:Ho%C3%A0ng_Th%C3%BAy_To%C3%A0n" class="extiw" title="w:vi:Hoàng Thúy Toàn">Hoàng Thúy Toàn</a></span>, <cite>Tôi yêu em</cite> [<cite><span class="e-translation"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Loved_You_(poem)" class="extiw" title="w:I Loved You (poem)">I Loved You</a></span></cite>], translation of <cite><span class="Cyrl" lang="und">Я вас любил</span></cite>, published <span class="None" lang="und">1999</span>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="vi"><b>Tôi</b> yêu em âm thầm, không hi vọng,<br />Lúc rụt rè, khi hậm hực lòng ghen,<br /><b>Tôi</b> yêu em, yêu chân thành, đằm thắm,<br />Cầu em được người tình như <b>tôi</b> đã yêu em.</span><dl><dd><span class="e-translation">I loved you, without words, without hope,<br />Sometimes I felt shy, sometimes I felt tortured with jealousy,<br />I loved you, truly and deeply,<br />I pray you'll find someone who loves you as much as I ever did.</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>1942</b></span>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" class="extiw" title="w:Paul Éluard">Paul Éluard</a>, translated by <span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vi:Ph%C3%B9ng_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%ADu_(T%E1%BB%ADu_em)" class="extiw" title="w:vi:Phùng Văn Tửu (Tửu em)">Phùng Văn Tửu</a></span>, <cite>Tự do</cite> [<cite><span class="e-translation">Liberty</span></cite>], translation of <cite><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_(poem)" class="extiw" title="w:Liberty (poem)">Liberté</a></cite>:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="vi">Và bằng phép màu một tiếng<br /><b>Tôi</b> bắt đầu lại cuộc đời<br /><b>Tôi</b> sinh ra để biết tên em<br />Để gọi tên em<br />TỰ DO.</span><dl><dd><span class="e-translation">And by the power of one word<br />I start my life over<br />I was born to know you<br />To say your name<br />Liberty.</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li> <li><div class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source"><span class="None" lang="und"><b>2005</b></span>, Lương Bằng Quang (lyrics and music), “Chính em [<span class="e-translation">It's You</span>]”:</span><dl><dd><div class="h-quotation"><span class="Latn e-quotation cited-passage" lang="vi">Nếu <b>tôi</b> không tìm thấy, cuộc đời này nhỏ nhoi vắng em thật vô nghĩa.<br />Sẽ như trăng kia, một mình tìm tình yêu bay suốt đêm thâu !<br />Nếu <b>tôi</b> không tìm thấy, nguyện cầu được tìm trong giấc mơ vòng tay ai.<br />Chính em, em ơi ! Tìm gì vì tình yêu của em chân thành !</span><dl><dd><span class="e-translation">If I can't find you, this puny life without you would be completely meaningless.<br />Like the moon above, looking for love by itself all night long!<br />If I can't find you, I wish to be found in a certain someone's arms in a dream.<br />It's you, my love! I'm looking for something all for your true love!</span></dd></dl></div></dd></dl></div></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Usage_notes">Usage notes</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Usage notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Tôi</i> is a generic way to refer to oneself; however, Vietnamese speakers usually use a complex system of <i><a href="/wiki/kinship" title="kinship">kinship</a> terms</i> to address each other. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/anh" title="anh">anh</a></i> is used to address an older brother, a husband, or a man slightly older than the speaker. The Wikipedia article on <b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_pronouns" class="extiw" title="w:Vietnamese pronouns">Vietnamese pronouns</a></b> provides a detailed look at these terms. Because kinship terms require knowledge of the audience's age, gender and social status in relation to the speaker, it is not always practical to refer to someone using these pronouns; instead, the speaker can employ generic words such as <i>tôi</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/ta#Vietnamese" title="ta">ta</a></i>, but note that these are considered stiff. Alternatively, the speaker may simply use his or her name (and that of the audience) when conversing. </p><p>Note also that, although <i>tôi</i> always refers to the speaker, kinship terms variously refer to the speaker or the audience, depending on context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alternative_forms">Alternative forms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternative forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/tui#Vietnamese" title="tui">tui</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Synonyms">Synonyms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Synonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See the <a href="#Usage_notes">usage note</a> above for details on how to use these words, most of which are not interchangeable: </p> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="4"><ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/min#Vietnamese" title="min">min</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">archaic<span class="ib-comma qualifier-comma">,</span> familiar</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/qua#Vietnamese" title="qua">qua</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">archaic<span class="ib-comma qualifier-comma">,</span> only by a male</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/thi%E1%BA%BFp#Vietnamese" title="thiếp">thiếp</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">archaic<span class="ib-comma qualifier-comma">,</span> only by a housewife</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/tr%E1%BA%ABm#Vietnamese" title="trẫm">trẫm</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">archaic<span class="ib-comma qualifier-comma">,</span> only by a monarch</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/anh#Vietnamese" title="anh">anh</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/b%C3%A0#Vietnamese" title="bà">bà</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/b%C3%A1c#Vietnamese" title="bác">bác</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/c%E1%BA%ADu#Vietnamese" title="cậu">cậu</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/cha#Vietnamese" title="cha">cha</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ch%C3%A1u#Vietnamese" title="cháu">cháu</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ch%E1%BB%8B#Vietnamese" title="chị">chị</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ch%C3%BA#Vietnamese" title="chú">chú</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/con#Vietnamese" title="con">con</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/c%C3%B4#Vietnamese" title="cô">cô</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/c%E1%BB%91#Vietnamese" title="cố">cố</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/c%E1%BB%A5#Vietnamese" title="cụ">cụ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/d%C3%AC#Vietnamese" title="dì">dì</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/d%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng#Vietnamese" title="dượng">dượng</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/em#Vietnamese" title="em">em</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/m%E1%BA%B9#Vietnamese" title="mẹ">mẹ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/m%C3%ACnh#Vietnamese" title="mình">mình</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/m%E1%BB%A3#Vietnamese" title="mợ">mợ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C3%B4ng#Vietnamese" title="ông">ông</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/s%C6%A1#Vietnamese" title="sơ">sơ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ta#Vietnamese" title="ta">ta</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/tao#Vietnamese" title="tao">tao</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/th%C3%ADm#Vietnamese" title="thím">thím</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/t%E1%BB%9B#Vietnamese" title="tớ">tớ</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Coordinate_terms">Coordinate terms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Coordinate terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See the <a href="#Usage_notes">usage note</a> above for details on how to use these words, most of which are not interchangeable: </p> <div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="columns-bg term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="4"><ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/anh#Vietnamese" title="anh">anh</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/b%C3%A0#Vietnamese" title="bà">bà</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/b%C3%A1c#Vietnamese" title="bác">bác</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/b%E1%BA%A1n#Vietnamese" title="bạn">bạn</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">informal</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/c%E1%BA%ADu#Vietnamese" title="cậu">cậu</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/cha#Vietnamese" title="cha">cha</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ch%C3%A1u#Vietnamese" title="cháu">cháu</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ch%E1%BB%8B#Vietnamese" title="chị">chị</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ch%C3%BA#Vietnamese" title="chú">chú</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/con#Vietnamese" title="con">con</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/c%C3%B4#Vietnamese" title="cô">cô</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/c%E1%BB%91#Vietnamese" title="cố">cố</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/c%E1%BB%A5#Vietnamese" title="cụ">cụ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/d%C3%AC#Vietnamese" title="dì">dì</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/d%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng#Vietnamese" title="dượng">dượng</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/em#Vietnamese" title="em">em</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/m%C3%A0y#Vietnamese" title="mày">mày</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">informal</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/m%E1%BA%B9#Vietnamese" title="mẹ">mẹ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/m%E1%BB%A3#Vietnamese" title="mợ">mợ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ng%C3%A0i#Vietnamese" title="ngài">ngài</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">formal</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/%C3%B4ng#Vietnamese" title="ông">ông</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/qu%C3%BD_kh%C3%A1ch#Vietnamese" title="quý khách">quý khách</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">formal</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/qu%C3%BD_v%E1%BB%8B#Vietnamese" title="quý vị">quý vị</a></span> <span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">(</span><span class="ib-content qualifier-content">formal</span><span class="ib-brac qualifier-brac">)</span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/s%C6%A1#Vietnamese" title="sơ">sơ</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/th%C3%ADm#Vietnamese" title="thím">thím</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_2">Derived terms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="term-list-header">Derived terms</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="Derived terms term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="3" style="background-color:#F5F5FF"><ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/ch%C3%BAng_t%C3%B4i#Vietnamese" title="chúng tôi">chúng tôi</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology_2">Etymology 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Etymology 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="explain" title="A nativised loanword, or a borrowing before Middle Chinese, or a borrowing from dialectal Chinese">Non-<a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese" title="Sino-Vietnamese">Sino-Vietnamese</a> reading</span> of <span class="etyl"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" class="extiw" title="w:Chinese language">Chinese</a></span> <i class="Hani mention" lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A0#Chinese" title="焠">焠</a></i> <span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">(</span><span class="ann-pos"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese" title="Sino-Vietnamese">SV</a>: <i class="Latn mention" lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/th%E1%BB%91i#Vietnamese" title="thối">thối</a></i></span><span class="mention-gloss-paren annotation-paren">)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verb">Verb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Verb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="headword-line"><strong class="Latn headword" lang="vi">tôi</strong> <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Vietnamese_transliteration" title="Wiktionary:Vietnamese transliteration">•</a> (<span lang="vi-Latn" class="headword-tr tr Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="Hani" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%A4%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𤏣 (page does not exist)">𤏣</a></span></span>)</span> </p> <ol><li>to <a href="/wiki/temper#Verb" title="temper">temper</a>; to <a href="/wiki/anneal" title="anneal">anneal</a> <dl><dd><span class="h-usage-example"><i class="Latn mention e-example" lang="vi">Thép đã <b>tôi</b> thế đấy</i> ― <span class="e-translation"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_the_Steel_Was_Tempered" class="extiw" title="w:How the Steel Was Tempered">How the Steel Was <b>Tempered</b></a></span></span></dd></dl></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Derived_terms_3">Derived terms</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Derived terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="term-list-header">Derived terms</div><div class="list-switcher" data-toggle-category="derived terms"><div class="Derived terms term-list ul-column-count" data-column-count="3" style="background-color:#F5F5FF"><ul><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i_luy%E1%BB%87n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="tôi luyện (page does not exist)">tôi luyện</a></span></li><li><span class="Latn" lang="vi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i_r%C3%A8n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="tôi rèn (page does not exist)">tôi rèn</a></span></li></ul></div><div class="list-switcher-element" data-showtext=" show more ▼ " data-hidetext=" show less ▲ " style="display:none"> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=t%C3%B4i&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation-whole"><span class="cited-source">Nguyễn Phú Phong (<span class="None" lang="und">2000</span>) “Personal pronouns in Vietnamese and in Mường”, in <cite>The Fifth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics</cite>‎<sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616052311/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nguyen2000personal.pdf">[2]</a></sup>, Ho Chi Minh City: Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City University of Social Sciences and Humanities, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/nguyen2000personal.pdf">the original</a> on <span class="mw-formatted-date" title="2015-06-16">16 June 2015</span>, pages <span class="None" lang="und">261–265</span></span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=tôi&oldid=81347807">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=tôi&oldid=81347807</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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