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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE" title="লেসলি হোর-বেলিশা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেসলি হোর-বেলিশা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leslie Hore-Belisha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha,_1._Baron_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1. Baron Hore-Belisha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1. Baron Hore-Belisha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leslie Hore-Belisha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leslie Hore-Belisha" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leslie Hore-Belisha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leslie Hore-Belisha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8-%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94" title="לסלי הור-בלישה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לסלי הור-בלישה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="ليسلى هور بيليشا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليسلى هور بيليشا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leslie Hore-Belisha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leslie Hore-Belisha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q122522#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Leslie_Hore-Belisha" rel="discussion" title="Discuss 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British politician (1893–1957)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Hore-Belisha</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leslie_Hore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leslie_Hore.jpg/220px-Leslie_Hore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leslie_Hore.jpg/330px-Leslie_Hore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Leslie_Hore.jpg/440px-Leslie_Hore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Leslie Hore-Belisha</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 May 1937 – 5 January 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Hon. Oliver Stanley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Transport (United Kingdom)">Minister of Transport</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 June 1934 – 28 May 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Hon. Oliver Stanley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Burgin" title="Leslie Burgin">Leslie Burgin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 September 1932 – 29 June 1934</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Devonport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth Devonport</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />6 December 1923 – 15 June 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Kinloch-Cooke" title="Clement Kinloch-Cooke">Clement Kinloch-Cooke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Isaac Leslie Belisha</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1893-09-07</span>)</span>7 September 1893<br /><a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a>, London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1957<span style="display:none">(1957-02-16)</span> (aged 63)<br /><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">Liberal National</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Cynthia Elliot</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1944)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha</b>, <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">né</a></span> Isaac Leslie Belisha; 7 September 1893 – 16 February 1957) was a British <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a>, then <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal</a> Member of Parliament (MP) and Cabinet Minister. He later joined the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. He proved highly successful in modernising the British road system in 1934–1937 as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Transport_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Transport (United Kingdom)">Minister of Transport</a>. As <a href="/wiki/War_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="War Secretary">War Secretary</a>, 1937–1940, he feuded with the commanding generals and was removed in 1940. Some writers believe <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-semitism</a> played a role in both his dismissal and in blocking his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Minister of Information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harry_Defries_2014_180–81_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harry_Defries_2014_180–81-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One historian compares his strong and weak points: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was a brilliant speaker, a warm and engaging personality, a go-getter and a persistent driver, a master of the unconventional or indirect approach, a patriot and a man of moral and physical courage, not a great intellect but an original with a flair for imaginative gestures and for public relations. He also had personal weaknesses. He was extremely self-centred and had a fine conceit of himself. At times he was accused of sharp practice. ... Sharp practitioner or not, [his] quickness of mind and tongue, and transparent ambition to be seen to succeed, made him vulnerable to smears. ... His over-assertiveness ... led him to appear inconsiderate of the feelings and views of others.<sup id="cite_ref-TrythallDownfall_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrythallDownfall-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 397–398">: 397–398 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>His name is still widely associated in the UK with the introduction of flashing amber "<a href="/wiki/Belisha_beacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Belisha beacons">Belisha beacons</a>" at pedestrian crossings while he was Minister for Transport. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_education">Background and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hore-Belisha was born Isaac Leslie Belisha in Hampstead, London on 7 September 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the only son of the Jewish family of Jacob Isaac Belisha and his wife, Elizabeth Miriam Miers.<sup id="cite_ref-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father died when he was less than one year old. In 1912 his widowed mother married <a href="/wiki/Adair_Hore" title="Adair Hore">Adair Hore</a>, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Pensions. Leslie Belisha then adopted the double-barrelled surname.<sup id="cite_ref-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hore-Belisha was educated at <a href="/wiki/Clifton_College" title="Clifton College">Clifton College</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was in Polack's house. He continued his studies in Paris and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, before attending <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a>, where he was President of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Union Society">Oxford Union Society</a>. While in Heidelberg, he became a member of <a href="/wiki/Burschenschaft" title="Burschenschaft">Burschenschaft</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burschenschaft_Frankonia_Heidelberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burschenschaft Frankonia Heidelberg (page does not exist)"><i>Frankonia Heidelberg</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burschenschaft_Frankonia_Heidelberg" class="extiw" title="de:Burschenschaft Frankonia Heidelberg">de</a>]</span> in 1912. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> he joined the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> and served in France, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Salonika</a> and finished the war with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">major</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Service_Corps" title="Royal Army Service Corps">Army Service Corps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-warfarehistorynetwork_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warfarehistorynetwork-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, after leaving the army, he returned to Oxford and, in 1923, qualified as a barrister. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Special:EditPage/Leslie Hore-Belisha">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Leslie+Hore-Belisha%22">"Leslie Hore-Belisha"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Leslie+Hore-Belisha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Leslie+Hore-Belisha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Leslie+Hore-Belisha%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Leslie+Hore-Belisha%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Leslie+Hore-Belisha%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922 general election</a>, Hore-Belisha was an unsuccessful candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Devonport_(constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonport (constituency)">Plymouth Devonport constituency</a>. However, thanks to his new political agent, Benjamin Musgrave, he won the seat at the <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> the following year, and became known in Parliament as a flamboyant and brilliant speaker. </p><p>He generally allied himself with right-wing Liberals critical of their party's support for the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> minority governments, joining with <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Sir John Simon</a> in becoming a <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">Liberal National</a> upon the formation of the <a href="/wiki/UK_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK National Government">National Government</a> in 1931. After the 1931 general election, Hore-Belisha was appointed a junior minister at the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Board of Trade</a>. </p><p>He remained in government when the official Liberals withdrew in September 1932 over the issue of free trade, and was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a>. Hore-Belisha showed considerable intelligence and drive in government, although his intense energy tended to alienate traditionalist elements who resented his status as an "outsider". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_minister,_1934–1937"><span id="Transport_minister.2C_1934.E2.80.931937"></span>Transport minister, 1934–1937</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transport minister, 1934–1937"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hore-Belisha was appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Minister of Transport</a> in 1934 coming to public prominence at a time when motoring was becoming available to the masses. All <a href="/wiki/Road_speed_limits_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road speed limits in the United Kingdom">speed limits</a> for motor cars had controversially been removed by the <a href="/wiki/Road_Traffic_Act_1930" title="Road Traffic Act 1930">Road Traffic Act 1930</a> during the previous administration. There was, in 1934, a record number of <a href="/wiki/Reported_Road_Casualties_Great_Britain" title="Reported Road Casualties Great Britain">road casualties</a> in the UK, with 7,343 deaths and 231,603 injuries being recorded, with half of the casualties being pedestrians and three-quarters occurring in built-up areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shortly after being appointed, he was crossing <a href="/wiki/Camden_High_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden High Street">Camden High Street</a> when a sports car shot along the street without stopping, nearly causing him "serious injury or worse". He became involved in a public-relations exercise to demonstrate how to use the new "uncontrolled crossings".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Bond_Street_2_db.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Old_Bond_Street_2_db.jpg/170px-Old_Bond_Street_2_db.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Old_Bond_Street_2_db.jpg/255px-Old_Bond_Street_2_db.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Old_Bond_Street_2_db.jpg/340px-Old_Bond_Street_2_db.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Belisha Beacon, New Bond Street, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Hore-Belisha's <a href="/wiki/Road_Traffic_Act_1934" title="Road Traffic Act 1934">Road Traffic Act 1934</a> introduced a speed limit of 30 mph for motor cars in built-up areas. The new act was vigorously opposed by many, who saw the new regulations as a removal of "an Englishman's freedom of the highway". The earlier 20 mph speed limit had been abolished in 1930 because it was universally flouted. A large backlog of court cases had made the law unenforceable. In addition, <a href="/wiki/The_Automobile_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="The Automobile Association">The Automobile Association</a> (AA) and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club" title="Royal Automobile Club">Royal Automobile Club</a> (RAC) had frequently been successful in defending their members against evidence from primitive speed traps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Hore-Belisha rewrote the <a href="/wiki/Highway_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway Code">Highway Code</a> and was responsible for the introduction of two innovations that led to a dramatic drop in the number of road accidents: the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_driving_test" title="United Kingdom driving test">driving test</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Belisha_beacon" title="Belisha beacon">Belisha beacon</a>, named after him by the public. On his retirement, he was made vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/Living_Streets_(UK)" title="Living Streets (UK)">Pedestrians' Association</a> and, the organisation adopted a logo (since replaced) of a walking zebra crossing with Belisha Beacon.<sup id="cite_ref-hist_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hist-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_State_for_War,_1937–1940"><span id="Secretary_of_State_for_War.2C_1937.E2.80.931940"></span>Secretary of State for War, 1937–1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Secretary of State for War, 1937–1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His success at the Ministry of Transport, in 1937, led to an appointment by <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> replacing the popular <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duff_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Duff Cooper">Alfred Duff Cooper</a>, who later resigned from the government over Chamberlain's policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>. There were voices within the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> majority that such a high-profile appointment should not have gone to a <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">Liberal National</a>, and Hore-Belisha's Conservative colleagues labelled him a warmonger. Many took to nicknaming him "Horeb-Elisha" or "Horeb" as an antisemitic pun on his race. (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Horeb</a> is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> as the place where the <a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> was made and to which <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> fled.) </p><p>Upon appointing Hore-Belisha as Secretary of State, Chamberlain advised him to read <a href="/wiki/B._H._Liddell_Hart" title="B. H. Liddell Hart">B. H. Liddell Hart</a>'s book <i>Europe in Arms</i>, which advocated that Britain should avoid becoming involved in a continental land war and rely on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> as its offensive arm.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impressed by the book's arguments and under Cabinet pressure to control expenditure, Hore-Belisha formed a close partnership with Liddell Hart and sought to refocus the British Army away from the aim of raising a second British Expeditionary Force to fight in France. </p><p>Unhappy with the Army Council's opposition to his policies, Hore-Belisha sacked Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Deverell" title="Cyril Deverell">Cyril Deverell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Imperial_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of the Imperial General Staff">Chief of the Imperial General Staff</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_General_to_the_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjutant General to the Forces">Adjutant General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master-General_of_the_Ordnance" title="Master-General of the Ordnance">Master-General of the Ordnance</a> in December 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guided by Liddell Hart, he interviewed <a href="/wiki/John_Dill" title="John Dill">John Dill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a> before finally settling on <a href="/wiki/Lord_Gort" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Gort">Lord Gort</a>, a relatively junior general, as Deverell's replacement. The new team at the head of the British Army was not a success. Gort was no more enthusiastic about Hore-Belisha's course of action than Deverell had been and objected to Liddell Hart's continued influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 209">: 209 </span></sup> For his part by March 1939, Hore-Belisha would declare that "Gort has no brain at all". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Munich_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Crisis">Munich Crisis</a> shook Hore-Belisha's confidence that Britain would be able to avoid full-scale commitment to a continental war. In December 1938, a group of junior Conservative ministers including the Under-Secretary for War, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Howard,_3rd_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Howard, 3rd Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Lord Strathcona</a>, demanded that Chamberlain remove Hore-Belisha. The Prime Minister refused and Strathcona was sacked, but the event demonstrated Hore-Belisha's political isolation. However, in February, he secured a major increase in budget to re-equip the British Army for continental operations. In his speech to Parliament during the March Budget Estimate, Hore-Belisha acknowledged this was a reversal of his previous policy, but still won plaudits for his plans. </p><p>Any hope of reconciliation with his military subordinates was ruined when, at a Cabinet meeting on 28 March, Hore-Belisha recommended doubling the size of the Territorial Army to demonstrate Britain's resolve. This was announced in Parliament the next day, to the consternation of the Army Council who had not been consulted about the decision. Lord Gort, who was in France, reputedly learned of it from a newspaper. The Army was already badly short of equipment and raising the new Territorial Divisions would require transferring soldiers from the front line units. </p><p>In May, Hore-Belisha succeeded in passing the <a href="/wiki/Military_Training_Act_1939" title="Military Training Act 1939">Military Training Act</a>, the first peacetime conscription law in the United Kingdom. The Act provided for six months of full-time military training, after which men would enter the Reserve. The first cohort began their training in June. Following the outbreak of war in September it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/National_Service_(Armed_Forces)_Act_1939" title="National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939">National Service Act</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal">Dismissal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dismissal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_affair" title="Pillbox affair">Pillbox affair</a></div> <p>In January 1940, Prime Minister Chamberlain dismissed Hore-Belisha from the War Office. He had been in an increasingly untenable position due to his disputes with the Army high command and the King and hostility from sympathisers within the public of the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> after <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> claimed him to be a "Jewish warmonger".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1940, his relations with <a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">Lord Gort</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> (BEF) in France, had deteriorated such that neither man had confidence in the other. Gort and other generals disliked Hore-Belisha's showmanship, but their main disagreements had stemmed from the <a href="/wiki/Pillbox_affair" title="Pillbox affair">Pillbox affair</a>, concerning the defence of France along the border with Belgium. Hore-Belisha was unpopular amongst his fellow ministers, with meetings of the <a href="/wiki/War_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="War Cabinet">War Cabinet</a> said to be regularly tense and loud. As a result, Chamberlain agreed to replace him as Secretary of State for War.<sup id="cite_ref-TrythallDownfall_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrythallDownfall-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military antisemitism contributed to tensions between Hore-Belisha and Gort, with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pownall" title="Henry Pownall">Henry Pownall</a>, the chief of staff to the BEF in France and Belgium until the fall of France in May 1940, claiming in his diary that "the ultimate fact is that they could never get on – you couldn't expect two such utterly different people to do so – a great gentleman and an obscure, shallow-brained, charlatan, political Jewboy".<sup id="cite_ref-TrythallDownfall_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrythallDownfall-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 400">: 400 </span></sup> </p><p>Initially, the Prime Minister considered Hore-Belisha for the post of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Minister of Information</a>, but decided against this when the Foreign Office raised concerns about the effect of having a Jewish politician in this position given the undercurrent of antisemitism in some sections of the public. Instead, Chamberlain offered him the post of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">Presidency of the Board of Trade</a>. Hore-Belisha refused this demotion and resigned from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-TrythallDownfall_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrythallDownfall-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the sensitive nature of the disagreements, many MPs and political commentators were bewildered as to why the dismissal had taken place, and Hore-Belisha's formal statement to the Commons left them little wiser. A common belief was that Hore-Belisha's bold reforms at the War Office had been opposed by the established military commanders, often caricatured as <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Blimp" title="Colonel Blimp">Colonel Blimps</a>, and that they had forced his resignation. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Brown_(political_journalist)" title="Colin Brown (political journalist)">Colin Brown</a> wrote that Hore-Belisha's dismissal was "possibly fuelled by a desire to placate Hitler [by removing a Jew from the Cabinet] even once war had been declared",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even due to pressure by <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">George VI</a> upon Chamberlain because of Hore-Belisha's previous support for <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII of the United Kingdom">Edward VIII</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_Crisis_of_1936" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication Crisis of 1936">abdication crisis</a>, although the offer of alternative office and Hore-Belisha's original appointment argue against this latter motive. Harry Defries argues that antisemitism was the root cause of the dismissal.<sup id="cite_ref-Harry_Defries_2014_180–81_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harry_Defries_2014_180–81-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_political_career">Subsequent political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subsequent political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hore-Belisha attempted to rebuild his career under the wartime premiership of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940–1945), but his re-appointment was blocked by a combination of his wounded intransigence and continued Conservative prejudice. He resigned from the National Liberals in 1942, sitting as a "National Independent" MP. In the Conservative "caretaker" government of 1945, he was briefly appointed Minister for National Insurance. At the <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945 general election</a>, Hore-Belisha, still standing as a National Independent, was defeated in Devonport by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> candidate, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a>. He, thereupon, peremptorily dismissed Musgrave, his faithful political agent, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. In 1947, he was elected to <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Westminster" title="Metropolitan Borough of Westminster">Westminster City Council</a>. He fought unsuccessfully in the <a href="/wiki/Coventry_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Coventry South (UK Parliament constituency)">Coventry South</a> constituency at the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950 general election</a>. In 1954, he was elevated to the peerage as <b>Baron Hore-Belisha</b>, of Devonport in the County of Devon.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1944, at 51, he married Cynthia Elliot, who was a relative of the Earl of Minto.<sup id="cite_ref-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had no children. </p><p>While leading a British parliamentary delegation to France in February 1957, he collapsed while making a speech at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Reims" title="Hôtel de Ville, Reims">Hôtel de Ville de Reims</a>, and died a few minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause of death was given as a cerebral haemorrhage. The barony died with him as he had no children. Lady Hore-Belisha died in July 1991, aged 75.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_role">Fictional role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fictional role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Things_to_Come" title="The Shape of Things to Come">The Shape of Things to Come</a></i>, published in 1934, predicted a <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in which Britain would not participate but would vainly try to effect a peaceful compromise. In this vision, Hore-Belisha was mentioned as one of several prominent Britons delivering "brilliant pacific speeches" which "echo throughout Europe" but fail to end the war.<sup id="cite_ref-telelib_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telelib-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other would-be peacemakers, in Wells' vision, included <a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson" title="Ellen Wilkinson">Ellen Wilkinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grimwood, Ian R. <i>A Little Chit of a Fellow</i> (Book Guild, 2006)</li> <li>Harris, J. P. "Two War Ministers: A Reassessment of Duff Cooper and Hore-Belisha". <i>War and Society</i> 6#1: May 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hollis_(politician)" title="Christopher Hollis (politician)">Christopher Hollis</a>, <i>Oxford in the Twenties</i> (1976)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>R. J. Minney, ed. <i>The Private Papers of Hore-Belisha</i> (Collins, 1960)</li> <li><i>War Diaries 1939–1945 Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke</i> edited by Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (University of California Press, 1957, 1959, 2001) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23301-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23301-8">0-520-23301-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2016" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Colin (2016). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tolerantcountryi0001holm_d8s2/page/36/mode/2up"><i>A Tolerant Country? Immigrants, Refugees and Minorities</i></a></span>. Oxfordshire: Routledge. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93422-1"><bdi>978-1-138-93422-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tolerant+Country%3F+Immigrants%2C+Refugees+and+Minorities&rft.place=Oxfordshire&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-93422-1&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftolerantcountryi0001holm_d8s2%2Fpage%2F36%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harry_Defries_2014_180–81-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harry_Defries_2014_180–81_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harry_Defries_2014_180–81_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Defries2014" class="citation book cs1">Harry Defries (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16bKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180"><i>Conservative Party Attitudes to Jews 1900–1950</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 180–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135284626" title="Special:BookSources/9781135284626"><bdi>9781135284626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservative+Party+Attitudes+to+Jews+1900%E2%80%931950&rft.pages=180-81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135284626&rft.au=Harry+Defries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16bKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrythallDownfall-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrythallDownfall_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrythallDownfall_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrythallDownfall_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrythallDownfall_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrythall1981" class="citation journal cs1">Trythall, A. J. (1981). "The Downfall of Leslie Hore-Belisha". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 391–411. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948101600301">10.1177/002200948101600301</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260312">260312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159844239">159844239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Downfall+of+Leslie+Hore-Belisha&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=391-411&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159844239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948101600301&rft.aulast=Trythall&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoreBelishaDictLibBiog_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTregidga1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Tregidga" title="Garry Tregidga">Tregidga, Garry</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflibe0000unse/page/188/mode/2up">"Leslie Hore-Belisha (Lord Hore-Belisha)"</a></span>. In Duncan Brack (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflibe0000unse"><i>Dictionary of Liberal Biography</i></a></span>. London: Politico's Publishing. pp. 188–189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-90230-109-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-90230-109-9"><bdi>1-90230-109-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leslie+Hore-Belisha+%28Lord+Hore-Belisha%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Liberal+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=188-189&rft.pub=Politico%27s+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-90230-109-9&rft.aulast=Tregidga&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoflibe0000unse%2Fpage%2F188%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Clifton College Register" Muirhead, J.A.O. p284: Bristol; J.W Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society; April, 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warfarehistorynetwork-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warfarehistorynetwork_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warfarehistorynetwork.com/daily/wwii/the-generals-battle-british-war-minister-leslie-hore-belisha/">"The Generals' Battle: British War Minister Leslie Hore-Belisha"</a>. <i>warfarehistorynetwork.com</i>. 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warfarehistorynetwork.com&rft.atitle=The+Generals%27+Battle%3A+British+War+Minister+Leslie+Hore-Belisha&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwarfarehistorynetwork.com%2Fdaily%2Fwwii%2Fthe-generals-battle-british-war-minister-leslie-hore-belisha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hist-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hist_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpray2004" class="citation web cs1">Spray, Jon (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100807065046/http://www.livingstreets.org.uk/index.php/download_file/-/view/872/">"The history of the Pedestrians Association"</a>. Living Streets. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livingstreets.org.uk/index.php/download_file/-/view/872/">the original</a> on 7 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Pedestrians+Association&rft.pub=Living+Streets&rft.date=2004-08&rft.aulast=Spray&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingstreets.org.uk%2Findex.php%2Fdownload_file%2F-%2Fview%2F872%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1">Harris, J. Paul (8 May 2006). Murray, Williamson; Sinnreich, Richard Hart (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok-dB3K1l1QC"><i>The Past as Prologue</i></a>. Vol. 137. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.otohns.2007.01.010">10.1016/j.otohns.2007.01.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139452588" title="Special:BookSources/9781139452588"><bdi>9781139452588</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17599593">17599593</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32278131">32278131</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Past+as+Prologue&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.otohns.2007.01.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32278131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17599593&rft.isbn=9781139452588&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=J.+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dok-dB3K1l1QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Dorril, <i>Blackshirt: Sir Oswald Mosley and British Fascism</i> (2007). p. 475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Brown_(political_journalist)" title="Colin Brown (political journalist)">Brown, Colin</a> (2009). <i>Whitehall: The Street that Shaped a Nation</i>. Pocket Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whitehall%3A+The+Street+that+Shaped+a+Nation&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette40078" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40078/page/447">"No. 40078"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 January 1954. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+40078&rft.pages=447&rft.date=1954-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F40078%2Fpage%2F447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wimbledonguardian.co.uk/news/9922334.heritage-the-wartime-minister-whose-wimbledon-hideaway-was-bombed/">"Heritage: The wartime minister whose Wimbledon hideaway was bombed"</a>. <i>Wimbledon Times</i>. 11 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wimbledon+Times&rft.atitle=Heritage%3A+The+wartime+minister+whose+Wimbledon+hideaway+was+bombed&rft.date=2012-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wimbledonguardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2F9922334.heritage-the-wartime-minister-whose-wimbledon-hideaway-was-bombed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telelib-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telelib_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telelib.com/words/authors/W/WellsHerbertGeorge/prose/thingstocome/thingstocome22.html">"Book 2 - 9. The Last War Cyclone, 1940-50 - The Shape of Things to Come - H.G. Wells, Book, etext"</a>. <i>telelib.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telelib.com&rft.atitle=Book+2+-+9.+The+Last+War+Cyclone%2C+1940-50+-+The+Shape+of+Things+to+Come+-+H.G.+Wells%2C+Book%2C+etext&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telelib.com%2Fwords%2Fauthors%2FW%2FWellsHerbertGeorge%2Fprose%2Fthingstocome%2Fthingstocome22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeslie+Hore-Belisha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leslie_Hore-Belisha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leslie Hore-Belisha">Leslie Hore-Belisha</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-leslie-hore-belisha">contributions in Parliament by Leslie Hore-Belisha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/008187">Newspaper clippings about Leslie Hore-Belisha</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/13834">The Papers of Leslie Hore-Belisha</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Kinloch-Cooke" title="Clement Kinloch-Cooke">Sir Clement Kinloch-Cooke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Devonport_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Plymouth Devonport (UK Parliament constituency)">Plymouth Devonport</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a>–<a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Michael Foot</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a> </b><br />1932–1934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Minister of Transport</a> </b><br />1934–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Burgin" title="Leslie Burgin">Leslie Burgin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a> </b><br />1937–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Hore-Belisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Hore-Belisha">Baron Hore-Belisha</a> </b><br />1954–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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(1939–1940)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Right_Honourable_Neville_Chamberlain._Wellcome_M0003096.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Sir Samuel Hoare</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Sir Kingsley Wood</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Sir John Simon</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Halifax</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha,_1st_Baron_Hore-Belisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha, 1st Baron Hore-Belisha">Leslie Hore-Belisha</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Sir Kingsley Wood</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Sir Samuel Hoare</a> (1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Co-ordination_of_Defence" title="Minister for Co-ordination of Defence">Minister for Co-ordination of Defence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernle_Chatfield,_1st_Baron_Chatfield" title="Ernle Chatfield, 1st Baron Chatfield">Lord Chatfield</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hankey,_1st_Baron_Hankey" title="Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey">Lord Hankey</a> (1939–1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secretary of State for Work and Pensions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secretaries_of_state_for_work_and_pensions_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Secretary of State for Work and Pensions">Secretaries of state for work and pensions of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Pensions_(Britain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Pensions (Britain)">Ministers of Pensions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Barnes_(British_politician)" title="George Barnes (British politician)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hodge_(politician)" title="John Hodge (politician)">Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laming_Worthington-Evans" title="Laming Worthington-Evans">Worthington-Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Macpherson,_1st_Baron_Strathcarron" title="Ian Macpherson, 1st Baron Strathcarron">Macpherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tryon,_1st_Baron_Tryon" title="George Tryon, 1st Baron Tryon">Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts_(British_politician)" title="Frederick Roberts (British politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tryon,_1st_Baron_Tryon" title="George Tryon, 1st Baron Tryon">Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts_(British_politician)" title="Frederick Roberts (British politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tryon,_1st_Baron_Tryon" title="George Tryon, 1st Baron Tryon">Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hudson,_1st_Viscount_Hudson" title="Robert Hudson, 1st Viscount Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herwald_Ramsbotham,_1st_Viscount_Soulbury" title="Herwald Ramsbotham, 1st Viscount Soulbury">Ramsbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Womersley" title="Walter Womersley">Womersley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Paling" title="Wilfred Paling">Paling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hynd" title="John Hynd">Hynd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan_(politician)" title="George Buchanan (politician)">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Marquand" title="Hilary Marquand">Marquand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Isaacs" title="George Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Secretary of State for Work and Pensions">Ministers of Social Insurance/National Insurance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hore-Belisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Griffiths" title="Jim Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Summerskill" title="Edith Summerskill">Summerskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osbert_Peake,_1st_Viscount_Ingleby" title="Osbert Peake, 1st Viscount Ingleby">Peake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Pensions_and_National_Insurance#Ministers" title="Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance">Ministers of Pensions and National Insurance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osbert_Peake,_1st_Viscount_Ingleby" title="Osbert Peake, 1st Viscount Ingleby">Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd-Carpenter,_Baron_Boyd-Carpenter" title="John Boyd-Carpenter, Baron Boyd-Carpenter">Boyd-Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Macpherson,_1st_Baron_Drumalbyn" title="Niall Macpherson, 1st Baron Drumalbyn">Macpherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wood,_Baron_Holderness" title="Richard Wood, Baron Holderness">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Herbison" title="Peggy Herbison">Herbison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Security_(United_Kingdom)#Ministers" title="Ministry of Social Security (United Kingdom)">Ministers of Social Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Herbison" title="Peggy Herbison">Herbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hart" title="Judith Hart">Hart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Services" title="Secretary of State for Social Services">Secretaries of State for Social Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Castle" title="Barbara Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ennals,_Baron_Ennals" title="David Ennals, Baron Ennals">Ennals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Jenkin" title="Patrick Jenkin">Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Lower_Marsh" title="John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh">Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Social Security">Secretaries of State for Social Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Lower_Marsh" title="John Moore, Baron Moore of Lower Marsh">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Work_and_Pensions" title="Secretary of State for Work and Pensions">Secretaries of State for Work and Pensions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Smith_(British_politician)" title="Andrew Smith (British politician)">A. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">Blunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton_of_Furness" title="John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Purnell" title="James Purnell">Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crabb" title="Stephen Crabb">Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_Green" title="Damian Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gauke" title="David Gauke">Gauke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_McVey" title="Esther McVey">McVey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Smith" title="Chloe Smith">C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122522#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122522#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122522#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119102633">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no91030869">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11204126k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11204126k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067915876">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689375605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529020305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119102633.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/103198172">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nx5tg4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&oldid=1255849148">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Hore-Belisha&oldid=1255849148</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1893_births" title="Category:1893 births">1893 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1957_deaths" title="Category:1957 deaths">1957 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" 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