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style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bethany Veney</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bethany_Veney.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bethany_Veney.png/220px-Bethany_Veney.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bethany_Veney.png/330px-Bethany_Veney.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Bethany_Veney.png/440px-Bethany_Veney.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Bethany Johnson</div><br />c. 1812–1815<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">near <a href="/wiki/Luray,_Virginia" title="Luray, Virginia">Luray, Virginia</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Page_County,_Virginia" title="Page County, Virginia">Page County, Virginia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1915-11-16</span>)</span>November 16, 1915<sup id="cite_ref-NB_-_obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_-_obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_-_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Aunt Betty",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney1889_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney1889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Betsy,<sup id="cite_ref-NB_-_obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_-_obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Aunt Betsy"<sup id="cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_-_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Aunt Betty's Story: The Narrative of Bethany Veney, A Slave Woman</i> (1889)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Jerry Fickland</li> <li>Frank Veney</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Charlotte E. Fickland (1844 –1921)</li> <li>Joe Veney</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph and Charlotte Johnson</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bethany Veney</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1812</span>–1815<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – November 16, 1915<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), was an American writer whose <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">slave narrative</a>, <i>Aunt Betty's Story: The Narrative of Bethany Veney, A Slave Woman,</i> was published in 1889. Born into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> on a farm near <a href="/wiki/Luray,_Virginia" title="Luray, Virginia">Luray, Virginia</a>, as <b>Bethany Johnson</b>, married twice, first to an enslaved man, Jerry Fickland, with whom she had a daughter, Charlotte. He was <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">sold away</a> from her and she later married Frank Veney, a <a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">free black</a> man. She was sold on an auction block to her enslaver, <a href="/wiki/George_James_Adams" title="George James Adams">George J. Adams</a>, who brought her to <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence, Rhode Island</a>, and later to <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Veney made four trips to Virginia to move her daughter and her family and 16 additional family members north to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LurayVirginiain1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/LurayVirginiain1910.jpg/220px-LurayVirginiain1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/LurayVirginiain1910.jpg/330px-LurayVirginiain1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/LurayVirginiain1910.jpg/440px-LurayVirginiain1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luray,_Virginia" title="Luray, Virginia">Luray, Virginia</a>, in 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1815, Bethany Johnson was born into slavery on the Pass Run farm, near <a href="/wiki/Luray,_Virginia" title="Luray, Virginia">Luray</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Page_County,_Virginia" title="Page County, Virginia">Page County, Virginia</a>. Her parents, Charlotte and Joseph Johnson, had five children,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Matilda and Stephen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200155,_57_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200155,_57-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veney was of African American and <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was enslaved by James Fletcher, who owned Pass Run.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fletcher's daughter Nasenith taught her a <a href="/wiki/Fire_and_brimstone" title="Fire and brimstone">fire and brimstone</a> lesson about the repercussions of lying, which was softened by her mother's lesson about the rewards of being truthful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney18897–9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney18897–9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lesson about honesty had a life-long impact that helped her fight for herself.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally, Fletcher called on Veney to sing and dance for his visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney18897–9_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney18897–9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother died when she was about nine years of age, and she did not know her father.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after her mother's death, Fletcher died. The enslaved people that he held were left to his five daughters and two sons, which split up her family.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188910_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188910-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy Fletcher, who Veney considered to be kindhearted, received her and her sister Matilda.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy was unmarried, and she and the people she enslaved moved in with her sister Nasenith Fletcher and David Kibbler, after they were married on January 25, 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some time, Veney was hired out to a woman who fed and clothed her in exchange for her labor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188910_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188910-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She considered her kind because she had been given enough food to survive and was not whipped. Veney remarked that white children not born into slavery would have a different definition of kindness.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Kibler was a cruel master who was violent towards all the enslaved people in his household.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was once whipped with a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nail_rod" class="extiw" title="wikt:nail rod">nail rod</a> that made her lame, and then was whipped again after her mistress inquired about the cause of her injury and asked Kibbler about it. Once, when she was told to cut a switch to be beaten with, she ran away from the injustice of the beating, and after a night of heavy rain, she sought assistance from Kibbler's father, who was also an enslaver who beat his slaves. Once he heard her story, he and Veney visited Kibbler, who was told by his father not to whip her. She returned to Kibbler's house and was not beaten.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188911–13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188911–13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kibbler's brother Jerry and sister Sally were converted <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, who found religion after attending a <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meeting</a>. They outfitted a schoolhouse building in Luray to serve as a venue for church services and revival meetings and encouraged Veney to become a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy arranged for someone to take Veney to a camp meeting, where a hymn inspired her.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Then let this feeble body fail,<br /> Or let it faint or die,<br /> My soul shall quit this mournful vale,<br /> And soar to worlds on high,<br /> Shall join those distant saints,<br /> </p><p> And find its long-sought rest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Veney began to pray for her freedom, believing that if she were a good Christian, she would be freed from slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veney wished to earn her own money and save it until she could afford a house with a lovely garden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188914_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188914-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She relied on her faith to endure difficult times. Still a young girl, she was severely punished by her slaveholder for attending church.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued to attend church when she was hired out to Mr. Levers and after she got before Kibbler and begged to be allowed to attend church. He said, "Well, I'll go the devil if you ain't my match. Yes, go to meeting..." From that point forward, she was able to attend church. She became known for her honesty and devotion.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188916–17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188916–17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the late 1830s, Bethany Johnson <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_enslaved_people_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage of enslaved people (United States)">married</a> Jerry Fickland, an enslaved man who lived seven miles from her on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201264–65_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201264–65-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They received permission to marry from their enslavers, and they had a simple wedding ceremony. Knowing their enslavers could separate them at any time, they excluded promises to be accurate and forsake all others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200156–57_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200156–57-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201266_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201266-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continued to live at the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">plantations</a> of their enslavers and could only visit one another when they were given permission and received a pass to travel on the roads without being picked up as runaways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200156–57_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200156–57-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Slave-Auction-in-Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A-Slave-Auction-in-Virginia.jpg/220px-A-Slave-Auction-in-Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A-Slave-Auction-in-Virginia.jpg/330px-A-Slave-Auction-in-Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/A-Slave-Auction-in-Virginia.jpg/440px-A-Slave-Auction-in-Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Slave_market#Slave_markets_in_North_America" title="Slave market">slave auction</a> in Virginia</figcaption></figure> <p>Owned by the indebted Jonas Mannyfield (also spelled Menefee), Fickland was taken to <a href="/wiki/Little_Washington,_Virginia" title="Little Washington, Virginia">Little Washington, Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/Slave_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave pen">slave pen</a>, where he was to be auctioned around March 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200156_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200156-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veney was permitted to go to see her husband. She traveled more than a day to meet up with Fickland's mother, and they went together to the <a href="/wiki/Slave_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave pen">slave pen</a> where Fickland and the rest of Mannyfield's slaves were held.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200158_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200158-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slave trader Frank White bought the enslaved people intending to sell them in the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200159_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200159-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fickland was sent by White to get his wife, promising they would be kept together. Realizing they would not likely be kept together and suffer in the harsh cotton fields and rice swamps further south, Fickland fled for the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200159–60_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200159–60-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was ultimately captured by slave trader David McCoy. Veney never saw him again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200164_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200164-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their daughter, Charlotte E. Fickland, was born in January 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was named after Veney's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realizing that her daughter would be subject to owner's <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual abuse of slaves in the United States">sexual abuse</a>, without a means of redress, she said of her feelings from that time,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf200127_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf200127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My dear white lady, in your pleasant home made joyous by the tender love of husband and children all your own, you can never understand the slave mother's emotions as she clasps her new-born child, and knows that a master's word can at any moment take it from her embrace; and when, as was mine, that child is a girl, and from her own experience she sees its almost certain doom is to minister to the unbridled lust of the slave-owner, and feels that the law holds over her no protecting arm, it is not strange that, rude and uncultured as I was, I felt all this, and would have been glad if we could have died together there and then.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bethany Veney<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188926_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188926-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond,_Virginia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/330px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg/440px-Crowe-Slaves_Waiting_for_Sale_-_Richmond%2C_Virginia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>"Slaves Waiting for Sale." Enslaved women and children, dressed in new clothes, wait to be sold in Richmond, Virginia, in the 19th century. Based on a sketch of 1853.</figcaption></figure> <p>She and her daughter were sold to John Printz Sr. of Luray at Veney's request. She worked for his family until the early 1850s when she was sold to McCoy and his partner John O'Neile. Her daughter remained with the Printz family.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she realized she was about to be sold, she asked a white person from church to purchase her, but she was declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2012112_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2012112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was brought to the <a href="/wiki/Slave_market#Slave_markets_in_North_America" title="Slave market">slave auction</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, and she pretended to be sick by putting baking soda in her mouth before bidding began. She foamed at the mouth, and no sale was made.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veney worked in the McCoy household and was hired out, in which case she paid McCoy $20 a year and kept the rest of her earnings. She was able to visit her daughter periodically.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She married a free black man, Frank Veney, becoming Bethany Veney. Frank built roads for McCoy. Veney met Frank when she was a cook for the road construction crew. They had a son named Joe.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stony_Man">Stony Man</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stony Man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stony_Man_Mountain_from_Hawksbill_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stony_Man_Mountain_from_Hawksbill_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Stony_Man_Mountain_from_Hawksbill_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stony_Man_Mountain_from_Hawksbill_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Stony_Man_Mountain_from_Hawksbill_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Stony_Man_Mountain_from_Hawksbill_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Stony_Man_Mountain_from_Hawksbill_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Stony Man Mountain viewed from <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawksbill">Hawksbill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_National_Park" title="Shenandoah National Park">Shenandoah National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Veney made arrangements with David McCoy and John Printz that allowed her to rent a house from Pritz on <a href="/wiki/Stony_Man_Mountain" title="Stony Man Mountain">Stony Man Mountain</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_spur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain spur">mountain spur</a> south of Luray. She supported herself and her son by keeping wages early by being hired out and paying a $30 annual fee to McCoy for his share of her earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1850s, Veney was hired for $1.50 per week as a cook and housekeeper for <a href="/wiki/Copper_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Copper mining in the United States">copper mining</a> speculators—<a href="/wiki/George_James_Adams" title="George James Adams">George J. Adams</a> and J. Butterworth, of Providence, Rhode Island—who reopened a mine near <a href="/wiki/Stony_Man_Mountain" title="Stony Man Mountain">Stony Man Mountain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCoy's property was seized and auctioned due to his gambling debts. On December 27, 1858, Adams purchased Veney and her son Joe for $775 (equivalent to $27,292 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_England">New England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adams moved Veney and her son to Providence in August 1859 and freed both.<sup id="cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_-_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veney supported herself by taking in laundry and selling bluing door-to-door.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her son Joe died of an illness late that year. Living in New England, she was separated from her daughter, son-in-law, and husband. Frank Veney went on to marry another woman after three years had passed. Frank claimed that Veney was his ninth of twenty-five wives in an article published by <i><a href="/wiki/Page_News_and_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="Page News and Courier">The Page News and Courier</a></i> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was too dangerous for a lone Black woman to travel to Virginia to visit her family following <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a> (October 1859) and the commencement of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865).<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veney worked for the Adams family in Providence and then moved with them to <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>, in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_-_obit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_-_obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SC_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SC-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the war, she made large pots of <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a> that she brought out to the camps of the Worcester Volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_-_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued to sell bluing and take in washing in Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feeling comfortable there, knowing that she was safe from being sold on auction blocks, she remained in Worcester after the Adams' family returned to Providence. Veney joined the Park Street Methodist Church, a white church, and was a founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Bethel Church in 1867,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a prominent member of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more than 50 years, she walked to the <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Camp_Meeting_Grounds" title="Sterling Camp Meeting Grounds">Sterling Camp Meeting Grounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Massachusetts" title="Sterling, Massachusetts">Sterling, Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a nearly 12-mile walk from her house that is estimated to take about 4 hours one-way.<sup id="cite_ref-Stirling_CM_walk_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stirling_CM_walk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the Civil War, Veney collected family members that she missed dearly and brought them to live in New England. She started with her daughter, son-in-law Aaron Jackson, and grandchild, who lived adjacent to her, and then made three more trips to move 16 more relatives north.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the Luray, Virginia area, she also met up with three of her former enslavers, McCoy, Printz, and Kibbler. She was grateful to be on the other side of the suffering that she endured for years and to be reunited with her family.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Worcester, she purchased a house for herself at 21 Winfield Street and other houses for her extended family.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Narrative_of_Bethany_Veney,_a_Slave_Woman"><span id="Narrative_of_Bethany_Veney.2C_a_Slave_Woman"></span><i>Narrative of Bethany Veney, a Slave Woman</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Narrative of Bethany Veney, a Slave Woman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1889, the <i>Narrative of Bethany Veney, a Slave Woman</i> was published. It was dictated to a white woman with the initials M. W. G.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney1889_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney1889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative documents her life as an enslaved child and woman. She describes her religious conversion and religion's role in her life.<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_South_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc_South-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her narrative includes two letters from two ministers, Rev. Erastus Spaulding of Millbury and the Rev. V.A. Cooper.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doc_South_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc_South-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them describes Veney's strength of character and the other focuses on the sinfulness of slavery. Veney also describes her life in the North after attaining her freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-Doc_South_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doc_South-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jared Silverstein, author of <i>The Faith of a Woman: a Slave Narrative of Love, Despair, and Atonement</i> said, "Her short yet powerful narrative reveals how her unremitting faith in God empowered her to navigate the most trying of circumstances, from childhood as a slave to adulthood as a woman fighting for her freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veney had a unique approach to writing her narrative. She shared her story of humanity, focusing on her heartache and the morals that she lived by rather than documenting how slavery was horrible.<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veney remained active throughout her life.<sup id="cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_-_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died at her daughter's house in Worcester on November 16, 1915, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Hope_Cemetery_(Worcester,_Massachusetts)" title="Hope Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)">Hope Cemetery</a> in the same city.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beside her is her daughter Charlotte who died February 14, 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 12, 2003, the Governor of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, signed a proclamation honoring Bethany Veney and her life by declaring the day "Bethany Veney Day in Worcester, Massachusetts".<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Collected Black Women's Narratives</i>, Anthony Gerard recognized Veney—along with <a href="/wiki/Susie_King_Taylor" title="Susie King Taylor">Susie King Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy Prince">Nancy Prince</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Picquet" title="Louisa Picquet">Louisa Picquet</a>—as a "woman [who] strove to maintain her dignity and independence in an increasingly violent and consistently racist America." He further states that her narrative documents "Veney's experiences in slavery and in freedom and her spiritual growth throughout her life" and "revealed her defiance, ingenuity, fortitude, and independence. In the inhuman grip of chattel slavery, Veney continually demonstrates her humanity..."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She was born in the middle of March.<sup id="cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_-_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She believed her birthday was March 19 and celebrated her birthday on that day for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /> According to Veney, she was born about 1815<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 1900 Federal Census states that she was born in March 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also reported by the <i>Worcester Telegram</i> to have been 100 years of age in 1912, which would have meant she was born in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a> states that she was born in 1812 or 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-Nugent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her death record showed her date of birth as March 20, 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_record_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death_record-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources state that she died in 1916, but newspapers from 1915 reported her death that year.<sup id="cite_ref-NB_-_obit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_-_obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BG_-_obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, her death record states that she died on November 16, 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_record_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death_record-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In her death record, there was no name for her mother. Her father was just identified by the surname Stevens. Her daughter, Charlotte E. Jackson, provided the information.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_record_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death_record-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Her grandmother had begged to be placed with Veney, but her grandmother and her Uncle Peter went to Nasenith Fletcher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188910_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188910-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landau stated that Lucy married David Kibbler,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200155–56_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200155–56-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but according to Veney's account, it was Lucy's sister Nasenith who married Kibler.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfe_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188910_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188910-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The nearly 12 mile trip from 21 Winfield Street in Worcester to the Stirling Campground (just south of East and West Wauschacum Ponds) would have taken an estimated 4 hours to walk.<sup id="cite_ref-Stirling_CM_walk_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stirling_CM_walk-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1909, the newspaper reported that she got off a train six miles before her destination so that she could walk it and pick blueberries on the way.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_-_obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_-_obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_-_obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_-_obit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_-_obit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93281123/mrs-betsy-veney-was-purchased-by/">"Mrs. Betsy Veney Was Purchased by Providence Man and Given Her Freedom"</a>. <i>Norwich Bulletin</i>. November 17, 1915. p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Norwich+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Betsy+Veney+Was+Purchased+by+Providence+Man+and+Given+Her+Freedom&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1915-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F93281123%2Fmrs-betsy-veney-was-purchased-by%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BG_-_obit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BG_-_obit_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93283269/aunt-betsy-veney-dies-at-age-of-103/">"Aunt Betsy: Veney dies at age of 103"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. November 17, 1915. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Aunt+Betsy%3A+Veney+dies+at+age+of+103&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1915-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F93283269%2Faunt-betsy-veney-dies-at-age-of-103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney1889-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney1889_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney1889_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeney1889">Veney 1889</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfe-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolfe_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe" class="citation web cs1">Wolfe, Brendan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/veney-bethany-ca-1815-1916/">"Bethany Veney"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=Bethany+Veney&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fveney-bethany-ca-1815-1916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Bettie Venney, Worcester Ward 7, Worcester, Massachusetts", <i>Twelfth Census of the United States</i>, Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1900</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twelfth+Census+of+the+United+States&rft.atitle=Bettie+Venney%2C+Worcester+Ward+7%2C+Worcester%2C+Massachusetts&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nugent-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2012" class="citation news cs1">Nugent, Karen (February 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.telegram.com/amp/49738362007">"Tragedy, triumph; Freed slave forged new life in Worcester"</a>. <i>Worcester Telegram & Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Worcester+Telegram+%26+Gazette&rft.atitle=Tragedy%2C+triumph%3B+Freed+slave+forged+new+life+in+Worcester&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.telegram.com%2Famp%2F49738362007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death_record-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Death_record_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death_record_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Death_record_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Bethany (Stevens) Veney, died November 16, 1915, Worcester, Massachusetts", <i>Massachusetts Vital Records, 1840–1911</i>, Boston, Massachusetts: New England Historic Genealogical Society</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Massachusetts+Vital+Records%2C+1840%E2%80%931911&rft.atitle=Bethany+%28Stevens%29+Veney%2C+died+November+16%2C+1915%2C+Worcester%2C+Massachusetts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200155,_57-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200155,_57_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandau2001">Landau 2001</a>, pp. 55, 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney18897–9-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney18897–9_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney18897–9_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeney1889">Veney 1889</a>, pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silverstein-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silverstein_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverstein2017" class="citation cs2">Silverstein, Jared (October 14, 2017), <i>The Faith of a Woman: a Slave Narrative of Love, Despair, and Atonement</i>, American Studies Media Culture Program (ASMCP)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith+of+a+Woman%3A+a+Slave+Narrative+of+Love%2C+Despair%2C+and+Atonement&rft.pub=American+Studies+Media+Culture+Program+%28ASMCP%29&rft.date=2017-10-14&rft.aulast=Silverstein&rft.aufirst=Jared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188910-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188910_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188910_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188910_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188910_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeney1889">Veney 1889</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200155–56-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200155–56_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandau2001">Landau 2001</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188911–13-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188911–13_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeney1889">Veney 1889</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188915–16_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeney1889">Veney 1889</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188914-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188914_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeney1889">Veney 1889</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188916–17-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188916–17_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeney1889">Veney 1889</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201264–65-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201264–65_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2012">Williams 2012</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200156–57-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200156–57_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200156–57_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandau2001">Landau 2001</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201266-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams201266_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2012">Williams 2012</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200156-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200156_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandau2001">Landau 2001</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200158-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200158_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandau2001">Landau 2001</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200159-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200159_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandau2001">Landau 2001</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200159–60-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200159–60_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandau2001">Landau 2001</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandau200164-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandau200164_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLandau2001">Landau 2001</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiouf200127-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiouf200127_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiouf2001">Diouf 2001</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeney188926-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeney188926_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVeney1889">Veney 1889</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2012112-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2012112_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2012">Williams 2012</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2010" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Janette Thomas (2010-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4Ac47PJhCgC&pg=PA111"><i>First Fruits of Freedom: The Migration of Former Slaves and Their Search for Equality in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1862-1900</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9578-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9578-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-9578-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Fruits+of+Freedom%3A+The+Migration+of+Former+Slaves+and+Their+Search+for+Equality+in+Worcester%2C+Massachusetts%2C+1862-1900&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-9578-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Janette+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4Ac47PJhCgC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SC-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SC_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchomburg_CenterCommander2021" class="citation book cs1">Schomburg Center; Commander, Michelle D. (2021-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1APyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA345"><i>Unsung: Unheralded Narratives of American Slavery & Abolition</i></a>. Penguin. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-50769-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-50769-7"><bdi>978-0-525-50769-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unsung%3A+Unheralded+Narratives+of+American+Slavery+%26+Abolition&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft.isbn=978-0-525-50769-7&rft.au=Schomburg+Center&rft.au=Commander%2C+Michelle+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1APyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stirling_CM_walk-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stirling_CM_walk_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stirling_CM_walk_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/dir/21+Winfield+Street,+Worcester,+Massachusetts/42.4085084,-71.7556238/@42.408728,-71.768065,15.1z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m5!1m1!1s0x89e406856fbb16e7:0x7cd52b7f12d78ed7!2m2!1d-71.8194515!2d42.2598161!1m0!3e2?hl=en">"Worcester to Sterling"</a>. <i>Google maps</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+maps&rft.atitle=Worcester+to+Sterling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fdir%2F21%2BWinfield%2BStreet%2C%2BWorcester%2C%2BMassachusetts%2F42.4085084%2C-71.7556238%2F%4042.408728%2C-71.768065%2C15.1z%2Fdata%3D%214m9%214m8%211m5%211m1%211s0x89e406856fbb16e7%3A0x7cd52b7f12d78ed7%212m2%211d-71.8194515%212d42.2598161%211m0%213e2%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doc_South-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_South_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_South_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doc_South_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/veney/summary.html">"Summary of The Narrative of Bethany Veney: A Slave Woman"</a>. <i>Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Documenting+the+American+South%2C+University+of+North+Carolina&rft.atitle=Summary+of+The+Narrative+of+Bethany+Veney%3A+A+Slave+Woman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocsouth.unc.edu%2Ffpn%2Fveney%2Fsummary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93291197/aunt-betty-veney/">"Aunt Betty Veney"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>. July 28, 1909. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Aunt+Betty+Veney&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1909-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F93291197%2Faunt-betty-veney%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaregistry.org/story/bethany-veney-abolitionist-and-author/">"Bethany Veney, Abolitionist, and Author"</a>. <i>African American Registry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+American+Registry&rft.atitle=Bethany+Veney%2C+Abolitionist%2C+and+Author&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faaregistry.org%2Fstory%2Fbethany-veney-abolitionist-and-author%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthelemyPrincePicquetVeney1988" class="citation book cs1">Barthelemy, Anthony Gerard; Prince, Nancy; Picquet, Louisa; Veney, Bethany Narrative of Bethany Veney; Taylor, Susie King (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/collectedblackwo00"><i>Collected Black women's narratives</i></a>. New York : Oxford University Press. pp. xxx, xxxi, xxxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505260-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505260-2"><bdi>978-0-19-505260-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Black+women%27s+narratives&rft.pages=xxx%2C+xxxi%2C+xxxv&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505260-2&rft.aulast=Barthelemy&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Gerard&rft.au=Prince%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Picquet%2C+Louisa&rft.au=Veney%2C+Bethany+Narrative+of+Bethany+Veney&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Susie+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedblackwo00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiouf2001" class="citation book cs1">Diouf, Sylviane A. (Sylviane Anna) (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/growingupinslave00silv"><i>Growing up in slavery</i></a>. Brookfield, Conn. : Millbrook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-1763-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7613-1763-0"><bdi>978-0-7613-1763-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+up+in+slavery&rft.pub=Brookfield%2C+Conn.+%3A+Millbrook+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7613-1763-0&rft.aulast=Diouf&rft.aufirst=Sylviane+A.+%28Sylviane+Anna%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrowingupinslave00silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandau2001" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Elaine (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/slavenarrativesj0000unse"><i>Slave narratives : the journey to freedom</i></a>. New York : Franklin Watts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-531-11743-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-531-11743-9"><bdi>978-0-531-11743-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slave+narratives+%3A+the+journey+to+freedom&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Franklin+Watts&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-531-11743-9&rft.aulast=Landau&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavenarrativesj0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeney1889" class="citation book cs1">Veney, Bethany (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/narrativeofbetha00vene"><i>The narrative of Bethany Veney, a slave woman</i></a>. Worcester, Massachusetts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+narrative+of+Bethany+Veney%2C+a+slave+woman&rft.pub=Worcester%2C+Massachusetts&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Veney&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrativeofbetha00vene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Heather Andrea (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/helpmetofindmype0000will"><i>Help me to find my people : the African American search for family lost in slavery</i></a>. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3554-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3554-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-3554-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Help+me+to+find+my+people+%3A+the+African+American+search+for+family+lost+in+slavery&rft.pub=Chapel+Hill+%3A+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3554-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Heather+Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhelpmetofindmype0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABethany+Veney" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McCarthy, B. Eugene; Doughton, Thomas L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0opv0-z04C8C&pg=PA4"><i>From Bondage to Belonging: the Worcester slave narratives</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55849-623-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55849-623-8">1-55849-623-8</a>.</li> <li>Moore, Robert H., II, "Clarifying a few details in the narrative of Bethany Veney," <i><a href="/wiki/The_Page_News_and_Courier" title="The Page News and Courier">The Page News and Courier</a></i> (Luray, Virginia), August 24, 2000.</li> <li>Moore, Robert H., II, "Frank Veney – The Other Half of the Bethany Veney Story," <i>The Page News and Courier</i>, July 1, 2004.</li> <li>Moore, Robert H., II, "What Happened to Bethany Veney after Leaving Page County? Parts 1 – 2", <i>The Page News and Courier</i>, March 30, 2006, and April 6, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethany_Veney&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WL9SW_BBarI"><i>A Moment in Worcester Black History - Bethany Veney</i></a> (YouTube video)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Slave_narratives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slave_narrative" title="Template talk:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slave_narrative" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slave narrative"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slave_narratives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narratives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narrative Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals<br />by continent<br />of enslavement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Adams_(sailor)" title="Robert Adams (sailor)">Robert Adams</a> (c. 1790–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Berg_(1714-1761)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Berg (1714-1761)">Marcus Berg</a> (1714-1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bok" title="Francis Bok">Francis Bok</a> (b. 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Brassard" title="Isaac Brassard">Isaac Brassard</a> (1620–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Caronni" title="Felice Caronni">Felice Caronni </a> (1747–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Leander_Cathcart" title="James Leander Cathcart">James Leander Cathcart</a> (1767–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93lafur_Egilsson" title="Ólafur Egilsson">Ólafur Egilsson</a> (1564–1639)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Kilekwa" title="Petro Kilekwa">Petro Kilekwa</a> (late 19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Marsh" title="Elizabeth Marsh">Elizabeth Marsh</a> (1735–1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_ter_Meetelen" title="Maria ter Meetelen">Maria ter Meetelen</a> (1704–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Nazer" title="Mende Nazer">Mende Nazer</a> (b. 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hark_Olufs" title="Hark Olufs">Hark Olufs</a> (1708–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pellow" title="Thomas Pellow">Thomas Pellow</a> (1705–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitts_(author)" title="Joseph Pitts (author)">Joseph Pitts</a> (1663 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1735</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0r%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_S%C3%ADmonard%C3%B3ttir" title="Guðríður Símonardóttir">Guðríður Símonardóttir</a> (1598–1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Qaurtier" title="Antoine Qaurtier">Antoine Qaurtier</a> (1632–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a> (1660–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Wolffgang" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Wolffgang">Johann Georg Wolffgang</a> (1644–1744)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a> (1684–1736)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A1clav_Vratislav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Václav Vratislav (page does not exist)">Václav Vratislav</a> (1576–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovisa_von_Burghausen" title="Lovisa von Burghausen">Lovisa von Burghausen</a> (1698–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukawsaw_Gronniosaw" title="Ukawsaw Gronniosaw">Ukawsaw Gronniosaw</a> (c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marteilhe" title="Jean Marteilhe">Jean Marteilhe</a> (1684-1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roustam_Raza" title="Roustam Raza">Roustam Raza</a> (1783–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunzio_Otello_Francesco_Gioacchino" title="Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino">Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino</a> (1792 – fl. 1828)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Ottoman Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Hungary" title="George of Hungary">George of Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique" title="Marie-Joseph Angélique">Marie-Joseph Angélique</a> (c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Jewitt" title="John R. Jewitt">John R. Jewitt</a> (1783 England – 1821 United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Manzano" title="Juan Francisco Manzano">Juan Francisco Manzano</a> (1797–1854, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Montejo" title="Esteban Montejo">Esteban Montejo</a> (1860–1965, Cuba)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Prince" title="Mary Prince">Mary Prince</a> (c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a> (c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">North America:<br />United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aleckson" title="Sam Aleckson">Sam Aleckson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Anderson" title="Jordan Anderson">Jordan Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Anderson" title="William J. Anderson">William J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Maurice_Arter" title="Jared Maurice Arter">Jared Maurice Arter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Bayley" title="Solomon Bayley">Solomon Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Berry" title="Polly Berry">Polly Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bibb" title="Henry Bibb">Henry Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry "Box" Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(fugitive_slave)" title="John Brown (fugitive slave)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wells_Brown" title="William Wells Brown">William Wells Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruner" title="Peter Bruner">Peter Bruner</a> (1845 KY – 1938 OH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Crafts" title="Hannah Crafts">Hannah Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucinda_Davis" title="Lucinda Davis">Lucinda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Davis_(Baptist_minister)" title="Noah Davis (Baptist minister)">Noah Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Delaney" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Delaney">Lucy Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayuba_Suleiman_Diallo" title="Ayuba Suleiman Diallo">Ayuba Suleiman Diallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Drumgoold" title="Kate Drumgoold">Kate Drumgoold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Winston_Early" title="Jordan Winston Early">Jordan Winston Early</a> (1814 – after 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Woodson_Early" title="Sarah Jane Woodson Early">Sarah Jane Woodson Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fossett" title="Peter Fossett">Peter Fossett</a> (1815 <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_(Baptist)" title="David George (Baptist)">David George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lear_Green" title="Lear Green">Lear Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Green_(former_slave)" title="William Green (former slave)">William Green</a> (19th century <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grimes_(ex-slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Grimes (ex-slave)">William Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Henson" title="Josiah Henson">Josiah Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hughes" title="Fountain Hughes">Fountain Hughes</a> (1848/1854 VA – 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Jackson" title="John Andrew Jackson">John Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jea" title="John Jea">John Jea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a> (1799–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_King" title="Boston King">Boston King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford_Lane" title="Lunsford Lane">Lunsford Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Vance_Lewis" title="J. Vance Lewis">J. Vance Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermain_Wesley_Loguen" title="Jermain Wesley Loguen">Jermain Wesley Loguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mars" title="James Mars">James Mars</a> (1790–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensbury_Washington_Offley" title="Greensbury Washington Offley">Greensbury Washington Offley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="John Parker (abolitionist)">John Parker</a> (1827 VA – 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(abolitionist)" title="William Parker (abolitionist)">William Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(soldier,_born_1753)" title="James Robinson (soldier, born 1753)">James Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Roper" title="Moses Roper">Moses Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Singleton" title="William Henry Singleton">William Henry Singleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lindsay_Smith" title="James Lindsay Smith">James Lindsay Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Smith" title="Venture Smith">Venture Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Steward" title="Austin Steward">Austin Steward</a> (1793 VA – 1860)</li> <li>Venerable <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Toussaint" title="Pierre Toussaint">Pierre Toussaint</a> (1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Turnage" title="Wallace Turnage">Wallace Turnage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bethany Veney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Willis" title="Wallace Willis">Wallace Willis</a> (19th century Indian Territory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_E._Wilson" title="Harriet E. Wilson">Harriet E. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamba_Zembola" title="Zamba Zembola">Zamba Zembola</a> (b. c. 1780 Congo)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahommah_Gardo_Baquaqua" title="Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua">Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua</a> (1845–1847, Brazil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a> (? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osifekunde" title="Osifekunde">Osifekunde</a> (c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Interesting_Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Olaudah_Equiano" title="The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano">The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano</a></i> (1789)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Narrative_of_Robert_Adams" title="The Narrative of Robert Adams">The Narrative of Robert Adams</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_as_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery as It Is">American Slavery as It Is</a></i> (1839)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_Life_of_Frederick_Douglass,_an_American_Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave">Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave</a></i> (1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Josiah_Henson,_Formerly_a_Slave,_Now_an_Inhabitant_of_Canada,_as_Narrated_by_Himself" title="The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself">The Life of Josiah Henson</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years_a_Slave" title="Twelve Years a Slave">Twelve Years a Slave</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Bondage_and_My_Freedom" title="My Bondage and My Freedom">My Bondage and My Freedom</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incidents_in_the_Life_of_a_Slave_Girl" title="Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl">Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(Still)" title="The Underground Railroad (Still)">The Underground Railroad Records</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_and_Times_of_Frederick_Douglass" title="Life and Times of Frederick Douglass">Life and Times of Frederick Douglass</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_from_Slavery" title="Up from Slavery">Up from Slavery</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative_Collection" title="Slave Narrative Collection">Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States</a></i> (1936–38)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peculiar_Institution" title="The Peculiar Institution">The Peculiar Institution</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Community" title="The Slave Community">The Slave Community</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracoon:_The_Story_of_the_Last_%22Black_Cargo%22" title="Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"">Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_slavery" title="Category:Novels about slavery">Fiction/novels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Oroonoko" title="Oroonoko">Oroonoko</a></i> (1688)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab_(novel)" title="Sab (novel)">Sab</a></i> (1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Heroic_Slave" title="The Heroic Slave">The Heroic Slave</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clotel" title="Clotel">Clotel</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bondwoman%27s_Narrative" title="The Bondwoman's Narrative">The Bondwoman's Narrative</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred:_A_Tale_of_the_Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp">Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Nig" title="Our Nig">Our Nig</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_(novel)" title="Jubilee (novel)">Jubilee</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots: The Saga of an American Family</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_to_Canada" title="Underground to Canada">Underground to Canada</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dessa_Rose" title="Dessa Rose">Dessa Rose</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen:_The_Story_of_an_American_Family" title="Queen: The Story of an American Family">Queen: The Story of an American Family</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hang_a_Thousand_Trees_with_Ribbons" title="Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons">Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ama:_A_Story_of_the_Atlantic_Slave_Trade" title="Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade">Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walk_Through_Darkness" title="Walk Through Darkness">Walk Through Darkness</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unburnable" title="Unburnable">Unburnable</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Negroes_(novel)" title="The Book of Negroes (novel)">The Book of Negroes</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Young adult books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amos_Fortune,_Free_Man" title="Amos Fortune, Free Man">Amos Fortune, Free Man</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Juan_de_Pareja" title="I, Juan de Pareja">I, Juan de Pareja</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copper_Sun" title="Copper Sun">Copper Sun</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_a_Southern_Slaveholder" title="To a Southern Slaveholder">To a Southern Slaveholder</a>" (1848)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Key_to_Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin">A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i> (1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Escape;_or,_A_Leap_for_Freedom" title="The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom">The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom</a></i> (1858)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Octoroon" title="The Octoroon">The Octoroon</a></i> (1859)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omar_(opera)" title="Omar (opera)">Omar</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unchained_Memories" title="Unchained Memories">Unchained Memories</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_and_the_White_Negro" title="Frederick Douglass and the White Negro">Frederick Douglass and the White Negro</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">African-American literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tom_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Tom novels">Anti-Tom novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captivity_narrative" title="Captivity narrative">Captivity narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_literature" title="Caribbean literature">Caribbean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Films featuring slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">Songs of the Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people" class="mw-redirect" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people">List of last surviving American enslaved people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Negroes" title="Book of Negroes">Book of Negroes</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Plantation_Record_and_Account_Book" title="Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book">Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book</a></i> (1847)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave-Trading_in_the_Old_South" title="Slave-Trading in the Old South">Slave-Trading in the Old South</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">Slave Songs of the United States</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace:_An_Anthology_of_Poems_about_Slavery" title="Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery">Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingses_of_Monticello" title="The Hemingses of Monticello">The Hemingses of Monticello</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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