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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="غاف رمادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غاف رمادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80" title="শমী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শমী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کهور ایرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهور ایرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B" title="ખીજડો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ખીજડો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="खेजड़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खेजड़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬನ್ನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬನ್ನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="വന്നി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വന്നി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="शमी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शमी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89" title="غاف رمادى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غاف رمادى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80" title="ଶମୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶମୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਜੰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%88_(%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%BE)" title="جنڈ (رکھ) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنڈ (رکھ)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="வன்னி (மரம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வன்னி (மரம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81" title="జమ్మి చెట్టు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జమ్మి చెట్టు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" title="Prosopis cineraria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Prosopis cineraria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1136117#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghaf&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaf">Ghaf</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of legume</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><i>Prosopis cineraria</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Khejri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Khejri.jpg/220px-Khejri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Khejri.jpg/330px-Khejri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Khejri.jpg/440px-Khejri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Prosopis" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesalpinioideae" title="Caesalpinioideae">Caesalpinioideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mimosoideae" title="Mimosoideae">Mimosoid clade</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prosopis" title="Prosopis"><i>Prosopis</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. cineraria</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Prosopis cineraria</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L</a>.) <a href="/wiki/George_Claridge_Druce" title="George Claridge Druce">Druce</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Adenanthera aculeata</i> Roxb.<sup id="cite_ref-LIFE_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIFE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Mimosa" title="Mimosa">Mimosa</a> cineraria</i> <small>L.</small><br /> <i>Prosopis spicigera</i> <small>L.</small><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <i>Prosopis spicata</i> Burm.<sup id="cite_ref-LIFE_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIFE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Prosopis cineraria</b></i>, also known as <b>Persian mesquite</b> or <b>ghaf</b>, is a species of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a> family, <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a>. It is native to <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> portions of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>, including Afghanistan, Bahrain, Iran, India, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Its leaves are <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">bipinnate</a>. It can survive extreme drought. It is an established <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> in parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2023">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LIFE_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIFE-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ghaf is the national tree of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. Through the <i>Give a Ghaf campaign</i> its citizens are urged to plant it in their gardens to combat <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> and preserve their country's heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desert village of <a href="/wiki/Nazwa" title="Nazwa">Nazwa</a> in the UAE is home to the Al Ghaf Conservation Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Prosopis cineraria</i> is also the state tree of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (where it is known as <b>khejri</b>), <a href="/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Western Uttar Pradesh">Western Uttar Pradesh</a> (where it is known as <b>chhonkara</b>) and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> (where it is known as <b>jammi</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in India. A large and well-known example of the species is the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life,_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of Life, Bahrain">Tree of Life</a> in Bahrain; it is approximately 400 years old and growing in a desert devoid of any obvious sources of water. </p><p>In 1730 AD, the village of <a href="/wiki/Khejarli" title="Khejarli">Khejarli</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jodhpur" title="Jodhpur">Jodhpur</a> in Rajasthan was the scene of a violent environmental confrontation. Amrita Devi and her three young daughters gave their lives in an attempt to protect some khejri trees which <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Abhay_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharaja Abhay Singh">Maharaja Abhay Singh</a> had ordered cut to make way for his new palace. This led to widespread defiance in which <a href="/wiki/Khejarli_massacre" title="Khejarli massacre">363 people were killed trying to save the trees</a>. In the 1970s, the memory of this sacrifice led to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosopis_cineraria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanni_maram_branch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vanni_maram_branch.jpg/220px-Vanni_maram_branch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vanni_maram_branch.jpg/330px-Vanni_maram_branch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Vanni_maram_branch.jpg/440px-Vanni_maram_branch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Branch</figcaption></figure> <p><i>P. cineraria</i> is a small tree, ranging in height from 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft). The leaves are bipinnate, with seven to fourteen leaflets on each of one to three pinnae. Branches are thorned along the internodes. Flowers are small and creamy-yellow and followed by seeds in pods. The tree is found in extremely arid conditions, with rainfall as low as 15 cm (5.9 in) annually; but is indicative of the presence of a deep water table. As with some other <i>Prosopis</i> spp., <i>P. cineraria</i> has demonstrated a tolerance of highly alkaline and saline environments.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tree should not be confused with the similar-looking Chinese lantern tree, <i><a href="/wiki/Dichrostachys_cinerea" title="Dichrostachys cinerea">Dichrostachys cinerea</a></i>. They can be told apart by the flowers. While the Chinese lantern tree has bicolored pink-yellow flowers, the true Shami tree has yellow-colored bristled flowers only, like most other <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquites</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_significance">Religious significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosopis_cineraria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This tree is highly revered among Hindus and worshipped as part of <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Dusshera</a> festival.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tree takes importance during the tenth day of the <a href="/wiki/Dasara_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasara Festival">Dasara Festival</a> when it is celebrated in various parts of India. Historically, among the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a>, the ranas – who were the high priest and the king – used to conduct the worship and then to liberate a jay which was the sacred bird of Lord Rama.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooke1915_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooke1915-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–30">: 29–30 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MANEKA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MANEKA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a>, as part of the tenth-day ritual of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dussahera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dussahera (page does not exist)">Dussahera</a>, the marathas used to shoot arrows onto the crown of the tree and gather the falling leaves into their turbans.<sup id="cite_ref-Crooke1915_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crooke1915-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36–37">: 36–37 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MANEKA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MANEKA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tree is known by different names across the western and northern regions of India, e.g. shami in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharastra">Maharastra</a> & <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, jammi in <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> & <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, khijro in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, khejri in Rajasthan, janti in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, and jand in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_ferruginea" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia ferruginea">Acacia ferruginea</a></i> has also been locally referred to as <i>Banni mara</i> instead of the accepted Khejri tree, and accepted as the tree where the Pandavas hid their weapons during exile.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some unconfirmed references which consider <i>Acacia ferruginea</i> as the tree which is revered and worshipped on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vijay_Dashami_day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijay Dashami day (page does not exist)">Vijay Dashami day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to historical references, <i>Prosopis cineraria</i> is known as the <i>Banni mara</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-MYSOREDASARA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MYSOREDASARA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MYSORE_TRIBES_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MYSORE_TRIBES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAMPHOR_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMPHOR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MYSORE_CITY_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MYSORE_CITY-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BANNIMANTAP_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BANNIMANTAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CASTES_AND_TRIBES_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CASTES_AND_TRIBES-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and holds a special place in the Mysore Dasara, where its worshipped on the Vijay-dashami day.<sup id="cite_ref-MYSOREDASARA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MYSOREDASARA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MYSORE_TRIBES_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MYSORE_TRIBES-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAMPHOR_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAMPHOR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MYSORE_CITY_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MYSORE_CITY-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BANNIMANTAP_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BANNIMANTAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRABUDDHA_BHARATA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRABUDDHA_BHARATA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Mahabharata, the Pandavas spent their thirteenth year of exile in disguise in the kingdom of Virata. Before going to Virata, they hung their celestial weapons in this tree for safekeeping for a year. When they returned after a year, they found their weapons safe in the branches of the Shami tree. Before taking the weapons, they worshipped the tree and thanked it for keeping their weapons safe.<sup id="cite_ref-SACRED_PLANTS_OF_INDIA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SACRED_PLANTS_OF_INDIA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MANEKA_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MANEKA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CASTES_AND_TRIBES_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CASTES_AND_TRIBES-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MYSOREDASARA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MYSOREDASARA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BANNIMANTAP_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BANNIMANTAP-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRABUDDHA_BHARATA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRABUDDHA_BHARATA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (June 2023)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosopis_cineraria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culinary uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Singhrian_ji_Bhaaji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Singhrian ji Bhaaji prepared in Tharparkar, Sindh"><img alt="Singhrian ji Bhaaji prepared in Tanay:The Great, Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Singhrian_ji_Bhaaji.jpg/90px-Singhrian_ji_Bhaaji.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Singhrian_ji_Bhaaji.jpg/135px-Singhrian_ji_Bhaaji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Singhrian_ji_Bhaaji.jpg/180px-Singhrian_ji_Bhaaji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Singhrian ji <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">Bhaaji</a></i> prepared in <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar" title="Tharparkar">Tharparkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Singhrian_jo_Raabro(Khaatiyo).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Popular Thari dish Singhrian jo Raabro (Khaatiyo)"><img alt="Popular Thari dish Singhrian jo Raabro(Khaatiyo)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Singhrian_jo_Raabro%28Khaatiyo%29.jpg/90px-Singhrian_jo_Raabro%28Khaatiyo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Singhrian_jo_Raabro%28Khaatiyo%29.jpg/135px-Singhrian_jo_Raabro%28Khaatiyo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Singhrian_jo_Raabro%28Khaatiyo%29.jpg/180px-Singhrian_jo_Raabro%28Khaatiyo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Popular <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar" title="Tharparkar">Thari</a> dish <i>Singhrian jo <a href="/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi">Raabro (Khaatiyo)</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> the singhri or sangri pods growing on <i>Prosopis cineraria</i> are used in various types of <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">bhaaji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi">kadhi</a>. Singhri is one of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisines</a> of the Thar Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosopis_cineraria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extract from unripe fruit pods of the plant was shown to ameliorate artificially-induced damage to testes in an animal model.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaves of this tree can ameliorate mouth ulcers. Chewing its leaves for a few minutes, so releasing the juice of the leaves in the mouth can relieve the ulcers. The swelling comes down significantly. The juice is then spat out, rather than swallowed.<sup id="cite_ref-Upadhya2022_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upadhya2022-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosopis_cineraria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LIFE-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213302/https://www.catalogueoflife.org/details/species/id/583159">"<i>Prosopis cineraria</i> (L.) 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New Delhi: Rupa & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brahmashaironmyt00gand/page/n61">29</a>–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-005-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7167-005-5"><bdi>978-81-7167-005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahma%27s+hair+%E2%80%93+Mythology+of+Indian+plants&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=29-32&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Co.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7167-005-5&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Maneka&rft.au=Singh%2C+Yasmeen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrahmashaironmyt00gand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabu_N.M._Ganesh2017" class="citation news cs1">Babu N.M. 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Abhinav Publications. pp. 51, 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysore+Royal+Dasara&rft.pages=51%2C+55&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.au=S.+Sivapriyananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDVkyFvZL_qMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MYSORE_TRIBES-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MYSORE_TRIBES_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MYSORE_TRIBES_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Krishna_Anantha_Krishna_Iyer_(Diwan_Bahadur)Nanjundayya_Hebbalalu_Velpanuru_(Diwan_Bahadur)H.V._Nanjundayya1935" class="citation book cs1">L. Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer (Diwan Bahadur); Nanjundayya Hebbalalu Velpanuru (Diwan Bahadur); H.V. Nanjundayya (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4SmRnQEACAAJ&q=Mysore+tribes+and+castes+volume+2"><i>The Mysore tribes and castes</i></a>. Mysore University. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mysore+tribes+and+castes&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Mysore+University&rft.date=1935&rft.au=L.+Krishna+Anantha+Krishna+Iyer+%28Diwan+Bahadur%29&rft.au=Nanjundayya+Hebbalalu+Velpanuru+%28Diwan+Bahadur%29&rft.au=H.V.+Nanjundayya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4SmRnQEACAAJ%26q%3DMysore%2Btribes%2Band%2Bcastes%2Bvolume%2B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAMPHOR-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAMPHOR_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAMPHOR_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Christopher John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC"><i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691120485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691120485"><bdi>978-0691120485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+society+in+India&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0691120485&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo6XSeBUW3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausDiamondMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC"><i>South Asian Folklore: An encyclopedia</i></a>. Special Reference. p. 536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415939195" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415939195"><bdi>978-0415939195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+encyclopedia&rft.series=Special+Reference&rft.pages=536&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415939195&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Mills%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MYSORE_CITY-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MYSORE_CITY_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MYSORE_CITY_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1930" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Constance (1930). 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Rangachari (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso01thuruoft"><i>Castes and Tribes of Southern India</i></a>. Madras Government Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/castestribesofso01thuruoft/page/147">147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castes+and+Tribes+of+Southern+India&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Thurston%2C+Edgar&rft.au=K.+Rangachari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcastestribesofso01thuruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmaranananda_Swami2001" class="citation book cs1">Smaranananda Swami (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLkoAAAAYAAJ&q=mysore+dasara+prabuddha"><i>Prabuddha Bharata: Or awakened India</i></a>. Vol. 106. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prabuddha+Bharata%3A+Or+awakened+India&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Smaranananda+Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLkoAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmysore%2Bdasara%2Bprabuddha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRABUDDHA_BHARATA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRABUDDHA_BHARATA_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRABUDDHA_BHARATA_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharata_Prabuddha" class="citation web cs1">Bharata Prabuddha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307104723/http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa">"Mysore Dasara - a living tradition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esamskriti.com/html/inside.asp?cat=441&subcat=440&cname=mysodasa">the original</a> on 7 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mysore+Dasara+-+a+living+tradition&rft.au=Bharata+Prabuddha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esamskriti.com%2Fhtml%2Finside.asp%3Fcat%3D441%26subcat%3D440%26cname%3Dmysodasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SACRED_PLANTS_OF_INDIA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SACRED_PLANTS_OF_INDIA_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_NandithaM._Amirthalingam2014" class="citation book cs1">Krishna Nanditha; M. Amirthalingam (2014). <i>Sacred Plants of India</i> (1st ed.). Penguin books India. pp. 171–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143066262" title="Special:BookSources/9780143066262"><bdi>9780143066262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Plants+of+India&rft.pages=171-175&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin+books+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780143066262&rft.au=Krishna+Nanditha&rft.au=M.+Amirthalingam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaskheli" class="citation web cs1">Khaskheli, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/money-matters/118413-Bountiful-desert">"Bountiful desert"</a>. <i>www.thenews.com.pk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Bountiful+desert&rft.aulast=Khaskheli&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fmagazine%2Fmoney-matters%2F118413-Bountiful-desert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamalingam_SVellapandianR_VetrivelanSukumaran2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ramalingam S, Logeshwaran; Vellapandian, Chitra; R Vetrivelan, Venkataramanan; Sukumaran, Evelyn Sharon (October 2020). "Un-riped[sic] fruit pods of Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce ameliorates Cisplatin therapy-induced partial testicular atrophy in male Wistar rats". <i>Journal of Ethnopharmacology</i>. <b>261</b>: 113070. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2020.113070">10.1016/j.jep.2020.113070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32585233">32585233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220075154">220075154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Un-riped%5Bsic%5D+fruit+pods+of+Prosopis+cineraria+%28L.%29+Druce+ameliorates+Cisplatin+therapy-induced+partial+testicular+atrophy+in+male+Wistar+rats&rft.volume=261&rft.pages=113070&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220075154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32585233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jep.2020.113070&rft.aulast=Ramalingam+S&rft.aufirst=Logeshwaran&rft.au=Vellapandian%2C+Chitra&rft.au=R+Vetrivelan%2C+Venkataramanan&rft.au=Sukumaran%2C+Evelyn+Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Upadhya2022-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Upadhya2022_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpadhya7_others2022" class="citation book cs1">Upadhya, Tarun Kumar; 7 others, and (2022). "Prosopis Cineraria (Khejri): Ethanopharmacology and Phytochemistry". <i>Medicinal Plants</i> (1st ed.). Taylor and Francis, Apple Academic Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003277408" title="Special:BookSources/9781003277408"><bdi>9781003277408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prosopis+Cineraria+%28Khejri%29%3A+Ethanopharmacology+and+Phytochemistry&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Plants&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis%2C+Apple+Academic+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781003277408&rft.aulast=Upadhya&rft.aufirst=Tarun+Kumar&rft.au=7+others%2C+and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProsopis+cineraria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Prosopis cineraria</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136117" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1136117">Q1136117</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_cineraria" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Prosopis cineraria">Prosopis cineraria</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/63684">63684</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/prosopis-cineraria/">prosopis-cineraria</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/77XK8">77XK8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=8947">8947</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/643218">643218</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242341383">242341383</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5358521">5358521</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=29749">29749</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/131133">131133</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/515802-1">515802-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11424868">11424868</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=506299">506299</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=364024">364024</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=847862">847862</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prosopis+cineraria">Prosopis cineraria</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-31185">ild-31185</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PRCI4">PRCI4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A515801-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:515801-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13046207">13046207</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000185047">wfo-0000185047</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Mimosa cineraria</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39169138" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q39169138">Q39169138</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/127877">127877</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/43G6X">43G6X</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2970870">2970870</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=315239">315239</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/507812-1">507812-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11258871">11258871</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A507813-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:507813-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13022424">13022424</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000204232">wfo-0000204232</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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