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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>German 16th Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_16th_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_18th_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_18th_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>German 18th Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_18th_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Order_of_Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Order_of_Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Soviet Order of Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_Order_of_Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soviet 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandlommen" title="Kurlandlommen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurlandlommen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurland-Kessel" title="Kurland-Kessel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurland-Kessel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuramaa_lahingud" title="Kuramaa lahingud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuramaa lahingud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsa_de_Curlandia" title="Bolsa de Curlandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bolsa de Curlandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlanda_Sako" title="Kurlanda Sako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kurlanda Sako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poche_de_Courlande" title="Poche de Courlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poche de Courlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantong_Kurland" title="Kantong Kurland – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kantong Kurland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacca_di_Curlandia" title="Sacca di Curlandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sacca di Curlandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="כיס קורלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיס קורלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzemes_cietoksnis" title="Kurzemes cietoksnis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurzemes cietoksnis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_Koerland" title="Slag om Koerland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om Koerland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="クールラント・ポケット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クールラント・ポケット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocio%C5%82_kurlandzki" title="Kocioł kurlandzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kocioł kurlandzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Курляндский котёл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курляндский котёл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%9F%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Курландски џеп – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Курландски џеп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuurinmaan_motti" title="Kuurinmaan motti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuurinmaan motti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurlandiya_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1" title="Kurlandiya Kuşatması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurlandiya Kuşatması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Курляндський мішок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курляндський мішок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B4%E6%88%98" title="库尔兰包围战 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="库尔兰包围战" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battles of the Courland Bridgehead</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png/220px-Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png/330px-Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png/440px-Eastern_Front_1943-08_to_1944-12.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="921" /></a></span><br />Soviet advances from 1 September 1943 – 31 December 1944, the Courland Pocket is the white area west of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>31 July 1944 – 10 May 1945</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Courland_Peninsula" title="Courland Peninsula">Courland Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></div>57°0′0″N 22°0′0″E</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Soviet victory </p> <ul><li>German forces in Courland surrender after the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">general German surrender</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">Free Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurelis_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurelis group (page does not exist)">Kurelis group</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurelininkai" class="extiw" title="lt:Kurelininkai">lt</a>; <a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure%C4%BCa_grupa" class="extiw" title="lv:Kureļa grupa">lv</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Kurelisa" class="extiw" title="pl:Grupa Kurelisa">pl</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Группа генерала Курелиса">ru</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6rner" title="Ferdinand Schörner">Ferdinand Schörner</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Rendulic" title="Lothar Rendulic">Lothar Rendulic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Vietinghoff" title="Heinrich von Vietinghoff">Heinrich von Vietinghoff</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hilpert" title="Carl Hilpert">Carl Hilpert</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kr%C3%BCger_(SS_general)" title="Walter Krüger (SS general)">Walter Krüger</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bagramyan" title="Ivan Bagramyan">Ivan Bagramyan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Yeryomenko" title="Andrey Yeryomenko">Andrey Yeryomenko</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> (prior to 25/01/1945)<br /><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Courland" title="Army Group Courland">Army Group Courland</a> (from 25/01/1945 onwards until surrender)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/1st_Baltic_Front" title="1st Baltic Front">1st Baltic Front</a><br /><a href="/wiki/2nd_Baltic_Front" title="2nd Baltic Front">2nd Baltic Front</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> October 1944–8 May 1945<br />117,871 combat casualties<br />(39,537 in February–March 1945)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007661_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007661-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />189,112 captured on 9 May 1945<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007661_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007661-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 16 Feb – 8 May 1945<br />30,501 killed, 130,447 wounded or sick<sup id="cite_ref-krivosheev2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krivosheev2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Total: 160,948</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Eastern_Front" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Axis%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Axis–Soviet War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_campaigns_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Baltic Sea campaigns (1939–1945)">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_campaigns_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Black Sea campaigns (1941–1944)">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1941</dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1942</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn"><i>Little Saturn</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1943</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra"><i>Iskra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star"><i>Polar Star</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">2nd Kiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1944</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1945</dt></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice"><i>Solstice</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_strategic_defensive" title="Leningrad strategic defensive">Strategic defensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Evacuation of Tallinn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad"><b>Leningrad</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oranienbaum_Bridgehead" title="Oranienbaum Bridgehead"><i>Oranienbaum</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhvin Offensive">Tikhvin</a></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li></ul> <p><b>1943</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra"><i>Iskra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star"><i>Polar Star</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasny_Bor" title="Battle of Krasny Bor">Krasny Bor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mga_offensive" title="Mga offensive">Mga</a></li></ul> <p><b>1944</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Relief of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelian Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_offensive" title="Vilnius offensive">Vilnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_offensive" title="Šiauliai offensive">Šiauliai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_offensive" title="Kaunas offensive">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_offensive" title="Tartu offensive">Tartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_offensive_(1944)" title="Riga offensive (1944)">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonsund_operation" title="Moonsund operation">Moonsund Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Memel" title="Battle of Memel">Memel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Courland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Courland Pocket</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an area of the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Peninsula" title="Courland Peninsula">Courland Peninsula</a> where <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a> were cut off and surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> for almost a year, lasting from July 1944 until 10 May 1945. </p><p>The pocket was created during the Red Army's <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Offensive">Baltic Offensive</a>, when forces of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Baltic_Front" title="1st Baltic Front">1st Baltic Front</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> near <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a> (Klaipėda) during its lesser <a href="/wiki/Memel_Offensive_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Memel Offensive Operation">Memel Offensive Operation</a> phases in October 1944. This action isolated the German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> from the rest of the German forces, having been pushed from the south by the Red Army, standing in a front between <a href="/wiki/Tukums" title="Tukums">Tukums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Libau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the West, the <a href="/wiki/Irbe_Strait" title="Irbe Strait">Irbe Strait</a> in the North and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a> in the East behind the Germans. Renamed <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Courland" title="Army Group Courland">Army Group Courland</a> on 25 January, the Army Group in the Courland Pocket remained isolated until the end of the war. When they were ordered to surrender to the Soviet command on 8 May, they were in "blackout" and did not get the official order before 10 May, two days after the <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">capitulation</a> of Germany. It was one of the last German groups to surrender in Europe. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>, with the rest of independent Latvia, had been <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">occupied by the Soviets in June 1940</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, along with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a> eastern coast and islands, was overrun by the German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> during 1941. Army Group North spent most of the next two years attempting to take <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>, without success. In January 1944, the Soviet Army lifted the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">siege of Leningrad</a>. </p><p>On 22 June 1944, the Red Army launched the Belorussian Strategic Offensive, codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>. The goal of this offensive was to recapture the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a> from <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Belarus_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany">German occupation</a>. Operation Bagration was extremely successful, resulting in the almost complete destruction of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a>, and ended on 29 August. In its final stages (the <a href="/wiki/Kaunas_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaunas Offensive">Kaunas</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Šiauliai Offensive">Šiauliai Offensives</a>), Operation Bagration saw Soviet forces strike deep towards the Baltic coast, severing communications between the German Army Group North and the remnants of Army Group Centre. </p><p>After Operation Bagration ended, the Soviet forces continued the clearing of the Baltic coast, despite German attempts to restore the front in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Operation Doppelkopf</a>. The Red Army fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Memel" title="Battle of Memel">Memel Offensive Operation</a> with the goal of isolating Army Group North by capturing the city of Memel (<a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battles_of_the_Courland_Bridgehead">Battles of the Courland Bridgehead</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battles of the Courland Bridgehead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/220px-1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/330px-1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg/440px-1945-05-01GerWW2BattlefrontAtlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>Front lines 1 May 1945 (pink = allied occupied territory; red = area of fighting. The Courland Pocket can be seen on the upper right of this map, cut off from the general fighting in central Germany)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_3.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_3.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_3.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Destroyed German equipment between Riga and Tukums</figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 October 1944, the Soviet forces reached the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> near Memel after overrunning the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Panzer_Army" title="3rd Panzer Army">3rd Panzer Army</a>. As a result, Army Group North was cut off from <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. Hitler's military advisors—notably <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>, the Chief of the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">German General Staff</a>—urged evacuation and utilisation of the troops to stabilise the front in central Europe. However, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> refused, and ordered the German forces in Courland and the Estonian islands <a href="/wiki/Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a> (Dagö) and <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> (Ösel) to hold out, believing them necessary to protect German submarine bases along the Baltic coast. Hitler still believed the war could be won, and hoped that Dönitz's new <a href="/wiki/Type_XXI_submarine" title="Type XXI submarine">Type XXI U-boat</a> technology could bring victory to Germany in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>, forcing the Allies out of Western Europe. This would allow German forces to focus on the Eastern Front, using the Courland Pocket as a springboard for a new offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg/170px-Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Kurland6pf20apr1945.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Stamp used in Courland pocket (1945)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hitler's refusal to evacuate the Army Group resulted in the entrenchment of more than 200,000 German troops largely of the <a href="/wiki/16th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Army (Wehrmacht)">16th Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="18th Army (Wehrmacht)">18th Army</a>, in what was to become known to the Germans as the "Courland Bridgehead". Thirty-three divisions of the Army Group North, commanded by Field-Marshall <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6rner" title="Ferdinand Schörner">Ferdinand Schörner</a>, were cut off from East Prussia and spread out along a front reaching from <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> to <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a>, retreating to the more defensible Courland position, abandoning Riga.<sup id="cite_ref-500Days_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-500Days-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet forces launched six major offensives against the German and Latvian forces entrenched in the Courland Pocket between 15 October 1944 and 4 April 1945.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The German two-phase withdrawals during the execution of the second stage of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Offensive">Baltic Offensive</a> (14 September – 24 November 1944), subsequent to the pocket being formed in the Baltic Offensive's first stage, the <a href="/wiki/Memel_Offensive_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Memel Offensive Operation">Memel Offensive Operation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 15 to 22 October 1944 – Soviets launched the <a href="/wiki/Riga_Offensive_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga Offensive Operation">Riga Offensive Operation</a> on the 15th at 10:00 after conducting a heavy artillery barrage.<sup id="cite_ref-LE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler permitted the Army Group Commander, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Sch%C3%B6rner" title="Ferdinand Schörner">Ferdinand Schörner</a>, to commence withdrawal from Riga on 11 October, and the city was taken by the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Baltic_Front" title="3rd Baltic Front">3rd Baltic Front</a> on 13 October.<sup id="cite_ref-mitchamp152_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitchamp152-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The front stabilised with the main remnant of Army Group North isolated in the peninsula. </p><p>From 27 October to 25 November – Soviets launched an offensive trying to break through the front toward <a href="/wiki/Skrunda" title="Skrunda">Skrunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saldus" title="Saldus">Saldus</a> including at one point initiating a simultaneous attack by 52 divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-LE_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet forces also attacked southeast of Liepāja in an attempt to capture that port. 80 divisions assaulted the Germans from 1 to 15 November in a front 12 km wide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Soviet breakthrough stalled after roughly 4 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-historia.lv_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia.lv-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The third phase of the fighting (also known as "the other Christmas Battle") started on 21 December with a Soviet attack on Germans near Saldus. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/2nd_Baltic_Front" title="2nd Baltic Front">2nd Baltic</a> (northern sector) and <a href="/wiki/1st_Baltic_Front" title="1st Baltic Front">1st Baltic</a> Fronts (southern sector) commenced a blockade, precipitating the German defence of the Courland perimeter during Soviet attempts to reduce it. In this battle, serving with the 2nd Baltic Front's <a href="/wiki/22nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="22nd Army (Soviet Union)">22nd Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen_Soviet_Divisions" title="Latvian Riflemen Soviet Divisions">Latvian 130th Rifle Corps</a> faced their opposites in the <a href="/wiki/19th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(2nd_Latvian)" title="19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)">Latvian 19th SS Division</a>. The battle ended on 31 December and the front was stabilized. </p><p>On 15 January 1945, Army Group North was renamed <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Courland" title="Army Group Courland">Army Group Courland</a> under Colonel-General <a href="/wiki/Lothar_Rendulic" title="Lothar Rendulic">Lothar Rendulic</a>. In the middle of January, Guderian got Hitler's permission to withdraw 7 divisions from Courland, however, Hitler refused to consider a total withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-historia.lv_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia.lv-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Division" title="4th Panzer Division">4th Panzer Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="31st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">31st</a>, <a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="32nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">32nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/93rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="93rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">93rd Infantry Divisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Division_Nordland" title="11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland">11th SS Division Nordland</a> and the remnants of the battered <a href="/wiki/227th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="227th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">227th</a>, <a href="/wiki/218th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="218th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">218th</a> and <a href="/wiki/389th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="389th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">389th</a> Infantry Divisions and <a href="/wiki/15th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Latvian)" title="15th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Latvian)">15th Latvian SS-Division</a> were evacuated over the sea. On 23 January Soviet forces launched an offensive trying to break through the front toward Liepāja and Saldus. They managed to take the bridgeheads on <a href="/wiki/B%C4%81rta" title="Bārta">Bārta</a> and Vārtāja rivers but were once again driven off by the Germans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The fifth battle started on 12 February with a Soviet attack against the Germans towards <a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE%C5%ABkste" class="mw-redirect" title="Džūkste">Džūkste</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE%C5%ABkste" class="extiw" title="lv:Džūkste">lv</a>]</span>. Other attacks took place south of Liepāja where the Soviets massed 21 divisions, and south of Tukums where 11 divisions tried to break through the German front and take the town. On 16 February the Soviets started an offensive against the 19th Division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender">Surrender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>German prisoners of war after the surrender, May 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_2.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_2.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_2.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4062" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption>German prisoners of the war captured in the pocket being marched through Riga, May 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Surrendering German troops hand over their weapons</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 May, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a> ordered Colonel-General <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hilpert" title="Carl Hilpert">Carl Hilpert</a> – the Army Group's last commander – to surrender. Hilpert, his personal staff, and staffs of three Armies surrendered to Marshal <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a>, the commander of the Leningrad Front. At this time, the group still consisted of the remnants of 27 divisions and one brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 May, General Otto Friedrich Rauser succeeded in obtaining better surrender terms from the Soviet command.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 May, the Soviet commission in Peilei started to interrogate the captive staff of Army Group Courland, and general collection of prisoners began.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 12 May, approximately 135,000 German troops surrendered in the Courland Pocket. On 23 May, the Soviet collection of the German troops in the Courland Pocket was completed. A total of about 180,000 German troops were taken into captivity from the Baltic area. The bulk of the <a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">prisoners of war</a> were initially held at the <a href="/wiki/Valdai_Hills" title="Valdai Hills">Valdai Hills</a> camps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>A Red Army officer accepts surrendered <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_IV" title="Sturmgeschütz IV">Sturmgeschütz IV</a> assault guns </figcaption></figure> <p>According to Robert Forczyk, the Battle of Courland was very costly for the Soviets, who lost over 1,000 tanks there.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_Order_of_Battle_(March_1945)"><span id="German_Order_of_Battle_.28March_1945.29"></span>German Order of Battle (March 1945)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German Order of Battle (March 1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Courland" title="Army Group Courland">Army Group Courland</a></div> <p><b>Army Group North</b> (to 25 January 1945)<br /> <b>Army Group Courland</b> (25 January 1945 to 8 May 1945)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Vietinghoff" title="Heinrich von Vietinghoff">Heinrich von Vietinghoff</a> – from 10 March 1945 Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Lothar_Rendulic" title="Lothar Rendulic">Lothar Rendulic</a> – from 25 March 1945 Generaloberst <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hilpert" title="Carl Hilpert">Carl Hilpert</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_16th_Army"><a href="/wiki/16th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 16th Army</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: German 16th Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General der Infanterie <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hilpert" title="Carl Hilpert">Carl Hilpert</a> – from 10 March 1945 General der Infanterie <a href="/wiki/Ernst-Anton_von_Krosigk" title="Ernst-Anton von Krosigk">Ernst-Anton von Krosigk</a> (KIA) – from 16 March General der Gebirgstruppen <a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Jobst_Volckamer_von_Kirchensittenbach" title="Friedrich-Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach">Friedrich-Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XVI._Armeekorps" class="mw-redirect" title="XVI. Armeekorps">XVI. Armeekorps</a> – Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Ernst-Anton_von_Krosigk" title="Ernst-Anton von Krosigk">Ernst-Anton von Krosigk</a> – from 10 March Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Weber_(general)" title="Gottfried Weber (general)">Gottfried Weber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/81st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="81st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">81. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalleutnant Franz Eccard von Bentivegni</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=300th_Special_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="300th Special Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) (page does not exist)">300. Infanterie-Division z. b. V.</a> – Generalmajor Anton Eberth</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=21st_Luftwaffe_Field_Division_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="21st Luftwaffe Field Division (Germany) (page does not exist)">21. Luftwaffen-Feld-Division</a> – Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Albert_Henze" title="Albert Henze">Albert Henze</a>, 16 February 1945 Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Barth_(general)" title="Otto Barth (general)">Otto Barth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_SS_Army_Corps_(Latvian)" title="VI SS Army Corps (Latvian)">VI. SS-Armeekorps</a> – SS-Obergruppenführer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kr%C3%BCger_(SS_general)" title="Walter Krüger (SS general)">Walter Krüger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="24th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">24. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Harald_Schultz" title="Harald Schultz">Harald Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="12th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">12. Panzer-Division</a> – Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Erpo_von_Bodenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Erpo von Bodenhausen">Erpo von Bodenhausen</a>, from 14 April 1945 Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Horst_von_Usedom" title="Horst von Usedom">Horst von Usedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(2nd_Latvian)" title="19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian)">19. SS-Grenadier-Division</a> – SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Streckenbach" title="Bruno Streckenbach">Bruno Streckenbach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXVIII._Armeekorps" class="mw-redirect" title="XXXVIII. Armeekorps">XXXVIII. Armeekorps</a> – General der Artillerie <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Herzog_(General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Herzog (General)">Kurt Herzog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/122nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="122nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">122. Infanterie-Division</a> – General der Infanterie <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fangohr" title="Friedrich Fangohr">Friedrich Fangohr</a>, from 20 January 1945 Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Schatz" title="Bruno Schatz">Bruno Schatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/290th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="290th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">290. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalmajor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Joachim_Baurmeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Joachim Baurmeister (page does not exist)">Hans-Joachim Baurmeister</a>, from 25 April 1945 Generalmajor Carl Henke, from 27 April 1945 Generalleutnant Bruno Ortler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/329th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="329th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">329. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalleutnant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konrad_Menkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konrad Menkel (page does not exist)">Konrad Menkel</a>, from 1 January 1945 Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Werner_Schulze" title="Werner Schulze">Werner Schulze</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_18th_Army"><a href="/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="18th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 18th Army</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: German 18th Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General der Infanterie <a href="/wiki/Ehrenfried_Boege" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehrenfried Boege">Ehrenfried Boege</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._Armeekorps_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="I. Armeekorps (Wehrmacht)">I. Armeekorps</a> – General der Infanterie <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Fangohr" title="Friedrich Fangohr">Friedrich Fangohr</a>, from 21 April 1945 Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Christian_Usinger" title="Christian Usinger">Christian Usinger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/218th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="218th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">218. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalleutnant Viktor Lang, from 25 December 1944 Generalmajor Ingo von Collani, from 1 May 1945 Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Werner_Ranck" title="Werner Ranck">Werner Ranck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/132nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="132nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">132. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wagner_(general)" title="Herbert Wagner (general)">Herbert Wagner</a>, from 8 January 1945 Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Demme" title="Rudolf Demme">Rudolf Demme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/II._Armeekorps_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="II. Armeekorps (Wehrmacht)">II. Armeekorps</a> – General der Infanterie <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Mayer" title="Johannes Mayer">Johannes Mayer</a>, from 1 April 1945 Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gause" title="Alfred Gause">Alfred Gause</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/263rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="263rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">263. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hemmann" title="Alfred Hemmann">Alfred Hemmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/563rd_Volksgrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="563rd Volksgrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">563. Volksgrenadier-Division</a> – Generalmajor Ferdinand Brühl, from 25 February 1945 Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Werner_Neumann_(officer)" title="Werner Neumann (officer)">Werner Neumann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X._Armeekorps_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="X. Armeekorps (Wehrmacht)">X. Armeekorps</a> – General der Artillerie <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Thomaschki" title="Siegfried Thomaschki">Siegfried Thomaschki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/87th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="87th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">87. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalmajor Helmuth Walter, from 16 January 1945 Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Mauritz_Freiherr_von_Strachwitz" title="Mauritz Freiherr von Strachwitz">Mauritz Freiherr von Strachwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="126th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">126. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalmajor/Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Fischer" title="Gotthard Fischer">Gotthard Fischer</a>, from 5 January 1945 Oberst/Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_H%C3%A4hling" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Hähling">Kurt Hähling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="30th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">30. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Otto_Barth_(general)" title="Otto Barth (general)">Otto Barth</a>, from 30 January 1945 Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Albert_Henze" title="Albert Henze">Albert Henze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Armeekorps" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Armeekorps">L. Armeekorps</a> – General der Gebirgstruppe <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jobst_Volckamer_von_Kirchensittenbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach">Friedrich Jobst Volckamer von Kirchensittenbach</a>, from 11 April 1945 Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Erpo_von_Bodenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Erpo von Bodenhausen">Erpo von Bodenhausen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/205th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="205th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">205. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalmajor Ernst Biehler, from 15 November 1944 Generalmajor Karl-Hans Giese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/225th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="225th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">225. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Walter_Risse" title="Walter Risse">Walter Risse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="11th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">11. Infanterie-Division</a> – Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Hellmuth_Reymann" title="Hellmuth Reymann">Hellmuth Reymann</a>, from 18 November 1944 Generalleutnant <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Feyerabend" title="Gerhard Feyerabend">Gerhard Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">14. Panzer-Division</a> – Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Munzel" title="Oskar Munzel">Oskar Munzel</a>, from 25 November 1944 Generalmajor <a href="/wiki/Martin_Unrein" title="Martin Unrein">Martin Unrein</a>, from 19 February 1945 Oberst Friedrich-Wilhelm Jürgen, from 22 March 1945 Oberst Paul Lüneburg, from 25 March 1945 Oberst Karl-Max Gräßel</li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Security Divisions</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/52nd_Security_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="52nd Security Division">52nd Security Division</a> : <i>Festung Libau</i> – Generalleutnant Albrecht Digeon von Monteton</li> <li><a href="/wiki/201st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="201st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">201st Security Division</a> – Generalmajor Anton Eberth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/207th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="207th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">207th Security Division</a> – only Staff</li></ul> <p><b>Luftwaffe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_54" title="Jagdgeschwader 54">Jagdgeschwader 54</a> – Oberst <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Hrabak" title="Dietrich Hrabak">Dietrich Hrabak</a></li></ul> <p><b>Marine</b> </p> <ul><li>9. Marine-Sicherungsdivision</li> <li>1. Minensuchflottille</li> <li>3. Minensuchflottille</li> <li>25. Minensuchflottille</li> <li>31. Minensuchflottille</li> <li>1. Räumbootsflottille – <a href="/wiki/Kapit%C3%A4nleutnant" title="Kapitänleutnant">Kapitänleutnant</a> Carl Hoff</li> <li>17. Räumbootsflottille</li> <li>3. Vorpostenflottille</li> <li>9. Vorpostenflottille</li> <li>17. Vorpostenflottille</li> <li>3. Sicherungsflottille</li> <li>14. Sicherungsflottille</li> <li>13. Landungsflottille</li> <li>21. Landungsflottille</li> <li>24. Landungsflottille</li> <li>3. U-Jagdflottille</li> <li>11. U-Jagdflottille</li> <li>1. Schnellboot-Schulflottille</li> <li>2. Schnellboot-Schulflottille</li> <li>3. Schnellboot-Schulflottille</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_Order_of_Battle">Soviet Order of Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soviet Order of Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leningrad_Front_(Army_General_Leonid_Govorov)"><span id="Leningrad_Front_.28Army_General_Leonid_Govorov.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Leningrad Front</a> (Army General <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leningrad Front (Army General Leonid Govorov)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/51st_Army_(Russia)" title="51st Army (Russia)">51st Army</a> (Army General <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Kreizer" title="Yakov Kreizer">Yakov Kreizer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Guards_Army" title="6th Guards Army">6th Guards Army</a> (Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Chistyakov" title="Ivan Chistyakov">Ivan Chistyakov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Shock_Army" title="4th Shock Army">4th Shock Army</a> (Army General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Malyshev" title="Pyotr Malyshev">Pyotr Malyshev</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="42nd Army (Soviet Union)">42nd Army</a> (Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Petrovich_Sviridov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov">Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Shock_Army" title="1st Shock Army">1st Shock Army</a> (Lieutenant General Vladimir N. Razuvaev)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Guards_Army" title="10th Guards Army">10th Guards Army</a> (Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kazakov" title="Mikhail Kazakov">Mikhail Kazakov</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Air_Army" title="15th Air Army">15th Air Army</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_and_Russian_accounts">Soviet and Russian accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soviet and Russian accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_4.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_4.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_4.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Soviet tankists examine captured German tanks at <a href="/wiki/Stende" title="Stende">Stende</a>, May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The First Courland Battle was intended to destroy German forces. After that failure, official accounts ignore Courland, stating only that the Soviet goal was to prevent the Germans from escaping.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this account, the Soviet actions in Courland were defensive <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blocking</a> operations. Hostilities consisted of containing German breakout attempts, and the Red Army made no concerted effort to capture the Courland Pocket,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which was of little strategic importance after the isolation of Army Group North, whereas the main offensive effort was required for the <a href="/wiki/Vistula-Oder_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula-Oder Offensive">Vistula-Oder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin Offensives</a>. Soviet forces suffered correspondingly low casualties. The modern research of <a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Krivosheev" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigoriy Krivosheev">Grigoriy Krivosheev</a> indicates a total of 160,948 Soviet casualties between 16 February and 8 May 1945": 30,501 "irrecoverable" and 130,447 "medical" losses.<sup id="cite_ref-krivosheev2001_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krivosheev2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Russian historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksei_Isaev_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksei Isaev (historian) (page does not exist)">Aleksei Isaev</a>, Courland was a peripheral front for both the Soviets and Germans. The Soviet goal was to prevent the German troops there from being transported by sea to reinforce the defense of Berlin. Soviet operations intended to further isolate and also destroy the enemy, but the strength of the attacking troops was too low to make any significant progress in the difficult terrain. The Soviet commanders worked competently and as a result the reported casualties were low.<sup id="cite_ref-isayev_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isayev-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_sources">Western sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Western sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500,_Kurland,_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500%2C_Kurland%2C_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500%2C_Kurland%2C_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500%2C_Kurland%2C_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500%2C_Kurland%2C_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500%2C_Kurland%2C_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0531-500%2C_Kurland%2C_Evakuierung_aus_Windau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Evacuation at <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> (Windau), 19 October 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Stalin had initially been intent on destroying the German forces in Courland, reporting in September 1944 that he was "mopping up" in the Baltics, and in November, that the Germans were "now being hammered to a finish."<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as March 1945, Stalin was still making claims that German forces in Courland would soon be defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This victory was necessary, in Stalin's eyes, to re-establish Soviet control over its 1941 frontiers following the annexation of the Baltic states.<sup id="cite_ref-Buttar_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buttar-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviets launched six offensives to defeat Army Group Courland.<sup id="cite_ref-LE_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the campaign against the Courland pocket, Soviet forces did not advance more than 25 miles anywhere along the front, ending no more than a few kilometers forward of their original positions after seven months of conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet operations were hampered by the difficult terrain and bad weather.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German army group reported inflicting heavy losses on the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WGNW_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WGNW-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the absence of heavy weaponry and a near total lack of air support, total German casualties in Courland were heavy as well, and estimated to be over 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The withdrawal of Soviet units starting from December 1944 indicates that the Soviet command did not consider Courland to be as important as other sectors of the Eastern Front. Destroying the German forces there was not worth the effort and the goal was now to keep them from breaking out. The next three offensives were most likely intended to prevent the evacuation of German troops by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of April 1945, the Soviets viewed the German forces in Courland as not much more than self-supporting prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 May 1945, General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bagramyan" title="Ivan Bagramyan">Ivan Bagramyan</a> accepted the surrender of German forces at <a href="/wiki/Ezere_Manor" title="Ezere Manor">Ezere Manor</a> in southwest Latvia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Russian records, 146,000 German and Latvian troops were taken prisoner, including 28 generals and 5,083 officers,<sup id="cite_ref-LE_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and taken to camps in the USSR interior and imprisoned for years. Current scholarship puts the count of those surrendering at about 190,000:<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 189,112 Germans including 42 generals—among them Hilpert, who was executed for war crimes after trial in Soviet captivity in 1947<sup id="cite_ref-Grier_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and approximately 14,000 Latvians.<sup id="cite_ref-Haupt_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haupt-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviets detained all males between the ages of 16 and 60, and conducted widespread deforestation campaigns, burning tracts of forest to flush out resisters.<sup id="cite_ref-LE_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hannibal" title="Operation Hannibal">Operation Hannibal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">блокада Курляндской группировки войск</span> (Blockade of the Courland army group), (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kurland-Kessel</i>)/<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kurland-Brückenkopf</i> (Courland Bridgehead), <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Kurzemes katls</i> (Courland Cauldron) or <i>Kurzemes cietoksnis</i> (Courland Fortress).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKai_Schoenhals1989" class="citation book cs1">Kai Schoenhals (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freegermanymovem0000scho"><i>The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313263903" title="Special:BookSources/9780313263903"><bdi>9780313263903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Free+Germany+Movement%3A+A+Case+of+Patriotism+Or+Treason%3F&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780313263903&rft.au=Kai+Schoenhals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreegermanymovem0000scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfgang_BenzWalter_H._Pehle1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolfgang Benz; Walter H. Pehle, eds. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of German resistance to the Nazi movement</i>. New York: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-0945-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-0945-8"><bdi>0-8264-0945-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34745997">34745997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+German+resistance+to+the+Nazi+movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34745997&rft.isbn=0-8264-0945-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilly_Wolff1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Willy Wolff (1976) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://djvu.online/file/4OoaLzxp0kvKH"><i>An der Seite der Roten Armee</i> <bdi lang="ru">На стороне Красной армии</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+der+Seite+der+Roten+Armee+%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Willy+Wolff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdjvu.online%2Ffile%2F4OoaLzxp0kvKH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007661-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007661_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrieser2007661_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrieser2007">Frieser 2007</a>, p. 661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krivosheev2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krivosheev2001_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krivosheev2001_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheyev2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krivosheyev, Grigoriy F., ed. (2001). <i>Россия и СССР в войнах XX века: Потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование</i> [<i>Russia and the USSR in the Wars of the Twentieth Century: Losses of the Armed Forces. A Statistical Study</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: OLMA-Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-224-01515-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-224-01515-4"><bdi>5-224-01515-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+XX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB.+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=OLMA-Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=5-224-01515-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1995" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). <i>Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56626-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56626-6"><bdi>0-521-56626-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+Hitler%2C+and+World+War+II%3A+Essays+in+Modern+German+and+World+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-56626-6&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-500Days-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-500Days_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAteer2009" class="citation book cs1">McAteer, Sean (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg8drRyDGhEC&q=McAteer,+Sean.+500+Days:+The+War+in+Eastern+Europe,+1944-1945"><i>500 Days: The War in Eastern Europe, 1944–1945</i></a>. Pittsburgh: Dorrance Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-6159-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-6159-4"><bdi>978-1-4349-6159-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=500+Days%3A+The+War+in+Eastern+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4349-6159-4&rft.aulast=McAteer&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBg8drRyDGhEC%26q%3DMcAteer%2C%2BSean.%2B500%2BDays%3A%2BThe%2BWar%2Bin%2BEastern%2BEurope%2C%2B1944-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LE-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LE_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LE_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LE_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LE_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LE_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠvābe1950–55" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Švābe, Arveds, ed. (1950–55). <i>Latvju Enciklopēdija</i> (in Latvian). Stockholm: Trīs zvaigznes. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11845651">11845651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvju+Enciklop%C4%93dija&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Tr%C4%ABs+zvaigznes&rft.date=1950%2F1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11845651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchamp152-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitchamp152_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham2007" class="citation book cs1">Mitcham, Samuel W (2007). <i>The German Defeat in the East, 1944–45</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3371-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3371-7"><bdi>978-0-8117-3371-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Defeat+in+the+East%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3371-7&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historia.lv-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historia.lv_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historia.lv_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historia.lv/publikacijas/gramat/mangulis/09.nod.htm">Mangulis, V. Latvia in the Wars of the 20th Century. CHAPTER IX JULY 1941 TO MAY 8, 1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314063229/http://www.historia.lv/publikacijas/gramat/mangulis/09.nod.htm">Archived</a> 14 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Historia.lv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozlov1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kozlov, M. M., ed. (1985). <i>Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina 1941–1945: Entsiklopediya</i> [<i>The Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945: An Encyclopaedia</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. p. 442.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Velikaya+Otechestvennaya+Voina+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+Entsiklopediya&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorwald1951" class="citation book cs1">Thorwald, Jürgen (1951). Wieck, Fred (ed.). <i>Flight in the Winter: Russia Conquers, January to May 1945</i>. New York: Pantheon. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight+in+the+Winter%3A+Russia+Conquers%2C+January+to+May+1945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Thorwald&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForczyk2018" class="citation book cs1">Forczyk, Robert (2018). <i>Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1943–1945: Red Steamroller</i>. Osprey Publishing. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472806566" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472806566"><bdi>978-1472806566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Warfare+on+the+Eastern+Front+1943%E2%80%931945%3A+Red+Steamroller&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Forczyk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: checksum (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055927/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitHistory?UniX=7243">"ordersofbattle.com article"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordersofbattle.com/Units/UnitHistory?UniX=7243">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ordersofbattle.com+article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordersofbattle.com%2FUnits%2FUnitHistory%3FUniX%3D7243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grier-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grier_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrier2007" class="citation book cs1">Grier, Howard D. (2007). <i>Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea: The Third Reich's Last Hope, 1944–1945</i>. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 81–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59-114-345-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59-114-345-1"><bdi>978-1-59-114-345-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+D%C3%B6nitz%2C+and+the+Baltic+Sea%3A+The+Third+Reich%27s+Last+Hope%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pages=81-88&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59-114-345-1&rft.aulast=Grier&rft.aufirst=Howard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isayev-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isayev_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsayev2009" class="citation interview cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Isayev, Aleksey (28 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://echo.msk.ru/programs/victory/644363-echo">"Unknown Winter of 1945"</a>. <i>Price of Victory</i> (Interview) (in Russian). Interviewed by Dmitriy Zakharov. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Price+of+Victory&rft.atitle=Unknown+Winter+of+1945&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft.aulast=Isayev&rft.aufirst=Aleksey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecho.msk.ru%2Fprograms%2Fvictory%2F644363-echo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buttar-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buttar_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtar2012" class="citation book cs1">Buttar, Prit (2012). <i>Battleground Prussia: The Assault on Germany's Eastern Front 1944–45</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849081900" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849081900"><bdi>978-1849081900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battleground+Prussia%3A+The+Assault+on+Germany%27s+Eastern+Front+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1849081900&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WGNW-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WGNW_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercatanteCitino2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Citino" title="Robert M. Citino">Mercatante, Steven D.</a>; Citino, Robert M. (2012). <i>Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39592-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39592-5"><bdi>978-0-313-39592-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Germany+Nearly+Won%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Europe&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39592-5&rft.aulast=Mercatante&rft.aufirst=Steven+D.&rft.au=Citino%2C+Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haupt-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haupt_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaupt2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haupt, Werner (2009). <i>Heeresgruppe Nord: Der Kampf im Nordabschnitt der Ostfront 1941–1945</i> (in German). Dörfler Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3895555909" title="Special:BookSources/978-3895555909"><bdi>978-3895555909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heeresgruppe+Nord%3A+Der+Kampf+im+Nordabschnitt+der+Ostfront+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=D%C3%B6rfler+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3895555909&rft.aulast=Haupt&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dallas, Gregor., <i>1945: The War That Never Ended</i>, Yale University Press, Yale, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10980-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10980-6">0-300-10980-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieser2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl-Heinz_Frieser" title="Karl-Heinz Frieser">Frieser, Karl-Heinz</a>; Schmider, Klaus; Schönherr, Klaus; Schreiber, Gerhard; <a href="/wiki/Kriszti%C3%A1n_Ungv%C3%A1ry" title="Krisztián Ungváry">Ungváry, Kristián</a>; Wegner, Bernd (2007). <i>Die Ostfront 1943/44 – Der Krieg im Osten und an den Nebenfronten</i> [<i>The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_Reich_und_der_Zweite_Weltkrieg" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg">Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg</a> [Germany and the Second World War] (in German). Vol. VIII. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-421-06235-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-421-06235-2"><bdi>978-3-421-06235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Ostfront+1943%2F44+%E2%80%93+Der+Krieg+im+Osten+und+an+den+Nebenfronten&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Das+Deutsche+Reich+und+der+Zweite+Weltkrieg+%5BGermany+and+the+Second+World+War%5D&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlags-Anstalt&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-421-06235-2&rft.aulast=Frieser&rft.aufirst=Karl-Heinz&rft.au=Schmider%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6nherr%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Ungv%C3%A1ry%2C+Kristi%C3%A1n&rft.au=Wegner%2C+Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourland+Pocket" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Richard P. Wade: "The Survivors of the Kurland Pocket 1944-1945". American Military University, Charlestown, West Virginia, 2015.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&oldid=1252336256">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courland_Pocket&oldid=1252336256</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Military history of Latvia during World War II">Military history of Latvia during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Germany" title="Category:Military 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